Podcasts about buridan

Indecisão pode ser um problema, e a Babica sabe bem disso! Neste episódio, ela e a Bárbara discutem o paradoxo do Burro de Buridan, uma lição sobre escolhas e suas consequências. Com dicas práticas e reflexões, aprendemos a tomar decisões responsáveis e evitar ficar paralisados diante das opções. Ouça, participe e pratique ser o capitão do seu próprio navio!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Send us a Text Message.The full text of this podcast can be found in the transcript of this edition or at the following link:https://andrewjbrown.blogspot.com/2024/07/trying-to-encourage-unitarian-buridans.htmlPlease feel free to post any comments you have about this episode there.The Cambridge Unitarian Church's Sunday Service of Mindful Meditation can be found at this link:https://www.cambridgeunitarian.org/morning-service/ Music, "New Heaven", written by Andrew J. Brown and played by Chris Ingham (piano), Paul Higgs (trumpet), Russ Morgan (drums) and Andrew J. Brown (double bass) Thanks for listening. Just to note that all the texts of these podcasts are available on my blog. You'll also find there a brief biography, info about my career as a musician, & some photography. Feel free to drop by & say hello. Email: caute.brown[at]gmail.com

Ons kyk na 3 gedagte eksperimente: - Buridan se Esel - Mary se kamer (kleur) - Roko's basilisk

Featuring articles on aficamten for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; early blood-pressure reduction in acute stroke; interferon-γ in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1; video laryngoscopy for intubation in neonates; hunger, thirst, and Buridan's ass; and global health law for a safer and fairer world; a review article on medical AI and human values; a case report of a man with a pustular rash; and Perspectives on an approach toward a tobacco-free generation, on fair allocation of GLP-1 and dual GLP-1–GIP receptor agonists, on corporate medicine 2.0, and on snapshots.

This week: The market remains buoyant on the back of positive earnings, DTL crashes 22%, Buridan's Ass, Pulled Pork AGL. Also in the Club edition: Darryl's portfolio analysis, Magnificent 7 profits now exceed almost every country in the world, SD ASX 300 change, Jordan's Renko and hugline regression testing.

Move your Buridan's Ass! This is an UNLOCKED PATREON episode demanded by the listeners wherein the fellas discuss Žižek's new book on Freedom. They touch on the freedom of philosophy, the philosophy of freedom, the pitfalls of Anarchism, Wittgenstein, Sartre, and Canadian Thanksgiving. Support the podcast on our ⁠PATREON for all of our Patreon episodes, interviews, reading groups and so on. Enjoy!

In this bonus episode, Leo sits down with Derek Sivers to explore harnessing fear as a source of energy, mastering courage, and aligning values with actions in the pursuit of meaningful work. Dive into this captivating conversation filled with wisdom and valuable insights!Topics CoveredThe concept of "fear as energy" and how it can be harnessed for creative pursuitsThe importance of choosing work that excites you rather than drains youThe significance of taking the first step to engage with inspiration and start your journeyThe idea of embracing discomfort and stepping out of one's comfort zoneThe concept of self-talk and the role of inspiration in creative endeavorsThe practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in journaling to challenge beliefsThe role of predicting and imagining the future in human decision-makingThe story of Buridan's donkey and avoiding indecision by choosing one task to startRecognizing that you can do anything but not everything, and focusing on one passion at a timeResourcesDerek's websiteDerek's list of favorite booksBook: Anything You Want: 40 lessons for a new kind of entrepreneur (2011)Book: How To Live: 27 Conflicting Answers and One Weird Question (2021)Book: Useful Not True: whatever works for youConnect with LeoZen HabitsYoutube channelX (Twitter) InstagramZen Habits Facebook GroupTiktok channelEmail: leo@zenhabits.netResourcesThe Fearless Living AcademyCreditsIntro music composition: Salem Beladonna & Robrecht DumareyEditor: Justin Cruz

Not making a decision is still a choice - so make it interesting! To make a decision, follow these three steps: 1) Clearly state the issue. 2) Get advice from others. 3) List options and do research to narrow them down.  Don't be like the donkey in Buridan's paradox - choose the best option, even if they seem equally attractive. Indecision in one area will affect effectiveness in other areas, so don't be double-minded. Remember the principle from James 1:8, and let's make intentional decisions to lead us to success! Find more about Dan Miller and Wisdom of the Sages at https://www.48days.com/wisdom-of-the-sages-podcast/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Not making a decision is still a choice - so make it interesting! To make a decision, follow these three steps: 1) Clearly state the issue. 2) Get advice from others. 3) List options and do research to narrow them down.  Don't be like the donkey in Buridan's paradox - choose the best option, even if they seem equally attractive. Indecision in one area will affect effectiveness in other areas, so don't be double-minded. Remember the principle from James 1:8, and let's make intentional decisions to lead us to success! Find more about Dan Miller and Wisdom of the Sages at https://www.48days.com/wisdom-of-the-sages-podcast/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Subscribe to my free newsletter for more like this: rosszeiger.substack.com Cover art generated by Dall-e using the prompt: donkey standing between hay and a trough of water Buridan's Donkey is a tale about a donkey standing halfway between a pile of hay and a bucket of water. The donkey is thirsty and hungry so it spends a moment deciding whether to go for the water or the food. The debate rages in the donkey's mind. Back and forth it goes. The seconds turn into minutes. The minutes into hours. The hours into days. The water begins to dry in the sun and the hay begins to wilt. Still, the donkey cannot decide. Unable to decide, the donkey collapses and dies. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rosszeiger/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/rosszeiger/support

Hi all, hope everybody is safe.Wish you peace and love.Stay true.Enjoy ! Playlist :01 CAYAM, Connection (My Tribe), I/AM/ME;02 Drunken Kong, Focus, Tronic;03 Confidential Recipe, Dance (Gene Richards Jr 'Detroit Cut'), Rekids;04 Mario Ochoa, Escape, Avenue Recordings; 05 Radio Slave/Carl Cox,  Stay Out All Night (Carl Cox remix), Rekids; 06 DJ Dextro, Resonance Field, Suara; 07 A Paul, Incidence, Planet Rhythm; 08 Buridan, Alianza, Tronic; 09 DJ Dextro, Vazio De Bootes, Suara;10 Luciid, Jacks Hammer, Kneaded Pains.  minimal show on iTunes minimal show rss feed   

This week on Fargo Season 1 Episode 6 ‘Buridan's Ass', Don gets a killer workout on the elliptical, Lester finds some new hiding places for murder evidence, and Molly has a bad time in some snow. Follow us on Twitter and Instagram at fargonepod or email us at fargoneconclusionpod@gmail.com.  Find more from Cody on Instagram at Shameprayer or listen to his band Bold Villain on all streaming platforms. Find more from Tiffany on Twitter at teaflow or on tiffanyflowers.co.

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Donate here👉 www.technols.com/donate Welcome to a new episode of the Club Room. This week I have a selection of techier tracks for you taken from the most recent new releases and promos I have received. Listen out for music from Will Easton, Dense & Pika feat. Matthew Dear, DJ Bu$iness Advisor™, Buridan, Inafekt, Jeigo, Deejay Bloom & J […]

Welcome to a new episode of the Club Room. This week I have a selection of techier tracks for you taken from the most recent new releases and promos I have received. Listen out for music from Will Easton, Dense & Pika feat. Matthew Dear, DJ Bu$iness Advisor™, Buridan, Inafekt, Jeigo, Deejay Bloom & J Wax, Otik and Richie Blacker Remix of the classic Gypsy - I Trance You 1. Will Easton - Aphex 2. Dense & Pika feat. Matthew Dear - Honey 3. DJ Bu$iness Advisor™ - How Dare You 4. Buridan - Do You Feel Anything Yet 5. Dapayk & Padberg Sink This Ship (Pan-Pot Remix) 6. Inafekt - Mercy Me 7. Jeigo - We Are Not Nothing 8. Deejay Bloom & J Wax - Four Fifty  9. Otik - Zero-Sum Game 10. Gypsy - I Trance You (Richie Blacker Remix)

Making Important Decisions ------------------------------ Decision, decisions, decisions! When you’re often faced with a choice it can be really hard to make a decision. Faced with two choices or more, we often find it difficult to choose, we find it hard to make a decision. I heard a great story recently about Buridan’s ass or donkey. It’s a famous story of a paradox in philosophy in the conception of free will.   Corre Energy https://www.corre.energy      *********************** Ways to connect with me:  Website: www.armour.marketing  Corre Energy: www.corre.energy    Twitter: www.twitter.com/dickiearmour  LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/dickiearmour  Instagram: www.instagram.com/dickiearmour  My Books ======= My crime thriller “The Habit” https://www.amazon.co.uk/Habit-Richard-Armour-ebook/dp/B009HC4U08  My business book “31 Mistakes Every Online Business Makes” http://www.31mistakes.co.uk    

This episode explores the various issues surrounding musical improvisation. Is there such a thing as creatio ex nihilo? What is the role of the future and the past in improvisation? What is the role of tradition and freedom? I discuss some ideas on inspiration and improvisation in Nietzsche's Human, All-Too-Human, Adorno's objections to improvisation as it is generally practiced, improvisation in relation to the three modes (or syntheses) of time, and improvisation in relation to free will (employing the thought experiment of Buridan's Ass and some thinking by Adorno). Throughout the episode, I weave in observations on and quotations from the Grateful Dead on cliches, improvisation, and the choices involved in making something through improvisation.

17 May 2020 The Sixth Sunday of Easter NOTE: Due to the Covid19 / Coronavirus Emergency the Archdiocese of New York has cancelled all public Masses for an indefinite period. The homily attached hereto was given on 25 May 2014, the Sixth Sunday of Easter, using the same Readings as for today, 17 May 2020. John 14:15-21 + Homily 17 Minutes 43 Seconds Link to the Readings: http://www.usccb.org/bible/readings/051720.cfm (New American Bible, Revised Edition)   From the parish bulletin of Sunday 17 May 2020:   The French theoretical physicist Pierre Duhem (1861-1916) was amazingly prolific and contributed much to hydrodynamics and thermodynamics, but his most important influence may be his philosophy and history of science. He refuted the superficial analysis of the relationship between physical science and religion as distorted by rationalists since the eighteenth century. Drawing on the qualifications of reason as given by Saint Thomas Aquinas, Duhem explored the foundations of scientific analysis in the Middle Ages in the experimental constructs of men like Buridan, Oresme and Bacon.     The doctrine of divine providence and the systematic order of the material universe, as systematized by the Catholic scholastics, gave the logic for scientific analysis. In short, it is only because there is a benign order to the universe that there can be material science, and this is true even among those who ignore that fact.     Such symmetry in the universe is replicated in history. This is why numerical systems are significant in the Bible. For instance, the Ascension of Christ happened forty days after the Resurrection. There is nothing “magical” about numbers themselves, but the fact that the number forty occurs 146 times in the Bible should strike any reasonable person as an indication that God choreographs events to accomplish his purposes.     Christ spent forty days in the wilderness and predicted that Jerusalem would fall forty years after his death and resurrection. Not by chance did he spend forty days between his resurrection and entrance into glory, preparing his followers for the rest of history. He would not let Mary Magdalene “cling” to him because he had to instruct others. He tutored those two men on the Emmaus road in the meaning of what the Scriptures had predicted. He went back to the rented Upper Room to show that he was not an illusion. He then spent time instructing crowds on occasion and evidently devoted more time to preparing the apostles for their missionary work. He was making clear that the Church is not a vestigial apparatus, but is the embodiment of his logic that created the universal order.     The strange cloud that surrounded him as he seemed to vanish in his return to eternity was, like the Transfiguration, a glimpse into a dimension for which human optics lack a capacity fully to perceive. But it can be interpreted by the fact that the benign order of the created world is the result of a power for which mortal language has the term “love.” Inadequate as it may be, it definitely makes demands on those who want to participate in the divine glory that is so extravagant that it can be intimidating in what it requires. Having spent four years at hard labor in Siberia as a penalty for love of truth, Dostoyevsky wrote: “. . . active love is a harsh and fearful thing compared with the love in dreams.”  

Kevin Williamson is a man of mystery: he’s an “Eisenhower libertarian,” he’s been accused of being a D.C. insider (he lives in Texas), and (most famously) he’s a former staff writer for The Atlantic even though they only gave him one byline before firing him. Life in Kevin’s Fortress of Solitude has stayed mostly the same - even in the midst of a pandemic. Lucky for us, that means he had time to talk to Jonah about his unique political perspective, the role of government in a crisis, and how his “libertoid” opinions help him solve those mysteries of his. Show Notes: -Kevin’s latest book, The Smallest Minority -Kevin’s upcoming essay collection, Big White Ghetto -The (massively underrated) Tyranny of Cliches -Suicide of the West (now out in paperback!) -Adhocracy, a favorite term of Jonah and Kevin’s -Kevin’s The End is Near -Kevin’s claim to being an “Eisenhower libertarian” -Douglass North’s impenetrably brilliant Violence and Social Orders -Obama’s second inaugural: “preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action.” -The unfortunately-named philosophical paradox, “Buridan’s Ass” -Cleta Mitchell, releasing works for consumption by the populist masses -Kevin’s The Case Against Trump -$25 credit from SaneBox See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Support this podcast at patreon.com/qaf or paypal.me/RissyMcCoolThis week, Daria and Jane deal with the huge, even for Minnesota, snowstorm of the century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buridan%27s_ass

Support Topic Lords on Patreon and get episodes a week early! (https://www.patreon.com/topiclords) Lords: * Josh makes Thunk. https://www.youtube.com/user/THUNKShow * Elena is on the Topic Lords discord. Topics: * 2:29 Procrastination, or, avoidance as a protective coping mechanism * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buridan%27sass * 13:08 Newcomb's Problem * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomb%27sparadox * 19:46 Celebrating Christmas by saying you have a machine gun * https://twitter.com/mogwaipoet/status/1210729053465931781 * 26:16 Kevin asks: "The fear that other podcasts will steal your idea to discuss topics." * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilightsleep * http://bash.org/ * 32:09 McMaster-Carr * https://www.mcmaster.com/ * http://thistothat.com/ * "Satisfying Spiral Liquid Bubbler Timer" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFLNpSqzn7o * 41:34 Conlanging with toddlers * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language * 50:26 Preserving old software * THUG Pro. http://www.thugpro.com/ * "Ozimals did give rabbit owners a brief chance to save their rabbits. Before shutting down, they gave away items which make rabbits not need food – and leaves them sterile. Some rabbits will live on forever, the last of their kind." https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/05/19/second-life-ozimals-pet-rabbits-dying/ * The Lifecycle of Software Objects. https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/voices.uchicago.edu/dist/8/644/files/2017/08/Chiang-Lifecycle-of-Software-Objects-q3tsuw.pdf * Rolled Out, the Super Monkey Ball clone. https://blog.rolledoutgame.com/ Microtopics: * Being old and knowing nothing. * Finding out that you can buy citric acid and put it in your drinking water. * Finding out that you can buy concrete and put it in your toilet. * The refreshing concrete toilet. * Regretting agreeing to do a thing you really enjoy. * Defeating procrastinating by discovering what you're afraid of and reframing it or interceding. * Worrying that you're incapable of surviving in a capitalist system. * Tracing every fear back to a fear of dying alone, like how every page on Wikipedia leads to Philosophy. * Wanting to do a thing but having no effective mechanism to prefer any given thing over any other and doing nothing. * Hearing syllables and then "ass" and pretending you understand. * Learning a word that you didn't know and then explaining it to other people. * Breaking your task into small steps and doing the first step. * Listening to your emotion and being like "what's your deal" * Self-acceptance helping when beating yourself up doesn't. * Instead of writing, taking copious notes and then skipping right to editing the notes into a completed text. * Laying out an outline and then finishing the essay by removing the bullet points. * Having an idea in each hand and holding two more in your left foot and trying to squinch them together into a linear series of thoughts. * Everything being related to everything else. * Giving people the tools they need to engage with topics. * A future-knowing genie who knows you're going to have pizza tonight. * Someone having done this topic already on a different podcast. * Being the genie you want to see in the world. * Causality seeming to flow in reverse. * Reassuring the genie that you're not the kind of person who takes two boxes. * The genie turning out to just be a guy with a rubber duck. * An odd Christmas greeting that you are here for. * Living next to people who think it's festive to announce how armed they are. * Knocking on your neighbor's door and asking for a cup of machine gun. * A corpse wearing a santa hat. * Trying to think of any movie that doesn't depict a corpse that could've worn a santa hat. * Some of your best friends having machine guns. * Being charmed by the utilitarian and efficient design of firearms. * Crying in a VR game and the tears filling up the mask until you drown. * Strip laser tag. * A topic peasant just waltzing in and talking about topics. * Editing out the guy hiding with a gun in post. * Having an unconscionable amount of bash.org memorized. * Waking up from your drugged haze to a flaming burnt cake in the oven and your house is burning down. * Being sad because the folks at Chipotle forgot your burrito but then your wife reminds you that you've eaten it already and you just forgot. * Everything that you could possibly need to build a thing. * Spinning around in an enormous magical hardware store with arms outstretched and an inventory robot fluttering around your skirt and landing on your finger. * Metal boxy objects of mysterious provenance. * The reaction speed of your transition lenses. * Welding masks transitioning to near-opaque in less than a millisecond because at any moment you might use a plasma beam that is brighter than the surface of the sun. * Installing permanent earplugs powered by your greasy earwax. * Not needing McMaster-Carr after Josh just tells you the answer. * An oil timer forcing a door to open or close slowly. * Having an idea for a cool Youtube video and assuming there's probably a cool Youtube guy who's already done it. * A toddler teaching you how to teach dragon language and the dragons being annoyed you didn't ask them. * Asking one of the indigineous people what the name of the hated rival tribe is named and them saying a slur and then being like "okay you're all that now." * Circumlocuting around the concept of the color green. * Summing up your engineering degree as "f=ma" and "you can't push a rope" and saving your listeners five years. * A fairly ingenious use of math that we've had sitting around forever. * Sliding rules getting us to the moon because we hadn't invented calculators yet. * The content being the same but the context changing. * The NES being the game dev platform that is most likely to survive the next thousand years. * Trolling through aerospace source code looking for funny comments. * Deleting your source code to free up space because nobody is ever going to need to port or revise Final Fantasy 7. * Planning a heist to retrieve the floppy disks stashed above the acoustic ceiling tiles of a dry cleaning service. * Games being reasonably well-preserved but other kinds of software being mostly lost because teenaged nerds don't care about it. * AI pets dying because the company that manufactured them went out of business. * Your GMO dog dying because the manufacturer's SSL certificate expired.

Partir au Mali en guerre, avec la paisible Maguelone GILBERT-VIDAL pour y créer une ferme agro-écologique, faire pousser de l'Artemisia (lutte efficace contre le paludisme); Réfléchir, du coup, sur la médecine allopathique et la médecine "naturelle", avec Maud LUSSAN; Mettre en scène "La Traversée" (des migrants) avec Karine DUFAUT; et chanter en live avec Buridan, autrice-compositrice. L'héritage de Tombouctou est avec nous ! Co-animation Louise REYMOND et Pierre Alain GOURION. Mixage Madeleine PAUCHON.Production Bubble Art.

I spend a lot time thinking of alternate ways to approach life. I re-consider my hierarchy of values. When values change, the plan of action needs to change, too. For example, if I decide that personal growth is top priority, then I plan a life pushing outside my comfort zone. But if I decide that creative output is top priority, then I plan a tranquil life without obstacles, so I can just create. But the only way to decide — to not be Buridan’s donkey — is to go give it a try. There’s a huge difference between in-theory versus in-practice. If you’ve been deliberating on something for a while, get it out of your head, and into the world. If it turns out to be a mistake, that’s fine. At least you’ll know it’s a mistake in fact, instead of just in theory.

I spend a lot time thinking of alternate ways to approach life. I re-consider my hierarchy of values. When values change, the plan of action needs to change, too. For example, if I decide that personal growth is top priority, then I plan a life pushing outside my comfort zone. But if I decide that creative output is top priority, then I plan a tranquil life without obstacles, so I can just create. But the only way to decide — to not be Buridan’s donkey — is to go give it a try. There’s a huge difference between in-theory versus in-practice. If you’ve been deliberating on something for a while, get it out of your head, and into the world. If it turns out to be a mistake, that’s fine. At least you’ll know it’s a mistake in fact, instead of just in theory.

Ben explains Buridan's Ass to Pat.

新知日历 | 喜马拉雅平台首档自制知识资讯类音频节目从专业人士演讲、权威学术期刊、社会热点文章，行业大数据平台，分析报告等各类来源提取新认知、新观点和新趋势，为用户提供每日高品质知识资讯。新技能 | 你的选择困难症终于能治了！秋高气爽，又喜逢周末，原本是外出嗨皮的好时机。然而，一早醒来，却把时间花在是“喝牛奶？喝豆浆？喝果汁？还是薏仁水”这种问题上的小主，一定是选择困难症发作了。的确，在生活中，我们无时无刻不面临选择，大到人生伴侣、职业生涯，小到买房买车、吃喝玩乐，想想，还真让人头疼。其实，这个问题从古代就困扰着我们。早在14世纪，法国哲学家布里丹（Buridan）就讲过他家毛驴儿的故事。这头毛驴儿面前摆着两堆品质、数量和距离完全一样的草料，可它左瞅瞅右看看，实在不知选哪个好。最后，这头作妖的毛驴儿活活饿死了。心理学家把这种在决策过程中犹豫不决的现象称为“布里丹毛驴效应”，也就是咱们今天所说的“选择困难症”。顾名思义，“选择困难症”是由于选择过多导致的，会对我们的决策能力造成影响。美国心理学家希娜·亚格尔（Sheena Lyengar）做过一个经典的实验：在食品店分别摆上6种和24种口味的果酱让人们试吃，来测试他们的品尝数量和购买意愿。结果显示，无论选项数量是6种还是24种，人们都只会品尝其中的一、两种。不仅如此，面对6种选择，有30%的人最终购买了其中一种果酱；而面对24种选择，只有3%的人掏钱购买。美国一家大型基金公司也做过一项类似的调查，当公司为投资人提供5种可选基金时，参与人数是100，而提供50种可选基金时，参与的人数却只剩下90了。这两项调查说明，选项越多，选择越困难。不仅如此，过多的选项还会推迟决策过程，降低决策质量和对决策的满意程度。也就是说，选择多多并没有带来幸福感和决断力。这是为什么呢？这是因为，面临多个选项时，每个选项总有吸引我们的地方。选项越多，机会成本就越高，也越容易让我们对做出的选择产生怀疑和后悔。想想是不是这个道理？晚餐吃了日本料理，就没法享受北京烤鸭和韩国烤肉了；选了林志玲做女朋友，就没办法同时和赵丽颖、迪丽热巴交往了。正是对机会成本的“舍不得”，干扰了我们的决策过程和结果。当断不断，反受其乱。面对反复发作的“选择困难症”，“药方”就是要学会“做减法”，你可以试试以下几种方法。第一种，精简选项。以购买洗发水为例，面对货架上的几十种洗发水，有人会说，我不知道要去掉哪些。那么问问自己，你真的能够说出垂坠质感、修护水养、轻盈柔顺之间的差别吗？如果不能，就去掉它。放弃没用的选项，我们的决策欲望是不是又重新燃起了？事实证明，当超市把货架上的26种洗发水减少为15种后，销售额提升了10%。第二种，给选项分类。就算面对15种洗发水，我们依然很难做出选择，但分为去屑、防脱和滋润三类后，思路是不是就清晰多了？把选项分门别类能够帮助我们理清逻辑，快速做出选择。第三种，由简入繁。研究人员对购车者做过一个实验，同样面临56种车身颜色，13种内饰和4种变速档的选项，从56种车身颜色开始选择的人多半中途放弃了，而从4种变速档入手的人大多坚持到最后。这是因为，由简入繁做选择，能让人更轻松、更有动力和成就感。以上三种方法，对根治“选择困难症”有奇效。话又说回来，每天大大小小的事情那么多，可并不是每一件都值得我们仔细论证。研究人员做过统计，在人们所做的海量决定中，一半以上在9分钟之内即可完成，只有12%的决定需要1个小时以上。这些9分钟内的决定大多无关痛痒，有一些小工具能够把我们从这些繁琐的决定中解放出来。比如，有个专门帮人点菜的app，输入用餐人数、口味偏好、预算范围等，它能帮你在10秒内点出一桌好菜。现在类似这样的小软件还挺多的，去探索一下吧。这就是今天想要和你分享的内容。最后，我想用列夫.托尔斯泰（Lev Tolstoy）的一句话结束今天的话题:“选择你所爱的，爱你所选择的。”我们下期见！Source：1.布里丹毛驴效应（百度百科）2.如何令选择变得更加容易？TED演讲（腾讯视频）3.拿什么拯救你的选择困难症？（财新网）4.为什么选择越多越痛苦？（壹心理）撰稿 | 董璞玉主持人 | 张煜霖，原海南电视台、杭州电视台主持人、记者。主编 | 韩悦思节目运营 | 柳婷婷专辑图视觉创意 | 贺归昀主视觉 | 李芳舟

***** Join David Tian on the “DTPHD Podcast” as we explore deep questions of meaning, success, truth, love, and the good life. Join our private Facebook group here: https://www.facebook.com/groups/dtphdpodcast/ ***** For over a decade, David Tian, Ph.D., has helped hundreds of thousands of people from over 87 countries find happiness, success, and fulfillment in their social, professional, and love lives. His presentations - whether keynotes, seminars, or workshops - leave clients with insights into their behavior, psychology, and keys to their empowerment. His training methodologies are the result of over a decade of coaching, therapy, and education of thousands of students around the world. Join him on the “DTPHD Podcast” as he explores deep questions of meaning, success, truth, love, and the good life. Subscribe now. Connect with David Tian here: Website: https://www.davidtianphd.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/davidtianphd DTPHD Podcast Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/dtphdpodcast/ Man Up Show Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/manupcommunity/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/TheAuraUniversity Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/davidtianphd/ Podcast: https://www.davidtianphd.com/dtphdpodcast Medium: https://medium.com/@davidtian Twitter: https://twitter.com/davidtianphd ***** HENRY CHONG is our special guest speaker on this episode. Henry is Director of Fusang Capital, a fund management company that manages the assets of multi-family offices. He is also a Director at the Portcullis Group, Asia's biggest independent group of trust companies, providing comprehensive wealth administration to high-net-worth individuals, providing a one-stop shop for corporate, trustee, and fund administration services to individuals, family offices, philanthropies, private banks, and investment managers. Henry is a graduate of Oxford University with a B.A. (Hons) in Philosophy Politics & Economics and is a founder of the Oxford Economics Society. He also holds a M.Sc. in Behavioral Science from the London School of Economics and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSC). He will be sharing with us from his deep insights in behavioral economics, finance, health, and psychology. Connect with Henry here: http://henrychong.com/http://henrychong.com/ ***** Show Notes: 2:27 What is a heuristic? 5:59 This is how to apply heuristics in life 11:15 How decisions are made in high pressure environments 15:37 Are we unconsciously using heuristics in our daily lives? 18:55 Where do we do better — algorithmic or heuristic thinking? 22:47 Understanding heuristics through the modern portfolio theory 27:58 Are all decisions emotionally driven? 30:00 How our brains operate in decision-making 33:35 This is how heuristics can be extremely useful 36:56 Relating the paradox of Buridan's ass to our emotions 42:18 One of the most powerful heuristics 44:17 How artificial intelligence relates to heuristics For transcriptions and more free resources, go here: https://www.davidtianphd.com/podcast/smarter-heuristics/

Victor Antonio, speaker, author, online educator, and podcaster, is a sales guru whose teachings apply to everyone from large corporations to small-business entrepreneurs. Today on the EO Podcast, Victor gives invaluable advice on the importance of your “hero story,” connecting with your prospective clients, and giving your client 3 pricing options. Tune-in to learn how avoid making common sales mistakes...and to avoid making an “ass” out of your prospects. Time Stamped Show Notes: 01:08 – Spoke on how we are selling our entire lives for a company called Plexis 02:30 – Likes to speak with humor, motivation, and applicable content 02:44 – Pattern: Drops content then gives audience a break with a story 02:50 – We are all in sales...as a baby you cry to sell your mom on the idea that you’re hungry, when you get older it’s to get what you want (begging, bargaining) 03:50 – How do you add humor, motivation, and content at the same time? 03:55 – Song: “Delta Dawn” by Patsy Cline sung with his audience: Know your audience 04:15 – People relate to the song and engage 05:00 – Video clips under “Sales Influence” on YouTube or victorantoio.com or sellingergroup.com 06:55 – Raised in tough Chicago environment, B.S. Electrical Engineer, MBA, ran sales and marketing team for a $420 million business, VP of International sales for $3 billion company, went off as speaker, author of 12 books, online educator (250 courses), hosted TV show called “Life or Debt,” podcast called “Sales Influence” 08:07 – His content still applies to entrepreneurs of small businesses despite his large corporate history 08:22 – What a lot of people are doing wrong 08:42 – The pitch/presentation: 95% of sales people are horrible at positioning a product 09:25 – The presentation isn’t thought out and doesn’t connect 09:50 – Position product/service/value correctly to close more deals effectively/quickly and advance further into the buying cycle 10:12 – Doesn’t connect: Presentations discuss company/mission/product 11:30 – Customer doesn’t care, they have a problem and want it solved 11:50 – Mistake is talking about self; you should open with something that resonates with client and describe their problem and its impact to the business 13:05 – Get into “3 major pain points” (problems) at the beginning of your presentation and empathize with customer 13:43 – The first 5 minutes are to frame their problem 14:20 – No asking questions to the client in the beginning, reference to book “Spin Selling” by Niel Rackham and “Consultative Selling” by Mack Hanan from the 80s 14:41 – Books discuss asking questions, the investigative process 14:56 – The internet has changed everything, people know what they want, so you don’t have to spend the first 5 minutes asking questions anymore like you did before 15:24 – If you are a trusted advisor, you know your stuff and should go in and get into it 15:55 – Ask clarifying questions if needed but don’t make it the basis of your presentation (conversation vs interrogation) 16:50 – “The Challenger Sale” by Brent Adamson and Matthew Dixon 17:25 – Taking the customer one step beyond/better than what they think the solution is 18:05 – History: Neil Rackham did study where he interviewed 10,000 sales reps and he came up with “Spin Model” 18:26 – What’s the situation, let’s find out, figure out the problem, see implications for customer, then discover the need payoff (how it will benefit you the customer) 19:02 – “The Challenger Sale” is another study on sales for post-internet times, forward is by Neil Rackham (recommended read) 20:00 – “The Challenger Sale” supports a lot of what Mack Hanan said in “Consultative Selling” 20:20 – What customers want from you is insight: Information beyond the obvious 20:30 – Tell them something they don’t know, that shifts their perspective, that they haven’t thought about 21:00 – Make the client think 21:25 – When to bring in the solution 21:38 – Shameless self-promotion– building the hero story as part of your presentation 22:45 – Hero comes in at the worst moment to bring everything back up for the customer 23:15 – Tell customer their story, then bring in the event (new regulation/competition, for example) that has created a negative impact in these ways (1,2,3) for business (emotional drowning) 24:14 – Then present your solution when the customer is ready to listen to you as how it will change their business 25:00 – Build enough pain on the front end (empathy) so customer is ready to listen to how you can help 26:17 – Tips: Nudge, don’t push, 3 different pricing models (Goldilocks approach), fable of the donkey (keep things simple) 26:40 – Study on tips at a restaurants 26:48 – When should pricing come up on a sales call 26:54 – What to do when a prospect put you back on price 27:03 – How do we take above tips and input them into the structure described above 27:32 – Nudge, don’t push: People don’t want to be pressured into buying. Influence, position, and advance your customer through the sale through a good story 31:24 – When do you bring up pricing in a sales call? 31:42 – When you present, customer wants to know the cost, but sales people will keep telling what their offering 32:38 – Present price early (within 15-20 minutes) to calm the customer’s mind because they’re thinking that throughout the presentation 33:07 – “Let’s talk about pricing, depending on what you want, you could be paying between x and x, but I won’t know until I’m clear on what you want.” 33:50 – Conversation dynamic shift: You plant price, but now you are adding value to the price throughout the presentation as you tell what the price includes 34:24 – Customer mindset becomes open to listening to you 34:37 – Cheeseburgers 34:55 – Customer knows a price range and you give solutions 35:04 – “Based on your company, here are the 3 options” and give low-med-high options 35:40 – Brain will always shift towards cheaper options with two options but with 3, the brain goes for the one in the middle (safest bet) 36:30 – by offering the most expensive option, 10-20% will still go towards the most expensive because they want the best 36:46 – Present 3 options 37:28 – Prospect pushback when you offer a proposal 38:00 – “Discounting Countermeasures” episode in “Sales Influence” podcast 38:40 – Discounting is never the way to go 39:30 -  People don’t like giving things up “The Endowment Effect,” take out things then re-present the price 40:00 – Give the client the same proposal and tell them to take out what they don’t want 40:20 – People will hesitate to take thing off because they are afraid they might need it 40:35 – If a deal “goes dark” it’s because the hero story/message wasn’t compelling enough 40:50 – The “Value Trinity:” People care about 3 things: increase my revenue, reduce my cost, expand my market share 41:20 – Your hero story should provide value to one or all of the 3 things 43:12 – Give the information that they can relay up the food chain as a trusted advisor/expert with a solution not just a product 43:50 – Most sales require 7 signatures or a committee decision: Fable of the donkey 44:05 – Eliminating confusion and keeping it simple allows for easy decision-making 44:11 – Donkey between hay bales can’t decide which to eat “Buridan’s Ass Paradox” so it just dies of hunger 44:10 – It’s not what you sell, it’s how you sell it, present it, and position it because many people are selling the same thing 46:46 – What is your favorite book that you’ve written? 46:57 - “The Sales Psycho: Inside the Mind of a Serial Seller” cool story 47:10 – The Sales Mastery Academy” access courses and books 47:47 – All contact information on victorantonio.com 3 Key Points: Your presentation should connect with the customer; provide a solution to their problem through your “hero” story. It’s not what you sell it’s how you sell it.    Always give 3 pricing options. Resources Mentioned: Entrepreneur's Organization – The EO Network Victorantonio.com - Victor’s website “Spin Selling” by Neil Rackham “Consultative Selling” by Mack Hanan “The Challenger Sale” by Brent Adamson and Matthew Dixon Sales Influence – Victor’s podcast “7 Ways to Avoid Discounting” episode in “Sales Influence” podcast “The Sales Psycho: Inside the Mind of a Serial Seller” – Victor’s favorite of his books

Changing ideas about money, just price, and usury, up to the time of Buridan, Oresme, and Gregory of Rimini.

This is the final talk we were able to cover before the Sept/Oct General Conference of 2017. In it, we chat with Andrew Astin about Bishop Causse's talk "Prepare the Way," and we learn a lot about how to maximize the potential of our Aaronic Priesthood brethren. Andrew is a medical student in North Carolina, and he brings a wealth of knowledge to the table about all sorts of subjects. Don't forget to stick around for the Virtuous, Lovely, and Good Report when Andrew shares some amazing insight he received from one of his mentors! ​​​​​​​References: The talk itself: https://www.lds.org/general-conference/2017/04/prepare-the-way?lang=eng President Ucthdorf’s talk on Alma and Amulek: https://www.talksontalks.com/podcast/2017/3/9/09-learn-from-alma-and-amulek-lessons-for-leaders-and-self-reflection?rq=alma Elder Ballard’s talk “Return and Receive”: https://www.talksontalks.com/podcast/2017/9/2/return-and-receive-making-plans-and-going-for-the-goal-ed From Jesus the Christ by James E. Talmage: “Even the profane sinner in the foul sacrilege of his oath acclaims the divine supremacy of Him whose name he desecrates.” (https://www.lds.org/manual/jesus-the-christ/chapter-1?lang=eng) President John Taylor on “Boys will be men.”: “What will the boys be when they are grown up. They will be men, will they not? They are now the sons of men. If a man be inducted into the family of God, and becomes a son of God, what will he become when he gets his growth? You can figure that out yourselves.” This was used by President Taylor to show that we will become as God is, but it also clearly articulated Andrew’s point about boys turning into men!” President Hinckley’s “Lessons I learned as a boy.” - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naqX9iYE0V0 “Don’t be a donkey” - “The Ass of Buridan” - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buridan%27s_ass Andrew’s OB/GYN doctor on healing people spiritually - “They’re not going to allow you to try and help them spiritually, but you still can. Every single patient I have, no matter what, before I go into the room I say a quick, short prayer for them. That they’ll be able to feel the spirit and to be able to have some kind of spiritual health in their life, even if this is the only time that anyone prays for them.” Music by Jonny Easton

Ockham, Buridan, Oresme and Francis of Marchia explore infinity, continuity, atomism, and the impetus involved in motion.

http://improvisations.fr/wp-content/uploads/20170406falsifiable.mp3 Ce qui rend les choses dont je parle ici intéressantes est leur caractère erratique, instable, indéfiniment inversable : on avance dans une direction mais on s'aperçoit que plus loin on chemine, plus grandes sont les chances de se retrouver brutalement ailleurs, et même à l'opposé de la direction initialement suivie. Ainsi, on croyait avancer dans le chemin de l'altruisme et de l'humilité, et on réalise, dans un éclair, qu'on est plutôt engagé dans la voie de l'orgueil et de l'égoïsme; on croyait descendre et on montait ; on croyait s'étendre et on se refermait ; on croyait inspirer et on expirait. Et tout à l'avenant, continuellement, dans toutes nos tentatives et toutes nos avancées. On est, dans les matières et disciplines que j'évoque au long de ces billets et enregistrements, plongés comme dans un monde circulaire, comme dans un de ces trous de ver astronomiques évoqués par les théories et dans lesquel chaque chose est infiniment proche de son contraire, et où la Roche Tarpéienne n'en finit pas de cotoyer le Capitole. Qui veut trop faire l'ange fait la bête, disait déjà Pascal, et Thérèse d'Avila mettait déjà ses soeurs en garde contre l'orgueil qui se nichait souvent au coeur des pratiques de mortification. Mais au-delà, toutes les choses dont je parle ici ont comme une qualité vibratoire : un peu plus, et elles tombent d'un côté ; un peu moins, et elles tombent de l'autre : pour renaître, il faut accepter de mourir ; pour régner, savoir se faire esclave,  et c'est en son propre tréfonds qu'on trouverait l'ouverture la plus totale sur le monde. Que nul n'entre donc ici s'il est géomètre, à moins que ce ne soit géométrie paradoxale dans la multidimensionnalité de laquelle tout les références s'abolissent. Ces idées agitées me conduisent, dans mon enregistrement, à Karl Popper et à sa compréhension de la science. Il me semble clair qu'on en est ici très loin : ce dont je parle au fil de ces pages appartient éminemment au monde du non réfutable, du non-démontrable, du non-scientifique, et accentuent cette appartenance le caractère intrinsèquement vacillant, mouvant, indécis, de nos pensées et de l'appréciation que nous portons sur nos actions. Pas de science dure, ici ; seulement du visqueux, de l'épais, du fractal hésitant toujours entre le noir et le blanc, le bien et le mal, le rien et le tout. Et c'est cela qui est passionnant. C'est justement parce que, dans ces domaines, la question se pose à chacun des nos pas de savoir si nous nous approchons ou nous éloignons de l'abime, c'est justement parce que rien n'est jamais sûr, rien n'est jamais certain que notre attention doit être toujours en éveil, jamais satisfaite, jamais étale. Nous sommes dans l'indécision créatrice. Pascelle de l'âne de Buridan, l'autre. Dont elle est si proche et pourtant si éloignée. CQFD.

“Connaissez-vous cette histoire frivole D’un certain âne illustre dans l’école ?  Dans l’écurie on vint… Read the postL’âne de Buridan Cet article L’âne de Buridan est apparu en premier sur Aldor (le blog).

Connor and Dan discuss the philosophy of Buridan.

John Lamb, features writer from the Forum of Fargo-Moorhead, joins us this week to recap the storm of the century on FX’s Fargo. Buridan’s Ass has us a bit confused about it’s application to this episode, but we rip through the episode bit by bit to dissect as usual. Chumpf rocks his last piece of

Welcome to our coverage of Fargo episode 106, “Buridan’s Ass!”  This week, we discuss white out conditions, make fun of French philosophers, and get into a heated debate regarding acts of god involving fish.  All this, plus another light dusting of feedback, plus our now weekly discussion of Mormon theology.  Enjoy! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Michelle and Mike review Fargo episode 106 "Buridan's Ass". Besides our normal dose of parables, we see a parade of death in this episode. Chumph, Numbers, Semencho, Dimitri, and maybe even Molly meet their ends.Once upon a time there was a little boy. He was born in a field and raised in the woods. And he had nothing. In the winter the boy would freeze and in the summer he would boil. He knew the name of every stinging insect. At night he would look at the lights in the houses and he would want: Why was he outside and they’d be in? Why was he so hungry and they fed? It should be me, he said.And out of the darkness, the wolves came whispering.Lord Byron’s “Don Juan”

AFTERBUZZ TV -- Fargo edition, is a weekly "after show" for fans of FX's Fargo. In this episode host Jillian Leff breaks down the episode in which Malvo executes his master plan; Lester attempts to craft a plan of his own; Gus and Molly team up. There to help Jillian is co-host JB Zimmerman. It's Fargo's "Buridan's Ass" podcast! Follow us on http://www.Twitter.com/AfterBuzzTV "Like" Us on http://www.Facebook.com/AfterBuzzTV For more of your post-game wrap up shows for your favorite TV shows, visit http://www.AfterBuzzTV.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

AFTERBUZZ TV -- Fargo edition, is a weekly "after show" for fans of FX's Fargo. In this episode host Jillian Leff breaks down the episode in which Malvo executes his master plan; Lester attempts to craft a plan of his own; Gus and Molly team up. There to help Jillian is co-host JB Zimmerman. It's Fargo's "Buridan's Ass" podcast! Follow us on http://www.Twitter.com/AfterBuzzTV "Like" Us on http://www.Facebook.com/AfterBuzzTV For more of your post-game wrap up shows for your favorite TV shows, visit http://www.AfterBuzzTV.com

This is the 10th episode in our series examining the impact Christianity has had on history & culture. Today we consider the impact the Faith has had on science.This subject is near & dear to me because when I first went to college in the mid-70's, I was studying to be a geologist. I'd always been fascinated by science and loved to collect rocks, so decided geology would be my field. I took many classes on the trajectory of one day working in the field as a geological engineer.I was only a nominal believer in those days and when I first entered college saw no incompatibility between evolution and Christianity. It seemed obvious to my then uninformed mind that God had created everything, then used evolution as the way to push things along. I now realize my ideas were what has come to be known as theistic evolution.One of my professors, who was herself an agnostic, was also a fastidious scientist. What I mean is, she hadn't imbibed the ideology of scientism with its uncritical loyalty to evolution. Though she admitted a loose belief in it, it was only, she said, because no other theory came any closer to explaining the evidence. She rejected the idea of divine creation, but had a hard time buying in to the evolutionary explanation for life. Her reason was that the theory didn't square with the evidence. She caught significant grief for this position from the other professors who were lock-step loyal to Darwin. In a conversation with another student in class one day, she acknowledged that while she didn't personally believe it, in terms of origins, there could be a supreme being who was creator of the physical universe and that if there was, such a being would likely be the Author of Life. She went further and admitted that there was no evidence she was aware of that made that possibility untenable. It's just that as a scientist, she had no evidence for such a being's existence so had to remain an agnostic.For me, the point was, here was a true scientist who admitted there were deep scientific problems with the theory of evolution. She fiercely argued against raising the theory of evolution to a scientific certainty. It angered her when evolution was used as a presumptive ground for science.It took a few years, but I eventually came around to her view, then went further and today, based on the evidence, consider evolution a preposterous position.I give all that background because of the intensity of debate today, kicked up by what are called the New Atheists. Evolutionists all, they set science in opposition to all religious faith. In doing so, they set reason on the side of science, and then say that leaves un-reason or irrationality in the side of faith. This is false proposition but one that has effectively come to dominate the public discussion. The new Atheists make it seem as though every scientist worth the title is an atheists while there are no educated or genuinely worthy intellects in the Faith camp. That also is a grievous misdirection since some of the world's greatest minds & most prolific scientists either believe in God, the Bible, or at least acknowledge the likelihood of a divine being.A little history reveals that modern science owes its very existence to men & women of faith. The renowned philosopher of science, Alfred North Whitehead, said “Faith in the possibility of science, [coming before] the development of modern scientific theory, is[derived from] medieval theology."' Lynn White, historian of medieval science, wrote, "The [medieval] monk was an intellectual ancestor of the scientist." The German physicist Ernst Mach remarked, "Every unbiased mind must admit that the age in which the chief development of the science of mechanics took place was an age of predominantly theological cast."Crediting Christianity with the arrival of science may sound surprising to many. But why is that? The answer goes back to Andrew Dickson White, who in 1896 published A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. Ever since then, along with the growth of secularism, college & university professors have accepted White's argument that Christianity is an enemy of science. It unthinkable to many that Christianity could have fostered the arrival of science.There are differences between Christianity and pagan religion. One is that Christianity, with its heritage in Judaism, has always insisted that there's only one God, Who is a rational being. Without this presupposition, there would be no science. The origin of science, said Alfred North Whitehead, required Christianity's “insistence on the rationality of God."If God is a rational being, then human beings, who are made in His image, also employ rational processes to study and investigate the world in which they live. That idea moved Christian philosophers to link rationality with the empirical, inductive method. Robert Grosseteste was one of these philosophers who in the 13th C went further and began to apply this idea practically. A Franciscan bishop and the first chancellor of Oxford University, he was the first to propose the inductive, experimental method, an approach to knowledge that was advocated by his student Roger Bacon, another Franciscan monk, who asserted that “All things must be verified by experience.” Bacon was a devout believer in the truthfulness of Scripture, and being empirically minded, he saw the Bible in the light of sound reason and as verifiable by experience. Another natural philosopher & Franciscan monk, was William of Occam in the 14th C. Like Bacon, Occam said knowledge needed to be derived inductively.300 years later another Bacon, first name  Francis this time, gave further momentum to the inductive method by recording his experimental results. He's been called "the creator of scientific induction."' In the context of rationality, he stressed careful observation of phenomena and collecting information systematically in order to understand nature's secrets. His scientific interests did not deter him from devoting time to theology. He wrote treatises on the Psalms and prayer.By introducing the inductive empirical method guided by rational procedures, Roger Bacon, William Occam, and Francis Bacon departed from the ancient Greek perspective of Aristotle. Aristotelianism had a stranglehold on the world for 1500 years. It held that knowledge was only acquired thru the deductive processes of the mind; the inductive method, which required manual activity, was taboo. Remember  as we saw in  a previous episode, physical activity was only for slaves, not for thinkers & freemen. Complete confidence in the deductive method was the only way for the Aristotelian to arrive at knowledge. This view was held by Christian monks, natural philosophers, and theologians until the arrival of Grosseteste, the Bacons & Occam. Even after these empirically-minded thinkers introduced their ideas, a majority of the scholastic world continued to adhere to Aristotle's approach.Another major presupposition of Christianity is that God, who created the world, is separate and distinct from it. Greek philosophy saw the gods and nature as intertwined. For example, the planets were thought to have an inner intelligence that caused them to move. This pantheistic view of planetary movement was first challenged in the 14th C by Jean Buridan, a Christian philosopher at the University of Paris.The Biblical & Christian perspective, which sees God and nature as distinctively separate entities, makes science possible. As has been said, Science could never have come into being among the animists of Asia or Africa because they would never have experimented on the natural world, since everything—stones, trees, animals & everything, contains the spirits of gods & ancestors.Men like Grosseteste, Buridan, the Bacons, Occam, and Nicholas of Oresme, and later Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, saw themselves as merely trying to understand the world God had created and over which He told mankind in Gen 1:28 to have "dominion". This paradigm shift is another example of Christianity's wholesome impact on the world.Belief in the rationality of God not only led to the inductive method but also to the conclusion that the universe is governed by rationally discoverable laws. This assumption is vitally important to scientific research, because in a pagan world, with gods engaged in jealous, irrational behavior, any systematic investigation of such a world was futile. Only in Christian thought, with the existence of a single God, the Creator and Governor of the universe, Who functions in an orderly and predictable manner, is it possible for science to exist and operate.From the 13th to the 18th C  every major scientist  explained his motivations in religious terms. But if you examined a science textbook for the local public school you'd never know. Virtually all references to the Christian beliefs of early scientists are omitted. This is unfortunate because these convictions often played a dominant role in their work.One early cutting-edge concept was "Occam's razor", named in honor of William of Occam. This idea had a tremendous influence on the development of modern science. Simply put, it's the scientific principle that says what can be done or explained with the fewest assumptions should be used. This means that a scientist needs to ‘shave off' all excess assumptions. The idea first arose with Peter of Spain but Occam finessed it into usable form. Modern scientists use this principle in theorizing and explaining research findings.As was common with virtually all medieval natural philosophy, Occam didn't confine himself just to scientific matters. He also wrote 2 theological treatises, 1 dealing with the Lord's Supper and the other with the body of Christ. Both works had a positive influence on Martin Luther.Most people think of Leonardo da Vinci as a great artist and painter, but he was also a scientific genius. He analyzed and theorized in the areas of botany, optics, physics, hydraulics, and aeronautics, but his greatest benefit to science lies in the study of human physiology. By dissecting cadavers, which he often did at night because such activity was forbidden, he produced meticulous drawings of human anatomy. His drawings and comments, when collected in one massive volume, present a complete course of anatomical study. This was a major breakthrough because before this time and for some time after, physicians had little knowledge of the human body. They were dependent on the writings of the Greek physician Galen whose propositions on human physiology were in large measure drawn from animals like dogs and monkeys. Leonardo's anatomical observations led him to question the belief that air passed from the lungs to the heart. He used a pump to test this hypothesis and found it was impossible to force air into the heart from the lungs.Lest anyone think Leonardo's scientific theories and drawings of the human anatomy were divorced from his religious convictions, it's well to recall his other activities. His paintings—The Baptism of Christ, The Last Supper, and The Resurrection of Christ—are enduring reminders of his Christian beliefs.The anatomical work of Leonardo was not forgotten. The man who followed in his footsteps was Andreas Vesalius, who lived from 1514 to 64. At 22, he began teaching at the University of Padua. In 1543 he published his famous work, Fabric of the Human Body. The book mentions over 200 errors in Galen's physiology. The errors were found as a result of his dissecting cadavers he obtained illegally.When Vesalius exposed Galen's errors, he received no praise or commendation. His contemporaries, like his former teacher Sylvius, still wedded to Greek medicine, called him a "madman." Others saw him as "a clever, dangerous free-thinker of medicine." There's little doubt of his faith in God. On one occasion he said, "We are driven to wonder at the handiwork of the Almighty." He was never condemned as a heretic, as some anti-church critics have implied, for at the time of his death he had an offer waiting for him to teach at the University of Padua, where he first began his career. Today he's known as the father of human anatomy.Where would the study of genetics be today had the world not been blessed with the birth of the Augustinian monk Gregor Johann Mendel? As often stated in science textbooks, it was his working on cross-pollinating garden peas that led to the concept of genes and the discovery of his 3 laws: the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the law of dominance. Mendel spent most of his adult life in the monastery at Bruno, Moravia. Though Mendel is used by secularists to explain genetics & evolution, he rejected Darwin's theory.4 names loom large in the textbooks of astronomy: Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, & Galileo. The undeniable fact is, these men were devout Christians. Their faith influenced their scientific work, though this fact is conspicuously omitted in most science texts.Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Torun, Poland, in 1473. While still a child, his father died, and he was sent to his mother's brother, a Catholic priest, who reared him. He earned a doctor's degree and was trained as a physician. His uncle had him study theology, which resulted in his becoming a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral in East Prussia. History knows him best for having introduced the heliocentric theory that says the Earth orbits the sun, not the other way around. During the Middle Ages it was suggested the Earth might be in motion, but nobody had worked out the details. Copernicus did, and therein lies his greatness.Copernicus received a printed copy of his masterwork Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies on his deathbed in 1543. He'd hesitated to publish his work earlier, not because he feared the charge of heresy, as has often been asserted without any documentation, but because he wanted to avoid the ridicule of other scientists, who were strongly tied to Aristotle and Ptolemy. It was Copernicus' Christian friends, especially Georg Rheticus and Andreas Osiander, 2 Lutherans, who persuaded him to publish.Although Copernicus remained a moderately loyal son of the Roman Catholic Church, it was his Lutheran friends that made his publication possible. That information is surprising to many people, including university students, because most only hear that Christian theologians condemned Copernicus's work. For instance, critics like to cite Luther, who supposedly called Copernicus a fool. John W. Montgomery has shown this frequently cited remark lacks support.When Tycho Brahe died in 1601, Johannes Kepler succeeded him in Prague under an imperial appointment by Emperor Rudolph II. Kepler, who'd studied for 3 years to become a Lutheran pastor, turned to astronomy after he was assigned to teach mathematics in Graz, Austria, in 1594. Unlike Brahe, who never accepted the heliocentric theory, Kepler did. In fact Kepler, not Copernicus, deserves the real credit for the helio-centric theory. Copernicus thought the sun was the center of the universe. Kepler realized & proved the sun was merely the center of our solar system.Kepler's mathematical calculations proved wrong the old Aristotelian theory that said the planets orbited in perfect circles, an assumption Copernicus continued to hold. This led Kepler to hypothesize and empirically verify that planets had elliptical paths around the sun.Kepler was the first to define weight as the mutual attraction between 2 bodies, an insight Isaac Newton used later in formulating the law of gravity. Kepler was the first to explain that tides were caused by the moon.Many of Kepler's achievements came while enduring great personal suffering. Some of his hardships were a direct result of his Lutheran convictions, which cost him his position in Graz, where the Catholic Archduke of Hapsburg expelled him in 1598. Another time he was fined for burying his 2nd child according to Lutheran funeral rites. His salary was often in arrears, even in Prague, where he had an imperial appointment. He lost his position there in 1612 when his benefactor the Emperor was forced to abdicate. He was plagued with digestive problems, gall bladder ailments, skin rashes, piles, and sores on his feet that healed badly because of his hemophilia. Childhood smallpox left him with defective eyesight and crippled hands. Even death was no stranger to him. His first wife died, as well as several of his children. A number of times he was forced to move from one city to another, sometimes even from one country to another. Often he had no money to support his family because those who contracted him failed to pay.Whether in fame or pain, Kepler's faith remained unshaken. In his first publication he showed his Christian conviction at the book's conclusion where he gave all honor and praise to God. Stressed and overworked as he often was, he would sometimes fall asleep without having said his evening prayers. When this happened, it bothered him so much that the first thing he'd do next morning was to repent. Moments before he died, an attending Lutheran pastor asked him where he placed his faith. Calmly, he replied, "Solely and alone in the work of our redeemer Jesus Christ." Those were the final words of the man who earlier in his life had written that he only tried "thinking God's thoughts after him." He was still in that mindset when, four months before he died, he penned his own epitaph: “I used to measure the heavens, Now I must measure the earth. Though sky-bound was my spirit, My earthly body rests here."We'll end this podcast with a brief review of the 17th C, scientist Galileo. Like Kepler, a contemporary of his, Galileo searched and described the heavenly bodies. He was the first to use the telescope to study the skies, although he didn't invent it. That credit goes to Johann Lippershey, who first revealed his invention in 1608 at a fair in Frankfurt. With the telescope, Galileo discovered that the moon's surface had valleys and mountains, that the moon had no light of its own but merely reflected it from the sun, that the Milky Way was composed of millions of stars, that Jupiter had 4 bright satellites, and that the sun had spots. Galileo also determined, contrary to Aristotelian belief, that heavy objects did not fall faster than light ones.Unfortunately, Galileo's observations were not well received by his Roman Catholic superiors, who considered Aristotle's view—not that of the Bible—as the final word of truth. Even letting Pope Paul V look through the telescope at his discoveries did not help his cause. His masterpiece, A Dialogue on the Two Principal Systems of the World, resulted in a summons before the Inquisition, where he was compelled to deny his belief in the Copernican theory and sentenced to an indefinite prison term. For some reason the sentence was never carried out. In fact, 4 years later he published Dialogues on the Two New Sciences. This work helped Isaac Newton formulate his 3 laws of motion.Galileo was less pro-Copernican than Kepler, with whom he often disagreed. He largely ignored Kepler's discoveries because he was still interested in keeping the Ptolemaic theory alive. He also criticized Kepler's idea of the moon affecting tides.The mystery is - If he was less pro-Copernican than Kepler—why did he get into trouble with the theologians who placed his books on the Index of forbidden books? The answer was because he was Roman Catholic, while Kepler was Lutheran.When modern critics condemn the Church & Christianity for its resistance to the Copernican theory, it must be noted and underscored that it was not the entire church that did so. Both Lutherans & Calvinists supported the Copernican theory.And it needs to be stated clearly that the reason the Roman Church proscribed Galileo's work was precisely because they adhered to the scientific ideas of the day which were dominated by the Aristotelianism. Their opposition to Galileo wasn't out of a strict adherence to the Bible – but to the current scientific thought. I say it again - It was errant science, or what we might call scientism that opposed Galileo. This is the mistake the Church can make today – when it allows itself to adopt the politically correct line of contemporary thought; the majority opinion – what the so-called experts hold to – today; but history has shown, is exchanged for something else tomorrow.Listen: History proves that while scientific theories come and go, God's Word prevails.And that brings us to the end of The Change series. Next week we'll return to our narrative timeline of church history.