Podcasts about ibm system

This episode we are taking a trip back to UNIX world. We're looking at IDRIS, the first clone of UNIX. It was supposed to be highly compatible, but use no code from Bell Labs. IDRIS ran on everything from the Intel 8080 up to the IBM System/370. There was even a version that could run MS-DOS programs. Sound too good to be true? Well, that may be the case. Selected Sources: https://archive.org/details/aquartercenturyofunixpeterh.salus_201910/page/n196/mode/1up - A Quarter Century of UNIX https://github.com/hansake/Whitesmiths-Idris-OS - Co-Idris disk images and executables

Deploying pNFS file sharing with FreeBSD, What To Use Instead of PGP, The slow evaporation of the FOSS surplus, I feel that NAT is inevitable even with IPv6, Spell checking in Vim, Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old, and more NOTES This episode of BSDNow is brought to you by Tarsnap (https://www.tarsnap.com/bsdnow) and the BSDNow Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/bsdnow) Headlines Deploying pNFS file sharing with FreeBSD (https://klarasystems.com/articles/deploying-pnfs-file-sharing-with-freebsd/?utm_source=BSD%20Now&utm_medium=Podcast) What To Use Instead of PGP (https://soatok.blog/2024/11/15/what-to-use-instead-of-pgp/) The slow evaporation of the FOSS surplus (https://www.baldurbjarnason.com/2024/the-slow-evaporation-of-the-foss-surplus/) News Roundup FreeBSD 14 on the Desktop (https://www.sacredheartsc.com/blog/freebsd-14-on-the-desktop/) Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old (https://www.righto.com/2019/04/iconic-consoles-of-ibm-system360.html) Tarsnap This weeks episode of BSDNow was sponsored by our friends at Tarsnap, the only secure online backup you can trust your data to. Even paranoids need backups. Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to feedback@bsdnow.tv (mailto:feedback@bsdnow.tv) Join us and other BSD Fans in our BSD Now Telegram channel (https://t.me/bsdnow)

Acorn and Commodore soar, as Coleco and Atari falter Software takes center stage in PC clone world UK game prices hit rock bottom   These stories and many more on this episode of the VGNRTM!   This episode we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in April 1984. As always, we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events.   Alex Smith of They Create Worlds is our cohost.  Check out his podcast here: https://www.theycreateworlds.com/ and order his book here: https://www.theycreateworlds.com/book   Get us on your mobile device: Android:  https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS:  https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine   And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM   Send comments on Mastodon @videogamenewsroomtimemachine@oldbytes.space Or twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com   Links: If you don't see all the links, find them here: https://www.patreon.com/posts/106448718   7 Minutes in Heaven: Atic Atac Video Version:  https://www.patreon.com/posts/7-minutes-in-106323507     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atic_Atac     https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-26/page/n1/mode/1up   Corrections: March 1984 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/march-1984-104469980 Ethan's fine site The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/        1954     Kefauver hearing puts pressure on comics industry     https://www.nytimes.com/1954/04/20/archives/comicbook-hearing-to-start-tomorrow.html     https://www.nytimes.com/1954/04/23/archives/senator-charges-deceit-on-comics-kefauver-says-child-study-groups.html         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estes_Kefauver   1964     IBM announces the 360     https://x.com/kenshirriff/status/1777022892477239724     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360   1974     Sega becomes American https://archive.org/details/cashbox35unse_41/page/50/mode/1up?view=theater     https://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-saga-of-sega/   Mirco Games brings freeplay to video     https://archive.org/details/cashbox35unse_42/page/50/mode/1up?view=theater      Sam Stern urges industry to go to 25 cent play     https://archive.org/details/cashbox35unse_43/page/35/mode/1up?view=theater   David Gottlieb, RIP     https://archive.org/details/cashbox35unse_43/page/35/mode/1up?view=theater   1984 Atari losses fall     Post Net Income of $30.9 Million, The Associated Press, April 19, 1984, Thursday, AM cycle, Section: Business News       Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, Atari in Trouble Again     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/19/business/warner-severs-tie-with-ladd-warner-communications.html   Banks cut Coleco credit line     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/business/coleco-says-banks-cut-its-credit.html?searchResultPosition=1     Coleco reports rebound from last quarter's loss, United Press International, April 17, 1984, Tuesday, BC cycle   Commodore sales skyrocket!     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/27/business/profit-off-at-xerox-sperry-up.html     Toy & Hobby World, April 1984 pg. 12   Acorn revenues soar!     https://archive.org/details/AcornUser021-Apr84/page/n8/mode/1up   TI turn-around unprecedented     Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, Texas Instruments Update   Milton Bradley returns to profitability     Milton Bradley Shows Profit in First Quarter, The Associated Press, April 20, 1984, Friday, BC cycle, Section: Business News     Toy Maker Talking About 'Business Combination' With Another Company, The Associated Press, April 26, 1984, Thursday, AM cycle, Section: Business News, Dateline: SPRINGFIELD, Mass.   Pizza Time Losses continue to mount     Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, In Brief   Atari closes last California factory     Newsbytes, April 3, 1984, Atari Lay-Off        https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/07/business/atari-to-cut-550-jobs-at-2-plants.html      Alan Kay leaves Atari     Newsbytes, April 10, 1984, A week of resignations      5200 Software drought     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/12/mode/1up        https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/15/mode/1up   German court squashe Unimex duplicator     https://binarium.de/unimex_duplicator_sp280         https://archive.org/details/happycomputer-magazine-1984-04/page/n7/mode/1up   Sinclair misses another QL deadline     https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-05/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater       https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews057-14Apr1984/page/n3/mode/1up?view=theater     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews056-07Apr1984/page/n5/mode/1up   Sinclair finds QL workaround!     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews059-28Apr1984/page/n3/mode/1up?view=theater       https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-26/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater   Hannover Fair sees flood of PCs     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews058-21Apr1984/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater   Commodore unveils PC clone     Newsbytes, April 3, 1984, Speaking of Clones        https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/05/business/2-machines-challenge-ibm.html   IBM looks to shut down clones     Newsbytes, April 3, 1984, More IBM, by Paul Richter     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews056-07Apr1984/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater   IBM buys  additional Intel shares     Newsbytes, April 3, 1984, In Brief   PCJr sales still dismal     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/10/mode/1up?view=theater     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews059-28Apr1984/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater   Apple ][ forever!     Newsbytes, April 10, 1984, Apple II Forever        https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Apple_II_Forever       Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, Mac-Update   Apple holds its own with IBM     Newsbytes, April 10, 1984, Apple vs. IBM   Tomy drops out of US market     Toy & Hobby World, April 1984 pg. 12   HP introduces the ThinkJet     https://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/museum/imagingprinting/0011/        https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-04-rescan/page/n11/mode/1up?view=theater   Moves to Asia continue     Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, Stealing some thunder         https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/26/nyregion/thursday-april-26-1984-international.html      Bill Gates on Time cover     https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19840416,00.html     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/22/business/the-heady-world-of-ibm-suppliers.html   IBM working on GUI     https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-04-rescan/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_TopView   3rd parties abandon Adam     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/8/mode/1up?view=theater     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/10/mode/1up?view=theater   Imagine changes course on  price cut     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews056-07Apr1984/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater   UK game prices hit 1 pound 99!     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews057-14Apr1984/page/n3/mode/1up?view=theater     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews057-14Apr1984/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater   PC Write shareware model a success     Newsbytes, April 10, 1984, Betting on Piracy   Wordstar hits hard times     Newsbytes, April 17, 1984, Software Snafus   Atari Program Exchange shuttered     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater   Atari introduces AtariLab     PRESS CONFERENCE, PR Newswire, April 4, 1984, Wednesday         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtariLab   Broderbund announces Print Shop     https://archive.org/details/computer-entertainer-3-1/page/6/mode/1up?view=theater      HESWare hires Nimoy     https://archive.org/details/Ahoy_Issue_04_1984-04_Ion_International_US/page/n7/mode/2up   Empires redefines pass-and-play     https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews057-14Apr1984/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater        https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/entry/9706   Synapse withdraws from UK market     https://archive.org/details/computer-and-videogames-030/page/n19/mode/1up   Random House enters software biz     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/11/business/advertising-random-s-software-account.html      64er launches     https://archive.org/details/64er_1984_04/mode/2up      France goes online     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/30/business/computer-linkups-spurred-by-france.html   Games Network signs up additional franchises     https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-12/page/n18/mode/1up?view=theater        https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-26/page/n12/mode/1up?view=theater   Videotext gone took 'r jawbs!     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/29/arts/tv-view-a-corporate-look-into-the-near-future.html      MITI throws in the towel     MITI GIVES UP PLAN TO SUBMIT SOFTWARE BILL TO DIET, Japan Economic Newswire, APRIL 21, 1984, SATURDAY       REVIEW-SOFTWARE: JAPAN, U.S. REMAIN APART ON SOFTWARE PROTECTION, Japan Economic Newswire, APRIL 19, 1984, THURSDAY   CalTech students hack Rose Bowl scoreboard     https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-04-rescan/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater        https://www.edn.com/forget-touchdowns-engineers-score-with-pranks/   RCA axes Video disk https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/12/arts/tv-review-viewer-controls-screen.html?searchResultPosition=1     https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/06/business/rca-defends-timing-of-videodisk-canceling.html   Licensing business explodes     Children's Characters Stir Big Sales, The Associated Press, April 25, 1984, Wednesday, PM cycle, Section: Domestic News, Byline: By ROBERT WADE, Associated Press Writer   Takara pens deal with Hasbro     US firm permitted to use characters, The Japan Economic Journal, April 17, 1984, Section: SERVICE/LEISURE/FOOD; Pg. 18     Toy & Hobby World, April 1984   D&D scare hits the UK     https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1984-04-12/page/n1/mode/2up Recommended Links:   The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Playthrough Podcast: https://playthroughpod.com/ Retromags.com: https://www.retromags.com/ Games That Weren't - https://www.gamesthatwerent.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan Johnson of History of How We Play. Copyright Karl Kuras   sega nintendo atari coleco acorn commodore c64 spectrum sinclair ql microsoft windows vision gottlieb chuck e cheese pizza time pcjr shareware pulsonic imagine mastertronic ultimate aticatac apple macintosh appleii 40 years ago: #Acorn and #Commodore soar, as #Coleco and #Atari falter, Software takes center stage in PC clone world & UK game prices hit rock bottom   These stories and more on the VGNRTM!   #c64 #zxspectrum #ql #mastertronic #sega 

My coverage of the IBM System/360 continues! In this episode we look at US v IBM, and the fallout that surrounded the release of the System/360. By 1969 IBM already had a history of antitrust litigation. What was IBM doing to upset the Department of Justice, and how does it tie in to the larger story of clone computers?   Selected Sources:   http://www.cptech.org/at/ibm/ibm1956cd.html - 1956 Consent Decree   https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/298/131/ - 1936 Consent Decree   https://archive.org/details/foldedspindledmu00fish/page/n5/mode/2up - Folded, Spindled, and Mutilated

The release of the IBM System/360 represents a major milestone in the history of computing. In 1964 IBM announced the 360 as the first family of compatible computers. Users could choose a system that was just the right size for their needs, mix and match peripherals, and have no fear of future upgrades. If you started on a low-end 360 you could move up to a top of the line model and keep all your software! Something like this had never been done before. Such a watershed moment resulted in interesting cascading effects. In this episode we will look at the 360 itself. In the coming weeks we will be examining how it shaped and dominated the market, how it led to a federal antitrust suit, and how a mysterious series of clone computers survived in uncertain times.   Selected Sources:   https://spectrum.ieee.org/building-the-system360-mainframe-nearly-destroyed-ibm   https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/11/102658255-05-01-acc.pdf - Fred Brooks Oral History   https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/11/102655529-05-01-acc.pdf - 14K Days

Paul V. McEnroe, the engineer behind the ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode. Paul's definition centers around an open mind, technical capability, and teamwork. Hear the fascinating story of how the barcode transformed the retail category from the man who was there from the beginning and his advice on the value of patience, returning favors, and how we all can leave a lasting impact in the world of innovation. More about our guest:Paul McEnroe is best known for his primary role in developing the Universal Product Code (UPC), the barcode used on every product in supermarkets and the retail industry, and the scanners that read them. In 1974 he received the IBM SCD President's Award for the development of the Supermarket System including the Barcode “. . . from inception through shipment.” He was co-inventor of the handheld “pistol-grip” scanner that reads barcodes from a distance, developed the magnetic code for stock keeping unit (SKU) marking, and later managed the development of the Token Ring Local Area Network (LAN). In 1984 McEnroe became president of Trilogy Systems Corporation and developed other multi-chip technologies.Know more about her and her company here:Paul V. McEnroe (CalState)Book: The Barcode: How a Team Created One of the World's Most Ubiquitous Technologies------------------------------------------------------------Episode Guide:0:48 - What is Innovation?2:07 - Importance of bridging an open mind and the elements of science and technology  3:20 - Modern education and innovation4:44 - Importance of teamwork5:39 - What we now know as "barcode": the Universal Product Code (UPC)7:50 - IBM's role in the creation of UPC and NCRs11:13 - Working on Magnetic Strips for transit systems12:34 - The Store Loop and Token Ring14:52 - IBM, funding, problem-solving, and barcode scanning20:42 - Gene Amdahl and IBM System 36022:26 - Winchester Technology: The floppy disk23:44 - Patience and returning favors25:39 - Advice for Innovators and leaving impact--------------------------OUTLAST Consulting offers professional development and strategic advisory services in the areas of innovation and diversity management.

Episode #2 London New Year's Eve Fireworks Display https://youtu.be/2FcDNi1HkfI Doctor Fauci https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director UK Tiered COVID Lockdowns https://www.ageuk.org.uk/information-advice/health-wellbeing/conditions-illnesses/coronavirus-guidance/local-lockdown-tiers/ Carribean Ban on Alcohol During COVID? https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/say-no-alcohol-now-5-myths-about-alcohol-and-covid-19 New York City Restaurants Have Outdoor Dining Structures To Combat COVID Lockdowns https://nypost.com/2022/11/15/shut-down-nycs-outdoor-dining-sheds/ Happy New Year To Melbourne and Sydney Australia Happy New Year To Adelaide, Broken Hill Australia Funkwhale - Federated Music Streaming Platform https://funkwhale.audio/ FreeBSD https://www.freebsd.org/ ActivityPub https://www.w3.org/TR/activitypub/ https://activitypub.rocks/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActivityPub The Linux Lugcast https://linuxlugcast.com/ DevRandom Podcast (pod faded) http://devrandomshow.org/shows/?f=all.html https://archive.org/details/devrandom CHAOS NET https://chaosnet.net/ https://twobithistory.org/2018/09/30/chaosnet.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaosnet Anne & Lynn Wheeler https://www.garlic.com/~lynn/ IBM System 360 https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/system360/ https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/system360/transform/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360 IBM System 370 https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR370.html https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/system370 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370 UUCP https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.3.0?topic=planning-configuring-unix-unix-copy-program-uucp VM 370 https://gunkies.org/wiki/VM/370 http://www.vm370.org/ https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~stjones/proj/vm_reading/ibmrd2505M.pdf MVS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVS https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/MVS alt.folklore.computers (Usenet) https://groups.google.com/g/alt.folklore.computers Folklore.org - Apple Computer History https://www.folklore.org/ The Story Of How Crash Bandicoot Was Made By Hacking the Sony Playstation https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/09/war-stories-how-crash-bandicoot-hacked-the-original-playstation/ CP/M https://landley.net/history/mirror/cpm/history.html https://www.howtogeek.com/718124/what-was-cpm-and-why-did-it-lose-to-ms-dos/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M DiOS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS https://youtu.be/ZtXTAYT2DFM (MS-DOS) Free Pascal https://www.freepascal.org/ https://wiki.freepascal.org/Projects_using_Free_Pascal Lazarus Project https://www.lazarus-ide.org/ Project Gemini https://geminiquickst.art/ https://gemini.circumlunar.space/docs/faq.html Gopher https://web.cortland.edu/flteach/methods/obj1/gopher.html https://www.howtogeek.com/661871/the-web-before-the-web-a-look-back-at-gopher/ http://gopher.quux.org:70/ Plan 9 https://9p.io/plan9/ https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/plan-9-bell-labs-cyberspace/ UTF-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8 https://blog.hubspot.com/website/what-is-utf-8 Distributed computing https://hazelcast.com/glossary/distributed-computing/ Amfora (Gemini Client) https://www.freshports.org/www/amfora/ https://github.com/makeworld-the-better-one/amfora Lagrange (Gemini Client) https://gmi.skyjake.fi/lagrange/ ASCII Art https://www.asciiart.eu/ Wayland https://wayland.freedesktop.org/ X Window System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System TOFU (Trust On First Use) https://doubleoctopus.com/security-wiki/protocol/trust-on-first-use/ Lets Encrypt https://letsencrypt.org/ CA (Certificate Authority) https://www.ssl.com/faqs/what-is-a-certificate-authority/ SSH Keys https://www.ssh.com/academy/ssh-keys SFTP https://www.ssh.com/academy/ssh/sftp-ssh-file-transfer-protocol Station - The Social Network for Gemini https://martinrue.com/station/ PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/pgp-me-pretty-good-privacy-explained/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy https://www.openpgp.org/ FTP https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol FTPS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTPS SAMBA https://www.samba.org/ SSHFS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSHFS Kennedy (search engine for Gemini Space) https://github.com/acidus99/Kennedy ChillyWeather https://github.com/acidus99/ChillyWeather News Waffle http://techrights.org/2022/08/20/news-services-in-gemini/ NEOVIM https://neovim.io/ EMACS https://opensource.com/resources/what-emacs FSF https://www.fsf.org/ OGGCAMP https://oggcamp.org/ LISP https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) Pascal https://thehistoryofcomputing.net/the-pascal-programming-language Cray Computers https://www.hpe.com/us/en/compute/hpc/cray.html https://www.craysupercomputers.com/ Borland Pascal (Turbo Pascal) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Pascal https://borlandpascal.fandom.com/wiki/Borland_Pascal Google Groups (a sort of usenet front end) https://groups.google.com/my-groups alt.sysadmin.recovery https://groups.google.com/g/alt.sysadmin.recovery BOFH Archive https://www.theregister.com/offbeat/bofh/ Thanks To: Mumble Server: Delwin HPR Site/VPS: Joshua Knapp - AnHonestHost.com Streams: Honkeymagoo EtherPad: HonkeyMagoo Shownotes by: Sgoti and hplovecraft

Array Cast - February 17, 2023 Show NotesThanks to Bob Therriault and Adám Brudzewsky for gathering these links:[01] 00:01:20 APLSeeds '23 https://www.dyalog.com/apl-seeds-user-meetings/aplseeds23.htm[02] 00:02:26 KXCon https://kx.com/events/kx-con-2023/[03] 00:04:30 plrank.com https://plrank.com/[04] 00:05:30 Michael Higginson ArrayCast Episode https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode46-michael-higginson Iverson Centenary https://britishaplassociation.org/iverson-centenary-december-2020/[05] 00:06:30 Lower Canada College https://www.lcc.ca/ IBM 2741 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_2741 Anderson Jacobson serial modem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Jacobson Gilman and Rose - An Interactive Approach https://apl.wiki/Books#APL_―_An_Interactive_Approach Leap Year https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Accuracy APL implementation Leap Year https://tryapl.org/?clear&q=≠%E2%8C%BF0%3D4000%20400%20100%204∘.%7C1600%201700%201800%201900%202000%202100%202200%202300%204000&run[06] 00:13:53 Larry Breed https://apl.wiki/Larry_Breed Scientific Time Sharing Corporation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Time_Sharing_Corporation STSC promotional video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjgkhK-nXmk 666 BOX https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLQA.htm#666box[07] 00:17:20 University of Toronto https://www.utoronto.ca/ Arthur Whitney https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Arthur_Whitney I.P. Sharp and Associates https://apl.wiki/I.P._Sharp_Associates[08] 00:18:23 360 Assembler https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture#Instruction_formats Eric Iverson https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Eric_Iverson[09] 00:22:40 IESO https://www.ieso.ca/[10] 00:22:50 Smart Meters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter[11] 00:23:30 Kdb+ https://code.kx.com/q/learn/brief-introduction/[12] 00:24:30 First Derivatives https://fdtechnologies.com/ KX https://kx.com/ KX Sensors https://kx.com/solutions/energy-utilities/[13] 00:27:52 George Hotz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hotz[14] 00:36:56 ⎕ec https://abrudz.github.io/SAX2/SAX61.pdf#page=790[15] 00:41:20 APL Programming Language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL_(programming_language) Blackberry RIM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited Rise and Fall of Blackberry https://www.businessinsider.com/blackberry-smartphone-rise-fall-mobile-failure-innovate-2019-11[16] 00:45:45 Ken Iverson https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson Guy Steele https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr.[17] 00:55:12 Nick Psaris ArrayCast Episode https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode42-nick-psaris-q[18] 00:56:23 Right Parenthesis ) https://apl.wiki/System_command Quad ⎕ https://apl.wiki/Quad_name[19] 00:57:16 APL2 https://aplwiki.com/wiki/APL2 Axiom System https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/800136.804446 Trenchard More https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchard_More Jim Brown https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Jim_Brown[20] 00:59:28 SHARP APL https://aplwiki.com/wiki/SHARP_APL Roger Moore https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist) Richard Lathwell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Lathwell[21] 01:04:15 Array Models https://apl.wiki/Array_model[22] 01:04:50 Strand Notation https://apl.wiki/Strand_notation[23] 01:06:05 J Programming Language https://www.jsoftware.com/indexno.html[24] 01:18:02 q Programming Language https://kx.com/academy/ Type of https://apl.wiki/Type[25] 01:21:13 Haskell Programming Language https://www.haskell.org/[26] 01:24:30 ⎕ML Migration Level https://apl.wiki/Migration_level[27] 01:25:50 Oxide and Friends https://oxide.computer/podcasts/oxide-and-friends Java Pubhouse https://www.javapubhouse.com/episodes[28] 01:27:26 British APL Meetings https://britishaplassociation.org/[29] 01:35:06 contact AT ArrayCast DOT COM

Array Cast - November 25, 2022 Show NotesThanks to Bob Therriault and Adám Brudzewsky for gathering these links:[01] 00:02:00 Dr. Fred Brooks obit https://cs.unc.edu/news-article/remembering-department-founder-dr-frederick-p-brooks-jr/ Ken Lettow email http://www.jsoftware.com/pipermail/chat/2022-November/009134.html Vector Article http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10001240 IBM System 360 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/360[02] 00:08:26 Dr. Brooks Memorial Service [02] 00:08:26 Dr. Brooks Memorial Service https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXzvyRGGBoE UNC memorial to be scheduled for the spring of 2023 https://cs.unc.edu/brooks[03] 00:09:18 Dyalog User Meetings https://dyalog.tv/Dyalog22/ training course.dyalog.com https://course.dyalog.com/ APLNAATOT podcast https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEN1MBTzCjY[04] 00:10:50 J Wiki Prototype https://code2.jsoftware.com/wiki/Main_Page[05] 00:12:51 BQN REPLxx https://github.com/dzaima/CBQN and REPLXX=1[06] 00:14:00 q for personal use https://kx.com/kdb-personal-edition-download/[07] 00:15:05 John Earnest iKe https://vector.org.uk/a-graphical-sandbox-for-k-2/[08] 00:19:15 Forth Programming Language https://www.forth.com/forth/[09] 00:21:49 Impending kOS https://vector.org.uk/impending-kos/ Arthur Whitney https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist) k2 reference manual http://web.archive.org/web/20050504070651/http://www.kx.com/technical/documents/kreflite.pdf k2 user manual http://web.archive.org/web/20041022042401/http://www.kx.com/technical/documents/kusrlite.pdf k2 c-k interface manual http://web.archive.org/web/20060214100753/http://www.kx.com/technical/documents/cki.pdf[10] 00:24:00 ok.js https://johnearnest.github.io/ok/index.html[11] 00:24:30 kona https://github.com/kevinlawler/kona/wiki[12] 00:25:23 Kerf technical manual https://github.com/kevinlawler/kerf1/raw/master/manual/refmanual.pdf[13] 00:26:08 1010data.com https://www.1010data.com/[14] 00:27:30 kx systems https://kx.com/[15] 00:34:20 Projection https://code.kx.com/q4m3/6_Functions/#64-projection[16] 00:39:17 ngn k https://codeberg.org/ngn/k[17] 00:41:00 shakti https://shakti.com/[18] 00:48:20 k wiki https://k.miraheze.org/wiki/ currently down but soon to be reinstated[19] 00:54:12 J programming language https://www.jsoftware.com/indexno.html[20] 00:58:11 GLSL shader language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_Shading_Language[21] 00:38:34 John Earnest's website https://beyondloom.com/[22] 01:02:30 Vanessa McHale episode https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode25-vanessa-mchale[24] 01:03:00 Romilly Cocking episode https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode34-romilly-cocking[25] 01:03:10 Marshall Lochbaum episode https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode-07-marshall-lochbaum-and-the-bqn-array-language[26] 01:07:50 Mechanical Sympathy https://dyalog.tv/Dyalog18/?v=mK2WUDIY4hk[27] 01:09:30 Lambda Cast https://soundcloud.com/lambda-cast[28] 01:10:57 Factor Programming Language https://factorcode.org/[29] 01:12:24 Chuck Moore https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Moore[30] 01:16:20 Greenarrays chip GA144 https://www.greenarraychips.com/home/documents/index.php[31] 01:20:10 Donald Knuth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth Tex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX Meta Font https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAFONT[32] 01:21:30 Literate Programming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming[33] 01:22:21 CoDfns https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/24749 Aaron Hsu https://www.sacrideo.us/ https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Aaron_Hsu

Array Cast - September 18, 2021 Show Notes0:01:50 The Ridiculously Early J Morning Show (youtube) The Ridiculously Early J Morning Show (twitch)0:02:54 Eric_Iverson0:03:10 Ken_Iverson0:05:18 A_Programming_Language0:07:28 Elementary_Functions_An_Algorithmic_Treatment0:09:14 IBM_System/3600:09:59 I.P._Sharp_Associates0:10:13 APL11300:11:39 Ian_Sharp0:12:14 Larry_Breed0:12:36 Time-sharing0:13:01 SHARP_APL0:13:11 Siemens_System_4004 (in German)0:15:54 Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center ("Mohansic Labs")0:16:44 IBM_Research0:18:04 PL/I0:18:25 Strand_notation0:18:33 Enclose0:18:33 Array_model0:18:33 Box0:20:22 APL20:21:40 Zoo Story: How the I.P. Sharp APL Development Group Got its Name0:22:30 IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors0:24:30 Index Origin0:25:19 APL3000 (Larry Breed's compiler)0:30:36 IBM_Personal_Computer0:31:31 Roger_Moore_(computer_scientist)0:31:35 Intel_80860:34:35 Roger_Hui0:40:04 J1990 (1990 conference paper)0:41:10 Jsoftware (Iverson Software Inc.)0:48:22 https://github.com/jsoftware/jsource (source)0:57:03 Catalan Labs (video)1:03:04 https://xkcd.com/2343/1:03:23 Jeh_language1:09:05 Glyph1:10:32 Notation as a Tool of Thought1:14:00 APL/J Rosetta Stone1:17:10 IBM_Selectric_typewriter1:17:10 Historical_anecdote (APL "golf ball")

IBM launches the PC The morality police have video games in their sights Venture Capital wants a piece of the software market These stories and many more on this episode of the Video Game Newsroom Time Machine This episode we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in August of 1981. As always, we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events. Peter is on vacation so we have the pleasure of Mads from the Retro Asylum to join us. http://retroasylum.com and https://playthroughpod.com/ Get us on your mobile device: Android: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS: https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Time Codes: 7 Minutes in Heaven: 5:00 Corrections: 11:10 Time Jump: 28:20 Links: 7 Minutes in Heaven: Video version - https://www.patreon.com/posts/55259489 https://www.mobygames.com/game/robot-war Ed Zaron Interview - https://www.patreon.com/posts/30697517 Corrections: July 1981 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/54043323 They Create Worlds Nuttings Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/dave-nutting-50562473?l=de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Fury https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Warner_Communications https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_(Nintendo) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(video_game) 1951: Brigadeer General Leighton Davis builds Dynamic Air War Game Omaha Evening World Herald August 24, 1951, pg. 29 http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,815346,00.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_I._Davis https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/107302/lieutenant-general-leighton-i-davis/ https://patents.justia.com/patent/4239227 1961: Plato is telling on truants Electronic 'Teacher' Tattles on Students Who Skip Tasks The Times-Picatune, New Oreleans, LA, August 24, 1961 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system) 1971: ENIAC turns 25 https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/01/archives/the-electronic-computers-inventors-mauchly-and-eckert-to-mark.html?searchResultPosition=5 https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/09/archives/the-computer-at-age-25.html?searchResultPosition=4 https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/04/archives/critics-mark-25th-year-of-the-computer-industry-focuses-on-problems.html?searchResultPosition=8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC September 1970 jump (First computer with semiconductor RAM) - https://www.patreon.com/posts/42700691 1981: Summer CES breaks records Playthings, August 1981, pg. 36 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show#1981 Video game bans sweep the USA RePlay August 1981, pg. 25 UK anti-video game law defeated Play Meter August 15 1981, pg. 34 Atari gets injunction against General Computer Corporation RePlay August 1981, pg. 99 Vending Times, August 1981, pg. 46 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Pac-Man https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Computer_Corporation Bally gets into the pizza biz https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/25/business/bally-acquires-pizza-chain.html https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/05/business/show-time-at-pizza-chain.html http://www.greatadventurehistory.com/Forums/index.php?/topic/4528-ballys-tom-foolery/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShowBiz_Pizza_Place https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing Drop in electronics sales begins to affect corporate bottom lines Playthings August 1981 pg. 13 Michael Katz Interview Part 1 - https://www.patreon.com/posts/35169258 Greg Fischbach Interview Part 1 - https://www.patreon.com/posts/46578120 Greg Fischbach Interview Part 2 - https://www.patreon.com/posts/47720122 IBM launches the PC https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/13/business/big-ibm-s-little-computer.html?searchResultPosition=4 https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/business/the-week-in-business-producer-prices-continued-easing-of-inflation.html?searchResultPosition=1 https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/23/business/next-a-computer-on-every-desk.html?searchResultPosition=4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 Xerox launches the 820 https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-08/page/n8/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputing198108/page/n11/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_820 TI dumps the TI99/4 for the 99/4A https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-08/page/n8/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TI-99/4A#99/4A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV0t4QIINLI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UK9VU1aJvTI Acorn advertises the BBC Micro https://archive.org/details/YourComputer_198108 pg. 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro Commodore prepping UK launch of the Vic https://archive.org/details/YourComputer_198108 pg. 8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL WH Smith to sell microcomputers https://archive.org/details/YourComputer_198108 pg. 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHSmith Venture Capital is investing in microcomputer software https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/31/business/venture-capitalists-new-role.html?searchResultPosition=9 July 1981 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/54043323 Ed Zaron Interview - https://www.patreon.com/posts/30697517 Ken Williams Interview - https://www.patreon.com/posts/42700706 Michael Katz Interview Part 1 - https://www.patreon.com/posts/35169258 Creative Computing celebrates the 20th anniversary of SpaceWar! https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-08/page/n59/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewar! Frank Herbert gives computer advice https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1981-08/page/n222/mode/1up https://books.google.de/books/about/Without_Me_You_re_Nothing.html?id=izcLAQAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-meeting-of-spacewar/ Recommended Links: The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Playthrough Podcast: https://playthroughpod.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan Johnson of History of How We Play and Enzo Maida.

Antes del IBM 5150, IBM intentón conquistar la microinformática empresarial con dos modelos muy desconocidos.IBM 5100https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_5100Publicidad: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9m54rKlErwAUso básico: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3z-MCEUnGYAquí se muestra también el interior de la máquina: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52ktEpjIhnk&t=210sIBM System/23 Datamasterhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/23_DatamasterPublicidad: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqIH6adgya4Publicidad: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhskfSpGxMAProceso de restauración y uso básico (¡¡¡ en Castellano !!!): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zw-DyD9XLyw

Kristoffer chats with Harald Achitz about Harald’s path as a developer, test-driven development, seeing the big picture, and more. The first part of the discussion is Harald’s background: Growing up on the far side of Europe, focusing on music, and how he eventually landed in computing. Freelancing as a developer in 1995 - what was that like? How did one find customers? The story then goes into Harald’s way into C and C++. Developing for medical devices and hospitals. Moving toward Linux, making a living as an open source developer, and eventually ending up in Sweden. Then, the conversation moves to Harald’s increasing interest in what happens after you finish writing the code; builds, releases, integrations, package managers, build systems, and so much more. We talk quite a bit about seeing the big picture, and how our code is, at best, a temporary and unimportant part of the greater whole. Are we too focused on the next task, at the expense of thinking about and seeing the whole? Harald explains why he likes to have 100% code coverage, how he goes about setting up his tests, and the challenges of setting up tests when responsibilities strech across teams. Many of the hardest problems are organizational, the code we write is, on the whole, often not very important. Code is temporary. All of which is more motivation for testing more. Thank you Cloudnet for sponsoring our VPS! Comments, questions or tips? We are @kodsnack, @tobiashieta, @oferlund and @bjoreman on Twitter, have a page on Facebook and can be emailed at info@kodsnack.se if you want to write longer. We read everything we receive. If you enjoy Kodsnack we would love a review in iTunes! You can also support the podcast by buying us a coffee (or two!) through Ko-fi. Links Harald Stockholmcpp - C++ meetup which Harald arranges Tron Wargames The Iron curtain Conservatorium Visual basic for applications Novell netware Windows 95 Windows NT 3.51 Office 95 Lotus notes Microsoft press Access AS/400 Stored procedures DCOM MSDN KDE GNOME Red hat Slackware “Linux is cancer” Tobii Conan C and C++ package manager Jenkins Unit testing Test-driven development Boost unit test Github actions Scrum Devops Spock - testing and specification framework for Java, Nimoy - for Python Schrödinger’s cat Titles Austria in the 80s On the side of Europe I started and stopped a lot of things Just jamming around Where you play the songs you hate There were computers in offices I was the young person The internet became a thing Freelancing back in 95 I really loved databases I came back to medical devices Would you like to go to Switzerland? A different spirit in the Linux world I have no problem if things work It’s not just the code I write I love to have everything automated Holistic thinking All the tests are passing, but the thing is not useful Yes, it gives me no guarantee You need to fake it The place where people give up Software is their bread and butter The code I write is most likely not very important Software systems tend to change Code is temporary Throw it away as soon as possible Never enough, but always too much

Sega introduces conversion kits Coin-Op breaks financial records Microsoft buys 86-DOS These stories and many more on this episode of the Video Game Newsroom Time Machine This episode we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in July of 1981. As always, we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events. Get us on your mobile device: Android: https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS: https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Time Codes: 7 Minutes in Heaven: 10:29 Corrections: 19:42 Time Jump: 42:40 Links: 7 Minutes in Heaven: Video Version - https://www.patreon.com/posts/54022503 http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/?s=The+Nutting+Associates https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/they-create-worlds-53243/episodes/dave-nutting-nutting-industrie-90360408 https://www.mobygames.com/game/wizard-of-wor Corrections: June 1981 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/52937539 https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2016/07/22/487069271/episode-576-when-women-stopped-coding https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/2021/06/video-game-sales-1972-1999/ https://store.steampowered.com/app/353380/Steam_Link/ https://www.theguardian.com/games/2021/jul/20/steam-deck-valve-nintendo-switch-for-nerds https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_2 1981: Sega/Gremlin introduce their first conversion kits Replay July 1981, pg. 24, pg. 53 Vending Times, July 1981, pg. 46 December 1979 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/32503287 Jim Trucano Interview - https://www.patreon.com/posts/48912975 Donkey Kong released in Japan https://twitter.com/Lord_Arse/status/1413435520449847305 https://www.mobygames.com/game/arcade/donkey-kong General Computer Corp. is looking for new software ideas Play Meter, July 15, 1981 pg. 72 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Computer_Corporation https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023366/Classic-Game-Postmortem-Ms-Pac https://www.mobygames.com/game/arcade/ms-pac-man Midway sues Artic over speed-up kits Replay July 1981, pg. 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc. Stern beats Omni in Scramble bootleg case Replay July 1981, pg. 8 Vending Times, July 1981, pg. 41 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Vc-RIkpk40&t=98s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmFCc3vUAw0 Coin Op video games reached $2.8 billion in revenue in 1980 Vending Times Census of the Industry - 1981, pg. 56 Arcades may be putting the pinch on movie theatres https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/06/arts/is-electronic-games-boom-hurting-the-movies.html?searchResultPosition=2 Warner profits soar https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/16/business/warner-profits-jump-66.4.html?searchResultPosition=1 Broderbund begins publishing Star Craft https://archive.org/details/CreativeComputingbetterScan198107/page/n119/mode/1up IBM introduces small business computer https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/29/business/an-ibm-computer-for-small-business.html?searchResultPosition=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster Microsoft buys 86-DOS https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=99 Pirates of Silicon Valley Trailer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEyrivrjAuU Pirates of Silicon Valley QDOS scene - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14vHaqEMvXA Patent issued for Age Morphing tech https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/04/business/patents-a-method-that-pictures-a-person-at-any-age.html?searchResultPosition=45 https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4276570.html https://www.nancyburson.com/index Dutch to broadcast software over shortwave https://archive.org/details/80-microcomputing-magazine-1981-07/page/n69/mode/1up Summer camps go geek https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/17/nyregion/a-camp-where-the-program-is-programming-swim-withdavid-evans-and-jonathan-bing.html?searchResultPosition=4 Recommended Links: The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan Johnson of History of How We Play and Enzo Maida.  

Key Insights:Cory Doctorow is AWESOME!It is depressing. We once, with the creation of the market economy, got interoperability right. But now the political economy blocks us from there being any obvious path to an equivalent lucky historical accident in our future.The problems in our society are not diametrically opposed: Addressing the problems of one thing doesn't necessarily create equal and opposite problems on the other side—but it does change the trade-offs, and so things become very complex and very difficult to solve. Always keep a trash bag in your car.Hexapodia!References:Books:Cory Doctorow: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism Cory Doctorow: Attack Surface Cory Doctorow: Walkaway Cory Doctorow: Down & Out in the Magic Kingdom Cory Doctorow: Little Brother William Flesch:Comeuppance: Costly Signaling, Altruistic Punishment, and Other Biological Components of Fiction Daniel L. Rubinfeld: A Retrospective on U.S. v. Microsoft: Why Does It Resonate Today? Louis Galambos & Peter Temin: The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices & Politics Websites:Electronic Frontier Foundation: Adversarial Interop Case Studies: Privacy without Monopoly: Cory Doctorow: Craphound Cory Doctorow: Pluralistic &, of course:Vernor Vinge: A Fire Upon the Deep (Remember: You can subscribe to this… weblog-like newsletter… here: There’s a free email list. There’s a paid-subscription list with (at the moment, only a few) extras too.)Grammatized Transcript:Brad: Noah! What is the key insight? Noah: Hexapodia is the key insight! Six feet!Brad: And what is that supposed to mean? Noah: That there is some nugget of fact that, if you grasp it correctly and place it in the proper context, will transform your view of the situation and allow you to grok it completely.Brad: And in the context of Vernor Vinge’s amazing and mind-Bending science-fiction space-opera novel A Fire Upon the Deep?Noah: The importance of “hexapodia” is that those sapient bushes…Brad: …riding around on six wheeled scooters have been genetically…Noah: …programmed to be a fifth column of spies and agents for the Great Evil.Brad: However, here we seek different key insights than “hexapodia”. Today we seek them from the genius science-fiction author and social commentator Cory Doctorow. I think of him as—it was Patrick Nielsen Hayden, I think, who said around 2004: that he felt like he was living in the future of Scottish science fiction author, Ken MacLeod. And he wished Ken would just stop. At times I feel that way about Cory. But we are very happy to have him here. His latest book is How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism IIRC, his latest fiction is Attack Surface. My favorite two books of his are Walkaway and—I think it was your first—Down & Out in the Magic Kingdom.Cory: That's right. Yes. Thank you. Thank you for that very effusive introduction. I decry all claims of genius, though.Brad: Well, we know this is a problem. When one is dealing with an author whose work one has read a lot of—by reading your books.by now I've spent forty hours of my life looking at squiggles on a page or on a screen and, through a complicated mental process, downloaded to my wetware and then run on it a program that is my image of a sub-Turing instantiation of your mind, who has then told me many very entertaining and excellent stories. So I feel like I know you very well…Cory: There’s this infamous and very funny old auto reply that Neal Stephenson used to send to people who emailed him. It basically went: “Ah, I get it. You feel like you were next to me when we were with Hero Protagonist in Alaska fighting off the right-wing militias. But while you were there with me, I wasn't there with you. And so I understand why you want to, like, sit around and talk about our old military campaigns. But I wasn't on that campaign with you.Brad: Yes. It was only my own imago, my created sub-Turing instantiation of your mind that was there…Cory: Indeed. We are getting off of interoperability, which is what I think we're mostly going to talk about. But this is my cogpsy theory of why fiction works, and where the fanfic dispute comes from. Writers have this very precious thing they say. It is: “I'm writing and I'm writing and all of a sudden the characters start telling me what they want to do.” I think that what they actually mean by that is that we all have this completely automatic process by which we try and create models of the people we encounter. Sometimes we never encounter those people. We just encounter second-hand evidence of them. Sometimes those people don't live at all. Think about the people who feel great empathy for imaginary people that cruel catfishers have invented on the internet to document their imaginary battles with cancer. They then feel deeply hurt and betrayed and confused, when this person they've come to empathize with turns out to be a figment of someone else's imagination. I think what happens when you write is that you generate this optical link between two parts of your brain that don't normally talk to each other. There are these words that you are explicitly thinking up that show up on your screen. And then those words are being processed by your eyeballs and being turned into fodder for a model in this very naive way. And then the model gets enough flesh on the bones—so it starts telling you what it wants to do. At this point you are basically breathing your own exhaust fumes here. But it really does take what is at first a somewhat embarrassing process of putting on a puppet show for yourself: “Like, everybody, let’s go on a quest!” “That sounds great!” “Here we go!” It just becomes something where you don't feel like you're explicitly telling yourself a story. Now the corollary of this is that it sort of explains the mystery of why we like stories, right? Why we have these completely involuntary, emotional responses to the imaginary experiences of people who never lived and died and have no consequence. The most tragic death in literature of Romeo and Juliet is as nothing next to the death of the yogurt I digested with breakfast this morning, because that yogurt was alive and now it's dead and Romeo and Juliet never lived, never died, nothing that happened to them happened. Yet you hear about the Romeo and Juliet…Noah: …except that a human reads about Romeo and Juliet and cares…Cory: That is where it matters, yes indeed. But the mechanism by which we care is our build this model which is then subjected to the author's torments, and then we feel empathy for the model. What that means is that the readers, when they're done, if the book hit its aesthetic marks, if it did the thing that literature does to make it aesthetically pleasing—then the reader still has a persistent model in the same way that if your granny dies, you still have a model of your granny, right? You are still there. That is why fanfic exists. The characters continue to have imagined lives. If the characters don't go on having imagined lives, then the book never landed for you. And that’s why authors get so pissy about fanfic. They too have this model that they didn't set out to explicitly create, but it's there. And it's important to their writing process. And if someone is putting data in about that modeled person that is not consistent with the author's own perception of them, that creates enormous dissonance. I think that if we understood this, we would stop arguing about fanfic.Noah: We argue about fanfic?Brad: Oh yes, there are people who do. I remember—in some sense, the most precious thing I ever read was Jo Walton saying that she believed that Ursula K. LeGuin did not understand her own dragons at all…Noah: …Yep, correct…Cory: Poppy Bright—back when Poppy Bright was using that name and had that gender identity—was kicked out of a fan group for Poppy Bright fans on LiveJournal for not understanding Poppy Bright’s literature. I think that's completely true. Ray Bradbury to his dying day insisted that Fahrenheit 451 had nothing to do with censorship but was about the dangers of television…Brad: Fanfic is an old and wonderful tradition. It goes back to Virgil, right? What is the Aeneid but Iliad fanfic?Cory: And what is Genesis but Babylonian fanfic? It goes a lot further back than that…Brad: Today, however, we are here to talk not about humans as narrative-loving animals, not about the sheer weirdness of all the things that we run on our wetware, but about “mandated interoperability”, and similar things—how we are actually going to try to get a handle on the information and attention network economy that we are building out in a more bizarre and irrational way than I would have ever thought possible.Cory: Yes. I don't know if the audience will see this, but the title that you've chosen is: “Mandated Interoperability Is Not Going to Work”. I am more interested in how we make mandated interoperability work. I don't think it's a dead letter. I think that to understand what's what's happened you have to understand that the main efficiency that large firms bring to the market is regulatory capture. In an industry with only four or five major companies, all of the executives almost by definition must have worked at one or two of the other ones. Think of Sheryl Sandberg, moving from Google to Facebook. They form an emerging consensus. Sometimes they all sit around the same a boardroom table. Remember that photo of the tech leaders around the table at the top of Trump Tower? They converge on a set of overlapping lobbying priorities. They have a lot of excess rents that they can extract to mobilize lobbying in favor of that. One of the things that these firms have done in the forty years of the tech industry is to move from a posture where they were all upstarts and were foursquare for interoperability with the existing platforms—because they understood that things like network advantages were mostly important in as much as they conferred a penalty for switching, and that if you could switch easily then the network advantage disappeared. If you could read Microsoft Office documents on a Mac, then the fact that there's a huge network effect of Microsoft Office documents out there is irrelevant. Why? Because you can just run switch ads, and say every document ever created with Microsoft Office is now a reason to own a Mac. But as they became dominant, and as their industries have become super-concentrated, they have swung against interoperability. I think that we need a couple of remedies for that. I think that we need some orderly structured remedies in the forms of standards. We need to check whether or not those standards are mandated. And we’ve seen how those standards can be subverted. And so I think we need something that stops dominant firms from subverting standards—a penalty that they pay that is market-based, that impacts their bottom line, and that doesn't rely on a slow-moving or possibly captured regulator but that, instead, can actually just emerge in real time. That is what I call “adversarial interoperability”: reverse engineering and scraping and bots. Steve Jobs paying some engineers to reverse engineer Microsoft Office file formats and make iWork suite, instead of begging Bill Gates to rescue the Mac…Brad: …But he did beg Bill Gates to rescue the Mac…Cory: He did that as well. But that wasn't the whole story. He had a carrot and a stick. He had: let's have a managed, structured market. Right. And then he had: what happens if you don't come up to my standards is that we have alternatives, because we can just reverse-engineer your stuff. Look at, for example, the way that we standardized the formatting of personal finance information. There were standards that no one adopted. Then Mint came along, and they wrote bots, and you would give the bots your login credentials for your bank, and they would go and scrape your account data and put it into a single unified interface. This was adversarial interoperability. This spurred the banks to actually come into compliance with the standard. Rather than having this guerrilla warfare, they wanted a quantifiable business process that they could understand from year to year that wouldn't throw a lot of surprises that would disrupt their other other plans.Brad: Let me back up: In the beginning, the spirit of Charles Babbage moved upon the face of the waters, and Babbage said: “Let there be electromechanical calculating devices”. And there was IBM. And IBM then bred with DARPA in the form of the Sage Air Defense, and begat generation upon generation of programmers. And from them was born FORTRAN and System 360. And FORTRAN and IBM System 360 bestrode the world like the giants of the Nephilim, and Babbage saw it, and it was good. And there was nibbling around the edges from Digital Equipment and Data General. Yea, until one day out of Silicon Valley, there emerged crystallized sand doped with germanium atoms, and everything was upset as out of CERN and there emerged the http protocol. All the companies that had been construct their own walled information gardens, and requiring you to sign up with AOL and CompuServe and Genie and four or five others in order to access databases through gopher and whatever—they found themselves overwhelmed by the interoperability tide of the internet. And for fifteen years there was interoperability and openness and http and rss, and everyone frantically trying to make their things as interoperable as possible so that they could get their share of this absolutely exploding network of human creativity and ideas. And then it all stopped. People turned on a dime. They began building their own walled gardens again. Noah: I feel like we did just get Neal Stephenson on this podcast…Brad: Sub-Turing! It's a sub-Turing instantiation of a Neal Stephenson imago!Cory: I think that your point of view or generational outlook or whatever creates a different lens than mine. I think about it like this: In 1979 we got an Apple II+. In 1980, we got a modem card for it. Right. By 1982, there were a lot of BBS’s and that was great. Even though we were in Canada, the BBS software was coming up from the American market. We had local dial-up BBS's running software that was being mailed around on floppies…Brad: Whish whish whine… Beep beep… Whish… I am trying to make modem noises…Cory: that sounded like V.42bis. And then by 1984 there were the PC clones. Everyone had a computer. This company that no one had ever heard of—Microsoft—suddenly grew very big. They created this dynamism in the industry. You could have a big old giant, like IBM. You could have two guys in a garage, like Microsoft. The one could eclipse the other. IBM couldn't even keep control of its PCs. They were being cloned left and right. And then Microsoft became the thing that had slain. It became a giant. And the DOJ intervened. Even though Microsoft won the suit ultimately—they weren't broken up…Brad: They did back off from destroying Google…Cory: What’s missing from that account is the specific mechanisms. We got modems because we got cheap, long distance. We got that because 1982 we had the ATT breakup. Leading up to the breakup shifted the microeconomics. People ATT were all: don’t do that. It's going to piss off the enforcers. We've got this breakup to deal withBrad: Yes. The enforcers, the enforcers are important. Both the Modification of Final Judgment. And ATT’s anticipatory reaction to it. Plus the periodic attempted antitrust kneecappings of IBM. They meant that when people in IBM turned around and said: “Wait a minute. When we started the PC project, John F. Akers told us we needed to find something for Mary Gates’s boy Bill to do, because he sat next to her at United Way board meetings. But this is turning into a monster. We need to squelch them.” And from the C-suite came down: “No, our antitrust position is sufficiently fraught that we can't move to squash Microsoft.”Cory: Yes. IBM spent 12 years in antitrust litigation. Hell, they called it. Antitrust as Vietnam. They essentially had been tied by the ankles to the back of DOJ’s bumper and dragged up and down a gravel road for 12 years. They were outspending the entire DOJ legal department every single year for that one case. And one of the things that DOJ really didn't like about IBM was tying software to hardware. And so when Phoenix makes the IBM ROM clone, IBM is like: Yeah, whatever. Any costs we pay because of the clone ROM are going to be lower than the costs we will incur if we get back into antitrust hell—and the same goes for Microsoft. They got scared off. What we were seeing, what it felt like, the optimism that I think we felt and of which we were aware was—it looked like we'd have protocols and not products, and we'd have a pluralistic internet, not five giant websites filled with screenshots of text from the other. But our misapprehension was not due to technological factors. It was our failing to understand that like Bork and Reagan had shivved antitrust in the guts in 1980, and it was bleeding out. So by the time Google was big enough to do to everyone else what Microsoft had not been able to do to them, there was no one there to stop Google.Noah: Cory, let me ask a question here. I'm the designated grump of the podcast. Brad is the designated history expounder. I want to know: Why do we care right right now? I've written about interoperability with regards to electric cars and other emerging technologies. What things in the software world are people hurt by not having interoperability for? What are the big harms in software to consumers or to other stakeholders from lack of interoperability?Cory: Let me frame the question before I answer it. We have market concentration in lots of different sectors for similar reasons, mergers. We should have different remedies for them. We heard about Babbage. I would talk about Turing and the universality of the computer. Interoperability represents a pro-competitive remedy to anti-competitive practices that is distinct and specific to computers. I don't know if you folks know about the middle-gauge muddle in Australia. Independent states and would-be rail barons laid their own gauge rail across the country. You can't get a piece of rolling stock from one edge of the country to the other. For 150 years they have been trying to build designs that can drop one set of wheels where the track needs it. And none of them have worked. And now their solution is to tear up rails and put down new rails. If that was a software object, we just write a compatibility layer. Where we have these durable anti-competitive effects in the physical world, that sometimes necessitate these very difficult remedies, we can actually facilitate decentralized remedies where people can seize the means of computation to create digital remedies: self-determination, the right to decide how to talk to their friends and under what circumstances, as opposed to being forced to choose between being a social person and being private…Brad: For me, at least there are lots and lots of frictions that keep me from seeing things that I would like to see, and keep me from cross-referencing things that I would like to cross-references. There are bunches of things I've seen on Twitter and Facebook in the past that, because they are inside the walled gardens. I definitely am not able to get them out quickly and easily and cheaply enough to put them into the wider ideas flow. And I feel stupider as a result. And then there are all the people who have been trapped by their own kind of cognitive functioning, so that they are now a bunch of zombies with eyeballs glued to the screen being fed terror so that they can be sold fake diabetes cures and overpriced gold funds…Noah: That’s a good angle right here. If we look at the real harms that are coming through the internet right now—I worry about Kill Zones, and of course I worry about the next cool thing getting swallowed up by predatory acquisitions. That's our legitimate worry for sure. When I look at the internet and what bad the internet is causing, I do not see the lack of alternative information sources as the biggest problem. I see the people who are the biggest problem as coming precisely from alternative information sources. This is not to say we should get rid of those sources. This is not to say we should have mass censorship and ban all the anti-vax sites. I'm not saying that. But if we look at the issues—there was a mass banning of Trump and many of the Q-Anons from the main social media websites, and yet a vast underground network of alternative right wing media has sprung up.Cory: It seems like they were able to. Let me redirect from the harms that Brad raised. I think those are perfectly good harms. But I want to go to some broader harms. In the purely digital online world, we had some people we advised at EFF who were part of a medical cancer previvor group—people who have a gene that indicates a very high likelihood of cancer, women. They had been aggressively courted by Facebook at a time when they were trying to grow up their medical communities. And one of the members of this group who wasn't a security researcher or anything was just noodling around on Facebook, and found that you could enumerate the membership of every group on Facebook, including hers. She reported that to Facebook. That's obviously a really significant potential harm to people in the medical communities. She reported it to Facebook. Facebook characterized her report as a feature request and won't fix it. She made more of a stink. They said: fine, we're going to do a partial fix because it would have interfered with their ad-tech stack to do a full fix. So you have to be a member of a group to enumerate the group. This was still insufficient. But they had this big problem with inertia—with the collective action problem of getting everyone who's now on Facebook to leave Facebook and go somewhere else. They were all holding each other mutually hostage. Now you could imagine that they could have set up a Diaspora instance, and they could have either had a mandated- or standards-defined interface that allowed those people to talk to their friends on Facebook. And they could have a little footer at the bottom of each message: today 22% of the traffic in this group originated on our diaspora, once that tips to 60% were all leaving, and quitting Facebook. They might do this with a bot, without Facebook's cooperation, in the absence of Facebook's legal right to prevent those bots. Facebook has weaponized the computer fraud and abuse act and other laws to prevent people from making these bots to allow them to inter-operate with Facebook—even though, when Facebook started, the way that it dealt with its issues with MySpace was creating MySpace spots, where you could input your login and password, and it would get your waiting MySpace messages and put them in your Facebook inbox and let you reply to them. Facebook has since sued Power Ventures for doing the same thing. They’re engaged in legal activity against other bot producers that are doing beneficial pro-user things. That's one harm. Another harm that I think is really important here is repair. Independent repairs are about 5% of US GDP. The lack of access to repair is of particular harm to people who are already harmed the most: it raises the cost of being poor. The ability to control repair is a source of windfall profits. Tim Cook advised his investors in 2019, the year after he killed twenty right-to-repair bills at these state level, that the biggest threat to Apple's profits was that people were fixing their devices instead of throwing them away. It’s an environmental problem, and so on. The biggest problem with right-to-repair is not that the companies don't provide their data or the diagnostic codes or encrypt diagnostic codes. The problem is that you face felony prosecution under the CFAA and DMCA, as well as ancillary stuff like non-compete and non-disclosure, and so on through federal trade secrecy law, if you create tools to repairs without the cooperation of the vendors. This is a real harm that arises out of the rules that have been exploited to block interoperability.Brad: This goes deep, right? This affects not just tech but the world, or, rather, because tech has eaten the world, hard-right unsympathetic state representatives from rural Missouri are incredibly exercised about right-to-repair, and the fact that John Deere does not have enough internal capacity to repair all the tractors that need to be repaired in the three weeks before the most critical-need part of the year.Cory: This is an important fracture line. There are people who have a purely instrumental view: me my constituents need tractor repair, so I will do whatever it takes to get them tractor repair. In California we got a terrible compromise on this brokered with John Deere—it was basically a conduct remedy instead of a structural change. Right. Something I questioned a lot about Klobuchar’s antitrust story is that she keeps saying: I believe that we need to jettison the 40-year consumer-welfare standard and return to a more muscular antitrust that is predicated on social harms that include other stakeholders besides consumers paying higher prices, and I have a bipartisan consensus on this because Josh Hawley agrees with me, but Josh Hawley does not agree with her. Josh Hawley just wants to get Alex Jones back on Twitter, right. And that's like, it begins and ends there.She might be able to get the inertia going where Josh Hawley is put in the bind where he either has to brief for a more broad antitrust cause of action that includes social harms, or he has to abandon Alex Jones to not being on Twitter. And maybe he'll take Alex Jones if that's the price. But I do think that that's a huge fracture line, that there are honest brokers who don't care about the underlying principle and the long run effects of bad policy. And there are people who just want to fix something for a political point or immediate benefit.Brad: Fixing it to the extent that fixing something scores a political point—that does mean actually doing good things for your constituents, who include not just Alex Jones, but the guys in rural Missouri who want their John Deere tractors repaired cheaply.Cory: This is how I feel about de platforming. I was angry about deplatforming for 10 years, when it was pipeline activists and sex workers and drag queens who were being forced to use their real name, and trans people were forced to use their dead names, and political dissidents in countries where they could be rounded up and tortured and murdered if they adhere to Facebook’s real names policy, and all of that stuff. First they came for the drag queens, and I said nothing because I wasn't a drag queen. Then they came for the far right conspiratorialists. But they're fair-weather friends. It's like the split between open source and free software where, you know, the benefits of technological self-determination were subsumed into the instrumental benefits of having access to the source so you could improve it. What we have is free software for the tech monopolists,  for they can see the source and modify the source of everything on their backend. And we have open source for the rest of us. We can inspect the source, we can improve their software for them, but we don't get to choose how their backends run. And since everything loops through their backends, we no longer have software freedom. That's the risk if you decouple instrumental from ethical propositions. You can end up with a purely instrumental fix that leaves the ethical things that worry you untouched, and in fact in a declining spiral.Noah: I want to argue. I don’t think we don't get enough argument on this podcast. I want to inject a little here. A turning point for my generation in terms of our use of the internet was Gamergate. That happened in 2014. Gamergate largely morphed after that into the the Trump movement and the alt-right. Gamergate destroyed what I knew as online nerd culture. It was an extinction-level event for the idea that nerd culture existed apart from the rest of society. It was a terrible thing. Maybe nerd culture couldn't have lasted, but a giant subculture that I enjoyed and partially defined myself by as a young person was gone. And not only that, not only me—I’m centering myself and making all about me here, but a lot of people got harassed. Some good friends of mine got harassed. It was really terrible as an event in and of itself, irrespective of the long-term effects. Even Moot, a big, huge defender of anonymity and free speech, eventually banned Gamergate topics from 4chan. That was the moment when I realized that the idea of free speech as free speech guarded by individual forums or platforms separately from the government—that that idea was dead. When Moot banned banned Gamergate from 4chan, I said: okay, we're in a different era. That was the Edward R Murrow moment. That was the moment we started going back toward Dan Rather and Edward R Murrow and the big three television companies in the 1950s—when Moot banned Gamergate. Maybe this just has to happen. Maybe bad actors are able to always co-opt a fragmented internet. There’s no amount of individual Nazi punching that can get the Nazis out. If you have people whose speech is entirely focused on destroying other people's right to speak, as Gamergate was, then then free speech means nothing because no one feels free to speak. I wonder whether fragmentation of platforms makes it harder to police things like Gamergate and thus causes Nazis to fractally permeate each little space on the internet and every little pool of the internet. Wherever we have one big pool, we have economies of scale in guarding that pool. Brad: That is: what you are saying is that an information world of just four monopolistic, highly oligopolistic, walled gardens is bad, but an internet in which you cannot build any wall around your garden is bad as well. Then what we really need is a hundred walled gardens blooming, perhaps. But I want to hear what Cory has to say about this and interoperability.Cory: I found that so interesting. I had to get out some, no paper and take notes. First of all, I would trace back before the Gamergate issue. Before it was the Sad Puppies, the disruption of the Hugo awards by far-right authors was before Gamergate. It was the same ringleaders. Gamergate was the second act of sad puppies. So I'm there with you. I was raised by Trotskyists. I want to say that, listening to you describe how you feel about nerd culture after you discovered that half of your colleagues and friends were violent misogynists—it sounds a lot like how Trotskyists talk about Stalinists, right. You have just recounted the the internet nerd version of Homage to Catalonia. Orwell goes to Spain to fight the fascist and a Stalinist shoots him through the throat.We in outsider or insurgent or subcultural movements often have within our conception of a group people who share some characteristics and diverge on others. We paper over those divergences until they fracture. Think about the punk Nazi-punk split.  This anti-authoritarian movement is united around a common aesthetic and music and a shared cultural identity. And there's this political authoritarian anti-authoritarian things sitting in the middle. And they just don't talk about it until they start talking about it—Dead Kennedys record: Nazi punks f-—- off. And here we are, still in the midst of that reckoning. That's where Stormfront comes from and all the rest of it. This is not distinct to the internet. It is probably unrealistic, it's definitely unrealistic for there to be a regime in which conduct that is lawful can find no home. Not that not that it won't happen in your home, but that it won't happen in anyone's home. The normative remedy where we just make some conduct that is lawful so far beyond the pale that everyone ceases to engage in it—that has never really existed. Right. You can see that with conduct that we might welcome today, as you know, socially fine and conduct that we dislike—whether that's, you know, polyamory. You go back to the future house, where Judy Merrill and, and Fred Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth lived in the thirties, and they had this big, weird polyamorous household of leftist science fiction writers write at a time when it was unmentionably weird to do it. And today it's pretty mainstream—at least in some parts of California. In the absence of an actual law against it, it's probably going to happen. The first question is: is our response to people who have odious ideas that we want there to be nowhere where they can talk about it? If that's the case, we'll probably have to make a law against them. Noah: Right. But hold on. Is it ideas, or is it actions? If you harass someone you're not expressing an idea, you're stopping them from expressing theirs. Cory: Absolutely. So, so the issue is: that there are Nazis talking to other Nazis is okay. It's just that when Nazis talked to other Nazis and figured out how to go harass someone. Let me give you an example of someone I know who is in the midst of one of these harassment campaigns. Now there's a brilliant writer, a librettist, novelist, and comics author named Cecile Castellucci. She also used to be like a pioneering Riot Girl and toured with Sloan. So she's just this great polymath person. And because she's a woman who writes comics, men on the internet hate her. And there's a small and dedicated cadre of these men who figured out a way to mess with women on Twitter. They send you a DM that is really violent and disgusting. They wait until they see the read receipt, and then they delete it. Twitter, to its credit, will not accept screenshotted DMs as evidence of harassment, because it would be very easy for those same men to forge DMs from their targets and get those people kicked off Twitter. Then what they do is they revictimize their targets by making public timeline mentions that comport with Twitter's rules unless you've seen the private message. And they make references to the private message that trigger the emotions from the private message over and over again. It is a really effective harassment technique. The women they use it against are stuck on Twitter, because their professional lives require them to be on Twitter, right. Their careers would end to some important degree if they weren't part of this conversation on Twitter. Now, imagine if you had Gotham Clock Tower, Barbara Gordon's secret home, which was a Mastodon instance that was federated with Twitter, either through a standard or through a mandate or through adversarial interoperability. There could be a dozen women there who could agree that among themselves that they're willing to treat screenshotted DMs as evidence of harassment, so that they could block and silence and erase the all presence of these horrible men. We'd still want Twitter to do something about them, but if some of those men slipped through Twitter’s defenses as they will, not just because they can't catch everyone when they're at the scale, but because the range of normal activities at scale is so broad: a hundred million people have a hundred and one million use cases every day. Then those people are that, that those people could still be on Twitter, but not subject to the harassment of Twitter. It's a way for them. Maybe, in the way that we talk about states being democracy's laboratories, maybe these satellite communities could pioneer moderation techniques that range beyond takedowns or account terminations or warning labels. There are so many different ways we could deal with this. You could render some comments automatically in Comic Sans. They could try them and see if they work. And they could be adopted back into main Twitter. That's what self-determination gets you: it gets you the right to set the rules of your discourse, and it gets you the right to decide who you trust to be within the group of people who make those rules.Brad: So if we had the real interoperable world, we would have lots that would screen things according to someone's preferences. And you could sign up to have that bot included in your particular bot list to pre-process and filter, so that you don't have to wade through the garbage.Cory: Sure. And there might be some conduct that we consider so far beyond the pale that we actually criminalize it. Then we can take the platforms where that conduct routinely takes place and things like reforms to 230 would cease to be nearly so important. We would be saying that if you are abetting unlawful conduct, when we see a remedy for preventing this unlawful conduct, and you refusing to implement that remedy, we might defenestrate you. We might do something worse. Think of how the phone network works.It is standardized. There are these standard interchanges. There's lots of ways it can be abused. Every now and and then, from some Caribbean Island, we get a call that fakes a number from a Caribbean Island, and if you call it back, you're billed at $20 a minute for a long distance to have someone go: no, it was a wrong number. When that happens, the telco either cleans up its act or all the other telcos break their connection to it. There's certain conduct that's unlawful on the phone network, not unlawful because it cheats the phone company—not toll fraud—but unlawful because it's bad for the rest of the world, like calling bomb threats in. Either the customer gets terminated or the operator is disciplined by law. All of those things can work without having to be in this in this regime where you have paternalistic control, where you vest all of your hope in a God-King who faces no penalty if he makes a bad call. They say: we’ll defend your privacy when the FBI wants to break the iPhone. But when they threaten to shut down our manufacturing, we'll let them spy on you even as they're opening up concentration camps and putting a million people in them.Brad: Was that the real serpent in all of these walled gardens? Was the advertising-supported model the thing that turns your eyeballs into the commodity to be enserfed. If we had the heaven of micropayments, would we manage to avoid all of this?Cory: We've had advertising for a long time. The toxicity of advertising is pretty new. Mostly what's toxic about advertising is surveillance, and not because I think the surveillance allows them to do feats of mind control. I think everyone who's ever claimed to have mind control turned out to be lying to themselves or everyone else. Certainly there is not a lot of evidence for it. You have these Facebook large-scale experiments: 60 million people subjected to a nonconsensual, psychological intervention to see if they can be convinced to vote. And you get 0.38% effect size. Facebook should be disqualified from running a lemonade stand if we catch them performing nonconsensual experiments on 60 million people. But, at the same time, 0.38% effect sizes are not mind control. They do engage in a lot of surveillance. It’s super-harmful because it leaks, because it allows them to do digital redlining, because it allows them to reliably target fascists with messages that if they were uttered in public, where everyone could see them, might cause the advertiser to be in bad odor. They can take these dog whistles and they can whisper them to the people who won’t spread them around. Those are real harms. You have to ask yourself: why don't we have a privacy law that prohibits the nonconsensual gathering of data and imposes meaningful penalties on people who breach data? I was working in the EU. GDPR was passed. The commissioners I spoke to there said: no one has ever lobbied me as hard as I've been lobbied now. Right now we have more concentration in ad tech than in any other industry, I think, except for maybe eyeglasses, glass bottles, and professional wrestling.Brad: Are we then reduced to: “Help us, Tim Cook! You are our only hope!”?Cory: I think that that's wrong, because Tim Cook doesn't want to give you self-determination. Tim wants you to be subject to his determinations. Among those determinations are some good ones. He doesn't want Facebook to own your eyeballs. You go, Tim. But he also wants you to drop your iPhone in a shredder every 18 months, rather than getting it fixed.Brad: Although I must say, looking at the M1 chip, I'm very tempted to take my laptop and throw it in the shredder today to force me to buy a new one.Noah: It's interesting how iPhone conquered. And yet very few people still use Macs. Steve Jobs’s dream was never actualized.Cory: Firms that are highly concentrated distort policy outcomes, and ad tech is highly concentrated. And we have some obviously distorted policy outcomes. We don't have a federal privacy law with a private right of action. There are no meaningful penalties for breaches. We understand that breaches have compounding effects. A breach that doesn't contain any data that is harmful to the user can be merged with another breach and together they can be harmful—and that's cumulative. And data has a long half-life. Just this week, Ed Felton's old lab published a paper on how old phone numbers can be used to defeat two-factor authentication. You go through a breach, find all the phone numbers that are associated with the two-factor authentication. Then you can go to Verizon and ask: which of these phone numbers is available? Which of these people has changed their phone number? Then you can request that phone number on a new signup—and then you can break into their bank account and steal all their money. Old breaches are cumulative. Yet we still have this actual-damages regime for breaches instead of statutory damages that take account of the downstream effects and these unquantifiable risks that are imposed on the general public through the nonconsensual collection and retention of data under conditions that inevitably lead to breaches.Brad: Okay. Well, I'm very down. So are we ready to end? I think we should end on this downer note.Noah: My favorite Cory Doctorow books also end on a downer note.Brad: Yes. Basically that the political economy does not allow us to move out of this particular fresh semi-hell in which we're embedded. But you had something to say?Cory: Everybody hates monopolies now. So we'll just team up with the people angry about professional wrestling monopolies and eyeglass monopolies and beer monopolies, and we'll form a Prairie Fire United Front of people who will break the monopoly because we're all on the same side—even though we're fighting our different corners of it—the same way that ecology took people who cared about owls and put them on the side of people who care about ozone layers, even though charismatic, nocturnal birds are not the gaseous composition of the upper atmosphere.Brad: Hey, if you have the charismatic megafauna on your side, you’re golden.Noah: How did the original Prairie Fire work out? Let's let's wrap it up there. This is really great episode. Cory, you're awesome. Thanks so much for coming on and feel free to come back in time. Cory: I’d love to. I've just turned in a book about money laundering and cryptocurrency—a noir cyberthreat thriller. Maybe when that comes out, I can come on and we can talk about that. That feels like it's up your guys' alley.Brad: That would be great. Okay. So, as we end this: Noah, what is the key insight?Noah: Hexapodia is the key insight. And what are the other key insights that we got from this day?Brad: DeLong: I'm just depressed. I had a riff about how we got interoperability right with the creation of the market economy and the end of feudalism—and how that was a very lucky historical accident. But I don't see possibilities for an equivalent lucky historical accident in our future.Noah: I have a key insight. It is a little vague, but hopefully it will be good fodder for future episodes. The problems in our society are not diametrically opposed. We have to find optimal interior-solution trade-offs between things that have a non-zero dot product. Sometimes solving the problem with one thing doesn't necessarily create exactly equal and opposite problems on the other side. Instead, it changes the trade-offs that you face with regard to other problems. These things become very complex. You have things like the antitrust problem and things like the Nazi problem. In your society addressing one doesn't necessarily worsen the other. More action against Nazis doesn't necessarily mean less action in antitrust. It's simply means you have to think about antitrust in a slightly different way, and vice versa. That does make these institutional problems very difficult to solve.Brad: Cory, do you wish to add a key insight,Cory: A key insight is: always keep a trash bag in your car.Brad: This has been Brad DeLong and Noah Smith's podcast this week with the amazing Cory Doctorow. Thank you all very much for listening. Get full access to Brad DeLong's Grasping Reality at braddelong.substack.com/subscribe

Facts About ! Credits: Executive Producer: Chris Krimitsos Voice: Jimmy Murray "Minima","Path of Goblin","Winner Winner!" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Facts from Wikipedia Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

Kelly Ireland is the founder and CEO of CBT, formerly CB Technologies. Her company focuses on providing premier customer service while simultaneously providing true work life balance and creating an environment that brings out the best in her team, both personally and professionally. She shares her experience and passions as a CEO in the technology industry.Episode NotesMusic used in the podcast: Higher Up, Silverman Sound StudioAcronyms, Definitions, and Fact CheckCBT, founded by Kelly Ireland - At CBT, we are entrepreneurs and technologists. We are successful, passionate women and men who create integrated solutions to power our clients' success. As a woman-owned Domain Expert Integrator, we consistently deliver innovation thanks to our first-class engineers, unrivaled client services, and strategic partnerships with the world's finest providers of hardware and software solutions. (www.cbtechinc.com)RPG III is a dialect of the RPG programming language that was first announced with the IBM System/38 in 1978. (wikipedia)I could not verify many, multiple German words for poop.While pole vaulting became a sport in 1850, it did not become an official women's sport until 2000. (wikipedia)Meg Whitman - an American business executive, former political candidate, and philanthropist. She is a board member of Procter & Gamble and Dropbox. Whitman was previously president and CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise. She was also the CEO of Quibi before its closure in October 2020. (wikipedia)Antonio Neri - an Argentinian-American businessman who currently serves as president and chief executive officer of Hewlett Packard Enterprise. (wikipedia)OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) - a generally perceived as a company that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by another manufacturer. (wikipedia)VAR (Value Added Reseller) - a company that adds features or services to an existing product, then resells it (usually to end-users) as an integrated product or complete "turn-key" solution. ... By doing this, the company has added value above the cost of the individual computer components. (wikipedia)SI (System Integrator) - a person or company that specializes in bringing together component subsystems into a whole and ensuring that those subsystems function together, a practice known as system integration. They also solve problems of automation. (wikipedia)SheSpeaksBureau.org is an effort by passionate female tech leaders and startup founders to provide a platform to elevate the voices of Female speakers with special focus on Female speakers of Color.

Plankalkül: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl Fortran: https://fortran-lang.org COBOL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL ALGOL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL GNU Fortran: https://gcc.gnu.org/fortran/ IBM System/36: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/36 IBM Z: https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z/hardware Niklaus Wirth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth Pascal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language) Modula-2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2 Smalltalk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk Lisp: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language) Fourth generation languages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language SQL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL ABAP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAP SAP NetWeaver: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_NetWeaver_Application_Server Rust: https://rust-lang.org Occam: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_(programming_language) C: https://www.iso.org/standard/74528.html Foreign Function Interface: https://github.com/libffi/libffi Cracking Codes with Python: https://inventwithpython.com/cracking CUDA: https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-GPUs

I often think of companies in relation to their contribution to the next evolution in the forking and merging of disciplines in computing that brought us to where we are today. Many companies have multiple contributions. Few have as many such contributions as Apple. But there was a time when they didn't seem so innovative.  This lost decade began about half way through the tenure of John Sculley and can be seen through the lens of the CEOs. There was Sculley, CEO from 1983 to 1993. Co-founders and spiritual centers of Apple, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, left Apple in 1985. Jobs to create NeXT and Wozniak to jump into a variety of companies like making universal remotes, wireless GPS trackers, and and other adventures.  This meant Sculley was finally in a position to be fully in charge of Apple. His era would see sales 10x from $800 million to $8 billion. Operationally, he was one of the more adept at cash management, putting $2 billion in the bank by 1993. Suddenly the vision of Steve Jobs was paying off. That original Mac started to sell and grow markets. But during this time, first the IBM PC and then the clones, all powered by the Microsoft operating system, completely took the operating system market for personal computers. Apple had high margins yet struggled for relevance.  Under Sculley, Apple released HyperCard, funded a skunkworks team in General Magic, arguably the beginning of ubiquitous computing, and using many of those same ideas he backed the Newton, coining the term personal digital assistant. Under his leadership, Apple marketing sent 200,000 people home with a Mac to try it out. Put the device in the hands of the people is probably one of the more important lessons they still teach newcomers that work in Apple Stores.  Looking at the big financial picture it seems like Sculley did alright. But in Apple's fourth-quarter earnings call in 1993, they announced a 97 drop from the same time in 1992. This was also when a serious technical debt problem began to manifest itself.  The Mac operating system grew from the system those early pioneers built in 1984 to Macintosh System Software going from version 1 to version 7. But after annual releases leading to version 6, it took 3 years to develop system 7 and the direction to take with the operating system caused a schism in Apple engineering around what would happen once 7 shipped. Seems like most companies go through almost the exact same schism. Microsoft quietly grew NT to resolve their issues with Windows 3 and 95 until it finally became the thing in 2000. IBM had invested heavily into that same code, basically, with Warp - but wanted something new.  Something happened while Apple was building macOS 7. They lost Jean Lois Gasseé who had been head of development since Steve Jobs left. When Sculley gave everyone a copy of his memoir, Gasseé provided a copy of The Mythical Man-Month, from Fred Brooks' experience with the IBM System 360. It's unclear today if anyone read it. To me this is really the first big sign of trouble. Gassée left to build another OS, BeOS.  By the time macOS 7 was released, it was clear that the operating system was bloated, needed a massive object-oriented overhaul, and under Sculley the teams were split, with one team eventually getting spun off into its own company and then became a part of IBM to help with their OS woes. The team at Apple took 6 years to release the next operating system. Meanwhile, one of Sculley's most defining decisions was to avoid licensing the Macintosh operating system. Probably because it was just too big a mess to do so. And yet everyday users didn't notice all that much and most loved it.  But third party developers left. And that was at one of the most critical times in the history of personal computers because Microsoft was gaining a lot of developers for Windows 3.1 and released the wildly popular Windows 95.  The Mac accounted for most of the revenue of the company, but under Sculley the company dumped a lot of R&D money into the Newton. As with other big projects, the device took too long to ship and when it did, the early PDA market was a red ocean with inexpensive competitors. The Palm Pilot effectively ended up owning that pen computing market.  Sculley was a solid executive. And he played the part of visionary from time to time. But under his tenure Apple found operating system problems, rumors about Windows 95, developers leaving Apple behind for the Windows ecosystem, and whether those technical issues are on his lieutenants or him, the buck stocks there. The Windows clone industry led to PC price wars that caused Apple revenues to plummet. And so Markkula was off to find a new CEO.  Michael Spindler became the CEO from 1993 to 1996. The failure of the Newton and Copland operating systems are placed at his feet, even though they began in the previous regime. Markkula hired Digital Equipment and Intel veteran Spindler to assist in European operations and he rose to President of Apple Europe and then ran all international. He would become the only CEO to have no new Mac operating systems released in his tenure. Missed deadlines abound with Copland and then Tempo, which would become Mac OS 8.  And those aren't the only products that came out at the time. We also got the PowerCD, the Apple QuickTake digital camera, and the Apple Pippin. Bandai had begun trying to develop a video game system with a scaled down version of the Mac. The Apple Pippin realized Markkula's idea from when the Mac was first conceived as an Apple video game system.  There were a few important things that happened under Spindler though. First, Apple moved to the PowerPC architecture. Second, he decided to license the Macintosh operating system to companies wanting to clone the Macintosh. And he had discussions with IBM, Sun, and Philips to acquire Apple. Dwindling reserves, increasing debt. Something had to change and within three years, Spindler was gone. Gil Amelio was CEO from 1996 to 1997. He moved from the board while the CEO at National Semiconductor to CEO of Apple. He inherited a company short on cash and high on expenses. He quickly began pushing forward OS 8, cut a third of the staff, streamline operations, dumping some poor quality products, and releasing new products Apple needed to be competitive like the Apple Network Server.  He also tried to acquire BeOS for $200 million, which would have Brough Gassée back but instead acquired NeXT for $429 million. But despite the good trajectory he had the company on, the stock was still dropping, Apple continued to lose money, and an immovable force was back - now with another decade of experience launching two successful companies: NeXT and Pixar.  The end of the lost decade can be seen as the return of Steve Jobs. Apple didn't have an operating system. They were in a lurch soy-to-speak. I've seen or read it portrayed that Steve Jobs intended to take control of Apple. And I've seen it portrayed that he was happy digging up carrots in the back yard but came back because he was inspired by Johnny Ive. But I remember the feel around Apple changed when he showed back up on campus. As with other companies that dug themselves out of a lost decade, there was a renewed purpose. There was inspiration.  By 1997, one of the heroes of the personal computing revolution, Steve Jobs, was back. But not quite… He became interim CEO in 1997 and immediately turned his eye to making Apple profitable again. Over the past decade, the product line expanded to include a dozen models of the Mac. Anyone who's read Geoffrey Moore's Crossing the Chasm, Inside the Tornado, and Zone To Win knows this story all too well. We grow, we release new products, and then we eventually need to take a look at the portfolio and make some hard cuts.  Apple released the Macintosh II in 1987 then the Macintosh Portable in 1989 then the Iicx and II ci in 89 along with the Apple IIgs, the last of that series. By facing competition in different markets, we saw the LC line come along in 1990 and the Quadra in 1991, the same year three models of the PowerBook were released. Different printers, scanners, CD-Roms had come along by then and in 1993, we got a Macintosh TV, the Apple Newton, more models of the LC and by 1994 even more of those plus the QuickTake, Workgroup Server, the Pippin and by 1995 there were a dozen Performas, half a dozen Power Macintosh 6400s, the Apple Network Server and yet another versions of the Performa 6200 and we added the eMade and beige G3 in 1997. The SKU list was a mess. Cleaning that up took time but helped prepare Apple for a simpler sales process. Today we have a good, better, best with each device, with many a computer being build-to-order.  Jobs restructured the board, ending the long tenure of Mike Markkula, who'd been so impactful at each stage of the company so far. One of the forces behind the rise of the Apple computer and the Macintosh was about to change the world again, this time as the CEO. 

You can find Ken on Twitter at twitter.com/kenshirriff and his blog righto.com.- Soyuz blog post:    http://www.righto.com/2020/01/inside-digital-clock-from-soyuz.html- IBM System/370: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370- Amdahl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation- Build Your Own Z80 Computer:    https://books.google.com/books?id=mVQnFgWzX0AC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false- Euler: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler- Commodore PET: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_PET- TRS-80 (Trash-80): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80 https://techland.time.com/2012/08/03/trs-80/- Visual 6502: http://www.visual6502.org/- MOS 6502: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502- Metallurgy microscope: https://www.amscope.com/compound-microscopes/metallurgical-microscopes.html- AM2900: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Am2900- MOS transistor: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET- Cray-1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-1- Intel 4004: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004- Datapoint 2200: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint_2200- Intel 8008: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008- Endianness: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness- TTL chips: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic- Big Endian and Little Endian:    https://chortle.ccsu.edu/AssemblyTutorial/Chapter-15/ass15_3.html- Xerox Alto: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto- Charles Simonyi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simonyi- Punched cards: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card- Why did line printers have 132 columns?:    https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/7838/why-did-line-printers-have-132-columns- Teletype 33: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype_Model_33- Analogue computer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer- Analogue computer thread: https://twitter.com/kenshirriff/status/1223675683387265024- Differential analyser: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_analyser- Bitcoin mining on a 1401:    http://www.righto.com/2015/05/bitcoin-mining-on-55-year-old-ibm-1401.html- Mining bitcoin with pencil and paper: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3dqhixzGVo- Bitcoin mining on a Xerox Alto:    http://www.righto.com/2017/07/bitcoin-mining-on-vintage-xerox-alto.html- Bitcoin mining on the Apollo Guidance computer:    http://www.righto.com/2019/07/bitcoin-mining-on-apollo-guidance.html- Colossus computer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer- Accounting machine: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_machine- Memory phosphor: https://www.britannica.com/science/memory-phosphor- Rowhammer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_hammer- Core memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory- Williams tube: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube- Core rope memory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_rope_memory- Honeywell 800: https://people.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/h800.html- Honeywell 1800: https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/doc-4372956da1170/    http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL64-h.html#HONEYWELL-1800- SPARC delayed branching:    https://arcb.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/codeopt/codeopt00/notes/delaybra.html- IBM 360 Model 50: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_50- RR Auction: https://www.rrauction.com/

Let's oversimplify something in the computing world. Which is what you have to do when writing about history. You have to put your blinders on so you can get to the heart of a given topic without overcomplicating the story being told. And in the evolution of technology we can't mention all of the advances that lead to each subsequent evolution. It's wonderful and frustrating all at the same time. And that value judgement of what goes in and what doesn't can be tough.  Let's start with the fact that there are two main types of processors in our devices. There's the x86 chipset developed by Intel and AMD and then there's the RISC-based processors, which are ARM and for the old school people, also include PowerPC and SPARC. Today we're going to set aside the x86 chipset that was dominant for so long and focus on how the RISC and so ARM family emerged.    First, let's think about what the main difference is between ARM and x86. RISC and so ARM chips have a focus on reducing the number of instructions required to perform a task to as few as possible, and so RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computing. Intel, other than the Atom series chips, with the x86 chips has focused on high performance and high throughput. Big and fast, no matter how much power and cooling is necessary.  The ARM processor requires simpler instructions which means there's less logic and so more instructions are required to perform certain logical operations. This increases memory and can increase the amount of time to complete an execution, which ARM developers address with techniques like pipelining, or instruction-level parallelism on a processor. Seymour Cray came up with this to split up instructions so each core or processor handles a different one and so Star, Amdahl and then ARM implemented it as well.  The X86 chips are Complex Instruction Set Computing chips, or CISC. Those will do larger, more complicated tasks, like computing floating point integers or memory searches, on the chip. That often requires more consistent and larger amounts of power. ARM chips are built for low power. The reduced complexity of operations is one reason but also it's in the design philosophy. This means less heat syncs and often accounting for less consistent streams of power. This 130 watt x86 vs 5 watt ARM can mean slightly lower clock speeds but the chips can cost more as people will spend less in heat syncs and power supplies. This also makes the ARM excellent for mobile devices.  The inexpensive MOS 6502 chips helped revolutionize the personal computing industry in 1975, finding their way into the Apple II and a number of early computers. They were RISC-like but CISC-like as well. They took some of the instruction set architecture family from the IBM System/360 through to the PDP, General Nova, Intel 8080, Zylog, and so after the emergence of Windows, the Intel finally captured the personal computing market and the x86 flourished.  But the RISC architecture actually goes back to the ACE, developed in 1946 by Alan Turing. It wasn't until the 1970s that Carver Mead from Caltech and Lynn Conway from Xerox PARC saw that the number of transistors was going to plateau on chips while workloads on chips were growing exponentially. ARPA and other agencies needed more and more instructions, so they instigated what we now refer to as the VLSI project, a DARPA program initiated by Bob Kahn to push into the 32-bit world. They would provide funding to different universities, including Stanford and the University of North Carolina.  Out of those projects, we saw the Geometry Engine, which led to a number of computer aided design, or CAD efforts, to aid in chip design. Those workstations, when linked together, evolved into tools used on the Stanford University Network, or SUN, which would effectively spin out of Stanford as Sun Microsystems. And across the bay at Berkeley we got a standardized Unix implementation that could use the tools being developed in Berkely Software Distribution, or BSD, which would eventually become the operating system used by Sun, SGI, and now OpenBSD and other variants.  And the efforts from the VLSI project led to Berkely RISC in 1980 and Stanford MIPS as well as the multi chip wafer.The leader of that Berkeley RISC project was David Patterson who still serves as vice chair of the RISC-V Foundation. The chips would add more and more registers but with less specializations. This led to the need for more memory. But UC Berkeley students shipped a faster ship than was otherwise on the market in 1981. And the RISC II was usually double or triple the speed of the Motorola 68000.  That led to the Sun SPARC and DEC Alpha. There was another company paying attention to what was happening in the RISC project: Acorn Computers. They had been looking into using the 6502 processor until they came across the scholarly works coming out of Berkeley about their RISC project. Sophie Wilson and Steve Furber from Acorn then got to work building an instruction set for the Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM for short. They had the first ARM working by 1985, which they used to build the Acorn Archimedes. The ARM2 would be faster than the Intel 80286 and by 1990, Apple was looking for a chip for the Apple Newton. A new company called Advanced RISC Machines or Arm would be founded, and from there they grew, with Apple being a shareholder through the 90s. By 1992, they were up to the ARM6 and the ARM610 was used for the Newton. DEC licensed the ARM architecture to develop the StrongARMSelling chips to other companies. Acorn would be broken up in 1998 and parts sold off, but ARM would live on until acquired by Softbank for $32 billion in 2016. Softbank is  currently in acquisition talks to sell ARM to Nvidia for $40 billion.  Meanwhile, John Cocke at IBM had been working on the RISC concepts since 1975 for embedded systems and by 1982 moved on to start developing their own 32-bit RISC chips. This led to the POWER instruction set which they shipped in 1990 as the RISC System/6000, or as we called them at the time, the RS/6000. They scaled that down to the Power PC and in 1991 forged an alliance with Motorola and Apple. DEC designed the Alpha. It seemed as though the computer industry was Microsoft and Intel vs the rest of the world, using a RISC architecture. But by 2004 the alliance between Apple, Motorola, and IBM began to unravel and by 2006 Apple moved the Mac to an Intel processor. But something was changing in computing. Apple shipped the iPod back in 2001, effectively ushering in the era of mobile devices. By 2007, Apple released the first iPhone, which shipped with a Samsung ARM.  You see, the interesting thing about ARM is they don't fab chips, like Intel - they license technology and designs. Apple licensed the Cortex-A8 from ARM for the iPhone 3GS by 2009 but had an ambitious lineup of tablets and phones in the pipeline. And so in 2010 did something new: they made their own system on a chip, or SoC. Continuing to license some ARM technology, Apple pushed on, getting between 800MHz to 1 GHz out of the chip and using it to power the iPhone 4, the first iPad, and the long overdue second-generation Apple TV. The next year came the A5, used in the iPad 2 and first iPad Mini, then the A6 at 1.3 GHz for the iPhone 5, the A7 for the iPhone 5s, iPad Air. That was the first 64-bit consumer SoC. In 2014, Apple released the A8 processor for the iPhone 6, which came in speeds ranging from 1.1GHz to the 1.5 GHz chip in the 4th generation Apple TV. By 2015, Apple was up to the A9, which clocked in at 1.85 GHz for the iPhone 6s. Then we got the A10 in 2016, the A11 in 2017, the A12 in 2018, A13 in 2019, A14 in 2020 with neural engines, 4 GPUs, and 11.8 billion transistors compared to the 30,000 in the original ARM.  And it's not just Apple. Samsung has been on a similar tear, firing up the Exynos line in 2011 and continuing to license the ARM up to Cortex-A55 with similar features to the Apple chips, namely used on the Samsung Galaxy A21. And the Snapdragon. And the Broadcoms.  In fact, the Broadcom SoC was used in the Raspberry Pi (developed in association with Broadcom) in 2012. The 5 models of the Pi helped bring on a mobile and IoT revolution.  And so nearly every mobile device now ships with an ARM chip as do many a device we place around our homes so our digital assistants can help run our lives. Over 100 billion ARM processors have been produced, well over 10 for every human on the planet. And the number is about to grow even more rapidly. Apple surprised many by announcing they were leaving Intel to design their own chips for the Mac.  Given that the PowerPC chips were RISC, the ARM chips in the mobile devices are RISC, and the history Apple has with the platform, it's no surprise that Apple is going back that direction with the M1, Apple's first system on a chip for a Mac. And the new MacBook Pro screams. Even software running in Rosetta 2 on my M1 MacBook is faster than on my Intel MacBook. And at 16 billion transistors, with an 8 core GPU and a 16 core neural engine, I'm sure developers are hard at work developing the M3 on these new devices (since you know, I assume the M2 is done by now). What's crazy is, I haven't felt like Intel had a competitor other than AMD in the CPU space since Apple switched from the PowerPC. Actually, those weren't great days. I haven't felt that way since I realized no one but me had a DEC Alpha or when I took the SPARC off my desk so I could play Civilization finally.  And this revolution has been a constant stream of evolutions, 40 years in the making. It started with an ARPA grant, but various evolutions from there died out. And so really, it all started with Sophie Wilson. She helped give us the BBC Micro and the ARM. She was part of the move to Element 14 from Acorn Computers and then ended up at Broadcom when they bought the company in 2000 and continues to act as the Director of IC Design. We can definitely thank ARPA for sprinkling funds around prominent universities to get us past 10,000 transistors on a chip. Given that chips continue to proceed at such a lightning pace, I can't imagine where we'll be at in another 40 years. But we owe her (and her coworkers at Acorn and the team at VLSI, now NXP Semiconductors) for their hard work and innovations.

Electronic games may be about to crash! Amstrad enters the console wars Pokemon single handedly saves video games These stories and many more on this month's episode of the Video Game Newsroom Time Machine This month we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in September of 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000. As always, we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events.. Send comments on twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/user?u=7594060 Links: 1970: IBM launches their first macine exclusively using semiconductor RAM https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/24/archives/a-new-computer-unveiled-by-ibm-main-memory-system-uses.html?searchResultPosition=9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370_Model_145 World's first Chess competition between computers takes place in New York https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/02/archives/chess-computer-loses-game-in-a-kingsize-blunder.html?searchResultPosition=17 https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~newborn/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Newborn https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution 1980: Mattel announces test market for Intellivision keyboard Plaything, Sept 1980 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellivision#Keyboard_Component Mattel warns shareholders that competitors may start dumping game inventory Plaything, Sept 1980, pg. 11 Pizza Time Theatre loses first round to Topeka Inn Management Play Meter, September 1, 1980, pg. 5 https://videogamenewsroomtimemachine.libsyn.com/may-2020 Stratavox brings speech to the video games! Play Meter, September 15, 1980, pg. 39 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C-1J5XvhB0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovox Williams is entering the video game biz Play Meter, September 15, 1980, pg. 40 Computer magazines report from Summer CES https://archive.org/details/1980-09-compute-magazine/page/n14/mode/1up https://archive.org/details/CreativeComputingbetterScan198009/page/n17/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TI-99/4A https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Scientific https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_series_80#85 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX80 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20 https://archive.org/details/Kilobaud198009/page/n25/mode/2up Japan takes on the US for 64k supremacy https://www.nytimes.com/1980/09/16/archives/the-fight-over-computer-chips-us-japanese-competing-on-new-advance.html?searchResultPosition=11 Softalk launches https://archive.org/details/softalkv1n01sep1980/mode/1up Dan Bunten's first major release tested https://archive.org/details/softalkv1n01sep1980/page/13/mode/1up https://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,8515/ https://www.mobygames.com/game/apple2/computer-quarterback/credits https://youtu.be/xsGfXR0m8Lg The other trinity https://archive.org/details/CreativeComputingbetterScan198009/page/n39/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Astrocade https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interact_Home_Computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoBrain_Family_Computer 1990: Computer games are coming to TV https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_74/page/n10/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniac_Mansion_(TV_series) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_on_Earth_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F Cinemaware slugs it out with Beyond over TV Sports Baseball https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_74/page/n10/mode/1up https://www.mobygames.com/game/tony-la-russas-ultimate-baseball TMNT is getting a second Amiga port https://archive.org/details/ACEIssue36Sep90/page/n7/mode/1up https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFQkdLd4M_g Mediagenic becomes first US SNES dev https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_74/page/n10/mode/1up https://www.mobygames.com/browse/games/snes/activision-publishing-inc/ Megadrive finally coming to the UK https://archive.org/details/Computer_Video_Games_Issue_106_1990-09_EMAP_Publishing_GB/page/n12/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Genesis First rumors of a Sega CD add-on for the Genesis surface https://archive.org/stream/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20014%20%28September%201990%29#page/n21/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_CD Amstrad launches the GX4000 https://archive.org/details/Computer_Video_Games_Issue_106_1990-09_EMAP_Publishing_GB/page/n7/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/micromania-segunda-epocha-28/page/n7/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_GX4000 Atari to redesign the Lynx https://archive.org/stream/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20014%20%28September%201990%29#page/n21/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Lynx Coin Op sales are slumping Replay, Sept. 1990, pg. 38 Atari repurchases stock back from Namco Playthings, Sept. 1990 pg. 13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco#Atari_Games,_rifts_with_Nintendo_and_other_ventures_(1985%E2%80%931989) 2000: Controversy over violent games continues https://www.retromags.com/files/file/4317-gamepro-issue-144-september-2000/ pg. 30 SNK closes down its US operations https://archive.org/stream/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20134%20%28September%202000%29#page/n25/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK#Bankruptcy_and_Playmore_Corporation_(2001%E2%80%932003) 100th million Gameboy shipped https://www.retromags.com/files/file/4317-gamepro-issue-144-september-2000/ pg. 28 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy Pokemon singlehandedly lifts video game sales https://archive.org/details/NextGen69Sep2000/page/n18/mode/1up Piracy hits the Dreamcast https://archive.org/stream/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20134%20%28September%202000%29#page/n37/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD-ROM Micromania magazine deals with the rise of "abandonware" https://archive.org/details/MicromanaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue68/page/n53/mode/1up Windows ME is coming to make everything better... https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_Issue_093_2000-09_Dennis_Publishing_GB/page/n19/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me Rebellion buys 2000AD https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_Issue_093_2000-09_Dennis_Publishing_GB/page/n29/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Developments Eidos is up for sale https://archive.org/details/NextGen69Sep2000/page/n9/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_Europe Probe software is no more https://archive.org/details/PC-Player-German-Magazine-2000-09/page/n12/mode/1up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acclaim_Entertainment_subsidiaries#Acclaim_Studios_London Recommended Links: Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan of History of How We Play.

Adam Bradley, engineer by day, computer historian by night, tells us of his adventure buying an IBM 360 from German eBay and bringing it back to the U.K. for restoration.

“Sadin on Digital” episodes explore the fast-changing and high-stakes world of digital business. Wayne Sadin and I focus in particular on what CEOs and boards must do to lead their companies successfully into the Digital Age. Today, we talk 2020. Wayne shares his predictions, ideas and recommendations for boards and the C-suite.Episode 12In this episode: Wayne begins with the term “Shadow IT,” which are systems built within organizations and used without approval. He says, let’s do a little history lesson: In years past there were only mainframes. And then we had minicomputers, and they begat PCs, and people could say, “I can do stuff on this. I just need this thing on my screen.” And that turned into, “Why don’t I share that nice Excel spreadsheet with this other person?” And then that other person shared it with yet another person, and before long it gets published as one of the corporate financials.Wayne says there is a book by Fred Brooks called “The Mythical Man Month,” and it’s one of the seminal works of managing IT. Wayne says it talks about the notion that if I’m building a system for me it takes X effort. And if I’m building for other people, it takes three times that effort. By the way, Fred Brooks was the architect of the IBM System 360 software package – the biggest software product ever delivered.He says the problem with databases is they are being hit millions and millions and millions of times a day – or maybe billions if companies have an IoT situation. Organizations have machines sending machine messages, he says, and people don’t want to let end users into the database. He says it’s known colloquially as the query from hell.He says companies moving to a SaaS-based ERP, and a cloud-based ERP can get multiple benefits. Microsoft, Oracle, Salesforce, Workday, and others have what are called “data lakes,” which are structured and unstructured data.Wayne talks about “horses for courses” – if you’re changing something that touches the general ledger or is ever reported in external financials to investors or customers, you have to have a level of control. It’s not a free-for-all, and the system will magically keep you from doing a stupid thing when you’re making a calculation. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Alibaba Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because by understanding the past prepares us to innovate the future! Today we're going to look at a company called Alibaba. 1964. This was the year that BASIC was written, the year Kleinrock wrote history first paper on package flow and design, the year the iconic IBM System/360 shipped, the year Ken Olson got a patent for the first magnetic core memory, the GPS (then called TRANSIT) went live. But some of the most brilliant minds of the future of computing were born that very same year. Eric Benioff the founder of Salesforce was born then. As was tech writer and editor of Fast Company and PC World Harry McCracken. Obama CTO Megan Smith, a former VP of Google, Alan Emtage of Archie, and Eric Bina an early contributor and coauthor of Netscape and Mosaic. But the Internet stork brought us two notable and ironically distinct people as well. Jeff Bezos of Amazon and Jack Ma of Alibaba. You would need to have been living under a rock for a decade or two in order to not know who Amazon is. But just how much do you know about Alibaba? But Alibaba makes nearly 400 billion dollars per year with assets of nearly a trillion dollars. Amazon has revenues of $230 billion with assets just north of $160 billion. For those of us who do most of our shopping on Amazon and tend to think of them as a behemoth, just think about that. 7 times the assets and way more sales. Alibaba is so big that when Yahoo! got into serious financial trouble, their most valuable asset was shares in Alibaba. If Alibaba is so big why is it that out of 5 Americans I asked, only 1 knew who they were? Because China. Alibaba is the Amazon of China. They have also own most of Lazada, which runs eCommerce operates sites in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Like Amazon they have supermarkets, streaming services, they lease cloud services, their own online payment platform, instant messaging, a pharmaceutical commerce company, sponsor FIFA, and a couple of years after Bezos bought the Washington Post, Alibaba bought the South China Morning post for a little more than a quarter billion dollars. Oh and you can get almost anything on there, especially if you want counterfeit brands or uranium. OK, so the uranium was a one time thing… Or was it? Oh, and I'm merging a lot of the assets here that are under the Alibaba name. But keep in mind that if you combined Google, eBay, Amazon, and a few others you still wouldn't have an Alibaba in terms of product coverage, dominance or pure revenue. All while Alibaba maintains less employees than Alphabet (the parent of Google) or Amazon. So how does a company get to the point that they're just this stupid crazy big? I really don't know. Ma heard about this weird thing called the internet after he got turned down for more than 30 jobs. One of those was frickin' KFC. He flew to the US in 1995 and some friends took him on a tour of this weird web thing. There he launched chinapages.com and made just shy of a million bucks in the first few years, building sites for companies based in china. He then went to work for the Chinese government for a couple of years. He started Alibaba with a dozen and a half people in 1999, raising a crapton of money, saying no to sell assets but yes to investments. Especially Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang, who gave them a billion bucks. And they grew, and they got more and more money, and sales, and really they just all out pwned the Chinese market, slowly becoming the Chinese eBay, the Chinese Amazon, the Chinese google, the Chinese, well, you get the picture. They even have their own Linux distro called AliOS. They own part of Lyft, part of the Chinese soccer team, and are a sponsor of the Olympic Games. Maybe he buys companies using AliGenie, the Alibaba home automation solution that resembles personal assistants built into Amazon Echo and Apple's Siri. Ma supposedly has ties to Chinese President Xi Jinping that go way back. Apple makes less money than Alibaba but their CEO gets to go hang at the White House whenever he wants. Not that he wants to do so very often… Bezos might be richer, but he doesn't get to hang at the White House often. Makes you wonder if there's more there, like… Nevermind. Back to the story. When Ma bought the South China Morning Post the term “firmly discouraged” was used in multiple outlets to describe other potential bidders. Financial reports have described the same from other acquisitions. Through innovation, copy-catting, and a sprinkle of intimidation, Alibaba became a powerhouse, going public in 2014, in an IPO the raised over $25 billion dollars and made Alibaba the most valuable tech firm in the universe. Oh, Ma acts and sings. He rocked a little kung fu in 2017's Gong Shou Dao. It was super-weird. He was really powerful in that movie. Strong arming goes a lot of different ways though. Ma was reportedly pressured to step down in late 2018, hading the company to Daniel Zhang. I guess he got a little too powerful, supposedly bribing officials in a one-party state and engaging in wonktastic account practices. He owns some vineyards, is only in his mid-50s and has plenty of time on his hands now to enjoy the grapefruits of his labor. This story is pretty fantastic. He was an English teacher in 1999. And he rose to become the richest man in China. That doesn't happen by luck. Capitalism at its best. And this modern industrialist rose to become the 21st richest person in the world in one of the most unlikely of places. Or was it? He doesn't write code. He didn't have a computer until his 30s. He's never actually sold anything to customers. Communism is beautiful. And so are you. Thank you dear listeners, for your contributions to the world in whatever way they may be. They probably haven't put you on the Forbes list. But I hope that tuning in helps you find ways to get there. We're so lucky to have you, have a great day!

Software geek alert! Today’s interview is with Chuck Prickett, an employee with Associated Systems with over 40 years of experience in the oil and gas industry. Phil and Chuck chat about his career at Associated Systems and the work he’s done with GOALS, an accounting software developed by him and a few other software developers for Associated Systems. They discuss how GOALS has evolved over the years, how clients have helped improve the software and his memories of building relationships with his customers throughout his career.   Here are some of the things you can look forward to in this episode:   Chuck’s experience of working for Associated Systems Developing the software for GOALS His favorite memories of customers and the relationships he’s built with them Why Chuck is retiring from his work after 40+ years   Highlights: 2:30 How Chuck got started working at Associated Systems 6:02 How the GOALS software has evolved over time 9:28 Doing onsite installations 10:18 Transitioning clients from IBM Systems to PC 11:44 Working on the GOALS side by himself since the ’90s 13:52 How customer updates help them to make changes to the software 17:23 Building relationships with customers over the last 20-30 years 20:21 What Chuck wants to do post-retirement 21:20 The bad side of getting to know your customers    About Chuck Prickett: Chuck Prickett has worked at Associated Systems since 1978. He was one of the original software developers of the oil and gas accounting system named "GOALS", and has continued to support GOALS clients since the beginning. He will be retiring at the end of 2019 and is slowly phasing out of his client support work.   Associated Systems, Inc., located in Wichita, Kansas, was founded in 1974 as a software consulting and development enterprise and has a long history of successes. One of those being the longevity of its customer base and its employees. Over the years, ASI has installed over 450 systems nationwide in its vertical markets.   ASI began with its first Oil & Gas customer in 1974, and they remain a customer to this day. The original system was designed and developed for the IBM System 32, and as Systems 34, 36 and AS/400 were introduced, ASI’s software products evolved to take advantage of the increased features and abilities of those systems. With the advent of the PC, the software was re-written and was made accessible and affordable for operations of all sizes. It was named “GOALS” for Gas, Oil And Land Systems and it revolutionized the way the smaller producer managed his business.   Connect with Chuck: LinkedIn | Associated Systems   About SherWare, Inc. If you’re enjoying this episode, please subscribe to our podcast and share with a friend! We also love ratings and reviews on Apple podcasts.   SherWare creates software to simplify your accounting needs so you have more time to do the things that matter. We serve independent oil and gas operators, accountants and investors with a platform to manage their distributions and joint-interest billings on a platform -- and we’re the only software on the market that can integrate with your QuickBooks company. Click here to watch a demo of the software in action right now.

Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is about the IBM System/360. System/360 was a family of mainframes. IBM has done a great job over the decades following innovations rather than leading them, but there might not be another single innovation that was as influential on computing as the System/360. But it's certainly hard to think of one. IBM had been building mainframes with the 700 and 7000 series of systems since 1952, so they weren't new to the concept in 1964 when the S360 was announced (also when Disney released Mary Poppins and ). But they wanted to do something different. They were swimming in a red ocean of vendors who had been leading the technology and while they had a 70 percent market share, they were looking to cement a long-term leadership position in the emerging IT industry. So IBM decided to take a huge leap forward and brought the entire industry with them. This was a risky endeavor. Thomas Watson Jr, son of the great IBM business executive Thomas Watson Sr, bet the proverbial farm on this. And won that bet. In all, IBM spent 5 billion dollars in mid-1960s money, which would be $41B today with a cumulative 726.3% rate of inflation. To put things in context around the impact of the mainframe business, IBM revenues were at $3.23 B in 1964 and more than doubled to $7.19 B by 1970 when the next edition, the 370, was released. To further that context, the Manhattan Project, which resulted in the first atomic bomb, cost $2 B. IBM did not have a project this large before the introduction of the S360 and has not had one in the more than 50 years since then. Further context, the total value of all computers deployed at the start of the project was only $10B. These were huge. They often occupied a dedicated room. The front panel had 12 switches, just to control the electricity that flowed through them. They had over 250 lights. It was called “System” 360 because it was a system, meaning you could hook disk drives, printers, and other peripherals up to them. It had 16 32 bit registers and four 64 bit floating point registers for the crazy math stuffs. The results were fast, with over 1000 orders in the first month and another 1000 by years end. IBM sales skyrocketed and computers suddenly showing up in businesses large and small. The total inventory of computers in the world jumped to a $24B value in just 5 years. A great example of the impact they had can be found in the computer the show Mad Men featured, where the firm got an S360 and it served as a metaphor for how the times were about to change - the computer was analytical, where Don worked through inspiration. Just think, an interactive graphics display that let business nerds do what only computer nerds could do before. This was the real start to “data driven” decision making. By 1970 IBM had deployed 35k mainframes throughout the US. They spawned enough huge competitors that the big mainframe players were referred to as Snow White and the 7 dwarfs and later just “The Bunch” which consisted of Burroughs, NCR, Control Data, Honeywell, and the Univac Division of Sperry Rand. If you remember the earlier episode on Grace Hopper, she spent some time there. Thomas Watson Jr. retired the following year in 1971 after suffering a heart attack, leaving behind one of the greatest legacies of anyone in business. He would serve as an ambassador to Russia from 79 to 81, and remain an avid pilot in retirement. He passed away in 1993. A lot of things sell well. But sales and revenue aren't the definition that shapes a legacy. The S360 created so many standards and pushed technology forward that the business legacy is almost a derivative of the technical legacy. What standards did the S360 set? Well, the bus was huge. Stndardizing I/O would allow vendors to build expansion and would ultimately become the standard later. The 8-bit byte is still used today and bucked the trend of accessing variable sized arbitrary bit addressing. To speed up larger and larger transactions, the S360 also gave us Byte-addressable memory with 24 bit addressing and 32-bit words. The memory was small and fast with control code stored there permanently, known as microcode memory. This meant you didn't have to hand wire each memory module into the processor. The control store also lead to emulators, as you could emulate a previous IBM model, the 1401, in the control store. IBM spent $13 M on the patent for the tech that came out of MIT to get access to the best memory on the market. The S360 made permanent store a main-stay. IBM had been using tape storage since 1952. 14 inch disk drives were smaller than 24 inch disk drives used in previous models, had 100x the storage capacity and accessed data 10 times faster. The S360 also brought with it new programming paradigms. We got hexadecimal Floating Point Architectures. These would be important to New Drug Applications to the FDA, weather predicting, geophysics, and graphics databases. We also got Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code or EBCDIC for short is character encoding in the 8th bit. This came from moving punch cards to persistent storage on the computers. That 8th bit was from two zone and number punches on cards which made up two bits and another to indicate a small s or a large S. EBCDIC was not embraced by the rest of the computer hacker culture. One example was: "So the American government went to IBM to come up with an encryption standard, and they came up with… EBCDIC!" ASCII has mostly been accepted as the standard for encoding characters (before and after EBCDIC). Solid Logic Technology (or SLT) also came with the S360. These flip chip-mounted packages contained transistors, diodes and resistors in a ceramic substrate that had sockets on one edge and could be plugged into the backplane of a computer. Think of these as a precursor to the microchip and the death of vacuum tubes. The central processor could run machine language programs. It ran OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System. You could load programs written in COBOL and FORTRAN with many organizations still running code written way back then. The way we saw computers and they way they were made also changed. Architecture vs implementation was another substantial innovation. Before the S360, computers were built for specific use cases. They were good at business and they were good at business or they were good at science. But one system wasn't typically good at both tasks. In fact, IBM had 7 mainframe lines at this point, sometimes competing with each other. The S360 allowed them to unify that into the size and capacity of a machine rather than the specific use case. We went from: “here's your scientific mainframe” or “here's your payroll mainframe” to “here's your computer”. But the Model 30 was Introduced in 1965, along with 5 other initial models, the 40, 50, 60, 62, and 70. The tasks were not specific to each model and a customer could grow into additional models, or if the needs weren't growing, could downgrade to a lower model in the planned 5 year obscelence cycle that computers seem to have. Given all of this, the project was huge. So big that it led to Thomas Watson forcing his own brother Dick Watson out of IBM and moving the project to be managed by Fred Brooks, who worked with Chief Architect Gene Amdahl. John Opel managed the launch in 1964. In large part due to his work on the S360 project, Brooks would go on to write a book called The Mythical Man Month, which brought us what's now referred to as Brooks' Law, which states that adding additional developers does not speed up a software project, but instead makes it take longer. Amdahl would go on to found his own computer company. In all, there were twenty models of the S360, although only 14 shipped - and IBM had sold 35,000 by 1970. While the 60 in S360 would go on to refer to the decade and the follow-on S370 would define computing in the 70s, the S360 was sold until 1978. With a two-thirds market share came anti-trust cases, which saw software suddenly being sold separately and leasing companies extending that 5 year obscelecence - thus IBM leassors becoming the number one competition. Given just how much happened in the 13 year life of the System/360, even the code endures in some cases. The System Z servers are still compatible with many applications written for the 360. The S360 is iconic. The S360 was bold. It set IBM on a course that would shape their future and the future of the world. But most importantly, before the S360 computers were one thing used for really big jobs - after the S360, they were everywhere and people started to think about business in terms of a new lexicon like “data” and “automation.” It lead to no one ever getting fired for buying IBM and set the IT industry on a course to become what it is today. The revolution was coming no matter what. But not being afraid to refactor everything in such a big, bold demonstration of market dominance made IBM the powerhouse it is even today. So next time you have to refactor something, think of the move you're making - and ask yourself What Would Watson Do? Or just ask Watson.

Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because by understanding the past, we're able to be prepared for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on Digital Equipment Corporation, or DEC.  DEC was based in Maynard Massachusetts and a major player in the computer industry from the 1950s through the 1990s. They made computers, software, and things that hooked into computers. My first real computer was a DEC Alpha. And it would be over a decade before I used 64-bit technology again.  DEC was started in 1957 by Ken Olsen, Stan Olsen, and Harlan Anderson of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory using a $70,000 loan because they could sell smaller machines than the big mainframes to users where output and realtime operation were more important than performance. Technology was changing so fast and there were so few standards for computers that investors avoided them. So they decided to first ship modules, or transistors that could be put on circuit boards and then ship systems. They were given funds and spent the next few years building a module business to fund a computer business.  IBM was always focused on big customers. In the 1960s, this gave little DEC the chance to hit the smaller customers with their PDP-8, the first successful mini-computer, at the time setting customers back around $18,500. The “Straight-8” as it was known was designed by Edson de Castro and was about the size of a refrigerator, weighing in at 250 pounds. This was the first time a company could get a computer for less than $20k and DEC sold over 300,000 of them! The next year came the 8/s. No, that's not an iPhone model. It only set customers back $10k. Just imagine the sales team shows up at your company talking about the discrete transistors, the transistor-transistor logic, or TTL. And it wouldn't bankrupt you like that IBM. The sales pitch writes itself. Sign me up! What really sold these though, was the value engineering. They were simpler. Sure, programming was a little harder, and more code. Sure, sometimes that caused the code to overflow the memory. But at the cost savings, you could hire another programmer! The rise of the compiler kinda' made that a negligible issue anyway. The CPU had only four 12-bit registers. But it could run programs using the FORTRAN compiler anruntime, or DECs FOCAL interpreter. Or later you could use PAL-III Assembly, BASIC, or DIBOL.  DEC also did a good job of energizing their user base. The Digital Equipment Corporation User Society was created in 1961 by Edward Fredkin and was subsidized by DEC. Here users could trade source code and documentation, with two DECUS US symposia per year - and there people would actually trade code and later tapes. It would later merge with HP and other groups during the merger era and is alive today as the Connect User Group Community, with over 70,000 members! It is still independent today. The User Society was an important aspect of the rise of DEC and of the development of technology and software for mini computers. The feeling of togetherness through mutual support helped keep the costs of vendor support down while also making people feel like they weren't alone in the world. It's also important as part of the history of free software, something we'll talk about in more depth in a later episode. The PDP continued to gain in popularity until 1977, when the VAX came along. The VAX brought with it the virtual address extension for which it derives its name. This was really the advent of on-demand paged virtual memory, although that had been initially adopted by Prime Computer without the same level of commercial success. This was a true 32-bit CISC, or Complex Instruction Set Computer. It ran Digital's VAX/VMS which would later be called OpenVMS; although some would run BSD on it, which maintained VAX support until 2016. This thing set standards in 1970s computing. You know Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) - the VAX was the benchmark. The performance was on par with the IBM System/360. The team at DEC was iterating through chips at a fast rate. Over the next 20 years, they got so good that Soviet engineers bought them just to try and reverse engineer the chips. In fact it got to the point that “when you care enough to steal the very best” was etched into microprocessor die. DEC sold another 400,000 of the VAX. They must have felt on top of the world when they took the #2 computer company spot! DEC was the first computer company with a website, launching dec.com in 85. The DEC Western Research Library started to build a RISC chip called Titan in 1982, meant to run Unix. Alan Kotok and Dave Orbits started designing a 64-bit chip to run VMS (maybe to run Spacewar faster). Two other chips, HR-32 and CASCADE were being designed in 1984. And Prism began in 1985. With all of these independent development efforts, turf wars stifled the ability to execute. By 1988, DEC canceled the projects. By then Sun had SPARC, and were nipping at the heels.  Something else was happening. DEC made mini-computers. Those were smaller than mainframes. But microcomputers showed up in the 1980s with he first IBM PC shipping in 1981. But by the early 90s they too were 32-bit. DEC was under the gun to bring the world into 64-bit. The DEC Alpha started at about the same time (if not in the same meeting as the termination of the Prism project. It would not be released in 1992 and while it was a great advancement in computing, it came into a red ocean where there were vendors competing to set the standard of the computers used at every level of the industry. The old chips could have been used to build microcomputers and at a time when IBM was coming into the business market for desktop computers and starting to own it, DEC stayed true to the microcomputer business.  Meanwhile Sun was growing, open architectures were becoming standard (if not standardized), and IBM was still a formidable beast in the larger markets. The hubris. Yes, DEC had some of the best tech in the market. But they'd gotten away from value engineering the solutions customers wanted.  Sales slumped through the 1990s. Linus Torvalds wrote Linux on a DEC Alpha in the mid-late 90s. Alpha chips would work with Windows and other operating systems but were very expensive. X86 chips from Intel were quickly starting to own the market (creating the term Wintel). Suddenly DEC wasn't an industry leader. When you've been through those demoralizing times at a company, it's hard to get out of a rut. Talent leaves. Great minds in computing like Radia Perlman. She invented Spanning Tree Protocol. Did I mention that DEC played a key role in making ethernet viable. They also invented clustering. More brain drain - Jim Grey (he probably invented half the database terms you use), Leslie Lamport (who wrote LaTex), Alan Eustace (who would go on to become the Senior VP of Engineering and then Senior VP of Knowledge at Google), Ike Nassi (chief scientist at SAP), Jim Keller (who designed Apple's A4/A5), and many, many others.  Fingers point in every direction. Leadership comes and goes. By 2002 it was clear that a change was needed. DEC was acquired by Compaq in the largest merger in the computer industry at the time, in part to get the overseas markets that DEC was well entrenched in. Compaq started to cave from too many mergers that couldn't be wrangled into an actual vision. So they later merged with HP in 2002, continuing to make PDP, VAX, and Alpha servers. The compiler division was sold to Intel, and DEC goes down as a footnote in history.  Innovative ideas are critical to a company surviving after the buying tornadoes. Strong leaders must reign in territorialism, turf wars and infighting in favor of actually shipping products. And those should be products customers want. Maybe even products you value engineered to meet them where they're at as DEC did in their early days. 

With Matt gone, Coté & Brandon speculate wildly about Google’s multi-cloud management announcement, Anthos. They should have just read the docs (https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/anthos-overview), but who has time for that? Relevant to your interests A 3-year-old boy repeatedly entered the wrong password, locked up his dad’s iPad until 2067 (https://fox4kc.com/2019/04/09/a-3-year-old-boy-repeatedly-entered-the-wrong-password-locked-up-his-dads-ipad-until-2067/) Anthos | Google Cloud (https://cloud.google.com/anthos/) Anthos docs (https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/anthos-overview) New Google Cloud CEO Thomas Kurian says that he’s borrowing from the Oracle playbook to help catch up to Amazon and Microsoft (https://www.businessinsider.com/google-cloud-ceo-thomas-kurian-oracle-strategies-2019-4) Google’s hybrid cloud platform is coming to AWS and Azure (https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/09/googles-anthos-hybrid-cloud-platform-is-coming-to-aws-and-azure/) Analysts get hot under collar as ex-Oracle cloud guru ditches corporate wardrobe for Google (http://go.theregister.com/feed/www.theregister.co.uk/2019/04/09/kurian_oracle_google_indicates_enterprise_change/) Collaboration with Anaconda, Inc. (https://blog.jetbrains.com/pycharm/2019/04/collaboration-with-anaconda-inc/) "Open source" companies are playing games with licensing to sneak in proprietary code, freeze out competitors, fight enclosure (https://boingboing.net/2019/04/04/open-ish.html) Jeff Bezos retains control of Amazon after divorce (https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/4/18295609/jeff-bezos-amazon-mackenzie-voting-power-control-blue-origin) Microsoft Introduces Azure Front Door, a Scalable Service for Protecting Web Applications (https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/04/Azure-Front-Door) (https://www.axios.com/pinterest-ipo-terms-private-valuation-430d186d-56d5-4a07-acc0-dda415b11734.html)- Pinterest sets IPO terms below last private valuation (https://www.axios.com/pinterest-ipo-terms-private-valuation-430d186d-56d5-4a07-acc0-dda415b11734.html) AWS CEO Andy Jassy Drills Down On Cloud Adoption And Amazon’s Culture (https://www.crn.com/news/cloud/aws-ceo-andy-jassy-drills-down-on-cloud-adoption-and-amazon-s-culture) Coding Is for Everyone—as Long as You Speak English (https://www.wired.com/story/coding-is-for-everyoneas-long-as-you-speak-english/) Netflix axes Apple AirPlay support (https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-kills-apple-airplay-support/) Microsoft says its data shows FCC reports massively overstate broadband adoption (https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/08/microsoft-says-its-data-shows-fcc-reports-massively-overstate-broadband-adoption/) Tech Company Drops Conference Swag in Favor of 13,000 School Donations (https://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-04-04-tech-company-drops-conference-swag-in-favor-of-13-000-school-donations) Slack integration with Office 365 one more step toward total enterprise integration (https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/09/slack-integration-with-office-365-one-more-step-toward-total-enterprise-integration/) Nonsense Japanese Hotel Launches Unnecessary $900 Burger to Celebrate New Emperor (https://www.eater.com/2019/4/3/18293431/grand-hyatt-tokyo-oak-door-expensive-burger) Iconic consoles of the IBM System/360 mainframes, 55 years old today (http://www.righto.com/2019/04/iconic-consoles-of-ibm-system360.html?m=1) GPS Rollover is today. Here’s why devices might get wacky (https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/06/gps-rollover-is-today-heres-why-devices-might-get-wacky/) Interview Matt and Brandon interview Adam Jacob (https://www.softwaredefinedinterviews.com/81) on this week’s Software Defined Interviews (https://www.softwaredefinedinterviews.com). Great discussion about his experience starting Chef and Chef’s decision to make 100% of products open source. Sponsors To learn more or try it free for 14 days visit http://appoptics.com/sdt (http://appoptics.com/sdt). Conferences, et. al. ALERT! DevOpsDays Discount - DevOpsDays MSP (https://www.devopsdays.org/events/2019-minneapolis/welcome/), August 6th to 7th, $50 off with the code SDT2019 (https://www.eventbrite.com/e/devopsdays-minneapolis-2019-tickets-51444848928?discount=SDT2019). April 11th, 2019 (https://www.enterprise-cio.com/) - Coté at DevOps Meetup, Cape Town. 2019, a city near you: The 2019 SpringTours are posted (http://springonetour.io/). Coté will be speaking at many of these, hopefully all the ones in EMEA. They’re free and all about programming and DevOps things. Free lunch and stickers! ChefConf 2019 (http://chefconf.chef.io/) May 20-23. Matt’s speaking! (https://chefconf.chef.io/sessions/banking-automation-modernizing-chef-across-enterprise/) ChefConf London 2019 (https://chefconflondon.eventbrite.com/) June 19-20 SDT news & hype Join us in Slack (http://www.softwaredefinedtalk.com/slack). Send your postal address to stickers@softwaredefinedtalk.com (mailto:stickers@softwaredefinedtalk.com) and we will send you a free laptop sticker! Follow us on Twitter (https://twitter.com/softwaredeftalk), Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/softwaredefinedtalk/) or LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/company/software-defined-talk/) Listen to the Software Defined Interviews Podcast (https://www.softwaredefinedinterviews.com/). Check out the back catalog (http://cote.coffee/howtotech/). Brandon built the Quick Concall iPhone App (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/quick-concall/id1399948033?mt=8) and he wants you to buy it for $0.99. Recommendations Coté: The Tick (https://www.amazon.com/The-Tick/dp/B01J776HVW), season 2. Brandon: Apple iPad Pro First Gen (https://www.apple.com/shop/product/FLMP2LL/A/Refurbished-97-inch-iPad-Pro-Wi-Fi-32GB-Silver?fnode=d85254fd5d3b07671c8897146a62e29357b455f205e12cb229cd884a5104fa2103009c40cd05032029a9eced87bec0c6e4dd7dc16983300eb67d1bdeabb19bc9eaabaaa8d39f5152cd918bb148d97a42) Outro: Can't fix the car without a whole lotta milka (https://youtu.be/uIqn3Dzs77g), Kids in the Hall (https://youtu.be/uIqn3Dzs77g).

Charles Morgan is a lot of fun to be around and to learn from. He learned about business first from working with his father, starting when he was a little boy. As IBM’s top systems engineer for the entire state of Arkansas, Charles sold Sam Walton his first IBM System 360 Mainframe, which allowed Walmart to take off. He’s a pioneer of big data, having built one of the first companies in the industry, Acxiom Corp. And now, at a time when most of his contemporaries are retired, he’s having fun being a very hands-on CEO at First Orion, whose Privacy Star app is blocking literally billions of scam calls. But then, he has also driven the 24-hours at Daytona, and at most of the other major tracks around the U.S., too. He has the X-rays to show for it.   Key Takeaways: [:25] Ray Hoffman introduces the guest, Charles Morgan, First Orion CEO. [1:30] What shaped Charles and gave him the confidence to take on the risk that allows the reward in capitalism? Charles credits the DNA he inherited from his father and grandfather. He says a family history of starting businesses helps. He wasn’t afraid of entrepreneurism and worked in the family business. [2:32] Charles doesn’t think it was courage that drove him but just the understanding that entrepreneurism is what he ought to do. [2:39] Charles sees capitalism as the freedom to pursue your own talent and interests in a business sense that allows you to be all you can be for yourself, for your creative side, and for your family. That is also, for Charles, the essence of the joy of life. [3:09] Charles would not do well in a controlled environment with little or no self-direction. [3:30] Why is Charles, at age 76, still heavily involved as a CEO? He says his wife is pleased that she is free to do lunch with whomever she wants, as Charles is at work! [4:18] Charles is a geek at heart and loves problem-solving. His enjoyment in racing comes from the technical problem-solving of getting a car setup right. Charles has designed some race cars. [4:39] Charles likes people problem-solving and business problem-solving; coming up with a really good organizational strategy can be an exciting thing. Innovation, producing results for the customer, and putting the right person in charge of each area, are important for small companies like First Orion or large companies like Acxiom. [5:09] Business is and always has been a ‘people game.’ [5:12] Charles still loves technical problems. He is still programming prototype software for the solutions First Orion offers. Charles wakes up at 5:00 a.m. and goes to his computer to work on the current problem for an uninterrupted couple of hours. Then he goes to work at 9:00 a.m. [5:57] Charles says we all decide what to do with our lives. He believes retirement is the freedom to be able to get up every day and do what you love to do. Everybody’s job ought to be retirement every day, from the age of 21 on. [6:32] In Charles’s first book, Matters of Life and Data, he said his businessman father understood reward but not risk. His father had the vision for opportunities but did not understand how to make them happen —  how to get the right people doing the right things, and where to take the right risks. He didn’t achieve the level of focus he needed. [7:23] In his father’s hardware business, he diverged from hardware to wood doors and frames, aluminum windows, and plywood. He tried to be all things to all people. He didn’t have the discipline to decide how his business would grow and where he would get the resources to grow it. It was helter-skelter. [7:59] His father knew the reward he wanted was a successful business but he couldn’t organize it very well. [8:16] At age 17, at the direction of his father, Charles took a truck and drove his 15-year-old brother from Fort Smith to the Andersen Window factory in Philadelphia for Charles to pick up a load of windows and pitch to the Andersen brothers an improvement on their window design. His father had sent a letter to Andersen about it.[9:44] The Andersen brothers had a conference room prepared for them, with the company engineers ready to hear his presentation. Charles explained it to them and they were very interested to see if they could incorporate the idea into their windows. [10:12] That night, Charles and his brother headed on a train to New York City for two plays their father had bought tickets for them to see. They picked up the tickets at will-call. After two nights in New York, they took the train back to Philadelphia and drove back to Fort Smith with their window order. [10:52] In 1966, Charles started his first career job at IBM. He was made the top systems engineer for IBM for Arkansas. [10:59] In Charles’s book, What Now?, he recalls a lesson he learned early on from a senior IBM executive. He was told never to burn bridges with someone at work, whether it’s a poor employee or a bad boss. Respect them as human beings. Circumstances change and you may work together again. Decades later, that advice still serves. [12:05] Charles made his first investment in First Orion/ PrivacyStar when a representative presented it to him as a concept of putting software into the switching systems of telecoms’ networks to allow individual customers of the telecom to block numbers that they didn’t want to call them. [12:43] The obstacle ahead of them was that the telecoms weren’t interested in granting network access to outside software engineers. So that idea didn’t work. [12:56] The idea came at a time when Charles expected he would be leaving Acxiom and he was looking for something “to dabble with.” Charles moved to Dallas and invested in First Orion with $1 million with Jeff Stalnaker, the COO. At first, Charles was not expecting to become extremely involved with the investment. [13:44] Charles talks about how he left Acxiom, as the face of the company. He had been getting tired of the process of running a company of that size and new regulations, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, added to the burden. A large investor, Jeff Ubben, brought a proxy battle, then joined the board and started trying to oust Charles. [15:58] Charles was tired of the conflict. He invested in First Orion to get his mind off the struggle on the board at Acxiom. [16:24] Going into First Orion/ PrivacyStar, Charles didn’t keep in his mind how long it took and how difficult it was to build up Acxiom. But he did remember some of the things that didn’t work, so he was able to avoid some of the early mistakes. [17:27] As the most dominant company in the direct marketing industry, Acxiom got a little cocky at the influence they had. As CEO, Charles could call on executives at any level and knew all the senior guys at major corporations. His son tells him, “You were kind of a big deal!” [17:50] Charles wrote in his first book, “A good entrepreneur knows what he doesn’t know.” At the beginning of his involvement with First Orion, Charles didn’t know the telecom industry, nor did he know how little the man dragging him into it knew about the telecom industry; most of his claimed knowledge was actually stuff he’d made up. [18:28] Charles asked his friend, Bill Connor, to meet with the man from First Orion. The meeting didn’t happen until after Charles had put in the $1 million. Bill told him “Well, I hope you’re successful,” but didn’t say what he thought — that the man was a fraud — until Charles cut off the relationship with the man. [19:31] Charles wrote in his book that “We had no idea of the vastness, the complicatedness, the downright convolutedness of the systems that we were stepping into.” Charles says the networks pre-date IT. There is layer upon layer of technology that all has to work together. Somehow, phone calls get through. [20:25] First Orion has had to integrate their technology into those networks, thanks only to a bunch of amazing people. The systems, to this day, are very complicated. First Orion interrogates every single phone call to every user of T-Mobile today, to see all its characteristics, to try to figure out if it’s a scam call. It’s a complicated process. [21:19] Today, PrivacyStar is able to block or identify about 90% of scam calls. If you used to get 30 scam calls a week, that cuts it down to three scam calls. They’re heading to cutting it down to one or fewer a week. They are covering 62 million customers and they see every call that is made to them. [22:08] There is about 2K of data for each incoming call. This includes where it came from, where it’s going, and the routing that gets it there, the equipment that sent it, and other characteristics of the call. [22:28] PrivacyStar does not get involved in the voice call itself, and they are careful not to transmit outside of the network the call is being made to, to protect personal information. The only data they take outside the network is not identifiable to the person receiving the call. [22:53] In ten years, First Orion has come a long way. Eighteen months after Charles’s initial $1 million investment, the company was out of money. Charles had a big decision to make. His gut told him to put more money into it. His worst-case scenario told him he could lose another few million and it would not impact his lifestyle significantly. [23:53] Charles doesn’t make decisions out of fear, or because he has to. He says people make terrible decisions at times of dissolution of marriage or bankruptcy or another financial nightmare. People should not make decisions at the time of trouble. [24:25] Charles made the decision that he believed in First Orion for the long-term. The idea was adapted to mobile technology instead of the originally planned wire-line network software. [24:38] In 2000, Charles started getting excited about mobile technology. In 2009-2010 Charles realized that this little computer you put in your hand was going to change the world. They started with a Blackberry app and realized there would be a lot more mobile devices. [25:19] A successful entrepreneur or executive needs to be inspired by dealing with multiple difficult issues. If problems worry you to death, you probably ought to be doing something else. When Charles sleeps, he does not want to lay awake worrying. [25:53] Don’t sit and mope about something — do something about it! Sometimes it’s better to do something, even if it’s wrong. You can’t be frozen by indecision. Take action to move toward a solution. Hit problems head-on. [26:37] A good entrepreneur has got to move quickly — measuredly but quickly. [26:56] Charles describes how he went from observing to taking over the company. It came down to the decision to either stop putting money into it to lose or to take over with a plan to turn the company around. He planned for First Orion to make a profit by December of 2013, and they did it. [28:19] You can’t direct that kind of change from over the fence. [28:24] It was a problem for Charles to win over the non-believers at the company. Charles came up with a very specific plan with the detailed changes he was going to make in how they organize and approach things. He declared he would take on the task cut their IT cost in half. He delegated other problems at the company to other staff. [29:19] Charles cut the IT cost by more than half, trading pay cuts for stock options. He wants everybody to be a partner and not an employee. Putting stock in their hands with options does that. [29:39] You can’t just have good technology. You can’t just have good people. You need good products, good service, and other things. For a small company, these are even more important. [29:51] Charles is audacious, meeting with senior people like he has a right to have a relationship with them. In the early days at Acxiom, Charles took it on himself as a challenge to meet with senior people at Citi. He kept pushing the relationship higher and higher to the head of the credit card department. The relationship is important. [31:27] Now, First Orion’s service is important to the senior-most people at T-Mobile and the carriers. So they are getting the same kind of relationship with them. John Legere, T-Mobile CEO, knows very well who First Orion is and has some dialog with First Orion President, Jeff Stalnaker. There is regular communication with top executives. [32:00] First Orion first thought they were providing a service. Now they see themselves as a data analytics company, using data analytics to make the phone experience better. Charles compares the services of Acxiom and First Orion. It’s all about the data. [33:26] First Orion uses a massive AWS footprint to do a lot of analytics. They use software in the network that takes the AWS data and builds a knowledge base to compare each phone call against. They do this comparison about 175 million times a day. They send the results of the comparisons back into AWS to update the analytics. [34:24] They update the analytics every six minutes. It is very challenging to stay ahead of the scammers. The carriers themselves built into the system, for their own reasons, the ability to obscure the source of a call. This was before scam calls were common. [35:42] First Orion has 50 people continually iterating the software. It can never stop. [36:02] Scammers today are sending texts and emails with a scam fraud alert phone number for the recipient to call and get scammed. People fall for it in amazing numbers. [36:29] First Orion has blocked or tagged 10 billion calls. The savings to the customers at T-Mobile is now in the billions of dollars. [37:08] Charles talks about how he recruited some of the early employees to Acxiom, telling them they would have fun and he would do everything he could to make sure they became millionaires. [37:24] A lot of the reward Charles got between Acxiom and First Orion is being able to help people out. Acxiom made quite a few millionaires. At First Orion, Charles has given out 25% of the company as stock options to the employees. Stockholders will make a lot of money if First Orion is successful. [38:01] First Orion is looking to monetize. They are generating good cash flow. Charles would like to start buying people’s stock back from them and allow them to monetize significant numbers of dollars and not have to wait until the company is sold. Charles does not really want to run a public company again. [38:38] What is it about Arkansas water or the soil that has nourished a disproportionate number of very successful entrepreneurs, including the Fords, the Waltons, the Stephens, the Tysons, the Dillards, the Murphys, and the Morgans? Charles used the working title “It’s in the Water” for his book, Now What? as he was fascinated by that. [39:12] Charles did research the topic and interviewed some of the big names. There is something about the culture of Arkansas that allows success to happen. Charles doesn’t want to preview his next book, but that will be in it! [39:54] Charles Morgan is capitalism, and This is Capitalism.   Mentioned in This Episode: Stephens.com Charles Morgan IBM Sam Walton Walmart Acxiom First Orion PrivacyStar App for iPhone PrivacyStar App for Android 24 Hours at Daytona Matters of Life and Data: The Remarkable Journey of a Big Data Visionary Whose Work Impacted Millions (Including You), by Charles D. Morgan Andersen Windows Now What? The Biography Of A (Finally) Successful Startup, by Charles D. Morgan Jeff Stalnaker Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Jeff Ubben Bill Dillard T-Mobile Citi John Legere Amazon AWS Companies based in or started in Arkansas This Is Capitalism

欢迎收听丽莎老师讲机器人，想要孩子参加机器人竞赛、创意编程、创客竞赛的辅导，找丽莎老师！欢迎添加微信号：，或搜索微信公众号丽莎老师讲机器人之IBM发布全球首个独立商用量子计算机。在2019 CES上，IBM宣布推出IBM Q System One，该系统是世界上首个专为科学和商业用途设计的集成通用近似量子计算系统。此外，IBM还计划于2019年在纽约开设首个IBM Q 量子计算中心。IBM Q系统的目标是解决当前经典系统无法处理的被认为是过于复杂的问题，帮助开发者构建量子计算机与常规架构计算机之间的接口。量子计算的未来应用包括寻找新的方法模拟金融数据，隔离关键的风险因素以进行更好的投资，或者找到跨系统的最佳路径，以实现超高效的物流和优化交付的运营。IBM Q的用途IBM Q由IBM科学家，系统工程师和工业设计师设计，具有精密，模块化和紧凑的设计，在稳定性、可靠性方面进行了优化。IBM Q使通用近似超导量子计算机能够走出实验室，这可能是有史以来第一次。就像经典计算机将多个组件组合成一个优化的协同集成架构一样，IBM正在使用第一个集成的通用量子计算系统将相同的方法应用于量子计算。 IBM Q由许多自定义组件组成，这些组件协同工作，可用作最先进的基于云的量子计算程序，包括：量子硬件设计稳定，自动校准，可提供可重复且可预测的高质量量子比特;低温管理，提供连续冷和孤立的量子环境;紧凑型高精度电子元件，可严格控制大量量子比特;量子固件，用于管理系统运行状况并启用系统升级，无需用户停机;经典计算，提供安全的云访问和量子算法的混合执行。IBM Q 如何设计？IBM组建了世界一流的工业设计师、架构师和制造团队，与IBM Research科学家和系统工程师一起设计IBM Q，具体包括英国工业和室内设计工作室Map Project Office和Universal Design Studio，以及Goppion。IBM与这些合作者共同设计了第一个量子系统，将数千个组件整合到一个专为商业用途而构建的玻璃气密环境中，这是商用量子计算机发展的一个里程碑。IBM Q旨在解决量子计算最具挑战性问题之一：持续保持用于执行量子计算的量子位的质量。量子比特强大但又脆弱，通常在100微秒内（对于最先进的超导量子比特）就会失去其特殊的量子特性，部分原因在于互连机械的振动，温度波动和电磁波的环境噪声。防止这种干扰是量子计算机及其组件需要考虑的问题。IBM Q的设计包括一个外形尺寸高2.74米（9英寸），宽2.74米（9英寸），厚1.27厘米（半英寸）的硼硅酸盐玻璃外壳，形成一个密封外壳，可以使用“旋转平移”毫不费力地打开，通过电机驱动，旋转两个移位轴的设计用于简化系统的维护和升级过程，同时最大限度地减少停机时间，这也是IBM Q适用于可靠商业用途的一个创新。另外，还有一系列独立的铝和钢统一框架，也有解耦系统的低温恒温器，控制电子设备和外壳，有助于避免潜在的振动干扰，导致“相位抖动”和量子比特退相干。IBM Q量子计算中心IBM将与今年晚些时候在纽约Poughkeepsie开设的IBM Q Quantum计算中心扩展IBM Q Network商业量子计算计划，这个计划已包括位于纽约约克镇的Thomas J. Watson研究中心的系统。新中心将容纳部分世界上最先进的基于云的量子计算系统，IBM Q Network的成员可以访问这些系统，这是一个由全球财富500公司、初创公司、学术机构和国家研究实验室组成的全球社区。IBM Poughkeepsie在计算领域的历史可以追溯到20世纪50年代，IBM的第一批商用计算机IBM 700系列，还有20世纪60年代的IBM System / 360，通过改变企业对计算机的看法，彻底改变了世界。现在，IBM Poughkeepsie定位为世界上为数不多具备量子计算能力的计算中心。“IBM Q System One是量子计算商业化的重要一步，”混合云高级副总裁兼IBM研发总监Arvind Krishna表示。“当我们致力于开发商业和科学的实用量子应用时，这个新系统对扩展量子计算走出研究实验室研究至关重要。”新系统标志着IBM Q的下一次发展，IBM表示这是业界首次通过基于云的IBM Q体验将人们带入可编程通用量子计算，以及商业和科学应用的商业IBM Q Network平台。雷锋网了解，自2016年5月，公开免费的IBM Q Experience一直在运营，已经拥有超过十万名用户，他们已经进行了超过670万次实验并发布了130多份第三方研究论文。IBM Q Network包括最近新增的阿贡国家实验室，欧洲核子研究中心，埃克森美孚，费米实验室和劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室。BATH的量子计算进展在国外，谷歌和英特尔也积极研究量子计算，当然国内的科技巨头们也不甘落后。2015年阿里就开始布局量子计算，与中科院成立联合实验室，开展量子信息科学领域的前瞻性研究。去年5月，达摩院量子实验室推出世界最强量子模拟器“太章”。“2018云栖大会上，达摩院宣布着手超导量子芯片和量子计算系统的研发，使阿里巴巴成为继IBM、微软、谷歌和英特尔之后，全球第五家启动量子硬件研发项目的大型科技企业。腾讯在2017年12月的TSAIC大会上，香港中文大学计算机系任副教授张胜誉正式以腾讯量子实验室负责人、杰出科学家的身份现身并发表演讲，这也是腾讯量子实验室的首度对外亮相。2018年3月，百度宣布成立量子计算研究所，开展量子计算软件和信息技术应用业务研究，百度计划在五年内组建世界一流的量子计算研究所，并逐步将量子计算融入到业务中。华为也在2018年华为全联接大会期间正式发布量子计算模拟器HiQ云服务平台，包括量子计算模拟云服务以及量子编程框架。

Which operating system is the best? Which programming language is the best? What text editor? Bryan Cantrill, CTO of Joyent says that is the wrong question. Languages, operating systems and communities have to make trade offs and they do that based on their values. So the right language is the one who's values align with you and your projects goals. This simple idea carries a lot of weight and I think has the potential to lift up technical discussions to a higher level of discourse. You will find it to be a helpful frame next time you need to make a technical decision. Bryan is also pretty excited about how the values of the rust community align with his values for system software. Also we cover Oberon, Clean and Simula 4, none of which I've never heard of and how IBM System/370 's Global Trace Facility doesn't hold a candle to Dtrace. Webpage for this episode Show Links: Software Values Slides The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System Microsoft should buy github All Bryan's Talks Slack Channel for Site

gVisorというLinux向けサンドボックスがオープンソース化されました。gVisorの構成は、ぬるぽへさんが作成していたNoahとかなりよく似ています。そこで、ぬるぽへさんからNoahの経験をもとにgVisorの話を伺いました。出演者: ぬるぽへ (@nullpo_head)、Rui Ueyama (@rui314) https://turingcomplete.fm/22 ハッシュタグは#tcfmです。 TCFMはサポーターの投げ銭によって収益を上げています。このコンテンツに課金してもいいよという方はぜひクリエイター支援サイトPatreonから登録してご協力ください。 イントロ (0:00) NoahはLinux互換環境を提供する薄いVM環境 (1:38) NoahでもgVisorでもないサンドボックス環境の例 (2:40) Noahをサンドボックスにするアイデアはあった (4:51) gVisorはGoogleのクラウドで数年間使われている実績のあるもの (5:37) gVisorがlldでリンクできなかった問題 (6:36) -mcmodel={medium,large} (7:05) gVisorがうっかりlibcをリンクしていた (9:24) gVisorはNoahに似ている (11:53) gVisorは複数プロセスを持つことができる (12:55) gVisorはLinuxカーネルをGoで実装したもの (15:16) gVisorはTCP/IPプロトコルスタックを自前で実装 (19:54) TCP/IPはなぜカーネルに実装されているのか (26:52) Go Genericsパッケージ (28:28) C11の型でディスパッチするマクロ (30:02) C言語の正しいgoto文の使い方 (32:12) C言語にテンプレートを入れてほしい (34:15) コンテナはサンドボックスなのか (37:34) 起動の速いVMの研究 (40:32) プロセスイメージのダンプ・アンダンプをgVisor/Noahでできないか (41:54) ダンプ・アンダンプはLispの伝統的テクニック (45:45) gVisorはptraceも実装 (51:51) VDSO (53:58) ソフトウェアでVMを実装するほうがハードウェアより速いことがよくある (56:56) Intel EPT (nested pages)は性能上のメリットがある (1:00:42) Shadow page table (1:02:55) スタンフォードのコンピュータサイエンスの古典の論文を読む授業 (1:07:10) IBM System/360とパーソナルコンピュータ (1:09:43) NFS v1の論文 (1:13:23) 因果律を満たす限り非同期に書き込む同期ファイルシステムの研究 (1:14:57) 投機的ファイル読み込みとプロセス状態のロールバックを行うカーネルの研究 (1:21:21) Ken Thompsonがコンパイラに埋め込んだハック (1:26:09) ビルド環境では再現可能性が重要 (1:32:54) エンディング (1:35:54) gVisor Noah lld Understanding the x64 code models My VM is Lighter (and Safer) than your Container (PDF) CRIU — プロセスのチェックポインティングを行うツール CS240（Stanfordの授業） NFSの論文 (PDF) VMwareによるソフトウェアとハードウェアの仮想マシン実装の比較の論文 (PDF) Rethink the sync（因果律を満たすファイルシステムの実装の論文） (PDF) Reflections on Trusting Trust （Ken Thompsonのチューリング賞授賞式で発表した内容のペーパー） (PDF)

Return on Investment Analysis per Land Deal (LA 721) Transcript: Steven Butala:                   Steve and Jill here. Jill DeWit:                            Hi. Steven Butala:                   Welcome to the Land Academy Show. Entertaining land investment talk, we hope. I'm Steven Jack Butala. Jill DeWit:                            Are you alluding to the show? And I'm Jill DeWit, broadcasting from sunny Southern California. Steven Butala:                   Today, Jill and I talk about return on investment analysis, per land deal. Jill, could it be anymore- Jill DeWit:                            What the heck? Steven Butala:                   ... boring for you, today? Jill DeWit:                            What were you thinking when you came up with this title. Steven Butala:                   This is stuff that we need to know. Jill DeWit:                            Wow. Steven Butala:                   This is stuff that we need to talk about, and that's why you're here, to lighten this whole thing up. Jill DeWit:                            ROI analysis. Oh, this is going to be fun. I'm excited. Do I really have to be here? Can I just go? Steven Butala:                   We can shorten the show. Here's the spoiler alert. When you sell land, you double it, you double your money. So, you buy it for four grand, you sell it for eight. That's 100% ROI ... That's my knob. Jill DeWit:                            Oh, sorry. Steven Butala:                   I know. I actually changed it up on you. Jill DeWit:                            Oh, you did? Okay, thank you. Steven Butala:                   She just turned it up so loud that I can't even hear myself talk. Jill DeWit:                            I am so sorry. Anything's better than this show ... Just kidding. Steven Butala:                   I'm old and hearing loss has set in, quite honestly. Jill DeWit:                            I'm sorry. Steven Butala:                   Spoiler alert, you get 100% return, and we almost ... The challenge is to keep it at 100, instead of making it 200, but we'll talk about that in a minute. Jill DeWit:                            Cool. Steven Butala:                   Before we get into it, let's take a question posted by one of our members on the landacademy.com online community. It's free. Jill DeWit:                            Okay. Jay asks, "I've been coming across some counties which are starting to not share the owner name on their assessor, or appraisal, district website for privacy." Steven Butala:                   California? Jill DeWit:                            Hilarious. Steven Butala:                   I come across the same thing. Jill DeWit:                            This is awesome. "If this trend continues, will that make getting data, to mail these counties, more difficult in the future?" Steven Butala:                   No. Jill DeWit:                            Nope. "Just curious if others are seeing this trend of hiding owner names in other counties, and if there are any consequences for us as land investors? Thanks." Steven Butala:                   No. This is a great question, Jay. It's right up my alley, because as we all know, data's my thing, and I had the same concern because Kern in San Bernardino, who apparently have the same IT department, or similar people, decided about a year, or two years ago, to stop sharing the name. But, by the way, the law requires that this is public information, but the law doesn't say make it hard or make it easy. Jill DeWit:                            Right. Steven Butala:                   There are some counties in Arizona, not anymore, but it used to be, I had to drive up there, I don't even know if Jill knows this, this is before Jill's time. Drive up there, sit at a IBM System 36 terminal- Jill DeWit:                            I remember you telling me.

Return on Investment Analysis per Land Deal (LA 721) Transcript: Steven Butala:                   Steve and Jill here. Jill DeWit:                            Hi. Steven Butala:                   Welcome to the Land Academy Show. Entertaining land investment talk, we hope. I'm Steven Jack Butala. Jill DeWit:                            Are you alluding to the show? And I'm Jill DeWit, broadcasting from sunny Southern California. Steven Butala:                   Today, Jill and I talk about return on investment analysis, per land deal. Jill, could it be anymore- Jill DeWit:                            What the heck? Steven Butala:                   ... boring for you, today? Jill DeWit:                            What were you thinking when you came up with this title. Steven Butala:                   This is stuff that we need to know. Jill DeWit:                            Wow. Steven Butala:                   This is stuff that we need to talk about, and that's why you're here, to lighten this whole thing up. Jill DeWit:                            ROI analysis. Oh, this is going to be fun. I'm excited. Do I really have to be here? Can I just go? Steven Butala:                   We can shorten the show. Here's the spoiler alert. When you sell land, you double it, you double your money. So, you buy it for four grand, you sell it for eight. That's 100% ROI ... That's my knob. Jill DeWit:                            Oh, sorry. Steven Butala:                   I know. I actually changed it up on you. Jill DeWit:                            Oh, you did? Okay, thank you. Steven Butala:                   She just turned it up so loud that I can't even hear myself talk. Jill DeWit:                            I am so sorry. Anything's better than this show ... Just kidding. Steven Butala:                   I'm old and hearing loss has set in, quite honestly. Jill DeWit:                            I'm sorry. Steven Butala:                   Spoiler alert, you get 100% return, and we almost ... The challenge is to keep it at 100, instead of making it 200, but we'll talk about that in a minute. Jill DeWit:                            Cool. Steven Butala:                   Before we get into it, let's take a question posted by one of our members on the landacademy.com online community. It's free. Jill DeWit:                            Okay. Jay asks, "I've been coming across some counties which are starting to not share the owner name on their assessor, or appraisal, district website for privacy." Steven Butala:                   California? Jill DeWit:                            Hilarious. Steven Butala:                   I come across the same thing. Jill DeWit:                            This is awesome. "If this trend continues, will that make getting data, to mail these counties, more difficult in the future?" Steven Butala:                   No. Jill DeWit:                            Nope. "Just curious if others are seeing this trend of hiding owner names in other counties, and if there are any consequences for us as land investors? Thanks." Steven Butala:                   No. This is a great question, Jay. It's right up my alley, because as we all know, data's my thing, and I had the same concern because Kern in San Bernardino, who apparently have the same IT department, or similar people, decided about a year, or two years ago, to stop sharing the name. But, by the way, the law requires that this is public information, but the law doesn't say make it hard or make it easy. Jill DeWit:                            Right. Steven Butala:                   There are some counties in Arizona, not anymore, but it used to be, I had to drive up there, I don't even know if Jill knows this, this is before Jill's time. Drive up there, sit at a IBM System 36 terminal- Jill DeWit:                            I remember you telling me.

The pace of technological advancements is changing the role of a graphic designer. Today I consider what that means. Music and links from this episode Phase Three by Fatal Injection The Path by Syntactic The Army Of You by Soft and Furious Ride Home by Sro Line-by-line notes INTRO Technology is amazing The IBM System/360 A […] The post https://www.askadesigneranything.com/ep93/ (The graphic designer is dead) appeared first on https://www.askadesigneranything.com (AADA - A musical journey through design and creativity).

Chris Byrne, Intern at Atari Ireland   Chris Byrne was an intern at Atari Ireland in 1982, where he programmed a quality lot tracking system on the Atari 800, and on the IBM System/38.   This interview took place on March 20, 2017.

Jocke sorterar sina USB-stickor. Vi snackar inte Blockstack. Fredrik levererar veckans filmtips, Arrival, och bitar av filmens inledning avslöjas. Jockes vidare äventyr i Volvoland och en kort uppdatering om nästa Datormagazin retro. Ni som har familj och lyssnar på podd hemma utan att helt skärma av er: hur gör ni? Elektroniklador och deras problem dras upp i samband med nyheten att Media markt ska dra sig ur Sverige. Det blir också stordatorsnack med Youtubetips och sedan ett gäng andra stora datorer.  Vi snackar fortfarande inte Blockstack. Automatisering av både servrar och det egna skrivbordet. Utan Blockstack. Avslutningsvis ett dokumentärtips. Var så god och skölj. Veckans lilla lyssnartävling: från vilket spel kommer musiken i slutet av avsnittet? Först rätta inskickade svaret via e-post vinner ett Amigaspel! Länkar Den makalösa – avsnittet om Arrival finns ute nu Arrival Independence day Närkontakt av tredje graden Story of your life – novellen Arrival baseras på Hanveden Do by Friday – även denna veckas poddrekommendation Roderick on the line Reconcilable differences Back to work Eldstadsbrus Sony MDR–100 ABN – lurarna Fredrik köpte (relativt) billigt Blockstack Connor Krukosky köpte ett ton IBM-stordator och gjorde en klockren presentation IBM z890 MicroVAX DEC Alpha OpenVMS Unix AIX Om operativsystem var flygbolag Årsta partihallar Backupcentralen ISDN Ansible Chef SCP – Secure copy HA-system Automatisering på macOS (och IOS) lever än Applescript Sal Soghoian Better call Saul Fredriks “Öppna dagens textfil”-skript Drafts Safari-flikar till Markdown O.J.: made in America. Låååååång dokumentärserie på SVT play. Kickstarter för Twitteriffic på macOS Fria ligans senaste Kickstarter – Maskinarium på engelska Två nördar - en podcast. Fredrik Björeman och Joacim Melin diskuterar allt som gör livet värt att leva. Fullständig avsnittsinformation finns här: https://www.bjoremanmelin.se/podcast/avsnitt-66-volvon-funkar-och-stolpen-star-kvar.html.

"So… Three things: A widescreen iPod with touch controls. A revolutionary mobile phone. And a breakthrough internet communications device. An iPod… a phone… and an internet communicator… An iPod, a phone… are you getting it? These are not three separate devices. This is one device! And we are calling it iPhone.”- Steve Jobs, January 9, 2007Those words have become so famous in the history of technology that I imagine a large percentage of listeners have them memorized. Ten years ago this Monday, January 9, Steve Jobs stood on stage and announced the iPhone to the world. It was the crowning achievement in the career of the greatest technologist of our time, the moment that the modern era of computing began.On the ten year anniversary of the birth of the iPhone, this is the story of that moment and the history of that device which can take a rightful place alongside the original Macintosh, the first IBM PC, the Apple I, the Altair 8800, the DEC PDP-8, the IBM System/360 and the ENIAC as one of most important machines to have brought computing into everyday life. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Sobre o episódio Este é o episódio 41 do Retrocomputaria e, com um convidado que não é conhecido no prédio dele, falamos do início do IBM PC. Nesta parte do episódio A partir das investigações antitruste dos anos 50, passamos pelas experiências dos anos 70 e o IBM System/23 (Datamaster), até o Dirty Dozen e … Continue lendo Episódio 41 – IBM PC: o início – Parte A →

Visit This Week on developerWorks at: http://ibm.com/developerworks/thisweek Links to articles mentioned on this episode are at: https://ibm.biz/twodw20140320

This episode was recorded 17 May 2013 live and in person at Omni's lovely offices overlooking Lake Union in Seattle. You can download the m4a file or subscribe in iTunes. (Or subscribe to the podcast feed.) Tim Wood, CTO of The Omni Group, talks about how Omni got started and what it was like being a NeXT developer before the acquisition. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace. Easily create beautiful websites via drag-and-drop. Get help any time from their 24/7 technical support. Create responsive websites — ready for phones and tablets — without any extra effort: Squarespace's designers have already handled it for you. Get 10% off by going to http://squarespace.com/therecord. And, if you want to get under the hood, check out their APIs at developers.squarespace.com. This episode is also sponsored by Microsoft Azure Mobile Services. Mobile Services is a great way to provide backend services — syncing and other things — for your iPhone, iPad, and Mac apps. If you've been to the website already, you've seen the tutorials where you input code into a browser window. And that's an easy way to get started. But don't be fooled: Mobile Services is deep. You can write in your favorite text editor and deploy via Git. Regular-old Git, not Git#++. Git. Things we mention, in order of appearance (more or less): Atari 800 BASIC Tacoma, WA Commodore Apple II 6502 Assembler Atari ST Compute! Magazine Burroughs Mainframes Radio Shack NeXT Mac University of Washington H19 Terminal Fortran Mathematica LaTeX Java Ada Boeing Department of Defense VMS IBM 360 Objective-C AppKit Interface Builder Project Builder Makefiles Read-write Optical drives Wil Shipley Ken Case Greg Titus Tom Bunch Massively multiplayer games Minecraft MOOs MUSHes CompuServe Ultima Online William Morris Agency McCaw Cellular 1992 Framemaker Adobe Lighthouse Design Diagram! OmniGraffle 1994 www.app OmniWeb Blink tag Rocky & Bullwinkle Rhapsody Hewlett Packard Sun OpenStep Solaris Windows NT Be Jean-Louis Gasée Enterprise Objects Framework Core Data Avie Tevanian Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Craig Federighi Appletalk Yellow Box HP-UX Andrew Stone Doom Id Software Wil's mail OpenGL John Carmack DirectX OmniOutliner Comic Life NCSA GCD Blocks Functional programming Mac Pro Go Rust Race conditions OmniPresence Own the Wheel iCloud Core Data Syncing Rich Siegel Yojimbo Sync Services

Erin talks to Claudius Banani about how he has been successful selling SUSE Linux for IBM’s System z

Linda Grigoleit, IBM Power Systems marketing, and Kent Milligan, a senior IT specialist from IBM Lab Services and Training, join me to talk about a new topic area on developerWorks for IBM System i. We touch on what IBM i is and the content categories in the new zone, including an IBM i overview, a technical Library, forums, technical updates, tools and downloads, and related event information.

Erin Quill and Tom Crabb discuss IBM System x and SUSE Linux Discussion with Pat Byers and Monte Knudsen from IBM.

From the Open Audio Booth at BrainShare 2010, The Novell Open Audio Team sits down with Mike Friesenegger, Novell Pre-Sales Engineer, part of the Data Center team focusing on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for System z, and Richard Lewis from IBM’s Advanced Technical Skills Organization, to give a technical overview of IBM System z.

IBM Rational software recently announced new releases for the COBOL, PL/I, and C/C++ compilers for IBM System z. Hear from Roland Koo, Product manager for the Rational compilers, how you can further lower your total cost of ownership and gain higher return on IT investments.

Tom Rosamilia, General Manager, IBM System Z on the role of System Z in supporting information on demand and cloud computing.

Protecting computer from malicious guests, installing a desktop PC power supply, upgrading Blackberry Storm OS, Profiles in IT (Frederick Phillips Brooks, father of the IBM System 360 and author of the The Mythical Man Month), Congressional security breach embarrasses Ethics Committee (file was shared inadvertently by Gnutella peer-to-peer file sharing client, staffer fired), Internet celebrates 40th anniversary (first message went 400 miles between UCLA and SRI, first three letters were LOG, network designed to share computer power between research labs), ICANN will permit non-Latin characters in domain names after 16 November, and Blooms cognitive taxonomy (anatomy of learning, six levels, remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating). This show originally aired on Saturday, October 31, 2009, at 9:00 AM EST on WFED (1500 AM).

Protecting computer from malicious guests, installing a desktop PC power supply, upgrading Blackberry Storm OS, Profiles in IT (Frederick Phillips Brooks, father of the IBM System 360 and author of the The Mythical Man Month), Congressional security breach embarrasses Ethics Committee (file was shared inadvertently by Gnutella peer-to-peer file sharing client, staffer fired), Internet celebrates 40th anniversary (first message went 400 miles between UCLA and SRI, first three letters were LOG, network designed to share computer power between research labs), ICANN will permit non-Latin characters in domain names after 16 November, and Blooms cognitive taxonomy (anatomy of learning, six levels, remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating). This show originally aired on Saturday, October 31, 2009, at 9:00 AM EST on WFED (1500 AM).

IBM's Sera Lewis talks about a new sandbox for asset modernization that provides hands-on walkthroughs of common real-world scenarios, including enterprise application discovery, transformation, and reuse of mainframe assets. The scenarios provide examples of how to modernize applications running on the IBM System z™ platform.

Dermot Flaherty talks about one of the ways to connect core applications hosted on IBM System z (CICS applications, for example), to other distributed applications. He also explores why many organizations are under increasing pressure to do this, and he discusses one solution: IBM WebSphere® MQ for z/OS.

When you get to the point where you really understand your computer, it's probably obsolete.Welcome to Show 093!  This week's topic: The IBM System/360! Direct link to the Retrobits Podcast Forum (until the URL is repaired)...Check out what's happening at KansasFest, and all the other great stuff, at the A2Central.com portal!A very interesting piece of history - an article describing the design motivations behind one of the most successful computer architectures ever - the System/360.  (PDF format...)Want to convert from your old system to the System/360?  Of course you do!  And this IBM color flip book from the 1960s will show you how...link courtesy of the Computer History Museum (PDF format...)Why did some mainframes use a 36-bit word length?  Wikipedia will tell you!Want to emulate a mainframe on your PC?  No, I'm not kidding.  Have a look at Hercules...If you want to be in the System/360 "in crowd", you're going to need a IBM System/360 reference card (a.k.a. the "green card")!Want to just read about the IBM System/360?  Here's the Wikipedia page, and here's a history page with other info... Be sure to send any comments, questions or feedback to retrobits@gmail.com. For online discussions on Retrobits Podcast topics, check out the Retrobits Podcast forum on the PETSCII Forums page! Our Theme Song is "Sweet" from the "Re-Think" album by Galigan. Thanks for listening! - Earl This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 License.