Podcast appearances and mentions of ernst mach

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Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1230, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: People Who Became Words 1: A swift fellow, this Austrian's name means the speed of an object as a multiple of the speed of sound. Ernst Mach. 2: Don't lose your head trying to name this execution device named after a French doctor. the guillotine. 3: The name of this cigarette ingredient comes from the ambassador who sent tobacco to Pairs. nicotine. 4: Named for a Soviet minister, the Finns fixed these "cocktails" for the invading Russians in 1940. Molotov cocktails. 5: Up on the highwire you might wear this bodysuit named for a famous 19th century trapeze artist. a leotard. Round 2. Category: Jr. And Sr. 1: This Jr. grew up in the shadow of his swashbuckling father and stepmom Mary Pickford. Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.. 2: Little monster Creighton changed his name to this to match his "Dad of a thousand faces". Lon Chaney, Jr.. 3: "Pere" thrust forth "The Count of Monte Cristo"; "fils" parried with "Camille". (Alexandre) Dumas. 4: She says mommie dearest originally planned to name her "Joan Crawford, Jr.". Christina Crawford. 5: As Little John, Pa prowled Sherwood Forest 3 times, but Jr. got beached on an island. the Hales (Alan Hale Sr. and Jr.). Round 3. Category: Franks And Beens 1: This Limerick-born, Pulitzer Prize-winning author has been called "a haunted man". Frank McCourt. 2: He has been called the "Father of the Dime Store" (The F. stands for Frank). (F.W.) Woolworth. 3: He has been forever linked with Joseph Tinker and John Evers. Frank Chance of the Cubs. 4: This Massachusetts congressman has been after the press for their "Gotcha" stories. Barney Frank. 5: Since the '70s this gold medal-winning runner has been a driving force in the long-distance running boom. Frank Shorter. Round 4. Category: We Gotta Go Now 1: The lion population is dwindling; get to this nation's Kruger National Park to see them. South Africa. 2: Air pollution is damaging the marble facade of this mausoleum in Agra. the Taj Mahal. 3: Check out this, an Australian marine park since 1975, before the coral is destroyed. the Great Barrier Reef. 4: Head to this island east of Sumatra to see the orangutans before they become extinct. Borneo. 5: Climate change and deforestation are threats to Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve in this Central American nation. Costa Rica. Round 5. Category: Big Plays In The Bible 1: A huge upset as he "prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone"; I can't believe what I just saw!. David. 2: He "stretched out his hand over the sea; and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind"; what a play!. Moses. 3: His "wisdom excelled... the wisdom of Egypt", which is why he's been coach of the year so many times. Solomon. 4: It's not the 1924 Notre Dame backfield, this is the real McCoy from Revelation 6, and that means the game is truly over. the Four Horsemen. 5: What an amazing comeback! John 11 reported he "hath been dead 4 days", but now he's up and going back onto the field!. Lazarus. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Dr. C.S. Unnikrishnan is a professor at the School of Quantum Technology at the Defense Institute of Advanced Technology. Unnikrishnan is also a key member of the LIGO-India project and a member of the global LIGO Scientific Collaboration. His work has led him to some revolutionary conclusions about the nature of gravity, light, and the missing medium for these invisible actions. Our conversation gets into the details of his Machian approach to understanding the cosmos, which his calls "cosmic gravity." We discuss Henri Bergson's criticism of relativity, Einstein's transformation into quantum mascot, and issues with simultaneity in cosmic physics. Tell us your thoughts in the comments! Paper discussed in this podcast: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1466/1/012007 Sign up for our Patreon and get episodes early + join our weekly Patron Chat https://bit.ly/3lcAasB 00:00 Go! 00:04:57 Revisiting old experiments to learn something new 00:13:23 A lack of absolute reference points 00:25:05 Reevaluating Einstein a Century On 00:35:22 Testing the constancy of the speed of light 00:43:25 Why is breaking physics preferred to an undetectable aether? 00:54:36 Evidence of light speed changes 01:04:39 Could Michaelson & Morley have given a different result? 01:21:16 Why was Michaelson's 1925 detection of the aether ignored? 01:25:38 Henri Bergson, Einstein, and Simultaneity 01:33:17 Simultaneity that is experienced 01:42:19 Mathematical elegance in conflict with reality 01:48:59 Is revisiting the constancy of light speed possible? 01:56:08 The solutions offered by a Machian paradigm 02:03:59 One universal frame intro 02:09:10 Are there two theories about light possible, or can only one prevail? 02:20:54 Is there an alternative to fields? 02:29:36 Closing thoughts #sciencepodcast, #QuantumPhysics, #CosmicGravity, #LIGOIndia, #MachianPhysics, #QuantumTechnology, #Einstein, #HenriBergson, #Relativity, #QuantumMascot, #Simultaneity, #GravityTheory, #PhysicsPodcast, #ScientificCollaboration, #Astrophysics, #CosmicPhysics, #ScienceRevolution, #theoreticalphysics , #QuantumMechanics, #LIGOProject, #PhysicsCommunity Check our short-films channel, @DemystifySci: https://www.youtube.com/c/DemystifyingScience AND our material science investigations of atomics, @MaterialAtomics https://www.youtube.com/@MaterialAtomics Join our mailing list https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S PODCAST INFO: Anastasia completed her PhD studying bioelectricity at Columbia University. When not talking to brilliant people or making movies, she spends her time painting, reading, and guiding backcountry excursions. Shilo also did his PhD at Columbia studying the elastic properties of molecular water. When he's not in the film studio, he's exploring sound in music. They are both freelance professors at various universities. - Blog: http://DemystifySci.com/blog - RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rss - Donate: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaD - Swag: https://bit.ly/2PXdC2y SOCIAL: - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/ - Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySci MUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671

Get your DEMYSTICON 2024 tickets here: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/demysticon-2024-tickets-727054969987 This is our second conversation with esteemed physics professor, Dr. Andrê Koch Torres Assis. Following our earlier discussion of Weber's electrodynamics, we now move into Professor Assis' other passion: Machian dynamics. Mach is perhaps one of the most well-known behind-the-scenes players in the saga of modern physics. Einstein and others often point to Mach as inspiring their ideas but it is often unclear exactly what Mach was proposing when he said that inertia was simply the result of the gravity of the sum total of all of the distant celestial bodies acting upon something locally. In this podcast we explore Mach's ideas through a few simple experiments. Please tell us your thoughts in the comments! Sign up for a yearly Patreon membership for discounted conference tickets: https://bit.ly/3lcAasB Professor Assis' books, papers, talks: https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/ (00:00) Go!(00:04:36) Mach's Principle(00:09:21) There are no two body problems(00:18:46) Setting a reference frame(00:22:17) Newton Proves the Existence of the Vacuum(00:32:21) Newton letting go of material cause(00:40:48) Newton v Ernst Mach(00:51:54)  What Newton Got Wrong about Gravity(00:57:32) Weber's law of relational mechanics(01:06:32) Space time as "absolute space"(01:08:55) Mach's principle and the rotation of the Earth(01:20:56) Experimental proof of relational mechanics?(01:22:16) Gravity probe B(01:34:10) Pitfalls of assuming a homogenous universe(01:48:24) Why accept an expanding universe?(02:12:35) Closing thoughts #GravityExplained, #PhysicsDebate, #MachsPrinciple, #NewtonVsMach, #EinsteinVsMach, #AlternativeGravity, #CosmicPerspective, #InertiaInsights, #RelationalMechanics, #SpaceTimeDebate, #GravitationalTheories, #ModernPhysics, #CosmologyDiscussion, #ScienceDebates, #RevolutionaryIdeas, #QuantumGravity, #UniversalConnections, #ExperimentalPhysics, #CosmicUnderstanding, #NewPhysicsExploration, #sciencepodcast, #podcast #physics Check our short-films channel, @DemystifySci:  https://www.youtube.com/c/DemystifyingScience AND our material science investigations of atomics,  @MaterialAtomics   https://www.youtube.com/@MaterialAtomics Join our mailing list https://bit.ly/3v3kz2S   PODCAST INFO:  Anastasia completed her PhD studying bioelectricity at Columbia University. When not talking to brilliant people or making movies, she spends her time painting, reading, and guiding backcountry excursions. Shilo also did his PhD at Columbia studying the elastic properties of molecular water. When he's not in the film studio, he's exploring sound in music. They are both freelance professors at various universities. - Blog: http://DemystifySci.com/blog  - RSS: https://anchor.fm/s/2be66934/podcast/rss- Donate: https://bit.ly/3wkPqaD- Swag: https://bit.ly/2PXdC2y  SOCIAL:  - Discord: https://discord.gg/MJzKT8CQub- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/DemystifySci- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/DemystifySci/- Twitter: https://twitter.com/DemystifySci MUSIC: -Shilo Delay: https://g.co/kgs/oty671

Robert Musil schrieb nicht nur nahezu lebenslang an seinem Roman "Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften", sondern auch Parabeln wie "Die Affeninsel" , Theaterstücke wie "Der Schwärmer" und Novellen wie "Verwirrungen des jungen Törlesse." Schreibstil und Verarbeitung von Ernst Mach, sowie philosophische Essays machen ihn zu einem einzigartigen Schriftsteller mit einer Sonderstellung der k. u. k. Autoren.

Vorgestellt werden Musils Dramen, die Novelle Törless, die Parabel Die Affeninsel, der Roman Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften und die Trilogie Drei Frauen. Sie werden untersucht auf Möglichkeitssinn, ihre Nähe zu Ernst Mach und Nietzsche, den Zusammenhang mit dem Untergang Österreichs und dem Triumph des Faschismus. Ferner fließen Gedanken aus den Essays Musilk wie das mathematische Denken, das ratoide und das nicht ratioide,ein.

In the early 20th century, Europe and North America were undergoing a radical transformation. Scientific, technological, and political changes disrupted many traditional forms of life. The growth of cities opened up new freedoms and opportunities and scientists like Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach were developing new theories about how we perceive the world and construct reality. These cultural changes gave birth to a form of art that reflected the new sensibilities of this era—modernism. The modernist literary movement was characterized in particular by its interest in revealing the inner psychology of its characters. And few texts were as successful in this goal as Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. Dora Zhang is Associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley. She is the author of Strange Likeness: Description and the Modernist Novel. See more information on our website, WritLarge.fm. Follow us on Twitter @WritLargePod. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In the early 20th century, Europe and North America were undergoing a radical transformation. Scientific, technological, and political changes disrupted many traditional forms of life. The growth of cities opened up new freedoms and opportunities and scientists like Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach were developing new theories about how we perceive the world and construct reality. These cultural changes gave birth to a form of art that reflected the new sensibilities of this era—modernism. The modernist literary movement was characterized in particular by its interest in revealing the inner psychology of its characters. And few texts were as successful in this goal as Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. Dora Zhang is Associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley. She is the author of Strange Likeness: Description and the Modernist Novel. See more information on our website, WritLarge.fm. Follow us on Twitter @WritLargePod. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/literary-studies

In the early 20th century, Europe and North America were undergoing a radical transformation. Scientific, technological, and political changes disrupted many traditional forms of life. The growth of cities opened up new freedoms and opportunities and scientists like Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach were developing new theories about how we perceive the world and construct reality. These cultural changes gave birth to a form of art that reflected the new sensibilities of this era—modernism. The modernist literary movement was characterized in particular by its interest in revealing the inner psychology of its characters. And few texts were as successful in this goal as Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. Dora Zhang is Associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley. She is the author of Strange Likeness: Description and the Modernist Novel. See more information on our website, WritLarge.fm. Follow us on Twitter @WritLargePod. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the early 20th century, Europe and North America were undergoing a radical transformation. Scientific, technological, and political changes disrupted many traditional forms of life. The growth of cities opened up new freedoms and opportunities and scientists like Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach were developing new theories about how we perceive the world and construct reality. These cultural changes gave birth to a form of art that reflected the new sensibilities of this era—modernism. The modernist literary movement was characterized in particular by its interest in revealing the inner psychology of its characters. And few texts were as successful in this goal as Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway. Dora Zhang is Associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley. She is the author of Strange Likeness: Description and the Modernist Novel. See more information on our website, WritLarge.fm. Follow us on Twitter @WritLargePod. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/british-studies

Ena glavnih težav pri razumevanju slovenske politike je njeno komuniciranje. Hočemo povedati, da nismo vedno prepričani, kaj hočejo povedati. To komuniciranje s šiframi, prenesenimi pomeni, metaforami in premenami tisti najbistrejši med nami razumejo po dnevu ali dveh, nam ostalim pa je potreben teden, včasih celo dva, da dojamemo. Pa še takrat ne vedno. Danes se posvetimo komunikacijskemu biseru, ki nas je v globokem študiju in kontemplaciji zaposloval kar deset dni. Bilo je namreč takrat, ko je poslanec SDS Branko Grims povedal, da je njegova stranka pri zbiranju podpisov za referendumski »hat-trick« prebila zvočni zid. Ker je pravilno razumevanje konteksta nujno potrebno za razumevanje materije glede zakonodaje na kar treh izjemno pomembnih področjih, se izjavi nismo nasmehnili, kot večina levih medijev; ali jo vklesali v kamen, kot večina desnih medijev – temveč smo se ji posvetili z vsem analitičnim aparatom, ki je na voljo naši skromni redakciji. Kaj je Branko Grims rekel, vemo, kaj je hotel povedati, pa ne. Če zbiranje podpisov za referendum opišemo s prebijanjem zvočnega zidu, brez razmisleka sklepamo, da so se do zdaj vanj zaletavali, tokrat jim je pa ga končno uspelo prebiti. Ali pa, da so bili pri zbiranju podpisov izjemno hitri … Za kar pa izraz »zvočni zid« ni najbolj primeren. Mogoče je Branko hotel uporabiti neko drugo naravoslovno konstanto, ki se v medijih nemarno uporablja za družboslovne postopke … Povsem drugače bi se namreč slišalo: »Stranka SDS je tokratno zbiranje podpisov opravila s svetlobno hitrostjo!« Vsaj po našem skromnem mnenju je ta poved mnogo bolj elegantna, privlačna in občutljivim ušesom volivcev bližja ... Prebijanje zvočnega zidu pa bi lahko poslanec Grims uporabil pri katerem uspehov na drugem tiru, ko se njegova stranka ponovno vrne na oblast. Še zajca ali dva za pojasnitev Grimsove izjave imamo v rokavu ... Mogoče je ciljal na to, da smo podpise najprej videli, šele pozneje pa jih bomo tudi slišali; kajti zakasnitev zvoka je ena najbolj očitnih posledic prebijanja zvočnega zidu. Ali pa, da je dostavitev podpisov v parlament podobna poku, ki pride skupaj s prebitjem zvočnega zidu … Ta in še kup referenc na komunikacijsko bravuro največje opozicijske, še pred nekaj časa največje pozicijske stranke bi se našlo. Ampak ker smo analitična, ne pa obrekovalska, ali bog ne daj razdiralna oddaja, zavijmo v sivo cono in poskusimo razložiti izjavo, kot še ni bila razložena. Vsem je znano, da je Branko Grims vodilni polihistor stranke SDS, ki se že tako ali tako odlikuje z izjemnimi umi. Zato pogosto nastopa v javnosti. Tako je povsem mogoče, da je Branko eden redkih Slovencev, ki pozna povezavo med hitrostjo zvoka, se pravi med zvočnim zidom in njegovim prebijanjem ter Slovenijo. Ta vez je nenavadna ter zgodovinsko trdna in kot domoljubna stranka so jo s to izjavo v SDS poskušali samo obuditi. Povzemimo na kratko … V Velikem Slatniku, tik ob Novem Mestu, je sredi devetnajstega stoletja živel Johann Mach. Izobraženec in učitelj je v času velikega pomora sviloprejk na svojem posestvu gojil na bolezen odporno vrsto metulja, in sicer azijskega svilnatega prelca tudi jamamai imenovanega. Imel je nekoliko alternativne metode vzreje in jih je gojil kar v naravi – tako kot danes živi vsak jamamai, ki ga ugledate v poletnem večeru ob cestni svetilki, korenini na Dolenjskem. Ampak bolj pomembno je, da je imel Johann sina Ernsta. Ernst Mach, deček nenavadne ostrine duha, je poletja preživljal na Dolenjskem, drugače pa študiral po cesarskih mestih, dosegel visoko učenost in velike časti na področju fizike in filozofije. Ker se je znanstveno ukvarjal z gibanjem hitrih teles, se njemu na čast imenuje razmerje med hitrostjo telesa, ki se giblje v nekem sredstvu, in hitrostjo zvoka v tem sredstvu. Ta enota je mach in ko telo preseže hitrost enega macha, prebije zvočni zid. Bistveno vprašanje seveda ostaja: »Kako je stranka SDS z zbiranjem podpisov dosegla hitrost enega macha?« V dobrem mesecu so jih zbrali približno petdeset tisoč za posamezni referendum, iz tega pa je zelo težko izračunati, s kakšno hitrostjo se je gibalo SDS-ovsko volilno telo. In v kakšnem sredstvu. Prav tako bi bilo pretenciozno, če že ne žaljivo sklepati, da SDS-ovca najprej vidiš, šele nato ga slišiš, oz. da ga slišiš z zakasnitvijo … Tako nam ne preostane drugega, kot da sklepamo, kako je Branko Grims z analogijo o zvočnem zidu hotel le opozoriti in spomniti na premalo znanega in po krivici zapostavljenega dolenjskega rojaka. Če bo ob morebitnem uspehu referendumov, še bolj pa ob njihovem morebitnem neuspehu Branko Grims izjavil, da je izid stranko SDS končno izstrelil v stacionarno orbito, bomo vedeli, da misli na našega rojaka, pionirja raketne tehnike Hermana Potočnika Noordunga.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 449, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: From The French 1: This word for a type of business like Quizno's comes from the French for "free". a franchise. 2: The name of the U.S. state is partly from the French word for "green". Vermont. 3: The name of this rodent that hibernates nearly half the year may come from the French for "sleep". a dormouse. 4: The name of this type of vehicle is a shortened version of the French for "walking hospital". ambulance. 5: This word for an alpine cottage comes from the Swiss French for "shelter". a chalet. Round 2. Category: Aesop A.s.a.p. 1: One of these creatures talks a lion out of eating him, later saves the lion from a trap. mouse. 2: Farmer proves strength in unity to sons by showing a bundle of these that can't be broken all at once. sticks. 3: Fox can't reach these, decides they are sour. grapes. 4: Wolf disguised as one of these gets killed by shepherd wanting dinner. sheep. 5: Hungry, lazy grasshopper tries to talk these insects out of food in winter. ants. Round 3. Category: Whatever 1: Unlike most birds, which have 4, ostriches have this many toes on each foot, adapted to aid in running. 2. 2: This is how he looked in high school; today he's a talented actor and director as well. Ben Affleck. 3: For one brief shining moment, the Kennedys were said to live in this mythic kingdom. Camelot. 4: The name of this physicist is used to describe measurements of supersonic speed. (Ernst) Mach. 5: In "A Psalm of Life", Longfellow wrote of leaving "behind us" these "on the sands of time". footprints. Round 4. Category: Movie Stars 1: In "Apollo 13" he played astronaut Jim Lovell, who was much smarter than Forrest Gump. Tom Hanks. 2: Robert Duvall felt Sally Kellerman's "hot lips" when he played Major Frank Burns in this 1970 film. M*A*S*H. 3: Teri Garr played Dustin Hoffman's neglected girlfriend in this 1982 comedy; what a "drag"!. Tootsie. 4: In 1997 he was named best actor at Cannes for "She's So Lovely", which co-starred his lovely wife Robin Wright. Sean Penn. 5: He gave Lauren Bacall a gold bracelet with her name engraved on one side and "The Whistler" on the other. Humphrey Bogart (her husband). Round 5. Category: Sunday School 1: Chipping in for charity will show us the truth of Jesus' words "it is more blessed" to do this "than to receive". to give. 2: Timmy, here's an old shirt to wear; we'll act out the scene where Saul's robe is cut by this future king. David. 3: Today we'll learn about this agreement God makes with man; Deuteronomy 10 talks about the "ark of" it. the Covenant. 4: No, the ladder is not for changing a light bulb--it's supposed to be the one from Genesis that this patriarch dreamed about. Jacob. 5: No, the ladder is not for changing a light bulb--it's supposed to be the one from Genesis that this patriarch dreamed about. Jacob. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!

Stephen Wolfram answers questions from his viewers about the history of science and technology as part of an unscripted livestream series, also available on YouTube here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Questions include: What is the history of black holes discovery? - Is gravitoelectromagnetism sufficient to get black holes with event horizon or do you need the full GR framework to get them? - Ernst Mach has a great book on history of mechanics (reading at the moment). The whole development of General relativity is very German until like Hawking and Chandrasekhar. ​Did you ever meet Stephen Hawking or Chandrasekhar? - Is there an instance or phenomenon where an instrument uses a theory to test or advance that theory... is there a something like Godels incompleteness theory that applies to the instruments in physics? - What is the history of UFO observations? - There was a new physics announcement from CERN this week. something about a new kind of force. did you catch it Stephen? "The LHCb results strengthen hints of a violation of lepton flavour universality"

In the early 20th century, Europe and North America were undergoing a radical transformation. Scientific, technological, and political changes disrupted many traditional forms of life. The growth of cities opened up new freedoms and opportunities and scientists like Sigmund Freud and Ernst Mach were developing new theories about how we perceive the world and construct reality. These cultural changes gave birth to a form of art that reflected the new sensibilities of this era—modernism. The modernist literary movement was characterized in particular by its interest in revealing the inner psychology of its characters. And few texts were as successful in this goal as Virginia Woolf's 1925 novel Mrs Dalloway.  Dora Zhang is Associate professor of English and Comparative Literature at UC Berkeley. She is the author of Strange Likeness: Description and the Modernist Novel. See more information on our website, WritLarge.fm. Follow us on Twitter @WritLargePod.

Julian Barbour is the author of the highly regarded The Discovery of Dynamics and the bestseller The End of Time and now, The Janus Point. He received his PhD in physics from the University of Cologne in 1968. He is a past visiting professor of physics at the University of Oxford and lives on the edge of the scenic Cotswolds, UK. A major new work of physics, The Janus Point will transform our understanding of the nature of existence. In a universe filled by chaos and disorder, Julian Barbour makes the radical argument that the growth of order drives the passage of time — and shapes the destiny of the universe. Time is among the universe's greatest mysteries. Why, when most laws of physics allow for it to flow forward and backward, does it only go forward? Physicists have long appealed to the second law of thermodynamics, held to predict the increase of disorder in the universe, to explain this. In The Janus Point, physicist Julian Barbour argues that the second law has been misapplied and that the growth of order determines how we experience time. In his view, the big bang becomes the "Janus point," a moment of minimal order from which time could flow, and order increase, in two directions. Julian Barbour on "The Janus Point: A New Theory of Time" | Videos: https://youtube.com/watch?v=FMD8B7VRX0w&feature=share https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E0NmHQ0WLc 00:00:00 Intro 00:02:57 The story of the book cover. 00:04:33 What does time mean to you? 00:05:36 The influence of Ernst Mach. 00:09:11 About the "Royal" Zero. 00:28:30 Entaxy, thermodynamics and statistcal mechanics. 00:35:57 The cyclic universe. 00:41:28 The theoretical virtues of the Janus Point. 00:55:05 Is there a necessity for a theory of quantum gravity? 01:07:00 What is the failure of the "singularity" theory of cosmogenesis? 01:09:00 The essence of the Janus Point theory. 01:17:58 The Borde-Guth-Vilenkin Theorem 01:21:25 How do you reconcile the Janus Point Paradigm with current observations? 01:38:00 What would you put on a timeless monolith? 01:43:00 What is now possible that you once thought was not as a younger man? LinkedIn Jobs is the best platform for finding the right candidate to join your business this fall. It's the largest marketplace for job seekers in the world, and it has great search features so that you can find candidates with any hard or soft skills that you need. And now, you can post a job for free. Just visit linkedin.com/impossible to post a job for free.  Audible is hands-down my favorite platform for consuming podcasts, fiction and nonfiction books! With an Audible membership, you can download titles and listen offline, anytime, anywhere. The Audible app is free and can be installed on all smartphones and tablets. You can listen across devices without losing your spot. Audible members don't have to worry about using their credits right away.  Start your free 30-day trial today:  Audible.com/impossible or text “impossible” to 500-500

Positivismo De Auguste Comte E O Empiriocriticismo De Richard Avenarius e Ernst Mach --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/pedro-mendes-ju00fanior/message

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/environmental-studies

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/science

Earthquakes have taught us much about our planet's hidden structure and the forces that have shaped it. This knowledge rests not only on the recordings of seismographs but also on the observations of eyewitnesses to destruction. During the nineteenth century, a scientific description of an earthquake was built of stories--stories from as many people in as many situations as possible. Sometimes their stories told of fear and devastation, sometimes of wonder and excitement. In The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science from Lisbon to Richter (U Chicago Press, 2013), Deborah R. Coen acquaints readers not only with the century's most eloquent seismic commentators, including Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Karl Kraus, Ernst Mach, John Muir, and William James, but also with countless other citizen-observers, many of whom were women. Coen explains how observing networks transformed an instant of panic and confusion into a field for scientific research, turning earthquakes into natural experiments at the nexus of the physical and human sciences. Seismology abandoned this project of citizen science with the introduction of the Richter Scale in the 1930s, only to revive it in the twenty-first century in the face of new hazards and uncertainties.The Earthquake Observers tells the history of this interrupted dialogue between scientists and citizens about living with environmental risk. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/science-technology-and-society

I den så kallade Wienkretsen söktes under 1920- och 30-talen gränserna för det säkra och meningsfulla. Mycket av filosofin kvalificerade inte. Olof Åkerlund reflekterar över denna strävan. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. När jag en vinter för många år sedan drabbades av en allvarlig sjukdom hade de en dålig dag på lasarettet i den lilla universitetsstaden. Akuten och specialistavdelningen var båda överbelagda och de bråkade om vem som skulle behöva hantera ännu en patient. Till slut blev jag inrullad på ett kontor, och den enda information jag fick kom från en undersköterska som till svar på beredvilligt framsträckt pekfinger utbrast nej, där sticker vi inte om du skulle bli blind sen. Dagen efter flyttades jag till en helgöppen avdelning där jag fick dela ett rum med en bitter man som förlorat båda sina fötter till följd av sjukdomen. Det var av honom jag fick min första, mycket subjektiva, introduktion till hur mitt liv nu skulle gestalta sig. Det var kort sagt något omtumlande. Och som någon som främst alltid kunnat uttrycka sig och förstå saker genom skrift, så var jag mån om att få en anteckningsbok till sjukhuset. Jag antar att jag föreställde mig att jag skulle föra någon sorts dagbok, men det blev inte mycket skrivet. Jag gjorde bara några små teckningar, fram tills att jag vid ett tillfälle plötsligt tittade ner i anteckningsboken och såg att jag omedvetet hade fyllt sidorna med små uppställningar. Det tog ett litet tag innan jag insåg att det rörde sig som om de sanningstabeller som introduceras i Ludwig Wittgensteins "Tractatus Logico Philosophicus". Det handlar om grundläggande relationer i elementär logik, så kallad satslogik, och är på många håll än i våra dagar det sätt som filosofistudenter introduceras till logik som ämne. Enkel, skön och obestridlig sanning. När jag begrundade vad jag hade skrivit fylldes jag för första gången på flera dagar av något slags lugn. För den som har en vag bild av filosofi kan det låta märkligt att logik tillhör dess domäner. Men det går faktiskt tillbaka ändå till Aristoteles och handlar om det som alltid, på olika sätt och med blandad framgång, varit filosofins mål: att skapa klarhet. Och vad Aristoteles gjorde var inget annat än att systematisera grunden för allt detta - tänkandet självt. I hans verk Första analytiken som utkom på svenska år 2020 kan man själv studera denna alltför sällan uppmärksammade revolution i idéernas historia. Likt Euklides geometri skulle Aristoteles logik få ett längre liv än så gott som alla vetenskapliga teorier, det var egentligen först på 1800-talet som avgörande landvinningar skulle erbjuda en ny logik med nya möjligheter. Och då väcktes också hoppet om att kunna härleda hela matematiken ur logiken och ge det säkraste mänskligheten visste en ännu säkrare grund. Sjukdomen jag drabbades av var kronisk. Att säga att jag fortfarande lider av den är alltså en tautologi, ett påstående som uttrycker en utifrån förutsättningarna redan etablerad sanning om man talar om retorik, en sats som är sann oavsett vilket sanningsvärde man tillskriver dess variabler om man talar logik. Wittgenstein framhöll att hela satslogiken var tautologisk. Om man tycker att det får den att verka meningslös, så bör man fundera över om man även anser att datorprogrammering är meningslöst. Man kan kanske sammanfatta mitt nedtecknande av sanningstabeller på sjukhuset som att det i omskakande tider är en en tröst med tydlighet och klarhet. En period i behov av logikens tröst var onekligen tiden under och mellan de två världskrigen. Det var också då den så kallade Wienkretsen samlades. Matematikprofessorn Karl Sigmund ger sin högintressanta bok om dessa filosofiskt intresserade vetenskapsmän och vetenskapligt sinnade filosofer den passande undertiteln Filosofi vid avgrundens rand eller i original exakt tänkande vid undergångens rand. I kretsens kärna ingick framträdande samtida profiler som Moritz Schlick och Otto Neurath samt den framstående analytiske filosofen Rudolf Carnap. De såg sig som företrädare för den vetenskapliga världsbilden och ville göra sig av med alla sorters resonerande som inte stod på bergfast grund. Med i gruppen fanns också matematiska genier som Kurt Gödel  den främsta logikern sedan Aristoteles enligt Albert Einstein. Han skulle dock med tiden visa sig vara en metafysiker av platonska  proportioner, och representerade alltså i hemlighet allt gruppen bekämpade. Filosofin hade ju genom årtusendena, i takt med att metoder och teorier utvecklats, knoppat av sig i olika vetenskapliga discipliner. Det som återstod torde antingen kunna omvandlas till vetenskap eller förkastas som nonsens. Och med de nyvunna framstegen i logik så kändes tiden inne för nästa steg. Wien var en god jordmån  för dessa tankar. Härifrån kom fysikern Ernst Mach som hävdade att vi inte hade något jag bortom våra sinnesförnimmelser. Hans kollega Ludwig Boltzmann, tänkte i liknande banor, men i en berömd debatt dem båda emellan tog han ställning för atomens existens, vilken Mach förnekade. Och Boltzmann plågades av att de filosofiska problemen ständigt dök upp, hur mycket han än försökte göra sig av med dem. Särskilt frågan om varför något överhuvudtaget existerar gav honom mardrömmar. För Wienkretsen blev också Ludwig Wittgenstein snabbt en fixstjärna. Hans Tractatus förstods som ett försök att göra sig av med filosofisk spekulation, genom att med logikens hjälp visa på gränsen för det meningsfulla språket. De läste boken både ivrigt och ihärdigt och ur gruppen strömmade många olika försök att skilja på meningsfullt och meningslöst, pseudoproblem och verkliga problem. Svårigheterna med detta företag blev dock plågsamt tydliga. Vetenskapen är ju så mycket mer än matematik och logik, och likt Mach sökte många en fast grund i sinnesförnimmelserna. Olika förslag om att bara det som kunde kontrolleras empiriskt var meningsfullt, eller att meningen med ett påstående var identisk med metoden med vars hjälp man kunde bekräfta det, lades fram.  Problemet med alla dessa antaganden är förstås att de själva inte går att bekräfta empiriskt och alltså bör betraktas som meningslösa. Men för vissa i gruppen fortsatte korståget mot filosofin oförtrutet och de såg metafysik och mystisk spekulation i var och varannan buske. Denna misstanke restes också mot Tractatus av vissa av Wienkretsens medlemmar. De gjorde en enkätundersökning där de före, under och efter sin noggranna läsning fick bedöma de mest centrala av bokens 526 numrerade påståenden enligt en färgskala. Blått betydde medhåll, rött oenighet och grönt att tesen var meningslös. Som Karl Sigmund krasst noterar utgjorde enkätsvaren en brokig palett. Wittgenstein kom att lägga så gott som allt i Tractatus bakom sig, men han upphörde aldrig att försöka göra slut på det mesta av det som genom århundradena kallats filosofi. Hans utsagor om disciplinen har blivit legendariska. Filosofins syfte, skrev han i Filosofiska undersökningar, är att visa flugan vägen ut ur den flugfälleflaska den lockats ner i. Det är språket som ständigt lurar in oss i dessa fällor och varje fråga måste filosofin behandla som om den vore en sjukdom. Yttrandet får mig att tänka på fysikern Boltzmann som alltmer kom att plågas  av filosofins obeveklighet. Driften att filosofera liknar kräkreflexen vid migrän, menade han, den vill kasta upp något fast inget finns där, men, framhärdade han samtidigt, det är filosofins höga, majestätiska uppgift att bota mänskligheten från denna fruktansvärda migrän. Ja, kanske är filosofin i viss mån en sjukdom. Men efter 2500 år av försök med avancerad medicinering, huskurer, åderlåtning och andeutdrivning är det nog dags att vi accepterar att den är kronisk. Olof Åkerlund, producent för OBS  Litteratur Aristoteles: Första analytiken. Översättning, inledning och kommentarer Per-Erik Malmnäs. Bokförlaget Thales, 2020. Karl Sigmund: Wienkretsen filosofi vid avgrundens rand. Översättning av Jim Jakobsson. Fri tanke förlag, 2017. Ludwig Wittgenstein: "Filosofiska undersökningar". Översättning Anders Wedberg. Bokförlaget Thales, 1992. Ludwig Wittgenstein, "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". Översättning av Sten Andersson. Norstedts, 2014.

Ernst Mach war der Erste, dem es gelang, Projektile im Flug zu fotografieren und den Überschallkegel sichtbar zu machen. Nach ihm ist die Einheit der Schallgeschwindigkeit benannt. Mit Mach 1 ist ein Flugzeug so schnell wie der Schall.

Man kennt seinen Namen als Einheit der Schallgeschwindigkeit. Er fotografierte nämlich 1864 als erster Projektile im Flug und machte den Überschallkegel sichtbar. Einige Jahre zuvor hatte er als erster den Dopplereffekt bei Schallwellen experimentell demonstriert. Ein vielseitiger Forscher, der in der Physiologie und Psychophysik wirkte, aber auch wissenschaftshistorisch und didaktisch. Autor: Wolfgang Burgmer

Se dovessimo trovare una metafora per il Nobel che vi racconteremo in questa puntata, sceglieremmo quella dello strappo. Lo strappo tra la rassicurante fisica classica deterministica e le terrificanti rivoluzioni che hanno avuto luogo agli inizi del Novecento; lo strappo con la visione ottocentesca del mondo che avvenne proprio nel 1900, in quel fatidico anno a cavallo tra i due secoli; lo strappo tra sostenitori della visione particellare e antiatomisti, tra filosofi e teorici della fisica e coloro che consideravano soltanto le manifestazioni fenomenologiche come unica vera realtà del mondo. E tutto questo fu rappresentato da Max Planck, un uomo che questo strappo se lo portava dentro. Conservatore e cauto di indole e di formazione, la sua integrità di fisico lo avrebbe portato a scatenare una delle rivoluzioni scientifiche più destabilizzanti di sempre: quella della fisica quantistica. Nella prima delle due puntate dedicate a lui, ricostruiremo il percorso formativo che portò Planck a interessarsi di un argomento che, all’epoca, la comunità scientifica considerava trascurabile, l’entropia, e a notare come le leggi della fisica deterministica si trovassero a corto di spiegazioni per i fenomeni irreversibili. La figura di Planck si intreccia a più riprese con quelle di Ludwig Boltzmann e di Ernst Mach, due figure impegnate in una lunga e sfibrante diatriba sulla natura particellare della materia. Planck, inizialmente ostile alla teoria atomica adottata da Boltzmann, si oppone tuttavia all’epistemologia puramente sensoriale di Mach, che pure era particolarmente popolare all’epoca; Planck sostiene piuttosto l’esistenza di un’immagine fisica del mondo esterna a noi che, tramite l’astrazione teorica e l’adozione di un linguaggio svincolato da fattori umani, unifica le varie discipline scientifiche. Fonti Max Planck, Scienza, filosofia e religione (1965), a cura di Filippo Selvaggi, ed. Fabbri John L. Heilbron, I dilemmi di Max Planck (1988), traduzione di Riccardo Valla, ed. Bollati Boringhieri Max Planck, La conoscenza del mondo fisico (1993), traduzione di Enrico Persico e Augusto Gamba, ed. Bollati Boringhieri Andreas Trabesinger, In two minds (2010), Nature Physics 6, 405

Metaphysical theater podcast on anchor FM, I a nameless computer voice emotionless emotion counterfeit narrator secretly invisibly vibrant in life. Within this a system of a down Philosophy of mind A phrenological mapping of the brain – phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain although it is now largely discredited. Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind. The mind–body problem is a paradigm issue in philosophy of mind, although other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness, and the nature of particular mental states. Aspects of the mind that are studied include mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, the ontology of the mind, the nature of thought, and the relationship of the mind to the body. Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind–body problem, although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly. Dualism is seen even in the Eastern tradition, in the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, and Plato, but its entry into Western philosophy was thanks to René Descartes in the 17th century. Substance dualists like Descartes argue that the mind is an independently existing substance, whereas property dualists maintain that the mind is a group of independent properties that emerge from and cannot be reduced to the brain, but that it is not a distinct substance. Monism is the position that mind and body are not ontologically distinct entities (independent substances). This view was first advocated in Western philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th century BCE and was later espoused by the 17th century rationalist Baruch Spinoza.Physicalists argue that only entities postulated by physical theory exist, and that mental processes will eventually be explained in terms of these entities as physical theory continues to evolve. Physicalists maintain various positions on the prospects of reducing mental properties to physical properties (many of whom adopt compatible forms of property dualism), and the ontological status of such mental properties remains unclear. Idealists maintain that the mind is all that exists and that the external world is either mental itself, or an illusion created by the mind. Neutral monists such as Ernst Mach and William James argue that events in the world can be thought of as either mental (psychological) or physical depending on the network of relationships into which they enter, and dual-aspect monists such as Spinoza adhere to the position that there is some other, neutral substance, and that both matter and mind are properties of this unknown substance. The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been variations of physicalism; these positions include behaviorism, the type identity theory, anomalous monism and functionalism. Most modern philosophers of mind adopt either a reductive or non-reductive physicalist position, maintaining in their different ways that the mind is not something separate from the body. These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences, especially in the fields of sociobiology, computer science, evolutionary psychology and the various neuroscience's. Reductive physicalists assert that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states. Non-reductive physicalists argue that although the mind is not a separate substance, mental properties supervene on physical properties, or that the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations are indispensable, and cannot be reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science. Continued neuroscientific progress has helped to clarify some of these issues; however, they are far from being resolved. Modern philosophers of mind continue.

As a child, Tanushree Gupta from India found paintings by her mother that were in poor condition. She was enthusiastic about restoring them. Today she is an art conservator. She has maintained her enthusiasm and joy in dealing with paintings and other art objects and has now proven her skills as a conservator and researcher with a doctoral degree.Her most recent project was a new storage concept for the Napier Museum in Kerala, southern India. High humidity and temperatures make it difficult for the art objects to be stored there. She redesigned the storage with an international team of researchers and restored existing damage to artworks such as mold."Every object is a new project," she says in this podcast episode, because you cannot close from one object to another one. You always start at zero with a comprehensive analysis before any restoration can be done. That can take up to a month.One particularly important project to her was the recent re-restoration of her mother's paintings. Because asked about any mistakes, Tanushree explains with a laugh that those were the one objects where she did pretty much everything wrong. Today she knows better.Tanushree Gupta has been a recurring OeAD scholarship holder since 2011 in the funding programs Ernst Mach worldwide and technology grants East / Central and South Asia (today Ernst Mach Eurasia-Pacific Uninet).

In his current research, Miguel Vazquez Pufleau investigates the processes around the growth of aerosol particles - or condensation nuclei - on which liquids condense in the course of certain processes. For this he builds reactors himself, bombards the particles with the laser, measures, calculates and observes - mostly on the computer, because this nucleation is lightning fast. Once you can describe these processes accurately, you can also use them, e.g. for the treatment or coating of surfaces in different contexts or in meteorology.In his career, which led him to Austria for the first time in 2008 as Ernst Mach scholarship holder, he deals with aerosols and their use for processes for quite a long time. These are equally relevant to both industry and research, and Miguel Pufleau likes to face complex challenges that require creative approaches.Originally from Mexico, he completed most of his education in the USA. Since 2017 he is now at the University of Vienna at the Institute of Aerosol Physics.

The curiosity about the universe, about physical processes and about what is going on “out there”, has accompanied Vardan Elbakyan from Armenia since his childhood. Although early physical experiments with electricity went almost wrong, he decided to turn his passion into a profession. After completing his bachelor's degree in Yerevan / Armenia, Vardan Elbakyan went to Russia to do a master's degree and a doctorate in astrophysics. From solar winds over galactic winds, he finally came to the research of the formation of stars, which he conducted research on for 6 months in 2018 with an Ernst Mach scholarship at the University of Vienna.In this episode Vardan Elbakyan explains this star formations but he also talks about working with astronomers, about astronautics and exoplanets, the end of the universe, and what science fiction literature and movies can mean for an astrophysicist.

Sara de Jong began her scientific career in her home country, the Netherlands. She received her master's degree in critical theory and politics from the University of Nottingham, where she completed her PhD as well. In October 2012 she came to Austria with an Ernst Mach worldwide scholarship and spent a year conducting research at the Department of Development Studies at the University of Vienna.Her research is situated in the area of ​​migration and development, especially at the interface between those who migrate and "develop" and those who work with them. This is where the so-called "cultural brokers" play a special role, a term for people who mediate between cultures. “Cultural brokers” have existed since the start of long-distance trips and travels, because humans have always been confronted with “the stranger” and have been in need for not only linguistic, but also cultural "translation".For Sara de Jong, politics is not primarily party politics. Rather it means to look at the larger picture of the functioning and existence of society and language from a political point of view.

Vittorio Pace discovered his interest in pharmacy and thanks to his parents, who are both pharmacists. After completing his studies at the University of Perugia, he continued to study in Madrid and Pavia. In 2009 he was awarded an Ernst Mach scholarship to conduct research at the University of Vienna. He is a synthetic medicinal chemist with a particular focus on pharmaceutical chemistry. He did research in Belgium, Stockholm, Manchester and other cities, and since 2014 he has supervised an international group of young scientists, who conduct research on synthetic processes at the University of Vienna.In this podcast he talks about his life as a researcher, how important (international) contacts are, and he explains what the exciting thing about chemical synthesis is, how it works and what it is actually needed for.

Vanessa Suelt Cock is a professor of constitutional law in Bogota/Colombia. There she works at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana conducting research on human rights abuses and on violations of environmental law in large extraction corporations. In this context it is currently not possible to sue companies but only individual persons. In the course of her research stay as an Ernst Mach follow up scholarship holder at the University of Graz in June and July 2017, Vanessa Cock looked for ways in international law to hold companies accountable. As early as 2005, she conducted research on human rights in Graz as a North-South Dialogue scholarship holder.In this episode of Alumni AudioLab she tells her story and whether or not she was able to answer her research questions during her stay in Graz. She talks about the role of constitutional law in the Colombian peace treaty of 2016 signed between the government and the rebel group FARC, and she reveals whether law has something to do with justice.

This week, with the help of steampunk attired lady and gentleman bugs, we take a look at the Doppler effect.  We use water waves, sound and light to examine the consequences of what happens with the observer of a wave is moving with respect to the wave's source.  We also look at the history of the idea from the work of Christian Doppler to the applications suggested by Ernst Mach.

GLOBALE: Der Wiener Kreis - Aktualität in Wissenschaft und Kunst | Symposium Vortrag/Gespräch 01.07.2016 bis 02.07.2016 ZKM_Kubus Die Impulse des Wiener Kreises sind bis heute nicht nur in den modernen exakten Wissenschaften wie Physik, Mathematik, der Informatik sowie den Ingenieurwissenschaften allgegenwärtig, sondern haben weit darüber hinaus Disziplinen wie die Ökonomie, die Architektur, die Psychologie oder die Literatur bestimmt. Der Einfluss des Wiener Kreises geht über die sozialen Fortschrittsbewegungen bis in die moderne Kunst. Aus Anlass der Ausstellung »Der Wiener Kreis. Exaktes Denken am Rande des Untergangs« am Zentrum für Kunst und Medien veranstalten das Institut Wiener Kreis der Universität Wien, das Institut für Philosophie sowie das Institut für Technikfolgenabschätzung (ITAS) des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) und das Zentrum für Kunst und Medien (ZKM) gemeinsam ein zweitägiges Symposium zur Wirkungskraft und Wirkungsgeschichte des Kreises von der kurzen Epoche seines Bestehens bis hin zur Gegenwart. /// GLOBALE: The Vienna Circle – Currentness in Science and Art | Symposium Lecture/Talk 01.07.2016 to 02.07.2016 ZKM_Cube Even now, the stimuli of the Vienna Circle are not just pervasive in modern exact sciences, such as physics, mathematics, information technology and engineering. They have also defined disciplines such as economy, architecture, psychology and literature. The influence of the Vienna Circle goes beyond social progressive movements into modern art. On the occasion of the »Vienna Circle. Exact Thinking on the Edge of Doom« exhibition at the Center for Art and Media, the Institute Vienna Circle of the University of Vienna, the Institute of Philosophy and the Institute of Technological Impact Assessment (ITAS) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Center for Art and Media (ZKM) are jointly hosting a two-day symposium about the impact and impact history of the Circle from the short period of its existence to the present day.

GLOBALE: Der Wiener Kreis - Aktualität in Wissenschaft und Kunst | Symposium Vortrag/Gespräch 01.07.2016 bis 02.07.2016 ZKM_Kubus Die Impulse des Wiener Kreises sind bis heute nicht nur in den modernen exakten Wissenschaften wie Physik, Mathematik, der Informatik sowie den Ingenieurwissenschaften allgegenwärtig, sondern haben weit darüber hinaus Disziplinen wie die Ökonomie, die Architektur, die Psychologie oder die Literatur bestimmt. Der Einfluss des Wiener Kreises geht über die sozialen Fortschrittsbewegungen bis in die moderne Kunst. Aus Anlass der Ausstellung »Der Wiener Kreis. Exaktes Denken am Rande des Untergangs« am Zentrum für Kunst und Medien veranstalten das Institut Wiener Kreis der Universität Wien, das Institut für Philosophie sowie das Institut für Technikfolgenabschätzung (ITAS) des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) und das Zentrum für Kunst und Medien (ZKM) gemeinsam ein zweitägiges Symposium zur Wirkungskraft und Wirkungsgeschichte des Kreises von der kurzen Epoche seines Bestehens bis hin zur Gegenwart. /// GLOBALE: The Vienna Circle – Currentness in Science and Art | Symposium Lecture/Talk 01.07.2016 to 02.07.2016 ZKM_Cube Even now, the stimuli of the Vienna Circle are not just pervasive in modern exact sciences, such as physics, mathematics, information technology and engineering. They have also defined disciplines such as economy, architecture, psychology and literature. The influence of the Vienna Circle goes beyond social progressive movements into modern art. On the occasion of the »Vienna Circle. Exact Thinking on the Edge of Doom« exhibition at the Center for Art and Media, the Institute Vienna Circle of the University of Vienna, the Institute of Philosophy and the Institute of Technological Impact Assessment (ITAS) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Center for Art and Media (ZKM) are jointly hosting a two-day symposium about the impact and impact history of the Circle from the short period of its existence to the present day.

A discussion the positivist positions of the equivalentists and the energetists as represented in the ideas and writings of Marcellin Bertholot, Ernst Mach, Wilhelm Oswald and Pierre Duhem.  From this the instrumentalism of American philosopher John Dewey is developed and contrasted with scientific realism.

The Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, the American psychologist William James, and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell shared an interest in explaining the mind in naturalistic terms – unified with the rest of nature, not metaphysically distinct as Descartes argued. In The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Erik C. Banks delves into the movement that these three figures launched, for the first time showing how they provide a unified, if incomplete, theory of the mind. Realistic empiricism combines a direct realist view about knowledge with neutral monism – the idea that the basic events that make up the world are neither mental nor physical and can be manifested as either. Banks also advances the position as a non-panpsychist contender in contemporary philosophy of mind, and outlines the underlying mathematical framework for the basic events.

The Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, the American psychologist William James, and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell shared an interest in explaining the mind in naturalistic terms – unified with the rest of nature, not metaphysically distinct as Descartes argued. In The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Erik C. Banks delves into the movement that these three figures launched, for the first time showing how they provide a unified, if incomplete, theory of the mind. Realistic empiricism combines a direct realist view about knowledge with neutral monism – the idea that the basic events that make up the world are neither mental nor physical and can be manifested as either. Banks also advances the position as a non-panpsychist contender in contemporary philosophy of mind, and outlines the underlying mathematical framework for the basic events. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, the American psychologist William James, and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell shared an interest in explaining the mind in naturalistic terms – unified with the rest of nature, not metaphysically distinct as Descartes argued. In The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Erik C. Banks delves into the movement that these three figures launched, for the first time showing how they provide a unified, if incomplete, theory of the mind. Realistic empiricism combines a direct realist view about knowledge with neutral monism – the idea that the basic events that make up the world are neither mental nor physical and can be manifested as either. Banks also advances the position as a non-panpsychist contender in contemporary philosophy of mind, and outlines the underlying mathematical framework for the basic events. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, the American psychologist William James, and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell shared an interest in explaining the mind in naturalistic terms – unified with the rest of nature, not metaphysically distinct as Descartes argued. In The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Erik C. Banks delves into the movement that these three figures launched, for the first time showing how they provide a unified, if incomplete, theory of the mind. Realistic empiricism combines a direct realist view about knowledge with neutral monism – the idea that the basic events that make up the world are neither mental nor physical and can be manifested as either. Banks also advances the position as a non-panpsychist contender in contemporary philosophy of mind, and outlines the underlying mathematical framework for the basic events. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Austrian physicist Ernst Mach, the American psychologist William James, and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell shared an interest in explaining the mind in naturalistic terms – unified with the rest of nature, not metaphysically distinct as Descartes argued. In The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge University Press, 2014), Erik C. Banks delves into the movement that these three figures launched, for the first time showing how they provide a unified, if incomplete, theory of the mind. Realistic empiricism combines a direct realist view about knowledge with neutral monism – the idea that the basic events that make up the world are neither mental nor physical and can be manifested as either. Banks also advances the position as a non-panpsychist contender in contemporary philosophy of mind, and outlines the underlying mathematical framework for the basic events. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This is the 10th episode in our series examining the impact Christianity has had on history & culture. Today we consider the impact the Faith has had on science.This subject is near & dear to me because when I first went to college in the mid-70's, I was studying to be a geologist. I'd always been fascinated by science and loved to collect rocks, so decided geology would be my field. I took many classes on the trajectory of one day working in the field as a geological engineer.I was only a nominal believer in those days and when I first entered college saw no incompatibility between evolution and Christianity. It seemed obvious to my then uninformed mind that God had created everything, then used evolution as the way to push things along. I now realize my ideas were what has come to be known as theistic evolution.One of my professors, who was herself an agnostic, was also a fastidious scientist. What I mean is, she hadn't imbibed the ideology of scientism with its uncritical loyalty to evolution. Though she admitted a loose belief in it, it was only, she said, because no other theory came any closer to explaining the evidence. She rejected the idea of divine creation, but had a hard time buying in to the evolutionary explanation for life. Her reason was that the theory didn't square with the evidence. She caught significant grief for this position from the other professors who were lock-step loyal to Darwin. In a conversation with another student in class one day, she acknowledged that while she didn't personally believe it, in terms of origins, there could be a supreme being who was creator of the physical universe and that if there was, such a being would likely be the Author of Life. She went further and admitted that there was no evidence she was aware of that made that possibility untenable. It's just that as a scientist, she had no evidence for such a being's existence so had to remain an agnostic.For me, the point was, here was a true scientist who admitted there were deep scientific problems with the theory of evolution. She fiercely argued against raising the theory of evolution to a scientific certainty. It angered her when evolution was used as a presumptive ground for science.It took a few years, but I eventually came around to her view, then went further and today, based on the evidence, consider evolution a preposterous position.I give all that background because of the intensity of debate today, kicked up by what are called the New Atheists. Evolutionists all, they set science in opposition to all religious faith. In doing so, they set reason on the side of science, and then say that leaves un-reason or irrationality in the side of faith. This is false proposition but one that has effectively come to dominate the public discussion. The new Atheists make it seem as though every scientist worth the title is an atheists while there are no educated or genuinely worthy intellects in the Faith camp. That also is a grievous misdirection since some of the world's greatest minds & most prolific scientists either believe in God, the Bible, or at least acknowledge the likelihood of a divine being.A little history reveals that modern science owes its very existence to men & women of faith. The renowned philosopher of science, Alfred North Whitehead, said “Faith in the possibility of science, [coming before] the development of modern scientific theory, is[derived from] medieval theology."' Lynn White, historian of medieval science, wrote, "The [medieval] monk was an intellectual ancestor of the scientist." The German physicist Ernst Mach remarked, "Every unbiased mind must admit that the age in which the chief development of the science of mechanics took place was an age of predominantly theological cast."Crediting Christianity with the arrival of science may sound surprising to many. But why is that? The answer goes back to Andrew Dickson White, who in 1896 published A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. Ever since then, along with the growth of secularism, college & university professors have accepted White's argument that Christianity is an enemy of science. It unthinkable to many that Christianity could have fostered the arrival of science.There are differences between Christianity and pagan religion. One is that Christianity, with its heritage in Judaism, has always insisted that there's only one God, Who is a rational being. Without this presupposition, there would be no science. The origin of science, said Alfred North Whitehead, required Christianity's “insistence on the rationality of God."If God is a rational being, then human beings, who are made in His image, also employ rational processes to study and investigate the world in which they live. That idea moved Christian philosophers to link rationality with the empirical, inductive method. Robert Grosseteste was one of these philosophers who in the 13th C went further and began to apply this idea practically. A Franciscan bishop and the first chancellor of Oxford University, he was the first to propose the inductive, experimental method, an approach to knowledge that was advocated by his student Roger Bacon, another Franciscan monk, who asserted that “All things must be verified by experience.” Bacon was a devout believer in the truthfulness of Scripture, and being empirically minded, he saw the Bible in the light of sound reason and as verifiable by experience. Another natural philosopher & Franciscan monk, was William of Occam in the 14th C. Like Bacon, Occam said knowledge needed to be derived inductively.300 years later another Bacon, first name  Francis this time, gave further momentum to the inductive method by recording his experimental results. He's been called "the creator of scientific induction."' In the context of rationality, he stressed careful observation of phenomena and collecting information systematically in order to understand nature's secrets. His scientific interests did not deter him from devoting time to theology. He wrote treatises on the Psalms and prayer.By introducing the inductive empirical method guided by rational procedures, Roger Bacon, William Occam, and Francis Bacon departed from the ancient Greek perspective of Aristotle. Aristotelianism had a stranglehold on the world for 1500 years. It held that knowledge was only acquired thru the deductive processes of the mind; the inductive method, which required manual activity, was taboo. Remember  as we saw in  a previous episode, physical activity was only for slaves, not for thinkers & freemen. Complete confidence in the deductive method was the only way for the Aristotelian to arrive at knowledge. This view was held by Christian monks, natural philosophers, and theologians until the arrival of Grosseteste, the Bacons & Occam. Even after these empirically-minded thinkers introduced their ideas, a majority of the scholastic world continued to adhere to Aristotle's approach.Another major presupposition of Christianity is that God, who created the world, is separate and distinct from it. Greek philosophy saw the gods and nature as intertwined. For example, the planets were thought to have an inner intelligence that caused them to move. This pantheistic view of planetary movement was first challenged in the 14th C by Jean Buridan, a Christian philosopher at the University of Paris.The Biblical & Christian perspective, which sees God and nature as distinctively separate entities, makes science possible. As has been said, Science could never have come into being among the animists of Asia or Africa because they would never have experimented on the natural world, since everything—stones, trees, animals & everything, contains the spirits of gods & ancestors.Men like Grosseteste, Buridan, the Bacons, Occam, and Nicholas of Oresme, and later Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, saw themselves as merely trying to understand the world God had created and over which He told mankind in Gen 1:28 to have "dominion". This paradigm shift is another example of Christianity's wholesome impact on the world.Belief in the rationality of God not only led to the inductive method but also to the conclusion that the universe is governed by rationally discoverable laws. This assumption is vitally important to scientific research, because in a pagan world, with gods engaged in jealous, irrational behavior, any systematic investigation of such a world was futile. Only in Christian thought, with the existence of a single God, the Creator and Governor of the universe, Who functions in an orderly and predictable manner, is it possible for science to exist and operate.From the 13th to the 18th C  every major scientist  explained his motivations in religious terms. But if you examined a science textbook for the local public school you'd never know. Virtually all references to the Christian beliefs of early scientists are omitted. This is unfortunate because these convictions often played a dominant role in their work.One early cutting-edge concept was "Occam's razor", named in honor of William of Occam. This idea had a tremendous influence on the development of modern science. Simply put, it's the scientific principle that says what can be done or explained with the fewest assumptions should be used. This means that a scientist needs to ‘shave off' all excess assumptions. The idea first arose with Peter of Spain but Occam finessed it into usable form. Modern scientists use this principle in theorizing and explaining research findings.As was common with virtually all medieval natural philosophy, Occam didn't confine himself just to scientific matters. He also wrote 2 theological treatises, 1 dealing with the Lord's Supper and the other with the body of Christ. Both works had a positive influence on Martin Luther.Most people think of Leonardo da Vinci as a great artist and painter, but he was also a scientific genius. He analyzed and theorized in the areas of botany, optics, physics, hydraulics, and aeronautics, but his greatest benefit to science lies in the study of human physiology. By dissecting cadavers, which he often did at night because such activity was forbidden, he produced meticulous drawings of human anatomy. His drawings and comments, when collected in one massive volume, present a complete course of anatomical study. This was a major breakthrough because before this time and for some time after, physicians had little knowledge of the human body. They were dependent on the writings of the Greek physician Galen whose propositions on human physiology were in large measure drawn from animals like dogs and monkeys. Leonardo's anatomical observations led him to question the belief that air passed from the lungs to the heart. He used a pump to test this hypothesis and found it was impossible to force air into the heart from the lungs.Lest anyone think Leonardo's scientific theories and drawings of the human anatomy were divorced from his religious convictions, it's well to recall his other activities. His paintings—The Baptism of Christ, The Last Supper, and The Resurrection of Christ—are enduring reminders of his Christian beliefs.The anatomical work of Leonardo was not forgotten. The man who followed in his footsteps was Andreas Vesalius, who lived from 1514 to 64. At 22, he began teaching at the University of Padua. In 1543 he published his famous work, Fabric of the Human Body. The book mentions over 200 errors in Galen's physiology. The errors were found as a result of his dissecting cadavers he obtained illegally.When Vesalius exposed Galen's errors, he received no praise or commendation. His contemporaries, like his former teacher Sylvius, still wedded to Greek medicine, called him a "madman." Others saw him as "a clever, dangerous free-thinker of medicine." There's little doubt of his faith in God. On one occasion he said, "We are driven to wonder at the handiwork of the Almighty." He was never condemned as a heretic, as some anti-church critics have implied, for at the time of his death he had an offer waiting for him to teach at the University of Padua, where he first began his career. Today he's known as the father of human anatomy.Where would the study of genetics be today had the world not been blessed with the birth of the Augustinian monk Gregor Johann Mendel? As often stated in science textbooks, it was his working on cross-pollinating garden peas that led to the concept of genes and the discovery of his 3 laws: the law of segregation, the law of independent assortment, and the law of dominance. Mendel spent most of his adult life in the monastery at Bruno, Moravia. Though Mendel is used by secularists to explain genetics & evolution, he rejected Darwin's theory.4 names loom large in the textbooks of astronomy: Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, & Galileo. The undeniable fact is, these men were devout Christians. Their faith influenced their scientific work, though this fact is conspicuously omitted in most science texts.Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Torun, Poland, in 1473. While still a child, his father died, and he was sent to his mother's brother, a Catholic priest, who reared him. He earned a doctor's degree and was trained as a physician. His uncle had him study theology, which resulted in his becoming a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral in East Prussia. History knows him best for having introduced the heliocentric theory that says the Earth orbits the sun, not the other way around. During the Middle Ages it was suggested the Earth might be in motion, but nobody had worked out the details. Copernicus did, and therein lies his greatness.Copernicus received a printed copy of his masterwork Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies on his deathbed in 1543. He'd hesitated to publish his work earlier, not because he feared the charge of heresy, as has often been asserted without any documentation, but because he wanted to avoid the ridicule of other scientists, who were strongly tied to Aristotle and Ptolemy. It was Copernicus' Christian friends, especially Georg Rheticus and Andreas Osiander, 2 Lutherans, who persuaded him to publish.Although Copernicus remained a moderately loyal son of the Roman Catholic Church, it was his Lutheran friends that made his publication possible. That information is surprising to many people, including university students, because most only hear that Christian theologians condemned Copernicus's work. For instance, critics like to cite Luther, who supposedly called Copernicus a fool. John W. Montgomery has shown this frequently cited remark lacks support.When Tycho Brahe died in 1601, Johannes Kepler succeeded him in Prague under an imperial appointment by Emperor Rudolph II. Kepler, who'd studied for 3 years to become a Lutheran pastor, turned to astronomy after he was assigned to teach mathematics in Graz, Austria, in 1594. Unlike Brahe, who never accepted the heliocentric theory, Kepler did. In fact Kepler, not Copernicus, deserves the real credit for the helio-centric theory. Copernicus thought the sun was the center of the universe. Kepler realized & proved the sun was merely the center of our solar system.Kepler's mathematical calculations proved wrong the old Aristotelian theory that said the planets orbited in perfect circles, an assumption Copernicus continued to hold. This led Kepler to hypothesize and empirically verify that planets had elliptical paths around the sun.Kepler was the first to define weight as the mutual attraction between 2 bodies, an insight Isaac Newton used later in formulating the law of gravity. Kepler was the first to explain that tides were caused by the moon.Many of Kepler's achievements came while enduring great personal suffering. Some of his hardships were a direct result of his Lutheran convictions, which cost him his position in Graz, where the Catholic Archduke of Hapsburg expelled him in 1598. Another time he was fined for burying his 2nd child according to Lutheran funeral rites. His salary was often in arrears, even in Prague, where he had an imperial appointment. He lost his position there in 1612 when his benefactor the Emperor was forced to abdicate. He was plagued with digestive problems, gall bladder ailments, skin rashes, piles, and sores on his feet that healed badly because of his hemophilia. Childhood smallpox left him with defective eyesight and crippled hands. Even death was no stranger to him. His first wife died, as well as several of his children. A number of times he was forced to move from one city to another, sometimes even from one country to another. Often he had no money to support his family because those who contracted him failed to pay.Whether in fame or pain, Kepler's faith remained unshaken. In his first publication he showed his Christian conviction at the book's conclusion where he gave all honor and praise to God. Stressed and overworked as he often was, he would sometimes fall asleep without having said his evening prayers. When this happened, it bothered him so much that the first thing he'd do next morning was to repent. Moments before he died, an attending Lutheran pastor asked him where he placed his faith. Calmly, he replied, "Solely and alone in the work of our redeemer Jesus Christ." Those were the final words of the man who earlier in his life had written that he only tried "thinking God's thoughts after him." He was still in that mindset when, four months before he died, he penned his own epitaph: “I used to measure the heavens, Now I must measure the earth. Though sky-bound was my spirit, My earthly body rests here."We'll end this podcast with a brief review of the 17th C, scientist Galileo. Like Kepler, a contemporary of his, Galileo searched and described the heavenly bodies. He was the first to use the telescope to study the skies, although he didn't invent it. That credit goes to Johann Lippershey, who first revealed his invention in 1608 at a fair in Frankfurt. With the telescope, Galileo discovered that the moon's surface had valleys and mountains, that the moon had no light of its own but merely reflected it from the sun, that the Milky Way was composed of millions of stars, that Jupiter had 4 bright satellites, and that the sun had spots. Galileo also determined, contrary to Aristotelian belief, that heavy objects did not fall faster than light ones.Unfortunately, Galileo's observations were not well received by his Roman Catholic superiors, who considered Aristotle's view—not that of the Bible—as the final word of truth. Even letting Pope Paul V look through the telescope at his discoveries did not help his cause. His masterpiece, A Dialogue on the Two Principal Systems of the World, resulted in a summons before the Inquisition, where he was compelled to deny his belief in the Copernican theory and sentenced to an indefinite prison term. For some reason the sentence was never carried out. In fact, 4 years later he published Dialogues on the Two New Sciences. This work helped Isaac Newton formulate his 3 laws of motion.Galileo was less pro-Copernican than Kepler, with whom he often disagreed. He largely ignored Kepler's discoveries because he was still interested in keeping the Ptolemaic theory alive. He also criticized Kepler's idea of the moon affecting tides.The mystery is - If he was less pro-Copernican than Kepler—why did he get into trouble with the theologians who placed his books on the Index of forbidden books? The answer was because he was Roman Catholic, while Kepler was Lutheran.When modern critics condemn the Church & Christianity for its resistance to the Copernican theory, it must be noted and underscored that it was not the entire church that did so. Both Lutherans & Calvinists supported the Copernican theory.And it needs to be stated clearly that the reason the Roman Church proscribed Galileo's work was precisely because they adhered to the scientific ideas of the day which were dominated by the Aristotelianism. Their opposition to Galileo wasn't out of a strict adherence to the Bible – but to the current scientific thought. I say it again - It was errant science, or what we might call scientism that opposed Galileo. This is the mistake the Church can make today – when it allows itself to adopt the politically correct line of contemporary thought; the majority opinion – what the so-called experts hold to – today; but history has shown, is exchanged for something else tomorrow.Listen: History proves that while scientific theories come and go, God's Word prevails.And that brings us to the end of The Change series. Next week we'll return to our narrative timeline of church history.