Podcast appearances and mentions of Thomas Hale

This summer bonus episode is a replay of episode 2, where I explore why you might want to end breastfeeding/chest feeding. I discuss the misleading advice that some parents receive, the societal pressures, and the guilt that you may be feeling, but also the autonomy that you can have to make this decision for yourself and your family.I'm taking a break over the summer holidays, and replaying a few of my most popular episodes. I'll be back with a brand new episode on 3rd September 2024.My new book, ‘Supporting the Transition from Breastfeeding: a Guide to Weaning for Professionals, Supporters and Parents', is out now.You can get 10% off the book at the Jessica Kingsley press website, that's uk.jkp.com using the code MMPE10 at checkout.Follow me on Twitter @MakesMilk and on Instagram  @emmapickettibclc or find out more on my website www.emmapickettbreastfeedingsupport.comResources mentioned in this episode -Online -@Feedeatspeak (Stacy Zimmels on Instagram)Nourishing the Mother podcast – Bridget Wood and Julie Tenner Drugs in Breastmilk Service in the UK (https://www.breastfeedingnetwork.org.uk/detailed-information/drugs-in-breastmilk/). Other services available include the Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) and the InfantRisk center led by Dr Thomas Hale.Books - Adventures in Tandem Nursing – Hilary FlowerTaking charge of your fertility – Toni WeschlerWhy breastfeeding grief and trauma matter – Amy BrownThe book you wish your parents had read (and your children will be glad that you did) – Philippa PerryArticles - Articles on breastfeeding and sub-fertility – Carol Smyth IBCLCPosition Statement on the Shared Caregiving of the Breastfed Child – Breastfeeding for doctorsThis podcast is presented by Emma Pickett IBCLC, and produced by Emily Crosby Media.

Thomas Hale – Long problems: Climate Change and the challenge of governing across time…with TRE's Giles Brown

 It's an odd world. Many of our most pressing political problems, particularly global warming, are long term, and yet we are still confined to the here-and-now of national politics to determine policy. This is the issue that Thomas Hale, an Oxford Professor of Public Policy, addresses in his interesting new book, LONG PROBLEMS: Climate Change and the Challenge of Governing across Time. For the self-styled “transnationalist” Hale, long problems like climate change are best addressed not just by international organizations like the United Nations, but also by new local political initiatives like citizen assemblies. He may well be right. But Hale's long-term transnationalism is a hard political sell in our short-term nationalist age of Trump, Modi and Le Pen. Thomas Hale is a professor in public policy at the University of Oxford Blavatnik School of Government. Hale's research explores how we can manage transnational problems effectively and fairly. He seeks to explain how political institutions evolve–or not–to face the challenges raised by globalization and interdependence, with a particular emphasis on environmental, economic, and health issues. He holds a Ph.D. in Politics from Princeton University, a master's degree in Global Politics from the London School of Economics, and an AB in public policy from Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School. A U.S. national, Hale has studied and worked in Argentina, China, and Europe. Hale leads the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting KEEN ON, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy show. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit keenon.substack.com/subscribe

Thomas Hale is Professor in Public Policy (Global Public Policy) at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford. He also co-leads the Net Zero Tracker and the Net Zero Regulation and Policy Hub. His research explores how we can manage transnational problems effectively and fairly. In this conversation, Professor Hale talks with Francesco Pisano, Director of the UN Library & Archives Geneva, about his new book: Long Problems: Climate Change and the Challenge of Governing Across Time. The book offers a fresh perspective on addressing climate change through the lens of political science. They explore the challenge of long problems and Thomas Hale argues that political science must play a crucial role, alongside natural sciences, in finding solutions to existential threats like climate change through new frameworks for long-term policymaking. Resources: https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/people/thomas-hale Hale, T. (2024) Long Problems: Climate Change and the Challenge of Governing Across Time. Princeton University Press. Long Problems | Princeton University Press Where to listen to this episode  Apple podcasts:  https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-next-page/id1469021154 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/10fp8ROoVdve0el88KyFLy YouTube: Content    Guest: Professor Thomas Hale Host: Francesco Pisano Producer and editor: Amy Smith Recorded & produced at the United Nations Library & Archives Geneva 

Maisie Adam tells the shocking story of jealousy, deceit and a brutal attack on a Paris Saint-Germain player that turned team-mates into the bitterest enemies.Its a story that has gripped the French public since the arrest of PSG star Aminata Diallo in November 2021, suspected of ordering an attack on her team-mate and previously good friend, Kheira Hamraoui.The accusation was Diallo wanted Hamraoui's place in the PSG starting line-up and so instructed a group of masked men to intercept the two players on a car journey home together and then assault Hamraoui, targetting her legs. And this is exactly how events played out. Police investigations following the attack initially led them to Diallo's door although with too little evidence to charge her Diallo was released, presumed innocent. Instead the spotlight turned on the victim Hamraoui. Intimate details of her private life became public knowledge, including an affair with a married man who just happened to be a French football superstar. Diallo returned to play alongside Hamraoui back at PSG – and at this point life became hell for Hamraoui. Team-mates, opponents and even her own fans, acting in sympathy with Diallo, targeted her with vicious verbal abuse. It seemed everyone was against Hamraoui, including a controversial football agent, who would be accused of putting pressure on PSG to sell Hamraoui, and whose presence at training the player found intimidating. The PSG coach found himself caught up in the fall-out too, taking phone calls urging him to drop Hamraoui, and also receiving thinly-veiled threats if he didn't. He would end up in a fight to clear his name from terrible accusations. Then in September 2022, almost out of the blue, Daillo was re-arrested and this time the public prosecutor charged her. Statements from the men who carried out the attack identifying her as the mastermind along with months of secret phone surveillance convinced the police she was guilty. But is she?With the case still to come to trial this podcast presents the evidence and hears the opinions from those closest to the case, and those who think she's innocent, and those who think she's guilty. So you can decide for yourself.... Narrator Maisie Adam Interviews: Charlotte Harpur and Tom Williams Voices for interviewees performed by: Janine George, Chyna Johnson, Tom Roberts and Colin Ryan. Voice Artist audio recording: Thomas Hale at the Voiceover Gallery Translation for the Aminatta Diallo interview: Laura Bennett Script Consultant: Dave Bowler Researchers: Rob Carroll, John Harrison and Janet Hughes Assistant Producer: Jennifer Hanratty-Ball Editor: Kevin Hinde Assistant Commissioner for the BBC: Lizzi Doyle Commissioning Executive: Stevie Middleton Executive Producer: Craig South Writer and Producer: Jonathan SidesA PDI Media production for BBC Sounds and BBC Radio 5 Live

In this episode, we explore why you might want to end breastfeeding/chest feeding. I discuss the misleading advice that some parents receive, the societal pressures, and the guilt that you may be feeling, but also the autonomy that you can have to make this decision for yourself and your family.Find out more about the benefits of breastfeeding and chest feeding in my book Supporting Breastfeeding Past the First Six Months and Beyond: A Guide for Professionals and ParentsFollow me on Twitter @MakesMilk and on Instagram  @emmapickettibclc or find out more on my website www.emmapickettbreastfeedingsupport.comResources mentioned in this episode -Online -@Feedeatspeak (Stacy Zimmels on Instagram)Nourishing the Mother podcast – Bridget Wood and Julie Tenner Drugs in Breastmilk Service in the UK Other services available include the Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) and the InfantRisk center led by Dr Thomas Hale.Books - Adventures in Tandem Nursing – Hilary FlowerTaking charge of your fertility – Toni WeschlerWhy breastfeeding grief and trauma matter – Amy BrownThe book you wish your parents had read (and your children will be glad that you did) – Philippa PerryArticles - Articles on breastfeeding and sub-fertility – Carol Smyth IBCLCPosition Statement on the Shared Caregiving of the Breastfed Child – Breastfeeding for doctorsThis podcast is presented by Emma Pickett IBCLC, and produced by Emily Crosby Media.

Thames Water's biggest investor slashed the value of its stake last year, Ford's steep price cut for its electric pick-up truck rattled shareholders and BlackRock will offer retail investors more of a voice in its biggest exchange traded fund. Plus, the FT's Thomas Hale unpacks what's ailing China's economy. Mentioned in this podcast:Thames Water's biggest investor cut value of its stake by 28%Does Xi Jinping need a plan B for China's economy?Ford shares sink after steep price cuts for electric pick-up truckBlackRock offers a vote to retail investors in its biggest ETFBlackRock: investor votes are no revolution in shareholder democracyThe FT News Briefing is produced by Fiona Symon, Sonja Hutson and Marc Filippino. Additional help from Monica Lopez, Katie McMurran, Peter Barber, Michael Lello, David da Silva and Gavin Kallmann. Topher Forhecz is the FT's executive producer. The FT's global head of audio is Cheryl Brumley. The show's theme song is by Metaphor Music. Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Join us for season 3 of A Rock & A Hard Place! Dr. Adam Simon joins Thomas Hale to speak about the current challenges of labor shortages in the mining sector and the importance of educating new generations about the essential role mining plays in society. Dr. Adam also speaks about one of his personal passions, the history of mining and how it shaped the future of the industry. 

As you embark on the incredible (and sometimes daunting) journey of nursing your baby, you'll get a lot of conflicting advice. You'll also find that different sources will often give you completely different information.For example, when it comes to taking medication or undergoing a routine medical procedure, parents are regularly told by medical professionals that they should stop breastfeeding or ‘pump and dump', even when the research doesn't always indicate that this is necessary.There are a lot of misconceptions out there about nursing and medication, and it can sometimes be difficult to separate fact from fiction. This is why we are discussing this important topic in today's episode of The Milk Making Minutes!Tune in as we share reliable resources, best practices, and comprehensive details about drug classifications to help you weigh up the risks.We hope you'll take this information into account and share it with your medical professionals to help educate them as you make the decision that is best for you and your baby!Topics discussed in this episode: Resources that the InfantRisk Center offers parents Using the LactMed Database to determine if a medication is safe A look at Dr. Thomas Hale's drug classification system 5 ways that researchers make these classifications Making decisions based on facts, not fear!Resources Mentioned:InfantRisk Center ResourcesHale's Medications & Mothers' MilkInfantRisk ‘Warmline': 1(806) 352-2519Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)Head to Apple Podcasts or Spotify for more episodes!Join The Milk Making Minutes Facebook Group to talk about the structural barriers that make breastfeeding so difficult and work together to chip away at each one.To get individualized lactation support from me, Lo, go here.To buy books about pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, and parenting, and to support the show while doing it, go to my bookshop!

Don't miss part TWO of our interview with Thomas Hale! Thomas begins the episode by discussing his recent trip to Ukraine and the people and experiences he encountered. At the end of this episode, he also shares a tip he puts into practice each year that has resulted in personal and professional success. 

If the carbon offset market is falling short, how do we fix it? Listen to Jason Mitchell discuss with Professor Thomas Hale, Oxford University, about what's at stake in net zero commitments, how to think about potential policy solutions and why it's vital that we work towards a more robust regulatory system to oversee carbon offsets markets. Find the full transcript of this episode and the latest responsible investment insights from Man Institute here: https://www.man.com/maninstitute/responsible-investment Biography Thomas Hale is a professor at the University of Oxford's Blavatnik School of Government. His research explores how we can manage transnational problems effectively and fairly, and to explain how political institutions evolve to face the challenges raised by globalisation and interdependence, with a particular emphasis on environmental, economic and health issues. He also leads the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. His books include Beyond Gridlock; Between Interests and Law: The Politics of Transnational Commercial Disputes; Transnational Climate Change Governance; and Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing when We Need It Most. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As net zero carbon targets become commonplace, strong governance will be needed to ensure climate benefits. --- This is the second episode in a three-part series exploring governance challenges surrounding the transition to clean energy. In recent years a flood of net zero emissions targets have been set by companies, municipalities, and countries around the world. In fact, over-two thirds of the global economy is now covered by net zero targets that aim to zero out greenhouse gas emissions and slow and ideally halt the process of climate change. Yet, while the quantity of net zero targets has multiplied, the quality of many of these targets is questionable. Many targets are voluntary and, too frequently, not subject to reliable oversight. At the same time, political realities can present steep hurdles to governments that might seek to establish robust, enforceable net zero targets at the national level. Thomas Hale, associate professor in global public policy at the University of Oxford discusses the need for strong governance structures to ensure that net zero targets deliver the carbon neutrality that they promise. Hale explores what, exactly, constitutes a robust net zero target, governance frameworks for credible and enforceable targets and the hurdles, political and otherwise, to achieving robust governance. Thomas Hale is an associate professor in global public policy at the University of Oxford and visiting scholar at the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy. His work focuses on the management of transnational problems, with a focus on environmental, economic and health issues. Related Content  Net-Zero Nevada: From Pledge to Action https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/net-zero-nevada-from-pledge-to-action/  Guidelines for Successful, Sustainable Nature-Based Solutions https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/research/publications/guidelines-for-successful-sustainable-nature-based-solutions/  For Solar Geoengineering, Daunting Policy Questions Await https://kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu/podcast/for-solar-geoengineering-daunting-policy-questions-await/  Energy Policy Now is produced by The Kleinman Center for Energy Policy at the University of Pennsylvania. For all things energy policy, visit kleinmanenergy.upenn.edu See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Our host Thomas Hale continues his discussion with Dr Sarah Carmichael, professor at the Department of Geological and Environmental Science at Appalachian State University. They cover the often unexpected political bipartisanship both for and against mining, the legal loopholes exploited by some irresponsible mine operators, and the need to engage with communities respectfully in areas with potential for mineral extraction.

Our host Thomas Hale is joined by Dr Sarah Carmichael, professor at the Department of Geological and Environmental Science at Appalachian State University. They discuss biological mineral formation, the untapped potential of microbiology in helping us fight climate change, and how to teach of students about the past, present and future of mining in Appalachia and beyond.Follow us on Twitter

 Steve LeVine, editor of EV battery publication The Electric, continues his conversation with our host Thomas Hale. They address the need to educate the next generation about critical mineral security, the effect of the Ukraine invasion on global supply chains and the challenges of NIMBYism about mining in the USA.Follow us on Twitter

This week, our host Thomas Hale is joined by Steve LeVine Editor of The Electric, which focuses on the pioneering developments in electric vehicle batteries. They discuss Steve's 18-year career as a foreign correspondent, the global race to mass produce electric cars, and the need to engage the public with the scientific challenges we face.

The lockdowns in Shanghai and Guangzhou are impacting more than the 46 million people directly affected. They've shut down production of everything from cars to smartphones, and crippled global shipping.

This week, our host Thomas Hale speaks to  Cameron Scadding, managing director of Perth-based Source Certain International, about their pioneering work. The discussion tackles issues around mineral supply chain integrity, security and transparency, as well as the growing importance of provenance verification in response to the increasing concerns of end-users about the origins of the products and materials they use.Follow us on Twitter

In the first part of this conversation, our host Thomas Hale talks to  Dr. Alex Speer about his journey into the world of minerals, the importance of minerology in our day-to-day lives, and the complex questions of selecting optimal mineral extraction techniques in different situations.It should be noted that this episode was recorded before the recent invasion of Ukraine. Follow us on Twitter: @RHP_Pod

In this episode we speak to Associate Professor Jeff Colgan about the existential politics of climate change, as well as the challenges related to the revaluation of climate-forcing and climate-vulnerable assets. The interview draws on the recent article ‘Asset Revaluation and the Existential Politics of Climate Change', which Jeff Colgan co-authored with Jessica Green and Thomas Hale. You can find the article here: bit.ly/Colgan1 Jeff Colgan is the Richard Holbrooke Associate Professor of Political Science and International and Public Affairs at Brown University, where he is also the Director of the Climate Solutions Lab. He is a key expert on the international order, especially as related to energy and the environment. To find out more about his work, use this link: bit.ly/Colgan2Transcript: https://bit.ly/3xWPm4A

In part two of this episode, Thomas Hale and Anna Poberezhna discuss how technologies, such as blockchain and the digitisation of water, create 'true value' and encourage holistic sustainability in the green economy.Anna is Ukrainian and during this episode she makes reference to the events of 2014. It should be noted that this episode was recorded before the recent invasion of Ukraine. Follow us on Twitter: @RHP_Pod

In part 1 of this episode, our host Thomas Hale speaks to Anna Poberezhna, founder and CEO of Smart4Tech, about the challenges of sustainable mining and the nexus of minerals, water, and food. Anna discusses how companies can develop a cross-sector expertise to drive the innovation and courage needed to tackle new and existing challenges in the extractive sector. Anna is Ukrainian and during this episode she makes reference to the events of 2014. It should be noted that this episode was recorded before the recent invasion of Ukraine. Follow us on Twitter: @RHP_Pod

In Part 2, our host, Thomas Hale continues his conversation with Dr Anderson. This week the discussion moves on to universities, the courses they are having to offer to entice a new type of student and what options they have when they move into the world of work in mining. 

In part one of this three-part episode of A Rock and A Hard Place, our host Thomas Hale talks to Dr Corby Anderson of the Colorado School of Mines about the differing approaches to mineral security shown by the US and China. They explore why mining is a politically toxic issue, how it is more nuanced than is sometimes presented and how this impacts policy on critical metals and supply chain security. Dr Anderson speaks on the tension between a desire to transition to a green economy coupled with a reluctance to mine the necessary materials to secure it.

Dr Jon Kellar is a professor at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. During his 30-year career in education, Dr Kellar has had a remarkable impact on undergraduate studies of the minerals industry, creating programs that integrate mineral processing, extractive metallurgy and physical metallurgy. He joins our host Thomas Hale to discuss innovations in his field, the challenges of building reliable and responsible mineral supply chains, and how we can develop new strategies to meet growing global demands for key metals.

Read a transcript of this episode on FT.comhttps://www.ft.com/content/f448826b-f40b-49be-824d-5795493cee5fThe Big Four accounting firms have recorded their strongest financial performance since the collapse of Enron, and Apple is tolerating a loose interpretation of its new privacy rules allowing app developers to collect data from its 1bn iPhone users for targeted advertising. Plus, the FT's Beijing Bureau chief, Tom Mitchell, explains how the Chinese government might orchestrate the slow-motion collapse of indebted property developer Evergrande. Big Four post strongest performance since Enron as advisory business booms - with Michael O'Dwyerhttps://www.ft.com/content/95a0c80b-1262-42c3-ac5b-bb693e06d3c4Apple reaches quiet truce over iPhone privacy changes - with Patrick McGeehttps://www.ft.com/content/69396795-f6e1-4624-95d8-121e4e5d7839Beijing seeks to orchestrate slow-motion collapse for Evergrande - with Thomas Hale https://www.ft.com/content/21acda99-ee35-4f6d-8cfa-017d55e1bb10The FT News Briefing is produced by Fiona Symon and Marc Filippino. The show's editor is Jess Smith. Additional help by Peter Barber, Gavin Kallmann and Michael Bruning. The show's theme song is by Metaphor Music. The FT's global head of audio is Cheryl Brumley. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Tom Hale is BACK and here to announce the official Launch of the Net Zero Tracker! So yes - this week we have Associate Professor in Global Public Policy at Oxford University, Tom Hale, who joined us back in March of this year discussing the launch of a report “Taking Stock of commitments to Net Zero”. That report put a spotlight on the credibility of a wave of government and business net zero commitments at the time. He is now returning more triumphant than ever with a significant update - The launch of a publicly available Net Zero Tracker! It's a big deal. Our host, Paul Dickinson jumps in to ask, What the Hale IS the Net Zero Tracker? And how is it creating radical transparency that will lead to actually limiting global heating to 1.5C? In tandem with the Net Zero Tracker is a new release as well, The Net Zero Dashboard Codebook - Filled with terms to bring absolute clarity to Net Zero pledges, promises, and commitments...so what the Hale do all these terms mean? Stick around for our classic Lightning Round. The Race to Zero continues!   —   Christiana + Tom's book ‘The Future We Choose' is available now! Subscribe to our Climate Action Newsletter: Signals Amidst The Noise   —   Links Mentioned in the Show:   Net Zero Tracker UNEP Gap Report Oxford English Dictionary Climate Words Added NYT Visualization of Emissions Pre-Paris vs Current vs Pledged vs Necessary for 1.5C   —   Thank you to our guest this week!    Thomas Hale Associate Professor in Global Public Policy at Oxford University Twitter | Website   Blavatnik School of Government Twitter   Net Zero Tracker Twitter | Website   —   Race to Zero Twitter | LinkedIn   COP26 - UN Climate Change Conference Twitter | Instagram | LinkedIn   —   Keep up with Christiana Figueres here: Instagram | Twitter   Tom Rivett-Carnac: Instagram | Twitter | LinkedIn   Paul Dickinson is on LinkedIn! LinkedIn   —   Follow @GlobalOptimism on social media and send us a message! Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | LinkedIn   Don't forget to hit SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss another episode of Outrage + Optimism!

In part two of Climate Fight: the world's biggest negotiation, we're talking to experts about the grand goal of the negotiations: reaching net zero emissions by 2050. We explore what net zero means, and the technologies that will be needed to get the world there.Featuring Mercedes Maroto-Valer, assistant deputy principal for research & innovation and director of the Research Centre for Carbon Solutions at Heriot-Watt University, James Dyke, senior lecturer in global systems at the University of Exeter and Myles Allen, professor of geosystem science and director of Oxford Net Zero at the University of Oxford. Our producer Tiffany Cassidy also visits the Boundary Dam coal-fired power plant in Saskatchewan, Canada, to see carbon capture and storage technology in action.The Climate Fight podcast series is produced by Tiffany Cassidy. Sound design is by Eloise Stevens and our series theme tune is by Neeta Sarl. The series editor is Gemma Ware. You can sign up to The Conversation's free daily email here. A transcript of this episode is available here.Climate fight: the world's biggest negotiation is a podcast series supported by UK Research and Innovation, the UK's largest public funder of research and innovation.Further readingA global carbon removal industry is coming – experts explain the problems it must overcome, by Johanna Forster and Naomi Vaughan, University of East AngliaClimate crisis: what can trees really do for us?, by Rob MacKenzie University of Birmingham and Rose Pritchard, University of ManchesterClimate scientists: concept of net zero is a dangerous trap , by James Dyke, University of Exeter; Robert Watson, University of East Anglia and Wolfgang Knorr, Lund UniversityNet zero: despite the greenwash, it's vital for tackling climate change, by Richard Black, Imperial College London; Steve Smith and Thomas Hale, University of Oxford See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

On the Missions Incorporated podcast of PMc we are now doing short topical messages related to missions, evangelism, and apostolic church planting. This first episode deals with a quote from Thomas Hale's book, On Being A Missionary. It's about the fact that 1 in 1000 become missionaries and those who do usually go to already evangelized places.We share our thoughts on this while exhorting our listeners to evaluate what it means to be a disciples of Jesus Christ.Links:PMc AcademiaServeQ&APMc SpeakpipePMc InstagramPMc PodcastPMc BlogPMc YouTubePMc NewslettersPMc FacebookLike Jesus driven to His cross so we drive ourselves to the singular task of the edification (planting) of Biblical churches in Italy.Join us on Nov. 13, 2021 from 10 am to 12 noon EST at VIA - a PMc Missions Webinar! Sign up for free at: www.practicalmissions.org/via By leaving a review for this podcast you can help us to spread the word about the need for the gospel to go forward in Italy and the numerous ways of involvement via PMcApple Podcast ReviewSupport the show (https://www.practicalmissions.org/donate)

On Chinese investment, Swiss democracy, and fleeing from Afghanistan. In this Three Articles, we discuss flight or departure in various ways: China opening the gates for its huge savings to spill onto world markets; Switzerland leaving (or remaining outside) the EU; and the US's sudden departure from Afghanistan, without telling anyone.  'Three Articles' episodes are normally for subscribers only - but this one's free. Sign up at patreon.com/bungacast for regular access. London book launch/bunga party: Register here Articles: What happens if Chinese household wealth is unleashed on the world?, Thomas Hale and Tabby Kinder, FT (pdf in patreon) Swexit, Wolfgang Streeck, Sidecar-NLR US troops abandoned Bagram airport base in the dead of night..., various, Daily Mail

Dr. Hale is the chief medical officer at VirtuSense Technologies, a health care company that uses proprietary technology and artificial intelligence to reduce adverse events within hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and senior living communities. He previously was the senior vice president for care solutions at Navvis Healthcare, after a 37-year career at Mercy Health, where he was the leader and clinical architect of the world’s first virtual care center. As the executive medical director of Mercy Virtual, Dr. Hale led the development of new ways to effectively and efficiently deliver health care to Mercy communities. Prior to his current position, Dr. Hale maintained a general internal medicine practice for 23 years. He was a founder of Mercy Medical Group and served as its first president for 15 years.  Dr. Hale holds a Ph.D. in pharmacology from Saint Louis University. He received his medical degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia Medical School, subsequently completing his internal medicine internship and residency at Mercy Hospital St. Louis leading to board certification in 1983. In 2011, he earned a master’s degree in medical informatics from Northwestern University. John Marchica, CEO, Darwin Research GroupJohn Marchica is a veteran health care strategist and CEO of Darwin Research Group, a health care market intelligence firm specializing in health care delivery systems. He’s a two-time health care entrepreneur, and his first company, FaxWatch, was listed twice on the Inc. 500 list of fastest-growing American companies. John is the author of The Accountable Organization and has advised senior management on strategy and organizational change for more than a decade. John did his undergraduate work in economics at Knox College, has an MBA and M.A. in public policy from the University of Chicago, and completed his Ph.D. coursework at The Dartmouth Institute. He is a faculty associate in the W.P. Carey School of Business and the College of Health Solutions at Arizona State University, and is an active member of the American College of Healthcare Executives. About Darwin Research GroupDarwin Research Group Inc. provides advanced market intelligence and in-depth customer insights to health care executives, with a strategic focus on health care delivery systems and the global shift toward value-based care. Darwin’s client list includes forward-thinking biopharmaceutical and medical device companies, as well as health care providers, private equity, and venture capital firms. The company was founded in 2010 as Darwin Advisory Partners, LLC and is headquartered in Scottsdale, Ariz., with a satellite office in Princeton, N.J.

Host Dr. Nick van Terheyden aka Dr. Nick talks to the CMO of VirtuSense, Tom Hale, MD on a wide variety of topics including, monitoring in the medical home with AI, challenges of fee for Service and the move to managed care, AI and sensors to prevent falls. To stream our Station live 24/7 visit www.HealthcareNOWRadio.com or ask your Smart Device to “….Play HealthcareNOW Radio”. Find all of our network podcasts on your favorite podcast platforms and be sure to subscribe and like us. Learn more at www.healthcarenowradio.com/listen/

No crisis has had the global reach and impact of Covid-19. There have been more than 120 million recorded cases of the Coronavirus and 2.7 million people have died and curbs on people's freedoms have become a familiar part of daily life in many parts of the world. Just over a year since the world started to get to grips with the first global pandemic in more than a century, what can we say about how different countries have dealt it? Which countries have been worst-affected and why? Which public health systems have held up best? Why did test and trace work in some countries but not in others? Around the world governments have propped up their economies accruing eye-watering amounts of debt, but was it money well spent? Where and why has the vaccine roll out been most successful? And what could be the lasting legacy of the pandemic? Contributors: Dr.Thomas Hale, Oxford UniversityProf. Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.Nazmeera Moola, Ninety One, a South African asset management companyDr Monica DeBolle, Peterson Institute for International EconomicsJerome Kim, Director General of the International Vaccine InitiativeRasmus Bech Hansen, founder and CEO of AirfinityDr. Jennifer Cole, Royal Holloway, University of LondonKishore Mahbubani, Asia Research Institute at National University of SingaporeProducers: Tim Mansel, Paul Moss, Kirsteen Knight Sound Engineer: James Beard Editor: Jasper Corbett

A bonus episode for you this week! With science demanding that in order to stay below 1.5C we must reach “net zero” greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the absolute latest, how do we get there? We know we can’t keep emitting as we currently are and just offset to balance it out. We need radical cuts and that means a complete reshaping of the global economy and most business models. Arguably, anyone could shape their net zero goals differently, unless we can compare these (literally) hundreds of commitments that have been made - and hundreds, even thousands more that will continue to come. So here’s a question - what does :net zero” actually mean? Is it the same as carbon neutrality, or any of the other terms we hear and read about? This week, Tom Rivett-Carnac dials up for a quick chat with Dr. Thomas Hale, Associate Professor in Global Public Policy at Oxford University. He’s part of a team that has just released a report - Taking Stock: A global assessment of net zero targets. The report is the first quantitative analysis of the robustness of the different types of net zero targets and provides a baseline against which we can compare country, city, or company level net zero commitments. __ Have a climate change term you don’t understand and want to ask Thomas Hale? Message or mention us with #WhatTheHale and we’ll ask! Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | LinkedIn __ Dr. Thomas Hale Associate Professor of Global Public Policy, Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Twitter Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford Twitter __ Keep up with Christiana Figueres here: Instagram | Twitter — Tom Rivett-Carnac: Instagram | Twitter | LinkedIn — Paul Dickinson is on LinkedIn! LinkedIn — Don't forget to hit SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss another episode of Outrage + Optimism!

A discussion on Perinatal Depression, Anxiety, ODC, Bipolar & Psychosis with Jacqueline Steinberg, a Certified Perinatal Mental Health Professional. You can reach Jacqueline at jsteinberglcsw@outlook.com. Resources mentioned: Postpartum Support International, Maternal Mental Health Now, Infant Risk & Medication and Mother's Milk by Thomas Hale.

Who makes decisions about project approval, design, and the pursuit of sustainability - in China, in recipient countries, and beyond? A recent report entitled, 'Belt and Road Decision-making in China and Recipient Countries: How and To What Extent Does Sustainability Matter?' breaks this question down artfully to trace the interests and institutional structures shaping BRI projects. Listen to our interview with two of the three the authors, Thomas Hale (Associate Professor of Global Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford) and Johannes Urpelainen (Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Professor of Energy, Resources and Environment at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and founding director of ISEP) and check out our recommendations!Erik1) Ys, Joanna NewsomJohannes1) De-carbonizing the Belt and Road, Climateworks Foundation, September 20192) The Emperor's New Road: China and the Project of the Century, Jonathan Hillman3) The Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy at Johns Hopkins SAISTom1) Ministry for the Future, Kim Stanley RobinsonJuliet1) On China's New Silk Road, Mary Kay Magistad~Special thanks to Maggie Gaus, who has joined the Belt and Road Pod team and edited this episode~

Professor Thomas Hale, Associate Professor in Global Public Policy, Blavatnik School of Government; Fellow of St Antony's College discusses his recent pioneering work on the Covid-19 response tracker. See the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker here - https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker and more about Professor Hale and his work here -www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/people/thomas-hale

My very good friend, Dr. Misty Gray, generously shares her experiences with postpartum depression and anxiety in this week's episode. With veterinarians' mental health status already at high risk, I wanted to touch on a subject that could easily affect any one of us as we enter parenthood. If your gut is telling you that things don't feel quite right after you've brought your baby home, please discuss it with someone who loves you! I'll also attach some resources below....Dr. Gray's info!Dr. Misty Gray is a 2007 graduate of The Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine. She completed an equine internship at BW Furlong and Associates in Hunterdon County, NJ in 2008 and worked as an associate at the practice for the next 13 years. Her primary veterinary interests include broodmare management and foal care. Misty is also certified in Acupuncture and Chiropractic medicine. She and her husband, Dave, are enjoying raising their two boys, two cats and pup, named Penny! Any chance she gets, Dr. Gray will hop on a pony and let her hair blow in the wind to remind her of her childhood pony club days!...Postpartum Mood Disorder Resources:-FAQs from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists-Postpartum Depression site from the Mayo Clinic -Postpartum Health Alliance Screening Quiz-BetterHelp online therapy (Get a free month when you enroll through the NOMV website!)-Not One More Vet-Crisis Phone Numbers (International listings also)-Infant Risk/Mommy Meds app from Thomas Hale for drug medication guidelines while breastfeeding-Balanced Breastfeeding - virtual lactation consultations with Katie Madden, RN, IBCLC (you can also hear Katie address working mom issues in Episode 3!)..Ways to connect with The Whole Veterinarian!Instagram: @thewholeveterinarianFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/thewholeveterinarian/Email: thewholeveterinarian@gmail.comwww.thewholeveterinarian.com....Music Credit: Journey of Hope by Alexander Nakarada

Thomas Hale, Associate Professor at Oxford University's Blavatnik School of Government, talks to Jonathan Kay about a new research project aimed at comparing international policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Thomas Hale, Associate Professor at Oxford University’s Blavatnik School of Government, talks to Jonathan Kay about a new research project aimed at comparing international policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many of our panellists in season two have described barriers that are standing in our way if we hope to restrict global warming to the 1.5 degrees C limit that the 2018 IPCC report outlined, and some have advocated how our current economic system could be used to overcome them. But can markets really provide a tool to promote necessary action? In this episode we ask; can we be green AND capitalist? Joining Professor Millican on this latest episode of Futuremakers are: Thomas Hale, Associate Professor in Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, Charmain Love, ‘Entrepreneur in Residence’ at the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at our Saïd Business School, and Ben Caldecott, Associate Professor at the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment and founding Director of the Oxford Sustainable Finance Programme. And at the end of this episode there's a bonus conversation between Peter and Johan Rockström, joint director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) in Germany, who in 2009 led an international group of twenty eight leading academics, in proposing a new framework for government and management agencies as a precondition for sustainable development on the planet Earth. Find out more about Oxford’s climate research at http://po.st/TruePlanet

THOMAS’S PLUGS:Flash In The Pan: https://flashinthepancast.com/My twitter: https://twitter.com/gertrudeprknsAlex's music: https://alexvalentine.bandcamp.com/Assimilate: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17014039-assimilateMedia Gluttony: https://mediagluttony.wordpress.com/SHOW NOTES:https://priceisright.fandom.com/wiki/Hit_Mehttps://task.fandom.com/wiki/Taskmaster_Wikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(TV_series)Syndieshttps://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/a-guide-fall-2019s-syndicated-series-premieres-1238276Price the Hypehttps://www.complex.com/video/price-the-hype-show$100,000 Pyramid Home Gamehttps://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/285001/100000-pyramid-gameReady Steady Cook Revival:http://www.pretty52.com/entertaining/tv-and-film-ready-steady-cook-return-rylan-clarke-neal-bbc-2019-hosts-20190904Rebel Wilson Hosts “Pooch Perfect”https://www.thewrap.com/rebel-wilson-hosting-dog-grooming-reality-show-pooch-perfect-video/

Many of us own a keyboard, which sounds more or less like a piano, but is not quite the same. Thomas Hale, Alphaville reporter, thought he’d like to buy the real thing, so he went looking in London. He tells James Pickford what he found. Read Thomas's article hereContributors: James Pickford, deputy editor of FT Money, and Thomas Hale, Alphaville reporter. Producer: Fiona Symon. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

El 4 de julio es día feriado y de verano, barbecue, pisicina y playa en Puerto Rico y fuegos artificiales en EEUU así que me dedico a hablar de la playa, el sol, el protector solar, las piscinas, las leyes, el alcohol, el cigarrillo y la marihuana. Como nota, la ley en Puerto Rico que te autoriza a lactar en público y crea protecciones civiles y criminales por discriminar es la Ley 95 del 23 de abril del 2004. La ley federal que te autoriza lactar donde quiera que tú y tu bebé pueden estar es Library of Congress H.R.2490 Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000 Public Law No: 106-58 (Sec. 647) Si vives en un estado de EEUU, aquí puedes encontrar las leyes relevantes de tu estado. Para otros países, si quieren darme los enlaces puedo editar las notas. Referente al alcohol y la lactancia, me encanta este blog. No es una investigación formal, pero creo que se pudieran repetir los resultados. Y miren lo que dijo Carlos González, que es muy respetado en círculos profesionales de lactancia. En cuanto a la marihuana, está el estudio de Jamaica, pero la población es pequeña y ya han pasado suficientes años que no se considera evidencia actualizada. Esto lo publicó Thomas Hale hace 3 años y no es ideal. Luego publicó esto a base de un estudio clínico. Este blog compartido por una organización de base comunitaria, lo explica en "arroz y habichuelas". Opino que necesitamos más investigación a largo plazo, pero que lo que sale está más lleno de tabúes que de ciencia en algunas ocasiones. ¡Creo que nos toca un podcast entero al tema!

The political economist sits down with Alphaville's Jamie Powell and Thomas Hale to discuss how we should think about expertise in a post-truth world. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

My podcasts are planned every two weeks beginning March 16, 2019. This edition -- actually published February 26 -- is to test and obtain feedback from listeners on all aspects of its content and production. However, this podcast also contains great content! Included is a full transcript and links to all news covered and more! Podcast notes November 23, 2018 For links to all the news I’m covering today, go to my Investing for the Soul homepage. If any terms are unfamiliar to you, a good source for their definition is INVESTOPEDIA and scroll down to the very bottom to see their A-Z dictionary News 1) Green finance: a contrarian take, by Thomas Hale, November 15, 2018, FT Advisor, UK. "Renaissance’s argument thereafter is that, even if emerging markets have far lower ESG scores, directing capital their way allows for the highest overall rate of improvement, and so the greatest ethical utility. This is, unsurprisingly, an argument for more investment in EM." Points: 1) The argument presented here by Renaissance Capital, a Russian investment bank, is equivalent to the idea of investing in companies who are just beginning to engage in ESG seriously so as to take advantage of their possible rapid stock price as they're identified as a potential 'high' ESG company. As it's recognized by many investors that high ESG scoring companies also now have a premium to their stock prices. 2) Renaissance produces a wonderful graph showing how high GDP per capita is highly correlated to high ESG country scores. 3) Another quote, “As a side note, the report finds ‘virtually zero correlation’ between ESG scores and sovereign bond pricing after adjusting for per capita GDP.) Again, the argument here is that going for up and coming ESG performers in emerging countries could be a great bet for stock or bond outperformance. ------------------------------------------------------------- 2) From upstream to mainstream: ESG at a tipping point, November 15, 2018, by IN Research and Calvert, Investment News, USA. "In a year's time, the percentage of Millennials expressing a high level of interest in ESG investing jumped from 26% to 35%, advisers say, while the percentage of Gen Xers embracing ESG spiked from 16% to 25%. This is more than a generational story, however... Twenty-six percent of ultra-high-net-worth investors now show a high level of interest in ESG investing, advisers say, up from only 10% in 2017. Similarly, interest among very-high net worth investors shot from 13% to 19% in a year's time." Points: 1) These results are from a US survey of 300 advisors. The jump in numbers over just one-year is impressive. Demonstrates just how fast ESG is being accepted. 2) Somewhat interesting is that its regular advisors reporting the rapid growth. Generally, advisors have been ‘behind the curve’ regarding their positivity concerning sustainable, ESG and ethical investing. Now many are hurrying to get familiar with it! 3) Calvert, a well-known and respected ethical investing mutual fund manager was involved too. Not sure if this fact had a relevance to the conduct and results of the survey. Knowing Calvert, probably not. 4) You can download the full report here. ------------------------------------------------------------- 3) Are ESG Ratings the New Credit Rating for Stock Prices? By Ginger Szala, November 19, 2018, ThinkAdvisor, USA. "A new MSCI study of ESG ratings finds they have a similar impact on share prices as do credit ratings." Points: 1) Though to me the findings are unsurprising, it is the first study to demonstrate that ESG ratings have a similar impact to credit ratings on a company's stock price. This finding will no doubt be challenged, but comes at a time when investors everywhere are looking at the inclusion of ESG criteria in their investment research. It bodes well for the mainstreaming of ESG! 2) Many credit ratings’ agencies such as S&P, Moody’s and Fitch have long been criticized for potential significant conflicts of interest and bias. They take clients’ funds to provide new issue ratings and have historically slow to act to in changing their ratings, particularly negatively, to new circumstances! So, since ESG ratings’ companies like Sustainalytics, MSCI, RobecoSAM, etc., don’t take funds for their corporate ratings—as far as I know—they may well be even a greater indicator of corporate ‘safety’ than the credit ratings’ agencies! 3) You can download the MSCI study here. ------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Companies Leading on Disability Inclusion Outperform Peers, by Megan Amrich, November 20, 2018, TriplePundit, USA. "Accenture, in partnership with Disability:IN and the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD), has released 'Getting to Equal: The Disability Inclusion Advantage.' This report looks at both the disability practices and financial performance of 140 companies over the past four years... Companies that 'embrace best practices for employing and supporting more people with disabilities in their workforces' are several times more likely to outperform their peers financially." Points: 1) This is a pioneering and worthy study. It might also be true that employees with disabilities feel they have to prove themselves and so are more productive. Hence, forward-looking companies know this and so increasingly employ individuals with disabilities? Thus, such employment is not always out of charity. 2) One has to wonder too, however, is that highly profitable companies feel they are able to hire more persons with disability because of the high profits? 3) Are such companies also aiming to create even higher reputation in the communities they serve? Subject:  What are the best ESG-Sustainable-Ethical indices? The range of indices is immense today. When I began to follow these around 2001, there were a handful globally, and mostly unknown. Today, it’s extraordinary the number of them and what they cover. The idea of these indices are that they can act as benchmarks for you to assess your own performance. Furthermore, there are numerous mutual funds and ETFs that you can be purchased that are based on them. For a good listing of them go to my page, Ethical Investing Stock and Bond Indices. Here are my favourites though. Equities Dow Jones Sustainability Index One of the oldest index families and an ethical investor’s favourite. “The family was launched in 1999 as the first global sustainability benchmark and tracks the stock performance of the world's leading companies in terms of economic, environmental and social criteria.” The DJSI data is compiled and analyzed by the Swiss organization RobecoSAM. They review some 10,000 companies!” Fossil Free Indexes(Global) "The Fossil Free Indexes are a suite of benchmarks designed for investable products that provide broad market exposure to index investors who wish to divest from fossil fuel companies. These investors are typically motivated either by a concern about unacceptable levels of climate change or by a concern about overvaluation and risk in the sector." These indices are capitalization weighted, meaning that larger companies have a bigger influence in the index; smaller companies a smaller weight. FTSE4Good Index Series and FTSE Smart Sustainability Index Series(Global) "The FTSE4Good Index Series is designed to measure the performance of companies demonstrating strong Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices. Transparent management and clearly-defined ESG criteria make FTSE4Good indices suitable tools to be used by a wide variety of market participants when creating or assessing responsible investment products." FTSE Russell Green Revenues Index Series(Global) "FTSE Russell’s Green Revenues (LCE) data model and Green Revenues Index Series track companies that generate green revenues – a critical component missing from current sustainability models. Now, investors can accurately identify and support their investment in companies that stand to benefit from the world’s transition to a green economy with consistent, transparent data and indexes." I really like the concept of this index with it’s scoring based on green revenues! That means industries such as tobacco, won’t score highly, whereas in other ESG-sustainable-ethical indices, they could! MSCI ESG Indices(Global) "With 40 years of expertise in index construction and maintenance, MSCI aims to set new standards for ESG indices – allowing clients to more effectively benchmark ESG investment performance, issue index-based ESG investment products, as well as to manage, measure and report on their compliance with ESG mandates." NASDAQ Green Economy Indices What I like about these are that there’re separate indices for various types of alternative energy sectors, such as solar and wind plus indices focusing on water services and products. (Global) "NASDAQ OMX offers a complete family of indexes tracking the growing environmental and clean-energy sector, also known as the 'Green Economy.' Green Economy is the shift of economic development towards sustainable practices in business and infrastructure..." S&P Dow Jones ESG Indices They truly offer something for almost any sustainable-ethically oriented investor! Canada—Equities Jantzi Social Index(JSI) I’ve known Michael Jantzi, whose firm established this index, since the 1990s. He is head of and founded, Sustainalytics, one of the world’s leading ESG ratings’ agencies. (Canada) "In January 2000, Jantzi Research launched the Jantzi Social Index®, partnered with Dow Jones Indexes. The JSI, a socially screened, market capitalization-weighted common stock index modeled on the S&P/TSX 60 consists of 60 Canadian companies that pass a set of broadly based environmental, social, and governance rating criteria. The JSI has begun to generate the first definitive data on the effects of social screening on financial performance in Canada." Bonds S&P ESG Sovereign Bond index family “The S&P ESG Sovereign Bond Index family offers investors exposure to the same sovereign bonds as standard cap-weighted sovereign bond indices but tilts the country weights towards more sustainable countries, based on RobecoSAM’s” © 2019 Ron Robins, Investing for the Soul. All rights reserved.

This interview with Thomas Hale is the first in a new podcast series titled “Climate Change Policy in the Aftermath of the Paris Accord.” Thomas Hale is an Associate Professor of Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford University. Professor Hale has written a great deal on managing transnational problems and climate change specifically. In this podcast, we explore the origin of the Paris Accord and the consequences of the Trump Administration’s decision to withdraw from the agreement. For a previous discussion on the Paris Accord featuring Sir David King, check out Episode 5 of Global Summitry Podcasts.

Lindsay Cook reveals how to save on champagne, perfume and other high-value items. FT journalists Hugo Greenhalgh and Thomas Hale discuss private jets, which can be surprisingly economical, and letting agents' fees, which have been astonishingly high. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Some of the world's biggest banks have seen their share prices fall again this week. Is the investor anxiety justified? Martin Arnold, FT banking editor, puts the question to Simon Peters, a portfolio manager at Algebris Investments, and Thomas Hale, FT capital markets correspondent. Music by Kevin MacLeod See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Join us on episode 6 as we talk openly with Gail Root, a pre and perinatal psychology and health expert, about what many moms really experience after childbirth. From the baby blues to postpartum psychosis, Gail helps us all understand what postpartum mood and anxiety disorders are, signs/symptoms to look out for, how friends/families can best help new moms, why these conditions are so under-diagnosed and under-treated, treatment options (including those suitable for breastfeeding women), and a ton of valuable resources!   Please listen and share this episode with as many people as you can. You can help us increase the awareness of this issue and make sure moms get the support they deserve. SHOWNOTES: Trailer: The Dark Side of the Moon(documentary about postpartum depression) Postpartum Support International (PSI) Get help: PSI Warmline In Canada: Pacific Postpartum Support Society The pamphlet Breaking the Silence: Understanding Postpartum Depression available here from Noodle Soup Most medications for PPD are compatible with breastfeeding. Find info and help here: La Leche League International Dr. Thomas Hale, Breastfeeding and Mother's Milk. Infant Risk Center

[intro music]   Host – Dan Keller Hello, and welcome to Episode Eight of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery, the podcast of the MS Discovery Forum. I’m your host, Dan Keller.   This week’s podcast features an interview with researcher, Wendy Macklin, whose team studies myelination and demyelination in zebrafish and mouse animal models. But to begin, here is a brief summary of some of the topics we’ve been covering on the MS Discovery Forum at msdiscovery.org.   As listeners may already be aware, a new study suggested that infection with HIV is associated with a lower risk of developing MS. Researchers looked at a large sample of hospital records and found that individuals infected with HIV had a 62% lower risk of MS than HIV-negative individuals who were matched for age, gender, region, and socioeconomic status. The researchers think that antiretroviral drugs might be causing the protective effect, though it’s possible the infection with HIV itself somehow protects against developing MS. Antiretroviral drugs may attack some ancient viral genes thought to trigger MS and other autoimmune diseases.   Science journalist, Ricki Lewis, covered a study of patients with a rare mitochondrial eye disease that may be entwined with MS. The disease called Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, LHON, is a degenerative eye disease that causes progressive loss of vision. But in some patients, the disease can also cause MS-like symptoms. Researchers performed MRIs on patients with LHON and found that their white matter lesions resembled MS, possibly providing an early snapshot of MS. The similarity of the diseases has also led some researchers to question whether they share a pathogenesis, but the rarity of LHON and MS developing in the same person is shifting the opinion towards calling any comorbidity of the diseases just a coincidence.   In a recent post in MS Patient, Ph.D., blogger Griselda Zuccarino-Catania followed up her feature on DMTs in pregnancy with her own personal debate on whether to continue her DMT while breastfeeding. In her post, she profiles researcher Thomas Hale, who studies drug concentrations in breast milk. He’s found that concentrations in a woman’s blood plasma are associated with the concentrations in her breast milk. These levels can be used to assess the risk any drug might have to infants.   [transition music]   Now for the interview. Science journalist, Carol Morton, met with Wendy Macklin at the Glia Meeting in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. She and Dr. Macklin discussed new research in myelination using the mTOR cell apoptosis pathway, the feasibility of a remyelinating drug, and her work with an unusual animal model for modeling MS – the zebrafish. [Note: the word "apoptosis" is incorrect and should not have appeared in the introduction to Dr. Macklin's interview. While it's impractical to remove it from the already-released audio podcast, we are correcting the error here, in this transcript.--Editor]   Interviewer – Carol Morton There are not that many MS researchers who work with that.   Interviewee – Wendy Macklin No, and there are times when you have to suggest that there is relevance to multiple sclerosis for looking at little two-inch fish. But they do. They provide really important information because you're not even looking at the two-inch fish; you're looking at the little, teeny tiny larva and embryos, but they are optically clear. So some of the new technologies use these green fluorescent proteins that originally were identified in jellyfish that make the jellyfish fluoresce at night. If you shine a certain wavelength of light, they turn green. And so, you can do that in a live animal, in a live fish; and in fact, some of the stuff that we were hearing today was even doing it in the mouse, but there you have to actually be able to get the microscope so you can actually see into the mouse brain. But in the fish, everything is transparent; so you can see it no matter what. So you just put the fish in a microscope environment, and you can watch cells, and you can take movies of cells moving, cells trying to make new processes, and cells wrapping around axons. And so you can watch this in realtime.   MSDF You recently had a really interesting paper. Do you want to talk about...?   Dr. Macklin So that paper came out of a project that we'd started a long time ago that was focused on understanding how one particular protein, Akt – which does many, many things in cells – regulates oligodendrocytes, which are the cells that make myelin. And it does many things; we thought it was involving in a survival element; and so we thought maybe we could find things that would help the oligodendrocytes survive immune attacks, survive things better and not die. And so we created a mouse where we overexpressed that protein in the oligodendrocyte. And instead, actually, what happened it did not change the survival of the cells at all; it changed how much myelin they made. And in fact, it drove the cells to make too much myelin. And in fact, if that becomes pathologic, the animals actually die when they're about a year old because they have too much myelin, and it's filling up their brain. So it's a dramatic change. And so, then we began to drill down to see well what is it about that molecule because it does many things? This particular hypermyelination syndrome was really feeding down through the mTOR pathway. And so, if you knockout parts of the mTOR pathway in the oligodendrocytes, the spinal cord is far worse and makes much less myelin and does not really generate the right kind of myelin. Whereas other parts of the brain are doing just fine or seem to be doing just fine. So one of the questions is why is this anymore damaged by this change in the cell? So the oligodendrocyte is identifying an axon and then wrapping around and making myelin, and that's what's the key question in MS is how to make sure that cell continues to make myelin. And we now have a system where we have changed the axons in some way – using again this mTOR pathway – and those axons don't encourage the oligodendrocyte to make myelin. So now we have a system where we can go in and try and figure out well what's fundamentally changed about those axons that they say don't myelinate me; whereas the oligodendrocytes in other parts of the nervous system are doing just fine making myelin.   MSDF Now after the session this morning, I'm actually wondering if myelin making is now the goal, or has the goal…is the goal changing as people find out more for for therapeutic?   Dr. Macklin I would say we don't know. So if you look in MS tissue, you see that where there's demyelination there still are oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and there still are the cells that are trying to make myelin, the premyelinating cells. There's small numbers relative to the normal tissue, and they don't make myelin. So is that because we don't have enough cells? Is that because they have an inhibitor that's preventing them in that environment, or because they're not getting some positive signal? So I would still say the question of understanding how myelination is regulated has huge clinical relevance.   MSDF Recently you went to another meeting that was really focused on myelination as a therapeutic problem, a therapeutic target.   Dr. Macklin Right.   MSDF In addition to knowing what's happening with the cells and the molecules in the environment in the brain, there's some other issues in getting myelin-making drugs through clinical testing.   Dr. Macklin Yeah. In contrast to many of the other neurologic diseases, there are disease-modifying drugs out there for MS, but they almost all – at the current time – hit the immune component, which is absolutely essential and is definitely important. But even if you got rid of 100% of the immune component of MS, you still would have damage in the brain. And there is a good deal of evidence that the myelin not only does it allow better conduction of these axons, but it also provides all sorts of support. Metabolic it's providing energy to the axons; it provides a great many things to the axons that help the axons survive, which are part of the neurons. So if there is really still serious damage, you want to figure out some way to repair that. And so there are a couple of clinical trials actually going on right now that are looking at drugs that might enhance the remyelination in patients. And so, some of the things that we're doing – looking both in the fish as well as in the mouse – are pathways that could be targeted for therapeutics that might help you to enhance myelination. One of the big themes that came out of that meeting last month was that if you had the perfect therapy for remyelination – you know that it works well in the zebrafish; you know it works well in the mouse – you can get other models that allow you to look at remyelination in a number of different contexts. You have to get those to patients and see if they actually do create new myelin. In patients, the problem is that the current imaging modalities for patients, MRI, is measuring water. And where you have myelin there is less water because of the way myelin works. It's hard to know exactly why there's less water where you're looking in MRI. So there's a variety of different approaches. There's new techniques with MRI. There's even some new PET techniques – which are clearly experimental at this stage – to try to really be able to show new myelin. And part of that meeting was really if we had the perfect therapy how would we prove it in a clinical trial? You can show clinical improvement, which is great, but is that because of you've changed the immune system, because you've changed other aspects of the patient, or you really have new myelin? That's currently still a really hard problem in terms of the the clinical end of things to really be able to prove that. Nevertheless, people are developing these kinds of drugs, and as I said a couple of them are in clinical trial right now.   MSDF Looking at your animal models, the ways that you have evaluating more or less myelin are ways are ways that can't be translated to people…   Dr. Macklin Well some of them are. I mean that's really where some of this work is going is trying to figure out how to use either MRI or PET imaging of live animals, and then you can go and test. And you think you have a signal that tells you you have increased myelin then you can actually go in and check and see – at the tissue level – is there really new myelin? So you can validate some of these imaging modalities that way. But you you will always have to go eventually to the patients and be able to really demonstrate that that particular way of imaging the tissue proved in in an animal model really does mean something in the patient as well.   MSDF I've seen those little mouse MRIs.   Dr. Macklin They're so adorable.   MSDF They are.   Dr. Macklin And they definitely show you something. They definitely show you something. And some of the PET work…the PET work is more specifically directed to myelin so you can have a PET ligand, which shows up in PET imaging, that just literally binds only to myelin or binds predominantly to myelin, and it will go into the tissue, and it will bind there. And that actually gives you some fairly discrete imaging that because you know it's a molecule that only binds to myelin when you see that signal in a particular place you know that that is myelin. And if you see more of a signal, then you know that that's more myelin. So those are really interesting approaches, and they're very much more directed to being able to specifically say that's myelin that you're seeing. But in the clinical context, those kinds of approaches are being worked on, but they're still very early stages. In terms of trying to set up a clinical trial, those kinds of approaches may be the way you'll go eventually, but today you couldn't do it that way.   MSDF Anything else that I should be asking, or that you wanted to add that would in in this context that would be interesting?   Dr. Macklin Well I mean I think at this stage  there are other issues of the question of so much of the work is done on myelination, which is crucial during development, and it's absolutely essential. And problems with normal myelination during development result in really serious brain problems. There are ways to study developmental myelination: in the fish, in the mouse, in a variety of different ways. And then there's a series of adult ways of getting rid of myelin to look at remyelination. And so, the overwhelming perspective has always been well whatever you learn from the myelination during development would be exactly what you would need to know about for the remyelination in the adult. And much of that's true. I mean you have to get the cells, you have to get the cells to proliferate, you have to get them to the right place. But there are now data that suggest that there are definite differences in the way the adult cells are responding to their overall environment, which is totally different than from the developmental environment. The cells may be very similar, but in the developing environment the many things are changing all of the time – the nerve cells, all of the different cells are changing, the brain is getting bigger – there's all sorts of changes. And in a damaged adult brain, you see certain differences that do seem to be real in terms of the way the signaling pathways are that would regulate how the myelin is generated in the remyelinating context versus in the developmental context. So we do need to go back and forth even the ones of us who work on the fish. We need to be able to look and see some adult context that's a demyelination/remyelination context that those same things that you're seeing developmentally are important in the adult.   MSDF That is interesting because I have heard people say well you recapitulate, you want to recapitulate the…   Dr. Macklin Yes, and it does. It…   MSDF …the developmental pattern.   Dr. Macklin Right.   MSDF So that's interesting in that. Okay, well that's fabulous. Well, thank you for taking the time to do this.   Dr. Macklin Okay. Certainly.   MSDF It was wonderful.   Dr. Macklin I hope it's useful for you.   MSDF Okay, great.   [transition music]   Thank you for listening to Episode Eight of Multiple Sclerosis Discovery. This podcast was produced by the MS Discovery Forum, MSDF, the premier source of independent news and information on MS research. MSDF’s executive editor is Robert Finn. Msdiscovery.org is part of the non-profit Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis. Robert McBurney is our President and CEO, and Hollie Schmidt is vice president of scientific operations.   Msdiscovery.org aims to focus attention on what is known and not yet known about the causes of MS and related conditions, their pathological mechanisms, and potential ways to intervene. By communicating this information in a way that builds bridges among different disciplines, we hope to open new routes toward significant clinical advances.   We’re interested in your opinions. Please join the discussion on one of our online forums or send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to editor@msdiscovery.org.   [outro music]

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