Podcasts about mos technology

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En este programa hacemos nuestro particular repaso a algunas noticias de la actualidad commodoriana. A continuación celebraremos nuestro tercer aniversario (¡tres años de Retrokiosko ya!) revisando algunos de los periféricos modernos que se venden desde hace años para los ordenadores de la marca Commodore, con el equipo titular del programa formado por David Asenjo (https://twitter.com/darro99), Narciso Quintana "Narcisound" (https://twitter.com/narcisound), Jonatan Jiménez (https://twitter.com/jsabreman) y Paco Herrera (https://twitter.com/pacoblog64), y contamos con un par de invitados de lujo: Bieno64 de Commodore Plus (https://twitter.com/commodoreplus) y Sikus de Game Museum Podcast (https://twitter.com/SikusMax). Las noticias comentadas han sido: - Concierto Fastloaders, Londres 02/06/23. - Aparición de un Commodore 64C en la serie de Amazon Prime "El Grifo". - Cita de MDT 650 de MOS Technology: https://archive.org/details/applyingmicropro0000unse/page/74/mode/2up?q=%22mdt-650%22 - Preservación de catálogo de C64: https://archive.org/details/its-a-commodore-64-world/mode/1up - Confirmado The Amiga Maxi: http://amigafan.de/;focus=TKOMSI_cm4all_com_widgets_News_23092637&path=?m=d&a=20230616172911-1733&cp=1#TKOMSI_cm4all_com_widgets_News_23092637 - Posible ayuda del gobierno a los podcast y música en español: https://www.xataka.com/audio/gobierno-no-cree-que-haya-suficientes-podcasts-destinara-160-millones-euros-para-impulsar-audio-espana - Zeta Wing saldrá para Amiga: Super Zeta Wing: https://t.co/De7fBGSr4v - Termina, tras 40 años, su videojuego Digital Dungeon Master, ¡en un Commodore 64!: https://elchapuzasinformatico.com/2023/06/digital-dungeon-master-c64/

We've talked about the history of microchips, transistors, and other chip makers. Today we're going to talk about Intel in a little more detail.  Intel is short for Integrated Electronics. They were founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Noyce was an Iowa kid who went off to MIT to get a PhD in physics in 1953. He went off to join the Shockley Semiconductor Lab to join up with William Shockley who'd developed the transistor as a means of bringing a solid-state alternative to vacuum tubes in computers and amplifiers. Shockley became erratic after he won the Nobel Prize and 8 of the researchers left, now known as the “traitorous eight.”  Between them came over 60 companies, including Intel - but first they went on to create a new company called Fairchild Semiconductor where Noyce invented the monolithic integrated circuit in 1959, or a single chip that contains multiple transistors.  After 10 years at Fairchild, Noyce joined up with coworker and fellow traitor Gordon Moore. Moore had gotten his PhD in chemistry from Caltech and had made an observation while at Fairchild that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, or capacitors in an integrated circuit was doubling every year and so coined Moore's Law, that it would continue to to do so. They wanted to make semiconductor memory cheaper and more practical. They needed money to continue their research. Arthur Rock had helped them find a home at Fairchild when they left Shockley and helped them raise $2.5 million in backing in a couple of days.  The first day of the company, Andy Grove joined them from Fairchild. He'd fled the Hungarian revolution in the 50s and gotten a PhD in chemical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Then came Leslie Vadász, another Hungarian emigrant. Funding and money coming in from sales allowed them to hire some of the best in the business. People like Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor. That first year they released 64-bit static random-access memory in the 3101 chip, doubling what was on the market as well as the 3301 read-only memory chip, and the 1101. Then DRAM, or dynamic random-access memory in the 1103 in 1970, which became the bestselling chip within the first couple of years. Armed with a lineup of chips and an explosion of companies that wanted to buy the chips, they went public within 2 years of being founded. 1971 saw Dov Frohman develop erasable programmable read-only memory, or EPROM, while working on a different problem. This meant they could reprogram chips using ultraviolet light and electricity. In 1971 they also created the Intel 4004 chip, which was started in 1969 when a calculator manufacturer out of Japan ask them to develop 12 different chips. Instead they made one that could do all of the tasks of the 12, outperforming the ENIAC from 1946 and so the era of the microprocessor was born. And instead of taking up a basement at a university lab, it took up an eight of an inch by a sixth of an inch to hold a whopping 2,300 transistors. The chip didn't contribute a ton to the bottom line of the company, but they'd built the first true microprocessor, which would eventually be what they were known for. Instead they were making DRAM chips. But then came the 8008 in 1972, ushering in an 8-bit CPU. The memory chips were being used by other companies developing their own processors but they knew how and the Computer Terminal Corporation was looking to develop what was a trend for a hot minute, called programmable terminals. And given the doubling of speeds those gave way to microcomputers within just a few years. The Intel 8080 was a 2 MHz chip that became the basis of the Altair 8800, SOL-20, and IMSAI 8080. By then Motorola, Zilog, and MOS Technology were hot on their heals releasing the Z80 and 6802 processors. But Gary Kildall wrote CP/M, one of the first operating systems, initially for the 8080 prior to porting it to other chips. Sales had been good and Intel had been growing. By 1979 they saw the future was in chips and opened a new office in Haifa, Israiel, where they designed the 8088, which clocked in at 4.77 MHz. IBM chose this chip to be used in the original IBM Personal Computer. IBM was going to use an 8-bit chip, but the team at Microsoft talked them into going with the 16-bit 8088 and thus created the foundation of what would become the Wintel or Intel architecture, or x86, which would dominate the personal computer market for the next 40 years. One reason IBM trusted Intel is that they had proven to be innovators. They had effectively invented the integrated circuit, then the microprocessor, then coined Moore's Law, and by 1980 had built a 15,000 person company capable of shipping product in large quantities. They were intentional about culture, looking for openness, distributed decision making, and trading off bureaucracy for figuring out cool stuff. That IBM decision to use that Intel chip is one of the most impactful in the entire history of personal computers. Based on Microsoft DOS and then Windows being able to run on the architecture, nearly every laptop and desktop would run on that original 8088/86 architecture. Based on the standards, Intel and Microsoft would both market that their products ran not only on those IBM PCs but also on any PC using the same architecture and so IBM's hold on the computing world would slowly wither. On the back of all these chips, revenue shot past $1 billion for the first time in 1983. IBM bought 12 percent of the company in 1982 and thus gave them the Big Blue seal of approval, something important event today. And the hits kept on coming with the 286 to 486 chips coming along during the 1980s. Intel brought the 80286 to market and it was used in the IBM PC AT in 1984. This new chip brought new ways to manage addresses, the first that could do memory management, and the first Intel chip where we saw protected mode so we could get virtual memory and multi-tasking.  All of this was made possible with over a hundred thousand transistors. At the time the original Mac used a Motorola 68000 but the sales were sluggish while they flourished at IBM and slowly we saw the rise of the companies cloning the IBM architecture, like Compaq. Still using those Intel chips.  Jerry Sanders had actually left Fairchild a little before Noyce and Moore to found AMD and ended up cloning the instructions in the 80286, after entering into a technology exchange agreement with Intel. This led to AMD making the chips at volume and selling them on the open market. AMD would go on to fast-follow Intel for decades. The 80386 would go on to simply be known as the Intel 386, with over 275,000 transistors. It was launched in 1985, but we didn't see a lot of companies use them until the early 1990s. The 486 came in 1989. Now we were up to a million transistors as well as a math coprocessor. We were 50 times faster than the 4004 that had come out less than 20 years earlier.  I don't want to take anything away from the phenomenal run of research and development at Intel during this time but the chips and cores and amazing developments were on autopilot. The 80s also saw them invest half a billion in reinvigorating their manufacturing plants. With quality manufacturing allowing for a new era of printing chips, the 90s were just as good to Intel. I like to think of this as the Pentium decade with the first Pentium in 1993. 32-bit here we come. Revenues jumped 50 percent that year closing in on $9 billion. Intel had been running an advertising campaign around Intel Inside. This represented a shift from the IBM PC to the Intel. The Pentium Pro came in 1995 and we'd crossed 5 million transistors in each chip. And the brand equity was rising fast. More importantly, so was revenue. 1996 saw revenues pass $20 billion. The personal computer was showing up in homes and on desks across the world and most had Intel Inside - in fact we'd gone from Intel inside to Pentium Inside. 1997 brought us the Pentium II with over 7 million transistors, the Xeon came in 1998 for servers, and 1999 Pentium III. By 2000 they introduced the first gigahertz processor at Intel and they announced the next generation after Pentium: Itanium, finally moving the world to the 64 bit processor.  As processor speeds slowed they were able to bring multi-core processors and massive parallelism out of the hallowed halls of research and to the desktop computer in 2005. 2006 saw Intel go from just Windows to the Mac. And we got 45 nanometer logic technology in 2006 using hafnium-based high-k for transistor gates represented a shift from the silicon-gated transistors of the 60s and allowed them to move to hundreds of millions of transistors packed into a single chip. i3, i5, i7, an on. The chips now have over a couple hundred million transistors per core with 8 cores on a chip potentially putting us over 1.7 or 1.8 transistors per chip. Microsoft, IBM, Apple, and so many others went through huge growth and sales jumps then retreated dealing with how to run a company of the size they suddenly became. This led each to invest heavily into ending a lost decade effectively with R&D - like when IBM built the S/360 or Apple developed the iMac and then iPod. Intel's strategy had been research and development. Build amazing products and they sold. Bigger, faster, better. The focus had been on power. But mobile devices were starting to take the market by storm. And the ARM chip was more popular on those because with a reduced set of instructions they could use less power and be a bit more versatile.  Intel coined Moore's Law. They know that if they don't find ways to pack more and more transistors into smaller and smaller spaces then someone else will. And while they haven't been huge in the RISC-based System on a Chip space, they do continue to release new products and look for the right product-market fit. Just like they did when they went from more DRAM and SRAM to producing the types of chips that made them into a powerhouse. And on the back of a steadily rising revenue stream that's now over $77 billion they seem poised to be able to whether any storm. Not only on the back of R&D but also some of the best manufacturing in the industry.  Chips today are so powerful and small and contain the whole computer from the era of those Pentiums. Just as that 4004 chip contained a whole ENIAC. This gives us a nearly limitless canvas to design software. Machine learning on a SoC expands the reach of what that software can process. Technology is moving so fast in part because of the amazing work done at places like Intel, AMD, and ARM. Maybe that positronic brain that Asimov promised us isn't as far off as it seems. But then, I thought that in the 90s as well so I guess we'll see.        

No family name is more associated with the early popularization of computers than Tramiel. We speak with Leonard Tramiel, son of Commodore co-founder Jack Tramiel about his life growing up around tech, his role in Commodore's earliest machines and becoming VP of Software at Atari. In this second part of our interview, Leonard talks about the reshaping of Atari after the crash, the creation of the Atari ST, working with Greg Kildall on TOS, relaunching the VCS and 7800, the development of the Lynx and Jaguar, working with greats like Jon Carmack and Jeff Minter, and the ultimate end of Tramiel Atari. Recorded March 2022. Get us on your mobile device: Android: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS: https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Links: https://www.seti.org/leonard-tramiel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tramiel http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/commodore_calculators.html https://vintage-technology.club/pages/calculators/commodore/calcrefcom.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Peddle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETSCII https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari#Atari_Corporation_(1984%E2%80%931996) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Shivji https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mensch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST#Operating_system https://vintagecomputerstories.blogspot.com/2022/01/if-looks-could-kill.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_TED https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Panther https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Minter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carmack Virtual Light Machine - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V21Dv9zfDhc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar#Jaguar_VR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JT_Storage Leonard Tramiel Scepticism - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=936ORwrr7AM Leonard Tramiel TEDx - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRBU8pEDWwY Atari Annual Report 1994 - https://archive.org/details/AtariCorporationAnnualReport1994/page/n12/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Meeting Leonard Tramiel at CommVEx 2015 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfJzMAyDh_I Other resources: https://dayintechhistory.com/news/jack-tramiel-family-years-atari/ https://www.arcadeattack.co.uk/leonard-tramiel/

No family name is more associated with the early popularization of computers than Tramiel. We speak with Leonard Tramiel, son of Commodore co-founder Jack Tramiel about his life growing up around tech, his role in Commodore's earliest machines and becoming VP of Software at Atari. In this first part of our interview Leonard talks about programming Commodore calculators, advising his dad on the entry into computers, creating PETSCII, Jack's departure from Commodore, and the start of what would become the Atari ST. Recorded March 2022. Get us on your mobile device: Android: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS: https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Links: https://www.seti.org/leonard-tramiel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tramiel http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/commodore_calculators.html https://vintage-technology.club/pages/calculators/commodore/calcrefcom.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Peddle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETSCII https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari#Atari_Corporation_(1984%E2%80%931996) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Shivji https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mensch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_ST#Operating_system https://vintagecomputerstories.blogspot.com/2022/01/if-looks-could-kill.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_TED https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Panther https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Minter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carmack Virtual Light Machine - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V21Dv9zfDhc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Jaguar#Jaguar_VR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JT_Storage Leonard Tramiel Scepticism - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=936ORwrr7AM Leonard Tramiel TEDx - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRBU8pEDWwY Atari Annual Report 1994 - https://archive.org/details/AtariCorporationAnnualReport1994/page/n12/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Meeting Leonard Tramiel at CommVEx 2015 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfJzMAyDh_I Other resources: https://dayintechhistory.com/news/jack-tramiel-family-years-atari/ https://www.arcadeattack.co.uk/leonard-tramiel/

we're finally back with another world tour episode, and this time we're joined by aliss and honey from the breath mints!   in this episode: france?, chucking hogs, the eye-full tower, beware the t-pose, the apex predator of the meadow, it always comes back to waypoint, parliamint, shutting down an ump, plasma heist, pudge *clenches fist*   ~shoutouts zone~  Twitter Good Will Hunting "Some Parliamint Thoughts" by MOS Technology 6502 "Impromptu Plasma Transfer" by RevolverRossalot  Petty-Kravitz Chariot Mix   Our theme music comes from the wonderful Hokuto. Want to shout about the episode? Join us at the Taco Stand Discord - it's open to everyone, not just Tacos! Each episode is discussed in the #podco-truck channel.. Our twitter is @CitiesPod, and if you want to link to us, you can catch us at blaseball1.com! We are featherwings#3879, WillofChris#6129, KarpskryparN#2963, and Gary#7675, and we are Infinite Cities Blaseball.

Dan Gilbert of Tall Dog joins us to talk about the Tiny Nostalgia Evocation Square (or TinyNES for short)! The TinyNES is an open hardware system compatible with the compatible with original Nintendo Entertainment System and Famicom cartridges and controllers. Instead of being just an emulator or FPGA-based implementation, the TinyNES uses the original 6502-derived chips and a custom circuit board, preserving and carrying forward computing history! Oh yeah, and it's also running a crowdfunding campaign, so you can order your own and support open hardware in the best way possible: by playing video games!By the way, we mentioned that FOSS & Crafts Studios would be launching its first collaboration... we're helping to run the crowdfunding campaign on this one (and couldn't be more excited about it)!Links:TinyNES crowdfunding campaign (launch announcement, sources will be on tinynes.com when campaign succeeds)Tall Dog, Dan's company (they do some other cool open hardware stuff too, check 'em out!)Tall Dog's statement on supporting open sourceThe 6502 chip and its specially modified version for the Nintendo Enetertainment System, the Ricoh 2A03FreeCAD and KiCADVisual6502Nova the SquirrelEverdrive (proprietary hardware, but lets you run custom ROMs, including Nova)Robot Finds Kitten on the c64! Written in Racket!

No matter how you cut it the MOS Technology 6502 is an important chip. The chip was cheap, simple, and plentiful. This made it perfect for the home computing boom of the late 1970s. But how was this classic created? Today we are looking at Motorola's earliest attempts to seize the microprocessor market, how economic factors impact history, and how trends and forces can conspire to create better technology. Selected sources: https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2015/06/102702020-05-01-acc.pdf - 6800 Oral History Panel https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2014/08/102739939-05-01-acc.pdf - Check Peddle Oral History

The Integrated Circuit is born, Home computers storm CES and Atari orders massive chip inventory These stories and many more on this episode of the Video Game Newsroom Time Machine This episode we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in March of 1981. As always, we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events. Peter is still out "on assignment" so we are joined again by Jon from the Retro Game Squad. http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Get us on your mobile device: Android: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS: https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Links: Jon's 7 Minutes in Heaven https://www.mobygames.com/game/asteroids-deluxe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEvQCLhkwGg Corrections: https://www.theycreateworlds.com/transcripts/tcw114 https://www.mobygames.com/game-group/sierra-hi-res-adventures https://www.mobygames.com/company/aventuras-ad https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,82501/ https://archive.org/details/SoftwarePeopleDougCarlston/page/n9/mode/2up 1961: Fairchild introduces the IC https://www.nytimes.com/1961/03/15/archives/fairchild-introduces-circuits-in-miniature.html?searchResultPosition=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor The libraries of the year 2000 will be on computer tape https://www.nytimes.com/1961/03/28/archives/librarian-of-2000-may-be-computer-mathematician-gives-plan-for.html?searchResultPosition=2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Kemeny 1971: Film editing goes non-linear thanks to computers https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/14/archives/computer-to-save-millions-in-film-editing-due-soon-computer-to-save.html?searchResultPosition=11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_editing#History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMX_Systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMX_600 https://web.archive.org/web/20080210020634/http://www.sssm.com/editing/museum/offline/cmx600.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npExd1D6mtI George Lucas makes his feature film debut with THX1138 https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/12/archives/lucass-thx1138love-is-a-punishable-crime-in-future.html?searchResultPosition=66 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066434/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/21/archives/wandas-a-wow-sos-thx-wandas-a-wow-sos-thx.html?searchResultPosition=121 1981: Electronic toys dissapoint at CES but video games come out swinging Toys Hobbies & Crafts March 1981, pg. 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/tom-dusenberry-interview Microcomputers take the stage at CES https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-03/page/n51/mode/2up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_MZ http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-japanese-pc-industry/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APF_Electronics_Inc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Astrocade https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASS_(programming_language) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFnD_K3abOc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellivision#Keyboard_Component https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/dan-daglow-interview-part-1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_family https://www.mobygames.com/game/atari-8-bit/asteroids_ https://www.mobygames.com/game/atari-8-bit/missile-command_ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scram_(video_game) https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/michael-katz-interview-part-1 https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/tom-dusenberry-interview https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 https://www.mobygames.com/company/commodore-business-machines-inc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX80 http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/sir-clive-of-zx/ https://www.mobygames.com/game/rockys-boots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TI-99/4A https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS9918 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086567/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/1979-fcc-reform-special-feat-quarterpast38 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-8000_series https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboGrafx-16 Atari orders chips from Commodore https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/06/business/briefs-030360.html?searchResultPosition=2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_2600 Membrane keyboards are vying for dominance https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/05/business/technology-the-membrane-keyboard.html?searchResultPosition=32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_keyboard Surge expected at the patent office https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/14/business/patents-reagan-budget-asks-rise-in-patent-office-funds.html?searchResultPosition=18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office Automated Simulations launches Epyx line https://archive.org/details/softalkv1n07mar1981/page/36/mode/1up https://www.mobygames.com/company/epyx-inc https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/video-game-newsroom-time-machine-0 https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/michael-katz-interview-part-1 Recommended Links: The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan Johnson of History of How We Play and Enzo Maida.    

You can find Ken on Twitter at twitter.com/kenshirriff and his blog righto.com.- Soyuz blog post:    http://www.righto.com/2020/01/inside-digital-clock-from-soyuz.html- IBM System/370: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370- Amdahl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation- Build Your Own Z80 Computer:    https://books.google.com/books?id=mVQnFgWzX0AC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false- Euler: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler- Commodore PET: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET- TRS-80 (Trash-80): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80 https://techland.time.com/2012/08/03/trs-80/- Visual 6502: http://www.visual6502.org/- MOS 6502: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502- Metallurgy microscope: https://www.amscope.com/compound-microscopes/metallurgical-microscopes.html- AM2900: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Am2900- MOS transistor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET- Cray-1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1- Intel 4004: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004- Datapoint 2200: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint_2200- Intel 8008: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008- Endianness: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness- TTL chips: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic- Big Endian and Little Endian:    https://chortle.ccsu.edu/AssemblyTutorial/Chapter-15/ass15_3.html- Xerox Alto: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto- Charles Simonyi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simonyi- Punched cards: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card- Why did line printers have 132 columns?:    https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/7838/why-did-line-printers-have-132-columns- Teletype 33: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Model_33- Analogue computer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer- Analogue computer thread: https://twitter.com/kenshirriff/status/1223675683387265024- Differential analyser: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_analyser- Bitcoin mining on a 1401:    http://www.righto.com/2015/05/bitcoin-mining-on-55-year-old-ibm-1401.html- Mining bitcoin with pencil and paper: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3dqhixzGVo- Bitcoin mining on a Xerox Alto:    http://www.righto.com/2017/07/bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xerox-alto.html- Bitcoin mining on the Apollo Guidance computer:    http://www.righto.com/2019/07/bitcoin-mining-on-apollo-guidance.html- Colossus computer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer- Accounting machine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_machine- Memory phosphor: https://www.britannica.com/science/memory-phosphor- Rowhammer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_hammer- Core memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory- Williams tube: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube- Core rope memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_rope_memory- Honeywell 800: https://people.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/h800.html- Honeywell 1800: https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/doc-4372956da1170/    http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-h.html#HONEYWELL-1800- SPARC delayed branching:    https://arcb.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/codeopt/codeopt00/notes/delaybra.html- IBM 360 Model 50: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_50- RR Auction: https://www.rrauction.com/

Die neunte Jukebox ist voller Sid: Nicht Meier, nicht Vicious, nicht der Typ aus den „Final Fantasy“-Spielen – sondern „SID„, das „Sound Interface Device“ von MOS Technology, das unter anderem dem C64 seine einzigartigen Klangeigenschaften… Mehr

Chris's journey of making the intro music is used as a backdrop to explore how to make music in Milkytracker, a FOSS program for making tracker music, as well as to explore a bit of sound theory, what chiptunes and tracker music are, and even a bit of exploring what it's like to learn something new even when you aren't necessarily very good yet.Links:Milkytrackersfxrdrpetter's sound theory and synthesis pagemusagi and the musagi tutorialThe Impulse ProjectThe Commodore 64 computer and its famous SID chipc64.com, an archive of Commodore 64 games/programs (pretty much all proprietary though). Many of these have interesting cracked demos that are as interesting as the programs themselves.Monty on the Run with its music by the famous Commodore 64 composer, Rob HubbardListen to the Monty on the Run main themeRob Hubbard's Music: Disassembled, Commented and ExplainedNot shown in the podcast but you really also ought to listen to the Commando theme for the Commodore 64Moments by Mr. Lou (mp3) and the original XM file (zipped) Really worth listening to the XM in Milkytracker so you can see how things work.More cool music on the bottom of Milkytracker's downloads page and especially on The Mod Archive.The demosceneChiptunesMusic trackersFamitracker (Free software so why the heck is it Windows-only still? Someone finish porting it!)Milkytracker's documentation page has of course its own manual but also a number of interesting historical music tracking guidesBrandon Walsh's milkytracker / chiptune tutorials (Content warning in that he does say an ablist slur somewhere in those videos.)Music theory stuffOpen Music Theory8-bit Music TheoryLearn music theory in half an hour (well, some of it)freesound, amazing commons of useful samples for your music composition needsI guess maybe you want to look at Chris's sound file sources (but probably not) (All CC BY-SA 3.0, like the show)Conversations with a ComputerDollhouseEcto Housethe arpeggio example shown in the showAnd yes, the FOSS and Crafts intro themeMade it all the way to the end of the podcast and this blogpost? I guess you really did stay awhile...

Today we're going to talk through the history of the Commodore. That history starts with Idek Trzmiel, who would become Jack Tramiel when he immigrated to the United States. Tramiel was an Auschwitz survivor and Like many immigrants throughout history, he was a hard worker. He would buy a small office repair company in the Bronx with money he saved up driving taxis in New York and got a loan to help by the company through the US Army. He wanted a name that reflected the military that had rescued him from the camp so he picked Commodore and incorporated the company in Toronto. He would import Czeck typewriters through Toronto and assemble them, moving to adding machines when lower-cost Japanese typewriters started to enter the market. By 1962, Commodore got big enough to go public on the New York Stock Exchange. Those adding machines would soon be called calculators when they went from electromechanical devices to digital, with Commodore making a bundle off the Minuteman calculators. Tramiel and Commodore investor Irving Gould flew to Japan to see how to better compete with manufacturers in the market. They got their chips to build the calculators from MOS Technology and the MOS 6502 chip took off quickly becoming one of the most popular chips in early computing. When Texas Instruments, who designed the chips, entered the calculator market, everyone knew calculators were a dead end. The Altair had been released in 1975. But it used the Intel chips. Tramiel would get a loan to buy MOS for $3 million dollars and it would become the Commodore Semiconductor Group. The PC revolution was on the way and this is where Chuck Peddle, who came to Commodore from the acquisition comes in. Seeing the 6502 chips that MOS started building in 1975 and the 6507 that had been used in the Atari 2600, Pebble pushed to start building computers. Commodore had gotten to 60 million in revenues but the Japanese exports of calculators and typewriters left them needing a new product. Pebble proposed they build a computer and developed one called the Commodore PET. Starting at $800, the PET would come with a MOS 6502 chip - the same chip that shipped in the Apple I that year. It came with an integrated keyboard and monitor. And Commodore BASIC in a ROM. And as with many in that era, a cassette deck to load data in and save it. Commodore was now a real personal computer company. And one of the first. Along with the TRS-80, or Trash 80 and Apple when the Apple II was released they would be known as the Trinity of Personal Computers. By 1980 they would be a top 3 company in the market, which was growing rapidly. Unlike Apple, they didn't focus on great products or software and share was dropping. So in 1981 they would release the VIC-20. This machine came with Commodore BASIC 2.0, still used a 6502 chip. But by now prices had dropped to a level where the computer could sell for $299. The PET would be a computer integrated into a keyboard so you brought your own monitor, which could be composite, similar to what shipped in the Apple IIc. And it would be marked in retail outlets, like K-Mart where it was the first computer to be sold. They would outsource the development of the VICModem and did deals with the Source, CompuServe, and others to give out free services to get people connected to the fledgeling internet. The market was getting big. Over 800 software titles were available. Today you can use VICE, a VIC-20 emulator, to use many of them! But the list of vendors they were competing with would grow, including the Apple II, The TRS-80, and the Atari 800. They would sell over a million in that first year, but a new competitor emerged in the Commodore 64. Initially referred to as the VIC-40, the Commodore 64 showed up in 1982 and would start at around $600 and came with the improved 6510 or 8500 MOS chip and the 64k of ram that gave it its name. It is easily one of the most recognizable computer names in history. IT could double as a video game console. Sales were initially slow as software developers caught up to the new chips - and they kinda' had to work through some early problems with units failing. They still sold millions and millions by the mid 1980s. But they would need to go into a price war with Texas Instruments, Atari, and other big names of the time. Commodore would win that war but lost Tramiel along the way. He quit after disagreements with Gould, who brought in a former executive from a steel company with no experience in computers. Ironically, Tramel bought Atari after he left. A number of models would come out over the next few years with the Commodore MAX, Communicator 64, the SX-64, the C128, the Commodore 64 Game System, the 65, which was killed off by Irving Gould in 1991. And by 1993, Gould had mismanaged the company. But Commodore would buy Amiga for $25 million in 1984. They wouldn't rescue the company with a 32 bit computer. After the Mac and the IBM came along in 1984 and after the downward pressures that had been put on prices, Commodore never fully recovered. Yes, they released systems. Like the Amiga 500 and ST, but they were never as dominant and couldn't shake the low priced image for later Amiga models like one of the best machines made for its time, the Amiga 1000. Or the 2000s to compete with the Mac or with entries in the PC clone market to compete with the deluge of vendors that did that. They even tried a MicrosoftBASIC interpreter and their own Amiga Unix System V Release variant. But, ultimately by 1994 the company would go into bankruptcy with surviving subsidiaries going through that demise that happens where you end up with your intellectual property somehow being held by Gateway computers. More on them in a later episode. I do think the story here is a great one. A person manages to survive Auschwitz, move to the United States, and build a publicly traded empire that is easily one of the most recognizable names in computing. That survival and perseverance should be applauded. Tramiel would run Atari until he sold it in the mid-90s and would cofound the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He was a hard negotiator and a competent business person. Today, in tech we say that competing on price is a race to the bottom. He had to live that. But he and his exceptional team at Commodore certainly deserve our thanks, for helping to truly democratize computing, putting low-cost single board machines on the shelves at Toys-R-Us and K-mart and giving me exposure to BASIC at a young age. And thank you, listeners, for tuning in to this episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We are so lucky you listen to these stories. Have a great day. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMD2nF7meDI.

The legal tangle between Motorola and MOS is over, so says this newsletter opening. Off the product lists? The 6501. But the 6502? Ah, that stays and, what’s more, practically fueled the entire microcomputer revolution!

Een kleine deepdive in het maken van een processor en is onze realiteit eigenlijk wel deterministisch? Oh ja, we werden ook héél enthousiast over een nep Game Boy. Maar wat voor een! Onderwerpen Robottas awkward fist bump (https://www.reddit.com/r/formula1/comments/dr6na0/vettel_joins_hamilton_in_the_cool_down_room/) Stone Island, vriend (https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/stone-island-vriend) Greetings Processor Friends: LMARV-1: A RISC-V processor you can see. Part 1: 32-bit registers (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLs_NRwu1Y4) Red Means Recording (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChnxLLvzviaR5NeKOevB8iQ) Analogue Pocket (https://www.analogue.co/pocket/) 16-bit Time Capsule: SNES Emulator Makes a Case for Software Preservation (https://www.tested.com/tech/gaming/44376-16_bit-time-capsule-how-emulator-bsnes-makes-a-case-for-software-preservation/) Paraconsistente logica (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistente_logica) MOS Technology 6502 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502) The Visual 6502 (http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/) Journey to the Microcosmos (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBbnbBWJtwsf0jLGUwX5Q3g) Run your own social (https://runyourown.social) Fediverse.network (https://fediverse.network) Tildeverse (https://tildeverse.org) Grote dank aan de vrienden van de Appels en Peren Show: Nozzman (http://www.nozzman.com/) voor het coverartwork, Clublime (http://twitter.com/#!/clublime) voor de introjingle en al onze Patreons (https://www.patreon.com/appelsenperenshow).

The Microchip Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on the history of the microchip, or microprocessor. This was a hard episode, because it was the culmination of so many technologies. You don't know where to stop telling the story - and you find yourself writing a chronological story in reverse chronological order. But few advancements have impacted humanity the way the introduction of the microprocessor has. Given that most technological advances are a convergence of otherwise disparate technologies, we'll start the story of the microchip with the obvious choice: the light bulb. Thomas Edison first demonstrated the carbon filament light bulb in 1879. William Joseph Hammer, an inventor working with Edison, then noted that if he added another electrode to a heated filament bulb that it would glow around the positive pole in the vacuum of the bulb and blacken the wire and the bulb around the negative pole. 25 years later, John Ambrose Fleming demonstrated that if that extra electrode is made more positive than the filament the current flows through the vacuum and that the current could only flow from the filament to the electrode and not the other direction. This converted AC signals to DC and represented a boolean gate. In the 1904 Fleming was granted Great Britain's patent number 24850 for the vacuum tube, ushering in the era of electronics. Over the next few decades, researchers continued to work with these tubes. Eccles and Jordan invented the flip-flop circuit at London's City and Guilds Technical College in 1918, receiving a patent for what they called the Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit in 1920. Now, English mathematician George Boole back in the earlier part of the 1800s had developed Boolean algebra. Here he created a system where logical statements could be made in mathematical terms. Those could then be performed using math on the symbols. Only a 0 or a 1 could be used. It took awhile, John Vincent Atanasoff and grad student Clifford Berry harnessed the circuits in the Atanasoff-Berry computer in 1938 at Iowa State University and using Boolean algebra, successfully solved linear equations but never finished the device due to World War II, when a number of other technological advancements happened, including the development of the ENIAC by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert from the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the US Army Ordinance Corps, starting in 1943. By the time it was taken out of operation, the ENIAC had 20,000 of these tubes. Each digit in an algorithm required 36 tubes. Ten digit numbers could be multiplied at 357 per second, showing the first true use of a computer. John Von Neumann was the first to actually use the ENIAC when they used one million punch cards to run the computations that helped propel the development of the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The creators would leave the University and found the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Out of that later would come the Univac and the ancestor of todays Unisys Corporation. These early computers used vacuum tubes to replace gears that were in previous counting machines and represented the First Generation. But the tubes for the flip-flop circuits were expensive and had to be replaced way too often. The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes for logic circuits. The integrated circuit is basically a wire set into silicon or germanium that can be set to on or off based on the properties of the material. These replaced vacuum tubes in computers to provide the foundation of the boolean logic. You know, the zeros and ones that computers are famous for. As with most modern technologies the integrated circuit owes its origin to a number of different technologies that came before it was able to be useful in computers. This includes the three primary components of the circuit: the transistor, resistor, and capacitor. The silicon that chips are so famous for was actually discovered by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. He heated potassium chips in a silica container and washed away the residue and viola - an element! The transistor is a semiconducting device that has three connections that amplify data. One is the source, which is connected to the negative terminal on a battery. The second is the drain, and is a positive terminal that, when touched to the gate (the third connection), the transistor allows electricity through. Transistors then acts as an on/off switch. The fact they can be on or off is the foundation for Boolean logic in modern computing. The resistor controls the flow of electricity and is used to control the levels and terminate lines. An integrated circuit is also built using silicon but you print the pattern into the circuit using lithography rather than painstakingly putting little wires where they need to go like radio operators did with the Cats Whisker all those years ago. The idea of the transistor goes back to the mid-30s when William Shockley took the idea of a cat's wicker, or fine wire touching a galena crystal. The radio operator moved the wire to different parts of the crystal to pick up different radio signals. Solid state physics was born when Shockley, who first studied at Cal Tech and then got his PhD in Physics, started working on a way to make these useable in every day electronics. After a decade in the trenches, Bell gave him John Bardeen and Walter Brattain who successfully finished the invention in 1947. Shockley went on to design a new and better transistor, known as a bipolar transistor and helped move us from vacuum tubes, which were bulky and needed a lot of power, to first gernanium, which they used initially and then to silicon. Shockley got a Nobel Prize in physics for his work and was able to recruit a team of extremely talented young PhDs to help work on new semiconductor devices. He became increasingly frustrated with Bell and took a leave of absence. Shockley moved back to his hometown of Palo Alto, California and started a new company called the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. He had some ideas that were way before his time and wasn't exactly easy to work with. He pushed the chip industry forward but in the process spawned a mass exodus of employees that went to Fairchild in 1957. He called them the “Traitorous 8” to create what would be Fairchild Semiconductors. The alumni of Shockley Labs ended up spawning 65 companies over the next 20 years that laid foundation of the microchip industry to this day, including Intel. . If he were easier to work with, we might not have had the innovation that we've seen if not for Shockley's abbrasiveness! All of these silicon chip makers being in a small area of California then led to that area getting the Silicon Valley moniker, given all the chip makers located there. At this point, people were starting to experiment with computers using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The University of Manchester created the Transistor Computer in 1953. The first fully transistorized computer came in 1955 with the Harwell CADET, MIT started work on the TX-0 in 1956, and the THOR guidance computer for ICBMs came in 1957. But the IBM 608 was the first commercial all-transistor solid-state computer. The RCA 501, Philco Transac S-1000, and IBM 7070 took us through the age of transistors which continued to get smaller and more compact. At this point, we were really just replacing tubes with transistors. But the integrated circuit would bring us into the third generation of computers. The integrated circuit is an electronic device that has all of the functional blocks put on the same piece of silicon. So the transistor, or multiple transistors, is printed into one block. Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first miniaturized electronic circuit in 1959, which used germanium and external wires and was really more of a hybrid integrated Circuit. Later in 1959, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented the first truly monolithic integrated circuit, which he received a patent for. While doing so independently, they are considered the creators of the integrated circuit. The third generation of computers was from 1964 to 1971, and saw the introduction of metal-oxide-silicon and printing circuits with photolithography. In 1965 Gordon Moore, also of Fairchild at the time, observed that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and other components that could be shoved into a chip was doubling about every year and published an article with this observation in Electronics Magazine, forecasting what's now known as Moore's Law. The integrated circuit gave us the DEC PDP and later the IBM S/360 series of computers, making computers smaller, and brought us into a world where we could write code in COBOL and FORTRAN. A microprocessor is one type of integrated circuit. They're also used in audio amplifiers, analog integrated circuits, clocks, interfaces, etc. But in the early 60s, the Minuteman missal program and the US Navy contracts were practically the only ones using these chips, at this point numbering in the hundreds, bringing us into the world of the MSI, or medium-scale integration chip. Moore and Noyce left Fairchild and founded NM Electronics in 1968, later renaming the company to Intel, short for Integrated Electronics. Federico Faggin came over in 1970 to lead the MCS-4 family of chips. These along with other chips that were economical to produce started to result in chips finding their way into various consumer products. In fact, the MCS-4 chips, which split RAM , ROM, CPU, and I/O, were designed for the Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and Intel bought the rights back, announcing the chip in Electronic News with an article called “Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.” Together, they built the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor that fit on a single chip. They buried the contacts in multiple layers and introduced 2-phase clocks. Silicon oxide was used to layer integrated circuits onto a single chip. Here, the microprocessor, or CPU, splits the arithmetic and logic unit, or ALU, the bus, the clock, the control unit, and registers up so each can do what they're good at, but live on the same chip. The 1st generation of the microprocessor was from 1971, when these 4-bit chips were mostly used in guidance systems. This boosted the speed by five times. The forming of Intel and the introduction of the 4004 chip can be seen as one of the primary events that propelled us into the evolution of the microprocessor and the fourth generation of computers, which lasted from 1972 to 2010. The Intel 4004 had 2,300 transistors. The Intel 4040 came in 1974, giving us 3,000 transistors. It was still a 4-bit data bus but jumped to 12-bit ROM. The architecture was also from Faggin but the design was carried out by Tom Innes. We were firmly in the era of LSI, or Large Scale Integration chips. These chips were also used in the Busicom calculator, and even in the first pinball game controlled by a microprocessor. But getting a true computer to fit on a chip, or a modern CPU, remained an elusive goal. Texas Instruments ran an ad in Electronics with a caption that the 8008 was a “CPU on a Chip” and attempted to patent the chip, but couldn't make it work. Faggin went to Intel and they did actually make it work, giving us the first 8-bit microprocessor. It was then redesigned in 1972 as the 8080. A year later, the chip was fabricated and then put on the market in 1972. Intel made the R&D money back in 5 months and sparked the idea for Ed Roberts to build The Altair 8800. Motorola and Zilog brought competition in the 6900 and Z-80, which was used in the Tandy TRS-80, one of the first mass produced computers. N-MOSs transistors on chips allowed for new and faster paths and MOS Technology soon joined the fray with the 6501 and 6502 chips in 1975. The 6502 ended up being the chip used in the Apple I, Apple II, NES, Atari 2600, BBC Micro, Commodore PET and Commodore VIC-20. The MOS 6510 variant was then used in the Commodore 64. The 8086 was released in 1978 with 3,000 transistors and marked the transition to Intel's x86 line of chips, setting what would become the standard in future chips. But the IBM wasn't the only place you could find chips. The Motorola 68000 was used in the Sun-1 from Sun Microsystems, the HP 9000, the DEC VAXstation, the Comodore Amiga, the Apple Lisa, the Sinclair QL, the Sega Genesis, and the Mac. The chips were also used in the first HP LaserJet and the Apple LaserWriter and used in a number of embedded systems for years to come. As we rounded the corner into the 80s it was clear that the computer revolution was upon us. A number of computer companies were looking to do more than what they could do with he existing Intel, MOS, and Motorola chips. And ARPA was pushing the boundaries yet again. Carver Mead of Caltech and Lynn Conway of Xerox PARC saw the density of transistors in chips starting to plateau. So with DARPA funding they went out looking for ways to push the world into the VLSI era, or Very Large Scale Integration. The VLSI project resulted in the concept of fabless design houses, such as Broadcom, 32-bit graphics, BSD Unix, and RISC processors, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor. Out of the RISC work done at UC Berkely came a number of new options for chips as well. One of these designers, Acorn Computers evaluated a number of chips and decided to develop their own, using VLSI Technology, a company founded by more Fairchild Semiconductor alumni) to manufacture the chip in their foundry. Sophie Wilson, then Roger, worked on an instruction set for the RISC. Out of this came the Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM chip. Over 100 billion ARM processors have been produced, well over 10 for every human on the planet. You know that fancy new A13 that Apple announced. It uses a licensed ARM core. Another chip that came out of the RISC family was the SUN Sparc. Sun being short for Stanford University Network, co-founder Andy Bchtolsheim, they were close to the action and released the SPARC in 1986. I still have a SPARC 20 I use for this and that at home. Not that SPARC has gone anywhere. They're just made by Oracle now. The Intel 80386 chip was a 32 bit microprocessor released in 1985. The first chip had 275,000 transistors, taking plenty of pages from the lessons learned in the VLSI projects. Compaq built a machine on it, but really the IBM PC/AT made it an accepted standard, although this was the beginning of the end of IBMs hold on the burgeoning computer industry. And AMD, yet another company founded by Fairchild defectors, created the Am386 in 1991, ending Intel's nearly 5 year monopoly on the PC clone industry and ending an era where AMD was a second source of Intel parts but instead was competing with Intel directly. We can thank AMD's aggressive competition with Intel for helping to keep the CPU industry going along Moore's law! At this point transistors were only 1.5 microns in size. Much, much smaller than a cats whisker. The Intel 80486 came in 1989 and again tracking against Moore's Law we hit the first 1 million transistor chip. Remember how Compaq helped end IBM's hold on the PC market? When the Intel 486 came along they went with AMD. This chip was also important because we got L1 caches, meaning that chips didn't need to send instructions to other parts of the motherboard but could do caching internally. From then on, the L1 and later L2 caches would be listed on all chips. We'd finally broken 100MHz! Motorola released the 68050 in 1990, hitting 1.2 Million transistors, and giving Apple the chip that would define the Quadra and also that L1 cache. The DEC Alpha came along in 1992, also a RISC chip, but really kicking off the 64-bit era. While the most technically advanced chip of the day, it never took off and after DEC was acquired by Compaq and Compaq by HP, the IP for the Alpha was sold to Intel in 2001, with the PC industry having just decided they could have all their money. But back to the 90s, ‘cause life was better back when grunge was new. At this point, hobbyists knew what the CPU was but most normal people didn't. The concept that there was a whole Univac on one of these never occurred to most people. But then came the Pentium. Turns out that giving a chip a name and some marketing dollars not only made Intel a household name but solidified their hold on the chip market for decades to come. While the Intel Inside campaign started in 1991, after the Pentium was released in 1993, the case of most computers would have a sticker that said Intel Inside. Intel really one upped everyone. The first Pentium, the P5 or 586 or 80501 had 3.1 million transistors that were 16.7 micrometers. Computers kept getting smaller and cheaper and faster. Apple answered by moving to the PowerPC chip from IBM, which owed much of its design to the RISC. Exactly 10 years after the famous 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, Apple was using a CPU from IBM. Another advance came in 1996 when IBM developed the Power4 chip and gave the world multi-core processors, or a CPU that had multiple CPU cores inside the CPU. Once parallel processing caught up to being able to have processes that consumed the resources on all those cores, we saw Intel's Pentium D, and AMD's Athlon 64 x2 released in May 2005 bringing multi-core architecture to the consumer. This led to even more parallel processing and an explosion in the number of cores helped us continue on with Moore's Law. There are now custom chips that reach into the thousands of cores today, although most laptops have maybe 4 cores in them. Setting multi-core architectures aside for a moment, back to Y2K when Justin Timberlake was still a part of NSYNC. Then came the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III, Xeon, Pentium M, Xeon LV, Pentium 4. On the IBM/Apple side, we got the G3 with 6.3 million transistors, G4 with 10.5 million transistors, and the G5 with 58 million transistors and 1,131 feet of copper interconnects, running at 3GHz in 2002 - so much copper that NSYNC broke up that year. The Pentium 4 that year ran at 2.4 GHz and sported 50 million transistors. This is about 1 transistor per dollar made off Star Trek: Nemesis in 2002. I guess Attack of the Clones was better because it grossed over 300 Million that year. Remember how we broke the million transistor mark in 1989? In 2005, Intel started testing Montecito with certain customers. The Titanium-2 64-bit CPU with 1.72 billion transistors, shattering the billion mark and hitting a billion two years earlier than projected. Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Apple would be moving to the Intel processor that year. NeXTSTEP had been happy as a clam on Intel, SPARC or HP RISC so given the rapid advancements from Intel, this seemed like a safe bet and allowed Apple to tell directors in IT departments “see, we play nice now.” And the innovations kept flowing for the next decade and a half. We packed more transistors in, more cache, cleaner clean rooms, faster bus speeds, with Intel owning the computer CPU market and AMD slowly growing from the ashes of Acorn computer into the power-house that AMD cores are today, when embedded in other chips designs. I'd say not much interesting has happened, but it's ALL interesting, except the numbers just sound stupid they're so big. And we had more advances along the way of course, but it started to feel like we were just miniaturizing more and more, allowing us to do much more advanced computing in general. The fifth generation of computing is all about technologies that we today consider advanced. Artificial Intelligence, Parallel Computing, Very High Level Computer Languages, the migration away from desktops to laptops and even smaller devices like smartphones. ULSI, or Ultra Large Scale Integration chips not only tells us that chip designers really have no creativity outside of chip architecture, but also means millions up to tens of billions of transistors on silicon. At the time of this recording, the AMD Epic Rome is the single chip package with the most transistors, at 32 billion. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most in the crust of the planet earth. Given that there's more chips than people by a huge percentage, we're lucky we don't have to worry about running out any time soon! We skipped RAM in this episode. But it kinda' deserves its own, since RAM is still following Moore's Law, while the CPU is kinda' lagging again. Maybe it's time for our friends at DARPA to get the kids from Berkley working at VERYUltra Large Scale chips or VULSIs! Or they could sign on to sponsor this podcast! And now I'm going to go take a VERYUltra Large Scale nap. Gentle listeners I hope you can do that as well. Unless you're driving while listening to this. Don't nap while driving. But do have a lovely day. Thank you for listening to yet another episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're so lucky to have you!

In Folge 140 sprechen wir mit ZeHa. der mit Dr. Wuro Industries schon verschiedene Spiele veroeffentlicht hat, darunter auch einige auf dem C64. Dabei geht es natuerlich um den guten alten Brotkasten und es wird etwas Vintage, gelegentlich schweifen wir auf andere Systeme ab, aber vorallem schauen wir uns auch in der Gegenwart rund um den C64 um und blicken in die Zukunft. Trackliste L-Man – Rastaline Dub Thomas Detert – Magic Disk 64 (06/1991) Jeroen Tel – Robocop 3 Jeroen Tel – Cybernoid II Dr. Wuro Industries :: ZeHa / Christian Gleinsers Webseite Limbo :: Limbo Konvertierung fuer den C64 Sam's Journey :: Vermutlich das beste Jump 'n Run auf dem C64 Farming Simulator 2019 :: Offizielle C64-Version von Giants Software Mayhem in Monsterland :: Wikipedia Artikel Commando :: Ballerspielklassiker von 1985 YM-2149 :: Yamaha YM-2149 Soundchip (Atari ST etc.) MOS 6581 / MOS 8580 :: SID, Sound Interface Device, der Soundchip des C64 Robert Yannes :: Erfinder des SID-Chips und spaeterer Gruender der Firma Ensoniq Atari VCS Music Cart Vol. 1 :: "Musikalbum" fuer die Atari VCS Konsole und ihren etwas verstimmten TIA Soundchip Elements of Chip-Music :: Vortrag auf der Revision 2011 aus der Sicht eines Musikers Ghostbusters auf dem C64 :: Nicht die Strahlen kreuzen! Impossible Mission :: Elvin Atombender will die Weltherrschaft Stay Forever :: Podcast von Gunnar Lott und Christian Schmidt Commodore Educator 64 :: C64 in einem PET-2001 Gehaeuse, sehr selten C64 Games System :: Erfolglose Verwurstung als Gamekonsole Brotkastenfreunde :: C64 Podcast mit ZeHa und Steffen CBM-Bus :: Serieller Bus fuer Floppy Drives, Drucker und anderes 4-Spieler Adapter :: Fertig kaufen oder selber bauen dank Link zur Bauanleitung WLAN Adapter :: Drahtloses Internet fuer den C64! Wi-Fi Modem :: Noch mehr drahtloses Internet fuer den C64! Summer Games 2019 :: Retrogaming Treff in der Toolbox Markdorf im September 2019 CPU Grundlagen :: Neil Franklins Vortrag wie eine CPU funktioniert von 2006 ACME Cross-Assembler :: Multi-Platform cross assembler for 6502/6510/65816 cpu BASIC V2.0 :: Das BASIC des C64 SD-Card Reader for C64 :: SD-Karten Leser als Ersatz fuers Floppy 1541/1571/1581 Ultimate 64 :: Neues Mainboard fuer den C64 (ohne Chips) Comic Bakery Loading Tune :: Loader Tune von Martin Galway SX-64 :: Portable Variante des Commodore 64 Op-Codes 6510 :: Maschinensprachcodes des MOS 6510 C65 :: ehemals geplanter Nachfolger fuer den C64 C128 :: Commodore 128, meistens mittels GO64 betrieben :) C16 :: Commodore 16 Commodore CDTV :: Commodore's Dynamic Total Vision CD³² :: Im Prinzip ein Amiga 1200 mit CD-ROM Laufwerk History of the Amiga :: Wikipedia ueber die Geschichte des Amigas GEOS :: Graphical Environment Operating System C64DTV :: C64 Direct to TV Joystick C-One :: C-One Reconfigurable Computer (FPGA) Turbo Chameleon 64 :: Multipurpose Commodore 64 expansion cartridge C64 Reloaded :: Neues Mainboard fuer den C64 ARMSID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 auf ARM-Basis SwinSID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 mit Sockel fuer den originalen Chip FPGASID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 auf FPGA-Basis TheC64 :: TheC64 von Retro Games LTD. C64 Mini :: C64 Mini mit 64 Games und einem Joystick VICE :: The Versatile Commodore Emulator MechBoard64 :: The MechBoard64 C64 Mechanical Keyboard :: Commodore 64 Mechanical Keyboard Project M.E.G.A. :: Museum of Electronic Games & Art Mega 65 :: The 21st century realization of the C65 heritage Zlanted Keyboard :: 40 % C64 Tastatur MeC64 Keyboard :: MeC64 is a mechanical replacement keyboard for the Commodore 64 (bread bin model) File Download (167:00 min / 160 MB)

In Folge 140 sprechen wir mit ZeHa. der mit Dr. Wuro Industries schon verschiedene Spiele veroeffentlicht hat, darunter auch einige auf dem C64. Dabei geht es natuerlich um den guten alten Brotkasten und es wird etwas Vintage, gelegentlich schweifen wir auf andere Systeme ab, aber vorallem schauen wir uns auch in der Gegenwart rund um den C64 um und blicken in die Zukunft. Trackliste L-Man – Rastaline Dub Thomas Detert – Magic Disk 64 (06/1991) Jeroen Tel – Robocop 3 Jeroen Tel – Cybernoid II Dr. Wuro Industries :: ZeHa / Christian Gleinsers Webseite Limbo :: Limbo Konvertierung fuer den C64 Sam's Journey :: Vermutlich das beste Jump 'n Run auf dem C64 Farming Simulator 2019 :: Offizielle C64-Version von Giants Software Mayhem in Monsterland :: Wikipedia Artikel Commando :: Ballerspielklassiker von 1985 YM-2149 :: Yamaha YM-2149 Soundchip (Atari ST etc.) MOS 6581 / MOS 8580 :: SID, Sound Interface Device, der Soundchip des C64 Robert Yannes :: Erfinder des SID-Chips und spaeterer Gruender der Firma Ensoniq Atari VCS Music Cart Vol. 1 :: "Musikalbum" fuer die Atari VCS Konsole und ihren etwas verstimmten TIA Soundchip Elements of Chip-Music :: Vortrag auf der Revision 2011 aus der Sicht eines Musikers Ghostbusters auf dem C64 :: Nicht die Strahlen kreuzen! Impossible Mission :: Elvin Atombender will die Weltherrschaft Stay Forever :: Podcast von Gunnar Lott und Christian Schmidt Commodore Educator 64 :: C64 in einem PET-2001 Gehaeuse, sehr selten C64 Games System :: Erfolglose Verwurstung als Gamekonsole Brotkastenfreunde :: C64 Podcast mit ZeHa und Steffen CBM-Bus :: Serieller Bus fuer Floppy Drives, Drucker und anderes 4-Spieler Adapter :: Fertig kaufen oder selber bauen dank Link zur Bauanleitung WLAN Adapter :: Drahtloses Internet fuer den C64! Wi-Fi Modem :: Noch mehr drahtloses Internet fuer den C64! Summer Games 2019 :: Retrogaming Treff in der Toolbox Markdorf im September 2019 CPU Grundlagen :: Neil Franklins Vortrag wie eine CPU funktioniert von 2006 ACME Cross-Assembler :: Multi-Platform cross assembler for 6502/6510/65816 cpu BASIC V2.0 :: Das BASIC des C64 SD-Card Reader for C64 :: SD-Karten Leser als Ersatz fuers Floppy 1541/1571/1581 Ultimate 64 :: Neues Mainboard fuer den C64 (ohne Chips) Comic Bakery Loading Tune :: Loader Tune von Martin Galway SX-64 :: Portable Variante des Commodore 64 Op-Codes 6510 :: Maschinensprachcodes des MOS 6510 C65 :: ehemals geplanter Nachfolger fuer den C64 C128 :: Commodore 128, meistens mittels GO64 betrieben :) C16 :: Commodore 16 Commodore CDTV :: Commodore's Dynamic Total Vision CD³² :: Im Prinzip ein Amiga 1200 mit CD-ROM Laufwerk History of the Amiga :: Wikipedia ueber die Geschichte des Amigas GEOS :: Graphical Environment Operating System C64DTV :: C64 Direct to TV Joystick C-One :: C-One Reconfigurable Computer (FPGA) Turbo Chameleon 64 :: Multipurpose Commodore 64 expansion cartridge C64 Reloaded :: Neues Mainboard fuer den C64 ARMSID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 auf ARM-Basis SwinSID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 mit Sockel fuer den originalen Chip FPGASID :: Pin-Kompatibler Nachbau des MOS6581/8580 auf FPGA-Basis TheC64 :: TheC64 von Retro Games LTD. C64 Mini :: C64 Mini mit 64 Games und einem Joystick VICE :: The Versatile Commodore Emulator MechBoard64 :: The MechBoard64 C64 Mechanical Keyboard :: Commodore 64 Mechanical Keyboard Project M.E.G.A. :: Museum of Electronic Games & Art Mega 65 :: The 21st century realization of the C65 heritage Zlanted Keyboard :: 40 % C64 Tastatur MeC64 Keyboard :: MeC64 is a mechanical replacement keyboard for the Commodore 64 (bread bin model) File Download (2:47 min / 160 MB)

Alla är trötta denna vecka när vi diskuterar viktiga ämnen som: SID-spelande, tupplurar och att vakna utan väckarklocka “99 hejdå” (goodbyeval?) verkar bli “99mac revival”: Martin Björnström är med i matchen på något sätt Apple köper företag var och varannan vecka Jocke blir äntligen med 4K Kinakameror Hur vänliga själar på Youtube hjälpte till att döda Internet explorer 6 Ett novelltips Microsoft skeppar Linux Nya poddhörlurar i Kårsta: Bose QuietComfort 25i www.ikod.se - fantastisk sajt med tonvis av intressanta saker att läsa och ladda ner En podd Fredrik faktiskt lyssnar på (History on fire) försvinner in bakom Luminarys betalridå Kan man någonsin se “färdigt” på Netflix? de visar liksom aldrig allt de har, osv Jocke testar ett annat spamfilter för sina mailservrar Länkar SID SIDPLAY Lineageos Martin Björnström Artikeln om Apples företagshandlande Warren Buffett Berkshire Hathaway Spelet med Warren Buffett Paperboy Jockes TV Vällingby Barkaby Ambilight Jockes billigaste nätverkskamera Activex System integrity protection A conspiracy to kill IE 6 The feeling of power Microsofts terminalreklamfilm Windows subsystem for Linux Microsoft börjar skeppa Linuxkärna Wireshark Bose quietcomfort 25i ikod tosec.ikod.se Luminary History on fire Netflix-genrer Inumbo Halon Disney+ Steinbrenner & Nyberg Interstellar Dunkirk Friendly fire om Dunkirk Blade runner 2049 Två nördar - en podcast. Fredrik Björeman och Joacim Melin diskuterar allt som gör livet värt att leva. Fullständig avsnittsinformation finns här: https://www.bjoremanmelin.se/podcast/avsnitt-166-tartbuffe-som-efterratt.html.

Astor testar Facebook Fredrik DJ:ar gammal spelmusik varje vecka innan sändning Vangers: one for the road. Mad Max möter ryssar och voxlar KALLT “Vår” Quake 3-server: quake.privetdrive.net. Tack Macmattias! Många fina FPS-minnen dyker upp Toot! Mastodonapp för iOS man blir glad av Fidonet - inte dött sklaffkom.se - en del av IT-historien i Sverige Jocke h4x0rar A500 PSU och extern hårddisk. Och inget brann upp Apples podcast-team: något snabbare på tårna än resten av företaget? Ny elstolpe i Kårsta. Utan att strömmen gick. Den återupptäckta charmen i en ordentlig kamera Länkar Intromusik - temat från Vangers: one for the road Shoutcast SID High voltage SID collection Tobias Vangers: one for the road Voxlar Elite Fredriks stenålderstext om Vangers Perimiter “Vår” Quake 3-server: quake.privetdrive.net Ioquake Openarena Team arena GL quake Far cry Diplomacy IPX Toot! Tootdon Dag Ågren - finländare, inte svensk! The unarchiver Fidonet fiodnet.org Fsxnet fidonet.io sklaffkom.se Terrible fire Mean well-transformatorn - RT-65B Mouser.se Whdload Kaminmannen är med för första gången i avsnitt fyra av Percy Tårar, 04:44 och sen senare i samma avsnitt in Två nördar - en podcast. Fredrik Björeman och Joacim Melin diskuterar allt som gör livet värt att leva. Fullständig avsnittsinformation finns här: https://www.bjoremanmelin.se/podcast/avsnitt-158-quake-for-enterprise.html.

Der Commodore 64 ist der meistverkaufte Homecomputer der 1980er Jahre, der bei seiner Einführung mit für damalige Zeiten beindruckende Leistungsdaten bei einem vergleichsweise niedrigen Preis aufbieten konnte. Der C64 prägte damit eine ganze Generation von Computer-Früheinsteigern und hielt sich noch lange im Markt. Heute ist der C64 interessant, weil er gut dokumentiert ist und sich noch als ganzes System verstehen lässt. Michael Steil redet im Gespräch mit Tim Pritlove über den C64, seine technischen Details und lässt uns teilhaben an der Faszination, die so ein altes System auch heute noch entfachen kann. Themen: Computerindustrie und der Homecomputer-Markt Anfang der 1980er Jahre; über den Reiz, sich mit alter Technik zu befassen; MOS Technology; die Innereien des C64; Sound- und Grafikfähigkeiten des C64; die Geschwindigkeit des Systembus; Grafikmodi; Commodore und das Microsoft BASIC; Programmieren in Assembler; 3510 Transistoren; Instruktionen und Taktzyklen; Grafikprogrammierung; Zweierpotenzen; Floppy-Laufwerke; Mucke rausziehen; C64 Emulatoren; Demoszene; C64 Reimplementierungen mit FPGA.

  Special bonus feature today!  Don't touch that dial...Welcome to Show 052!  This week's Topic: The 6502 Microprocessor, Part I. Topics and links discussed in the podcast... Once again, Wikipedia doesn't dissapoint - check out their info on the 6502 Microprocessor...ClassicCmp is a resource for enthusiasts of classic computer hardware, software, and documentation!New stuff for your CoCo?  Have a look at Cloud-9!Sample chapters on MOS Technology and the TIM/KIM systems (under the bonus section), you can see them today at the commodorebook.com site (home of On The Edge). Be sure to send any comments, questions or feedback to retrobits@gmail.com. For online discussions on Retrobits Podcast topics, check out the Retrobits Podcast forum on the PETSCII Forums page! Our Theme Song is "Sweet" from the "Re-Think" album by Galigan. Thanks for listening! - Earl