Podcasts about East Prussia

8th May 1945 was a day of rejoicing in Britain, the US and many other countries: Germany had surrendered, and World War II was over, at least in Europe.Yet it was not a day of celebration for everyone: for the vanquished Germans, it marked the end of bombings and of Nazi rule. But it was also a time of deprivation and chaos, fear and soul-searching. Millions of ethnic Germans had fled their homes to escape the approaching Red Army. In this documentary, Lore Wolfson Windemuth, whose own father grew up under Nazi rule, unfolds the stories of six ordinary Germans who lived through that extraordinary time, through their memoirs and diaries. Amongst others, we hear from:Siegbert Stümpke, a 12-year-old schoolboy who was used as a runner by the German Wehrmacht in the final days of the war;Lore Ehrich, a young mother from East Prussia (now Poland) who had to flee with two small children across a frozen lagoon;Hans Rosenthal, who was Jewish and had survived the Holocaust hidden in a Berlin allotment colony before very nearly getting shot by the Soviet liberators;Melita Maschmann, who got hooked on Nazi ideology aged 15, became a youth leader and took years to acknowledge her share of the responsibility for the crimes committed by the National Socialists. Narrator: Lore Wolfson Windemuth Producer / Editor: Kristine Pommert Research: Katie HarrisA CTVC production for the BBC World Service.

Max Pearson presents a collection of the week's Witness History episodes. We hear from 'wolf child' Luise Quietsch who was separated from her family and forced to flee East Prussia. Whilst trying to survive during World War Two, these children were likened to hungry wolves roaming through forests. Journalist and documentary filmmaker Sonya Winterberg who recorded the testimony of “wolf children” for her book, discusses the profound impact it had on their lives. We also hear about the first major series of English lessons which were broadcast on Chinese television in 1981. A former student recalls the series of unprecedented teachers' strikes which temporarily shut down most of New York schools in the late 1960s.Plus the deadly attack at Milltown Cemetery which took place during the funeral of three IRA members.Finally we head to Eastern Europe in 1989, where approximately two million people joined hands across across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to form a human chain demanding independence from the Soviet Union. Contributors:Luise Quietsch - chair of a community of wolf children called Edelweiss-Wolfskinder.Sonya Winterberg - author of “The Wolf Children of the Eastern Front- Alone and Forgotten”. Kathy Flower - presenter of Follow Me.Monifa Edwards - former pupil at a school in the district of Ocean Hill-Brownsville. Bill Buzenberg - American journalist.Sandra Kalniete - a Latvian organiser of the human chain protest. (Photo: Luise Quietsch. Credit: Rita Naujokaitytė)

In the aftermath of World War Two, children were left orphaned, or separated from their families. They were forced to flee East Prussia when the Red Army advanced.Whilst trying to survive, on their way to Lithuania, they were likened to hungry wolves roaming through forests. Now aged 84, 'wolf child' Luise Quietsch tells Megan Jones about her journey and what life was like growing up in Lithuania. Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from football in Brazil, the history of the ‘Indian Titanic' and the invention of air fryers, to Public Enemy's Fight The Power, subway art and the political crisis in Georgia. We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: visionary architect Antoni Gaudi and the design of the Sagrada Familia; Michael Jordan and his bespoke Nike trainers; Princess Diana at the Taj Mahal; and Görel Hanser, manager of legendary Swedish pop band Abba on the influence they've had on the music industry. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the time an Iraqi journalist hurled his shoes at the President of the United States in protest of America's occupation of Iraq; the creation of the Hollywood commercial that changed advertising forever; and the ascent of the first Aboriginal MP.(Photo: Luise. Credit: Luise Quietsch)

In this episode Saul speaks to Roger Moorhouse, about the first time that Soviet forces stepped foot on German home soil in East Prussia. It was also the first time German civilians came face to face with the Red Army, which turned its fury and vengeance on them in particularly horrible ways as millions fled westward. If you have any thoughts or questions, you can send them to - battlegroundukraine@gmail.com Producer: James Hodgson X: @PodBattleground Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A Song in the Night: The Darker The Midnight, The Brighter The Starlight  by Hildegard Bonacker BruniHildegard Bonacker Bruni's poetry is a gateway into a world of profound emotion, breathtaking nature, and deep spiritual devotion. With deceptive ease, her verses draw readers into the rich tapestry of her life experiences, offering not only beauty and inspiration but also a poignant reflection on the past.In her collection, Hildegard unselfishly shares the painful memories of her childhood in war-torn Germany. Through her eyes, readers witness the harrowing consequences of war-innocent women and children forced to flee their homes, caught in the chaos of the battlefield, or left behind to endure its aftermath. These powerful recollections serve as a stark reminder of the cost of conflict.Yet, in contrast to these dark memories, Hildegard's patriotic stanzas praising her adopted country, America, are all the more poignant. Her love for the nation that welcomed her is expressed with a sincerity that can only come from someone who has truly understood the value of freedom and peace.The simplicity of Hildegard's work, free of artifice, offers a much-needed respite from the demands of our hectic world. Her poetry provides an opportunity to savor, reflect, shed a tear, and most importantly, to smile. As Rebecca Egly describes it, "Simply said, a treasure." Dr. Kenneth Maier adds, "Simply beautiful and beautifully simple." Helga Kielnecker echoes these sentiments, noting that Hildegard's words "come from the depth of her innermost being and will touch every heart and soul."This collection is more than just poetry-it is a heartfelt journey through the landscapes of emotion, memory, and devotion, offering readers a chance to connect with the very essence of life's most profound experiences.Hildegard was born in East Prussia near the Kaiser's hunting ground. During World War II, she escaped from East Prussia and in West Germany, a new home found.She received her formal education as a Doctor's Assistant in Medicine. In 1956, Hildegard immigrated to the United States and became an American citizen. To be a poet and study art was a dream she nourished in her heart.She gathered knowledge at the American Academy of Art in Chicago and took a creative writing course at Harper College in Palatine, Illinois. Then, she married Dr. Aldo Bruni, MD, and managed his clinic for many years. Hildegard wrote a collection of poems for her husband as a gift for their tenth wedding anniversary. After they retired, they spent time in the mountains of Lake Tahoe and by the Sea of Cortez.She continues to improve her passion for writing and painting.https://www.amazon.com/Song-Night-Hildegard-Bonacker-Bruni/dp/1953821928https://hildabonackerbruni.com/a-song-in-the-night/https://hildabonackerbruni.com/https://www.ecpublishingllc.com/http://www.bluefunkbroadcasting.com/root/twia/12524hbbec.mp3    

Send us a Text Message.At about 4 in the afternoon of 20 July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg arrived back in Berlin. He expected the insurrection to be in full swing, and was shocked to learn nothing had been done. He swung into action, and the first Valkyrie orders went out.Colonel General Fromm was unwilling to commit himself to the coup while Hitler's survival remained uncertain. Incensed when he learned Valkyrie orders had been issued without his knowledge, he ordered the arrest of the officer responsible. Instead, the conspirators arrested him.Now the Valkyrie orders went out across the Reich, and troops moved into position to take control.In Paris, all the key Nazis were arrested, and the capital was in the conspirators' hands. In Vienna, Nazi leaders were confined in separate rooms in a hotel. The conspirators had control there.In Berlin, Major Remer was ordered to secure the administrative district with a guard regiment, and had done this by early evening.The Nazi hierarchy was hours away in East Prussia, and still did not appreciate their danger.Remer entered the Propaganda Ministry, with orders to arrest Goebbels – the most senior Nazi in Berlin. Goebbels picked up the telephone and connected Remer to Hitler. Remer was a committed Nazi, and shocked to learn that the Führer was alive. Hitler now gave him full authority to put down the coup.From this point, the tide began to recede for the conspirators. Written and narrated by Brian WaltersOriginal music, editing and sound design by the amazing Sam LoyArtwork by Mike Vernon.Episode TranscriptA full transcript of the episode is available here.Read the book TREASONYou can read more about Claus von Stauffenberg and the German resistance to Hitler, in the book Treason by Brian Walters.For those with iPads, Treason is available as an interactive Apple Book here.The hard copy can be bought here.If you live out of Australia, the hard copy is best purchased from Blurb.There is also a Kindle version.ResourcesFor a list of the creative commons music and sound effects used in this episode, head here.Finally …If you liked the episode, please share it: the episode link is here.And you can help us by writing a brief review and giving us a (five star!) rating.By all means contact me, Brian Walters, by email on walters@vicbar.com.au TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the plot to kill Hitler

Send us a Text Message.Claus von Stauffenberg took his briefcase bomb to three conferences with Hitler. On 11 July 1944 he attended a conference in the Berghof, in the Bavarian alps, but generals in the conspiracy ordered him not to go ahead if Himmler was not present. On 15 July he took the bomb to the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia (see episode cover photograph). In a long telephone call the generals were again reluctant to have the bomb detonated with Himmler absent. Claus decided to go ahead anyway – but the telephone call with the generals had taken so long that the conference was over.On 20 July 1944 Stauffenberg flew to the Wolf's Lair again. Shown to a sitting room to change his shirt, Claus set about arming the bomb – a delicate task. When he had set fuses in the first lump of plastic explosive, he was interrupted by a badly timed telephone call. He was unable to arm the second lump of explosive.He took the briefcase into the conference. He placed the bomb close to Hitler, and quietly asked to make a call outside. He strode from the briefing hut.At 12.41 an explosion sent a sheet of flame into the air. Several people were killed. Claus saw a body carried out covered in Hitler's personal cloak.He was able to bluff his way out of the Wolf's Lair and fly back to Berlin.In Berlin, information was confused. Unsure whether Hitler was dead, the officers dithered.Meanwhile, after initial confusion, the Nazis' suspicion hardened around Stauffenberg. They ordered his plane shot down. Written and narrated by Brian WaltersOriginal music, editing and sound design by the amazing Sam LoyArtwork by Mike Vernon.Episode TranscriptA full transcript of the episode is available here.Read the book TREASONYou can read more about Claus von Stauffenberg and the German resistance to Hitler, in the book Treasonby Brian Walters.For those with iPads, Treason is available as an interactive Apple Book here.The hard copy can be bought here.If you live out of Australia, the hard copy is best purchased from Blurb.There is also a Kindle version.ResourcesFor a list of the creative commons music and sound effects used in this episode, head here.Finally …If you liked the episode, please share it: the episode link is here.And you can help us by writing a brief review and giving us a (five star!) rating.By all means contact me, Brian Walters, by email on walters@vicbar.com.au TREASON: Claus von Stauffenberg and the plot to kill Hitler

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/russian-studies

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

In the final year of the Second World War, as bitter defensive fighting moved to German soil, a wave of intra-ethnic violence engulfed the country.  In Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944–1945 (Cambridge UP, 2021), Bastiaan Willems offers the first study into the impact and behaviour of the Wehrmacht on its own territory, focusing on the German units fighting in East Prussia and its capital Königsberg. He shows that the Wehrmacht's retreat into Germany, after three years of brutal fighting on the Eastern Front, contributed significantly to the spike of violence which occurred throughout the country immediately prior to defeat. Soldiers arriving with an ingrained barbarised mindset, developed on the Eastern Front, shaped the immediate environment of the area of operations, and of Nazi Germany as a whole. Willems establishes how the norms of the Wehrmacht as a retreating army impacted behavioural patterns on the home front, arguing that its presence increased the propensity to carry out violence in Germany.

As a ten-year-old girl, Liane Guddat watched Hitler's motorcade pass by their home in East Prussia. Within a few short months, her hometown was smoldering in ruins. But that was just the beginning of her troubles. This week on The Land and the Book, we'll talk with someone whose faith in Christ helped her survive the horror of Russian invasion and occupation. That's this week on The Land and the Book. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Gone with the World Wars: God's Love Heals All Wounds by Hildegard Bonacker BruniIn the wake of World War II, one-third of East Germany, including East Prussia, was given to Poland and Russia with the consent of the four allies governing occupied Germany-America, England, France, and Russia. In the process, 14 million Germans who called that area home were driven from their land, receiving horrible treatment and never allowed to return. This is the story of one family's journey to safety and the miracles of God that lined their path to deliverance. In Gone with the World Wars, Hildegard Bonacker Bruni shares the inspiring true account of her family's incredible passage during and after World War II and the amazing faithfulness of God that protected them every step of the way. Hildegard shares the testimony of her parents, Gustav and Emilie Bonacker, who were born in East Prussia and lived through WWI and WWII. In July 1944, Gustav was drafted into the army, and in August of the same year, Emilie, along with seven of her children, had to escape on horse and buggy for eight months until she reached the refuge of Sophienhof, in Schleswig Holstein. By the grace of God, Hildegard's family survived, overcoming the life-threatening trials of hunger, sickness, freezing temperatures, and constant bomb attacks. Gone with the World Wars documents this brave family's experiences, which are representative of many German families during the time, revealing what they lived through both during and after the war. With her family's story as a reflection of what truly happened during World War II, Hildegard dedicated her life to uncovering the truth of both world wars, the historical background of each, and how the various types of government affected the lives of the German people, her family included. Join Hildegard on this unforgettable adventure through history to discover some of the most shocking unknown historical facts of World War II, God's incomparable goodness, and the European way of life that is gone with the world wars.https://www.amazon.com/Gone-World-Wars-Heals-Wounds/dp/1662847106http://www.ecpublishingllc.com   http://www.bluefunkbroadcasting.com/root/twia/5224hbec.mp3   

In questo episodio tireremo le somme della battaglia di Tannenberg, ma sopratutto esploreremo una delle più interessanti e sconosciute regioni d'Europa, la Galizia. Questa sarà il teatro di uno dei più grandi scontri del 1914. La prima schermaglia di una certa consistenza fra Austriaci e Russi avverrà in circostanze improbabili e inaspettate.Seguimi su Instagram: @laguerragrande_podcastScritto e condotto da Andrea BassoMontaggio e audio: Andrea BassoFonti dell'episodio:1914. Fight at Yaroslavitsy, Hussar, 2016 Robert B. Asprey, L'Alto comando tedesco, Rizzoli, 1993 Cavalry General, Knight of St. George Fedor Arturovich Keller, Military Review, 2015 François Fejtő, Requiem per un Impero defunto. La dissoluzione del mondo austro-ungarico, Mondadori, 1990 Alison Frank, Galician California, Galician Hell: The Peril and Promise of Oil Production in Austria-Hungary, Office of Science and Technology Austria, 2006 Alison Frank, The Petroleum War of 1910: Standard Oil, Austria, and the Limits of the Multinational Corporation, The American Historical Review 114, 1, 2009 Galizia, Treccani Keller, G.; Generalmajor, Keller, Paul Wolfgang Merkelschen Familienstiftung Nürnberg Ross Kennedy, Peace Initiatives, 1914-1918 Online, 2018 Peter Hart, La grande storia della Prima Guerra Mondiale, Newton & Compton, 2013 Neil Hollander, Elusive Dove: The Search for Peace During World War I, McFarland, 2013 John Losher, The Bolsheviks: Twilight of the Romanov Dynasty. Author House, 2009 Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, University of Toronto Press, 2010 Rachel Manekin, Galicia, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, 2010 Chris McNab, Il grande orso in guerra, LEG, 2022 Basil Paneyko, Galicia and the Polish-Ukrainian Problem, The Slavonic and East European Review 9, 27, 1931 Paolo Rumiz, Come cavalli che dormono in piedi, Feltrinelli, 2014 Valeria Schatzker, Claudia Erdheim e Alexander Sharontitle, Petroleum in Galicia, 2012 Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914-1917, Penguin Global, 2004 Michael Stürmer, L'impero inquieto, Il Mulino, 1993 Barbara Tuchman, Guns of August, 1962 Stephen Turnbull, La battaglia di Tannenberg 1410. La disfatta dei cavalieri teutonici, LEG, 2013 Zenon Von Yaworskyi, The Eclipse of the Sun in August 1914, and a three-phase Russian Austrian Cavalry Battle, 2016 Alexander Watson, “Unheard-of Brutality”: Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914–1915, Journal of Modern History 84, 4, 2014 Larry Wolff, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture, The Slavonic and East European Review 90, 3, 2012In copertina: musicisti klezmer (klezmorim), Rohatyn (oggi in Ucraina), 1912. Si tratta della famiglia Faust, una piccola orchestra a conduzione familiare.

This is a release of a former Patreon-only episode.    The Germans and Russians are ready to fight, and each gives battle. The Russian 1st Army invades East Prussia from the east, and meets German 8th Army forces at Stallupönen. Both sides clash again at Gumbinnen, where the Germans suffer a stinging defeat that sets off a panic within 8th Army headquarters.    The BFWWP is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/BattlesoftheFirstWorldWarPodcast.    Any questions, comments or concerns please contact me through the website, www.firstworldwarpodcast.com. Follow us on Twitter at @WW1podcast, the Battles of the First World War Podcast page on FaceBook, and on Instagram at @WW1battlecast. Not into social media? Email me directly at verdunpodcast@gmail.com. Please consider reviewing the Battles of the First World War Podcast on iTunes.   

La sconfitta patita dai Tedeschi a Gumbinnen scuote fino alle fondamenta l'alto comando del Reich. Da una parte cadranno delle teste, mentre dall'altra emergerà un duo destinato a prendere in mano le redini del destino di una nazione.Seguimi su Instagram: @laguerragrande_podcastScritto e condotto da Andrea BassoMontaggio e audio: Andrea BassoFonti dell'episodio:Peter Hart, La grande storia della Prima Guerra Mondiale, Newton & Compton, 2013 Roger Parkinson, Tormented Warrior. Ludendorff and the supreme command, Hodder and Stoughton, 1978 Barbara Tuchman, Guns of August, 1962 Paul Von Hindenburg, Dalla mia vita, 1921 Aleksandr Solženitsyn, Agosto 1914, Mondadori, 1972 Alexander Watson, “Unheard-of Brutality”: Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914–1915, Journal of Modern History 84, 4, 2014 H. P. Willmott, La Prima Guerra Mondiale, DK, 2006In copertina: i generali Erich Ludendorff (a destra) e Paul Von Hindenburg (a sinistra) fotografati assieme in una stazione ferroviaria nel 1918.

Ernst Lubitsch is one of the directors of the classic era who hasn't stayed in people's minds as much as others have. He's not as revered as, say, Billy Wilder...who happens to be a co-writer of Ninotchka. But Ernst had the famous "Lubitsch Touch", where he was able to effortlessly blend jokes and romance with a good story as well as anybody ever has. The hook here is that the always-serious Greta Garbo gets to be funny ("Garbo Laughs"). And she's great in this. She's lovable when she softens, but playing it straight as a stern Russian was her route to comic gold. She and Melvyn Douglas are a wonderful rom-com couple. As for Ninotchka's story, it's all about how capitalism is fun while communism is a dreary, almost-cultlike oppression. Politics has rarely resulted in such mirth. So loosen up and put on your ugly hat as the 569th edition of Have You Ever Seen digs into a classic comedy that's---get this---actually funny. And Just To Be Clear: Sig Ruman is German and Alexander Granach was born in what is now Ukraine, while Felix Bressart was born in what was then East Prussia in Germany...but is now Russia. So you could argue that at least he really was Russian. We're sponsored by the capitalists at Sparkplug Coffee. They give our listeners a onetime 20% discount if they just use our "HYES" promo code. Go to "sparkplug.coffee" and add "/ hyes" to enjoy a little savings. You are not bound to secrecy if you want to let us know what you think of our work. Our email address is "haveyoueverseenpodcast@gmail.com". Our Twi-x handles are @moviefiend51 and @bevellisellis. Bev is also on Threads with that same @. Your messages won't be blacked out by the government. And find our shows on YouTube too. Type "@hyesellis" into your browser and you'll be taken to our home page. Rate, review, like, subscribe and all that in your podcast app and/or on YouTube.

La mobilitazione dell'esercito imperiale russo sul fronte orientale è stata molto più veloce di quanto i Tedeschi e gli Austriaci si aspettassero. In base agli accordi presi con i Francesi, i Russi sono pronti a iniziare l'invasione della provincia più lontana del Reich, la Prussia Orientale.Seguimi su Instagram: @laguerragrande_podcastScritto e condotto da Andrea BassoMontaggio e audio: Andrea BassoFonti dell'episodio:Leszek Belzyt, Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 – 1914, Herder, 1998 Jeff Leser, Von Rennenkampf, Pavel-Georges Karlovich, The russo-japanese war research society, 2003 Basil Liddell Hart, La prima guerra mondiale, Rizzoli, 2006 Peter Hart, La grande storia della Prima Guerra Mondiale, Newton & Compton, 2013 Elio Migliorini, Prussia orientale, Treccani, 1935 Rennenkampf, Paul, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1922 Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August, 1962 Alexander Watson, “Unheard-of Brutality”: Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914–1915, Journal of Modern History 84, 4, 2014In copertina: immagine di copertina del romanzo "Die Kosaken kommen!" (Arrivano i Cosacchi!), dello scrittore tedesco Albert Benary, pubblicato nel 1935. Il romanzo è ambientato durante l'invasione russa della Prussia Orientale e la sua copertina riprende il tema dei contadini in fuga che incendiano le proprie fattorie per segnalare la direzione dell'avanzata zarista.

The Battle of Tannenberg was one of the first major battles of World War I, fought between Russia and Germany in East Prussia. The early decisions of German leadership in World War I, and consequently the Eastern Front, resulted from the German war plan of 1914. However, Eighth Army's operations in East Prussia did not adhere to the plan's original course of action. Although outnumbered, the Imperial German Army successfully and overwhelmingly outperformed the Russian First and Second Armies in mobilization, strategic and tactical execution, logistics, and reconnaissance. The Battle of Tannenberg was one of Germany's earliest, most decisive tactical victories. The Saber and Scroll Socials: The Saber and Scroll Journal (scholasticahq.com) The Saber and Scroll Journal: Volume 11, Number 2, Winter 2022: Ballard, Jeffrey: 9781637238356: Amazon.com: Books You can find the Hardtack socials, website, and Patreon via ⁠⁠linktree⁠⁠. If you have any feedback on Hardtack episodes or suggestions for future episodes, please send an email to hardtackpod@gmail.com Don't forget to rate and subscribe! Make your Own Hardtack! Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) - ⁠⁠Bread Dad ⁠ Sources: Duffy, Michael “Firstworldwar.com.” First World War.com - Primary Documents - The Battle of Tannenberg by Paul von Hindenburg, August 1914. Accessed July 24, 2021. https://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tannenberg_hindenburg.htm. Gurko Vasiliĭ Iosifovich. Memories & Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-1917. London: John Murray, 2010. Hoffman, Max. “Chapter III - The Battle of Tannenberg.” Essay. In The War of Lost Opportunities, 27–38. Eschenburg Press, 2018. Showalter, Dennis E. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914. United States: Potomac Books, Inc., An imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2004. Strachan, Hew. The First World War. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2013. Sweetman, John. Tannenberg 1914. London: Cassell, 2002. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hardtackpod/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hardtackpod/support

In Episode 4 of our history of Chicago, we discuss the continuing growth and then decline of German Chicago, which largely disappeared with America's entry into WWI in 1917. Topics include the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), which united the German community in Chicago; the importance of German-language newspapers, namely the Illinois Staats-Zeitung; the impact of the Great Chicago Fire (1871) on German communities on the North Side; the next wave of German immigrants who came as industrial workers to help rebuild the city; the left-wing political activities of these new workers, which led to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Haymarket Square Massacre of 1886; the first conflict between the German Empire and the United States as seen in the Samoan Crisis (1887-1889); the death of German-language newspapers and culture with the onset of WWI; the final wave of German immigrants fleeing communism and the loss of the territories of Silesia, Pomerania and East Prussia following WWII; and the lasting contributions made be German immigrants to Chicago, including gym class in schools, playgrounds in public parks, and homes for senior citizens.

In the early 20th century, a vast tapestry of tensions - national, political, and social - hung heavily over Europe. It was a volatile era of conflicting interests and loyalties, waiting for a spark to ignite it. This spark came with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, setting off a chain of events that spiraled into the devastating cataclysm of the First World War. At the epicenter of this chaos stood two formidable giants - Imperial Germany and Tsarist Russia, each yearning for control, dominance, and security. In a vast theatre of battles and bloodshed, one encounter would emerge as a cornerstone, a turning point that would change the course of the war and etch itself deeply into the annals of history - the Battle of Tannenberg. In the verdant, sprawling plains of East Prussia, armies prepared for a confrontation that would test their courage, resolve, and strategic genius. The tale of Tannenberg is a compelling story of bold decisions and tactical blunders, of strategic prowess and human frailty. It is a tale of leaders like Paul von Hindenburg, Erich Ludendorff, Alexander Samsonov, and Paul von Rennenkampf, whose destinies became entwined in this critical battle, their actions reverberating across time. In the ensuing chaos, an unexpected and decisive victory would tilt the scales, sending shockwaves throughout the entire theatre of war. The repercussions of Tannenberg were felt far beyond the blood-soaked fields of East Prussia, altering strategies, affecting morale, and setting the stage for political upheavals that would reshape the world. Journey with us as we step back into the tumultuous days of 1914, tracing the events from the bustling streets of Sarajevo, through the tense war offices in Berlin and St. Petersburg, to the misty, eerie quietude of the East Prussian landscape. Together, we'll retrace the paths of soldiers and generals, monarchs and commoners, as we weave our way through the captivating, poignant, and unforgettable narrative of the Battle of Tannenberg.

In this edition of the podcast, we are in Poland's Mazury lake district to visit the Borussia Foundation – and we aren't talking football… While the region has been within Poland's borders since 1945, much of the area constituted East Prussia before the war, including the city of Allenstein, or what is now Olsztyn, where we are for this episode. So what does this chequered history mean for the region now? Host John Beauchamp visits the Borussia Foundation at the Mendelsohn House to talk about the region's Prussian history and heritage with Ewa Romanowska and Alicja Kulik.

History was repeating itself; there were moats and nobles in Pennsylvania and vassals in Manhattan and the barbarian hordes were overrunning the land. The Barbarians by Algis Budrys, that's next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, with at least one lost vintage sci-fi short story in every episode.“He was in some ways the best writer of his kind around. He made sentences come alive better than most writers. I'm not talking just about science fiction writers.” The words of writer, editor, and literary agent Frederik Pohl–at 89 about Algis Budrys.Budrys was born in 1931 in what was then East Prussia, Germany. At the end of his life Budrys still remembered what he had seen from the second-story window of his parents' apartment on a spring day in 1936. Adolf Hitler, “in an open black Mercedes with his arm propped up. I'm sure he had an iron bar up his sleeve, because he couldn't have kept his arm that particular way for so long otherwise.”In 1936, when his father failed to get the Paris posting he'd requested, he was assigned to New York instead. Budrys's parents, desperate to survive in Depression-era America, ended up running a chicken farm in rural New Jersey.“My big breakthrough came when Miss Anderson, who owned the general store in Dorothy, New Jersey, gave me a bunch of unsold magazines, including Astonishing Stories, edited by Frederik Pohl,” Budrys said. And his love for science fiction began.He wrote 10 novels and about 135 short stories.When you turn to page 58 in If Worlds of Science Fiction in February 1958 you might be surprised to see John Sentry's name as the author, but you will know the man who wrote The Barbarians is Algis Budrys… Next week on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, Achieving immortality is only half of the problem. The other half is knowing how to live with it once it's been made possible—and inescapable! Second Childhood by Clifford D. Simak. That's next week on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, with at least one lost vintage sci-fi short story in every episode.Support the show

For the Germans, 1915 was a year that should not have been. Their whole strategy had been based on a quick war, but they now found themselves embroiled in a two-front war – on the eastern front against Russia, and on the western front against France fully mobilised and also Britain.Throughout 1915, in a succession of attacks of increasing intensity, the various armies learned the techniques of the new kind of war at very heavy cost.In February 1915, Germany launched the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes with an attack on the Russians in East Prussia. Meanwhile, the Austrians attempted to push deep back into Galicia, with huge numbers of casualties on all sides.www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic composed by Frederich Chopin, Mazurka in C sharp minor, Op. 6 no. 2Picture - Skoda_305_mm_Model_1911_LOC_War_of_the_NationsTheme tune for the podcast by Nico Vettese, www.wetalkofdreams.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/jewish-studies

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland (Ibidem Press, 2021) is a microhistory of the Nazi occupation of Białowieźa Forest, Poland's national park. The narrative stretches from Göring's palatial lifestyle to the common soldier on the ground killing Jews, partisans, and civilians. Based entirely on previously unpublished sources, the book is the synthesis of six areas of research: Hitler's Luftwaffe, the hunt and environmental history, military geography, Colonialism and Nazi Lebensraum, the Holocaust, and the war in the East. By weaving together a narrative about Hermann Göring, his inner circle, and ordinary soldiers, the book reveals the Nazi ambition to draw together East Prussia, the Bialystok region, and Ukraine into a common eastern frontier of the Greater German state, revealing how the Luftwaffe, the German hunt, and the state forestry were institutional perpetrators of Lebensraum and genocide. Up until now the Luftwaffe had not been identified in specific acts of genocide or placed at large scale killings of Jews, civilians, and partisans. This gap in the historical record had been facilitated by the destruction of the Luftwaffe's records in 1945. Through a forensic and painstaking process of piecing together scraps of evidence over two decades, and utilizing Geographical Information System software, Philip W. Blood managed to decipher previously obscure reports and expose patterns of Nazi atrocities. AJ Woodhams hosts the "War Books" podcast. You can subscribe on Apple here and on Spofity here. War Books in on YouTube and on Facebook. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dirk lived in the town of Bernau about 15 miles from East Berlin. Just outside Bernau was Wandlitz the residential estate of the East German leadership. As a result, Bernau had one of the highest densities of Stasi facilities in East Germany.Dirk shares details of his childhood growing up in a Plattenbau block of flats where his school friends were children of NVA officers, Stasi officers, and Soviet Army officers.He shares some fascinating details of school life and visits the homes of his school friends in Bernau.  However, his parents clashed with his school teachers as they bullied Dirk for wearing western clothing.We also hear how his parent's anti-soviet view originated with his grandparents fleeing the World War 2 Soviet invasion of East Prussia and an Uncle who was arrested and disappeared in Berlin in 1945. Cold War history is disappearing; however, a simple monthly donation will keep this podcast on the air. You'll become part of our community and get a sought after CWC coaster as a thank you and you'll bask in the warm glow of knowing you are helping to preserve Cold War history. Just go to https://coldwarconversations.com/donate/If a monthly contribution is not your cup of tea, We also welcome one-off donations via the same link.Videos and extra episode info here https://coldwarconversations.com/episode278Support the showSupport the project! https://coldwarconversations.com/donate/ Follow us on Twitter here https://twitter.com/ColdWarPodFacebook https://www.facebook.com/groups/coldwarpod/Instagram https://www.instagram.com/coldwarconversations/Youtube https://youtube.com/@ColdWarConversations

Imagine a state apparatus of terror; they monitor citizens, they kidnap people in the middle of the night, they torture people to extract false confessions. Now imagine that same state apparatus of terror is run by a murderous pedophile. That was the Soviet people's reality with appointment of Lavrenti Beria to the dreaded People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs or the NKVD, the Soviet secret police. Please leave us a rating, or a review if you're feeling really generous. Follow Secret Police! Twitter @hush_popo Instagram @secretpolicepodcast Sources Beria - The NKVD & Death of Stalin Documentary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0bnt7hYmDY&list=PLVtoTh3hF-hwiZixdKcerUzA777jS27Ml&index=3&t=1927s  Lavrenti Beria Biography https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSberia.htm Richard Sorge. https://spartacus-educational.com/GERsorge.htm On Stalin's Secret Service - Richard Sorge - WW2 Biography Special. World War Two. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn9NyRfbSOo&ab_channel=WorldWarTwo  Stalin and Trotsky rivalry https://www.rbth.com/history/333272-how-stalin-and-trotsky-fought Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar by Simon Sebag Montefiore. Russia: The Wild East by Martin Sixsmith and the BBC.  Flowers in Russia: What You Need to Know by Matt Shannon. 2021. https://expatriant.com/flowers-in-russia/   The Finnish Language. LangFocus. 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-uWYvlyeBc&list=PLVtoTh3hF-hwiZixdKcerUzA777jS27Ml&index=5&t=316s  Winter War - Soviet Finnish 1939-1940 War - FULL 3d DOCUMENTARY. Kings and Generals. 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Uk5bY22RSE&t=2448s  US Census. Quick Facts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221 The investigation of the dead or lost Finnish stages of Stalin's persecution will continue – SKS also finds out what traces of persecution left on the victims' descendants. Pekka Torvinen. https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007766248.html China and International Law -- The Boundary Disputes by Byron N. Tzou. 1990. The end of "Millionka": the liquidation of Chinatown in Vladivostok (1936). Russia and the Pacific (in Russian). Vladivostok: Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (4): 24–31. A Historical Investigation of the Soviet Union's Handling of the Chinese Issue in the Far East (1937-1938)]. Modern Chinese History Studies (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2): 41. Khisamutdinov, Amir Aleksandrovich (2018). "Millionka": a culture that grew up in the backyard. The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing by Martin Terry. 1998. Journal of Modern History.  L'Affaire Lyushkov: Anatomy of a Defector by Alvin D Coox. 1968. Why didn't the Allies declare war on the USSR when they invaded Poland? Knowledgia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBd60UsL9u0&ab_channel=Knowledgia The NKVD: from Pen-Pushers to Communist Hit Squads - WW2 Special. World War Two. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HwKl8VUZHA&t=507s&ab_channel=WorldWarTwo  State Committee of Defence Decree. Concerning the security measures in rear areas and communications of the Red Army in East Prussia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania. December 1944. https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/12/10/soviet-nkvd-iv/  Sonja Schmid. Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry. 2015.  The Atomic Bomb, Russia and Spies. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nOrMZCThNg&t=136s&ab_channel=JohnKerruish    Harry S Truman Library Bombing of Hiroshima Newsreel from the AP Music Scorching Action by Jon Presstone Tension in the Dark by Jon Presstone Gnosienne by Eric Satie performed by Neil Cross and Raighes Factory It's Beginning to Look A lot Like Christmas by Perry Como (a parody) Mozart K.488 Piano Concerto #23 in A 2nd mov. Adagio Cinematic Ambient Orchestral Drama Trailer by MEDIA MUSIC GROUP Electra to the Baltic Sea by Giuseppe Rizzo Dramatic Investigation by Jon Presstone Sad Smooth Piano Jazz Background Music by Volodymyr Piddubnyk Eye Of The Storm (Feat. Cicely Parnas) - Instrumental Version Humans Win Kalahari Wind by Humans Win Sneaky Snitch by Kevin MacLeod Giant Wyrm by Kevin MacLeod Selected clips from The Death of Stalin (2017)

Charlotte Langsev's history began in Koenigsberg, East Prussia, where her mom was born.Her dad was in the army for  Kaiser Wilhelm before the First World War.They moved from there, to Germany, to Blumenau, Brazil, to Edmonton, Canada and finally to Brownsmead, Oregon.She tells of growing up in Brownsmead, the first school and family history.

As a 10-year-old, Liane Brown watched Hitler’s motorcade pass by in East Prussia. Within a few months, Insterburg was smoldering in ruins. Fleeing starvation and death, Liane’s mother miraculously escaped to freedom in Berlin. In her autobiographies, Refuge and From Fear to Freedom, Liane Guddat Brown proclaims God’s sustaining grace proven through a family torn apart by war. Wherever she goes, you will find Liane sharing her story of God’s goodness and her mother’s sustaining faith.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

(⏰10 minutes) WWII. Liesl's family must flee East Prussia in 1944. Through Liesl's story of survival, we learn about Wolfskinder, or wolf children. These were the countless, real children who were orphaned by the war and left to survive on their own, often in forests for long periods. Be inspired by Liesl, her maturity, and ways of finding hope and joy in the darkest moments. Transcript here

Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffman E T A Hoffman, as he is known, was born in 1776 in Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany of syphilis, which was extremely prevalent. He was only 46.   He was a romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror as well as being a composer, music critic and artist. He wrote the Nutcracker and the Mouse King which was the basis of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker and Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffman is based on E T A Hoffman's works. His parents separated when he was 12. He remained with his mother and aunts. He was very fond of his aunts.  He started work in 1796 for his uncle as a clerk. He visited Dresden and was impressed by the paintings in the gallery there.  He lived and worked for his uncle in Berlin from 1798. From 1800 he lived and worked away from home and took to a dissolute lifestyle. He was promoted and got a job in Warsaw in 1804. He was happy in Warsaw, but went back to Berlin which was occupied by Napoleon's armies. In 1808 he got a job in Bamburg as a theatre manager.  He was given to falling in love, once with a young music student Julia Marc and another time with a married woman 10 years old who had six children.  He also appears to had challenges with alcohol most of his adult life.  The Sandman The Sandman is Hoffman's best loved and most influential story. It was a favourite of Sigmund Freud and we might see some influence of this story on Tim Burton's films.  M. Grant Kellermeyer on his great ghost story site says that the Sandman exists to sow suffering and everything he touches. Coppelius as the Sandman wants to throw hot coals and sparks into the eyes, not the soporific sand. The story begins with a series of letters. This was a common convention and later Hoffman steps in as the author and discusses different ways he had thought of beginning the story. One can't help think that he was amusing himself with this story as he seems to be satirising certain classes of people, notably Romantics.  The Romantic Movement grew up towards the end of the 18th Century and lasted into the 19th Century, dated to end at the crowning of Queen Victoria in England in 1837. I think the first letter from Nathanael setting out his horrified fantasies about the Sandman Coppelius is to establish him as a credulous and impressionable boy given to neurotic terrors. He seems incapable of distinguishing truth from his fantasies and believes his inward passions rather than objective facts. Again, I think Hoffman is poking fun at Romanticism. There is some theme of eyes. Coppelius seems to want to steal Nathanael's eyes, and eyes and optics crop up again and again. When Coppelius and Nathanael's father are working as alchemists, they seem to be building automata.  Clara's letter establishes her (a woman) as level headed and logical and not given to fancies. They are at odds in this and I feel that Hoffman is making fun of the brooding romantics who believed that nature should lead over thinking.  Clara is endlessly forgiving and devoted to Nathanael despite him not really deserving it as he is moody and unfaithful with a robot and then tries to kill her. In the end, we hear that she has found someone more worthwhile to love and have children with. Amusingly, when Clara doesn't love his gloomy poem he calls her a lifeless automaton. The story is filled with little jokes like this. Nathanael does not believe in free will. Clara does. Nathanael believes that we are controlled by mighty powers greater than ourselves. Clara denies this and says we are fooled by our own fancies if we think this. Ironically, that is what kills Nathanael and drives him mad. Some translations use Oh! Oh! Oh! for Olympia's words, but the translation I used uses the original German Ach! Ach! Ach! If You Appreciate The Work I've Put In HereYou could buy me a coffee  https://ko-fi.com/tonywalker (https://ko-fi.com/tonywalker)...

With the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war still unfolding, Chris Clark talks with Andreas Kossert about how Germany and other European states are handling the current Ukrainian refugee crisis. How does today's emergency fit into a history of forced displacement that is as old as humanity itself? A conversation about danger, survival, displacement, arrival, memory and the meaning of home.Dr Andreas Kossert worked at the German Historical Institute in Warsaw and has lived in Berlin as a historian and author since 2010. His books include Masuria (2001) and East Prussia (2005). He recently published the bestseller Kalte Heimat. The history of the German expellees after 1945 (2008), East Prussia. Story of a Historical Landscape (2014) and Escape - A Human Story (2020).You can see Dr Kossert's books here : https://www.amazon.co.uk/Andreas-Kossert/e/B001JOPZGK?ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_2&qid=1648830693&sr=1-2Professor Chris Clark is Regius Professor of History at Cambridge University. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

From DailyPodcastPractice.com Today is New Year's Day Today is also Ellis Island Day, the day we celebrate the island in New York Harbor that served as the gateway to America during the immigration wave of 1892 through 1954. Before we get to a birthday, let's acknowledge the death yesterday of actress and comedian Betty White, at age 99. Born on this day in 1714 in East Prussia, Prussian-Lithuanian poet and Lutheran pastor Christian Donalitius. What was the worst shopping experience you've ever had?

'We Are Wolves' is the winner of the 2021 Historical Novel Society's ARA Historical Novel Prize in the Children's and Young Adult category. Behind this incredible work of fiction lies the true story of thousands of German children left to fend for themselves in the forests of East Prussia at the end of the Second World War. Liesl, Otto and Mia are leading a perfectly contented life blissfully unaware of the horrors of the Second World War. When the Red Army advances on Germany in 1945, their lives are changed forever. Escaping into a dangerous forest alone and at the the height of a winter blizzard they are faced with unimaginable challenges in their quest to survive. In this episode Gregory Dobbs chats to Katrina Nannestad about turning a true story into an award-winning novel for children and why historical fiction has an important role to play in discovering and explaining history to young people.

'We Are Wolves' is the winner of the 2021 Historical Novel Society's ARA Historical Novel Prize in the Children's and Young Adult category. Behind this incredible work of fiction lies the true story of thousands of German children left to fend for themselves in the forests of East Prussia at the end of the Second World War.Liesl, Otto and Mia are leading a perfectly contented life blissfully unaware of the horrors of the Second World War. When the Red Army advances on Germany in 1945, their lives are changed forever. Escaping into a dangerous forest alone and at the the height of a winter blizzard they are faced with unimaginable challenges in their quest to survive.In this episode Gregory Dobbs chats to Katrina Nannestad about turning a true story into an award-winning novel for children and why historical fiction has an important role to play in discovering and explaining history to young people.

The Luftwaffe's actions in the air in the Second World War tend to occupy our memories, but they were very active on the ground and committed the same atrocities as the other arms of the Nazi war machine. In his new book, Birds of Prey, Dr Philip Blood analyses the efforts of a Luftwaffe ground unit that attempted to pacify a forest in East Prussia, now Poland, and in these actions, the mindset of The Hunter that pervaded the Nazi mindset. In Part 1 of a two-part Hedge Hopping sortie, Matt and Phil discuss the development of the hunt and the hunter in Germany and how this was Nazified and weaponised in the Third Rich. Buy Phil's book at our Bookshop here: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/6252/9783838215679 Follow Phil's Birds of Prey updates on Twitter at @Birdsof79875803 Like the episode, drop us a tip via Ko-Fi! https://ko-fi.com/historyhack Like the podcast, join the fun on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/historyhack

In this episode, host Andrew is joined by family historian, author, lecturer, and podcaster Lisa Louise Cooke (Genealogy Gems). She talks about how she got hooked on researching her own family history as a child. Relatively SpeakingLisa chooses her husband's entrepreneurial grandfather Harry Cooke as her life story. We follow him from his beginnings in mid-19th century rural Huntingdonshire, to Kent in England, before a double family tragedy sends the family off for a brand new life in Canada. The Brick WallThe hunt is on for Lisa's great grandfather Gustaf Sporowski, born in Kotten in Kreis Johannisburg, East Prussia (modern-day Poland). Do you have any research ideas or clues that could help her demolish her research Brick Wall? If you think you can help, then head over to Lisa's LisaLouiseCooke.com website, or alternatively you can visit our contact form and drop us a message (we'll pass it on). Andrew offers to help with Lisa's research by using something special he keeps in his garage. How could she refuse?- - - Episode CreditsSeries One, Episode Four:Andrew Martin (Host/Producer)Lisa Louise Cooke (Guest)Show notes: familyhistoriespodcast.comFollow us on Twitter: @FamilyHistPod

You're listening to the Westerly Sun's podcast, where we talk about the best local events, new job postings, obituaries, and more. First, a bit of Rhode Island trivia. Today's trivia is brought to you by Perennial. Perennial's new plant-based drink “Daily Gut & Brain” is a blend of easily digestible nutrients crafted for gut and brain health. A convenient mini-meal, Daily Gut & Brain” is available now at the CVS Pharmacy in Wakefield. Now for some trivia. Did you know that Gilbert Stuart, famed Rhode Island painter, also painted the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington which currently hangs in the East Room of the White House? The painting was rescued during the burning of Washington in the War of 1812 thanks to First Lady Dolley Madison and Paul Jennings, one of James Madison's slaves.  Now, for our feature story: Stonington High School has earned a rank in the top 10% of public schools in the U.S.  They took the No. 3 spot in the Norwich metropolitan area. U.S. News & World Report released its annual rankings recently, listing Stonington High No. 1,781 out of the 18,000 eligible schools. The rank places the district in a top tier, and by earning a national ranking in the top 40%. Stonington High School also achieved status as a U.S. News Best High School. Dr. Van Riley, superintendent of Stonington Public Schools, said that the faculty and staff are best-in-class teachers, mentors, scholars, and most importantly, role models who work tirelessly to support students in all of their endeavors. SHS Principal Mark Friese said the recognition is a testament to the dedication of the entire school community.  Friese feels that the town and Board of Education supports the schools and programming immensely. He also praised the superintendent that encourages them to continuously move forward with new initiatives that are always focused on what is best for students.  For more information on the school, including a link to rankings check out our fully story at thewesterlysun.com Are you interested in a new opportunity? You're in luck! Today's Job posting comes from the University of Rhode Island in Kingston. They're looking for a full-time fiscal clerk. Bookkeeping experience is preferred. Pay starts at $21.00 per hour. If you're interested and think you'd be a good fit for the role you can apply using the link in our episode description. https://www.indeed.com/l-Westerly,-RI-jobs.html?vjk=c833267992db5c1a Today we're remembering the life of Dr. Henry B. Freye, 90, of Mystic. Henry was born in Koenigsberg (Kaliningrad today), East Prussia. In 1939, he and his family immigrated to Havana, Cuba and to the USA in 1940. During his important formative years in New York, he was very active in the Boy Scouts where he earned the Eagle Scout Award with Palms. In 1948, he enlisted in the Army artillery, 35th regimental combat team and played in the Army Band where he served 5 years in the Reserves in the Rainbow Division. He was awarded an Academic Scholarship to Wagner College, followed by Queens College, where he met his future wife of over 60 years, Virginia Anne Lucas. While in college, he played the tuba in the Lawton Symphony, Staten Island Symphony, Queens College Orchestra, NY Teachers Symphony & All City Orchestra & Band. Additionally, he played soccer, was the captain of the team, and was named All NY City fullback. After graduating in 1954, he began his preclinical medical studies at Basel University Medical School where he became the first American to play in the Stadt Musik Basel, and received a Swiss Music Passport. While in Switzerland, he continued playing soccer and subsequently Semi-Pro for the German American team, Eintracht. His medical studies were completed at Duke University Medical School, followed by his internship at Stanford University, division at San Francisco General Hospital, residency at Duke University Hospital, as well as a Fellowship in Allergy & Immunology, completed at the Childrens Hospital in Boston. After completing his Residency in 1963, he joined the pediatric practice of Neida Q. Ogden in Westerly and subsequently, founded Shoreline Allergy and Asthma Associates, with offices in Mystic, Waterford, and East Lyme. While in private practice, he published and presented numerous medical papers in the USA, Europe, and South America. He was on the clinical faculty of Brown Medical School for 25 years and on the medical staffs of Rhode Island Hospital, Westerly Hospital, Lawrence and Memorial Hospital, and the Childrens Hospital of California until his retirement in 2008. He served on a number of boards and associations and helped develop the health plan for the children of Rhode Island. He enjoyed his studies at the Lyme Academy of Art and the opportunity to sail, play tennis, golf, and fish. He also loved to travel and made yearly adventures to all corners of the world with his wife. His most precious memories are those spent with his beloved wife  and his family. Thank you for taking the time today to remember and celebrate Henry's life. That's it for today, we'll be back next time with more! Also, remember to check out our sponsor Perennial, Daily Gut & Brain, available at the CVS on Main St. in Wakefield! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This week's podcast episode features Mark's mother, Karin Candelaria as they spent Mother's Day together visiting, cooking, sharing stories, and recording this podcast episode! Karin shares the story of her dramatic childhood leaving everything behind to flee their home in East Prussia, Germany during WWII. The family then spent many years in hiding on farms in the Baltic Islands, then their journey continued to a refugee camp in Munich, then in Mannheim.  One day in her late teens, Karin met Don Candelaria, who was there with the Army, at the town's cultural center just a couple months before he had to return to America. The following year, when Karin was 18 she moved to Calgary, Canada and got a job as a nanny, which helped her learn English. All the while, her and Don are still writing letters. About two years later in 1959, Karin was persuaded by Don to take a Greyhound bus to Durango, CO for a visit while she was on summer with the family she worked for in Idaho. . . well the rest is history, listen in to hear what happened from there in her incredible life story! For photos of Karin & Don Candelaria and to see our other podcast episodes, visit our official Podcast Page: www.candelariadesign.com/inspiring-living-podcast 

கி.பி. 17, 18ஆம் நூற்றாண்டுகள் மேற்குலகின் சிந்தனைப் போக்கில் பெரிய மாற்றத்தை நிகழ்த்திய நூற்றாண்டுகள் ஆகும். எதனையும் அறிவின் அடிப்படையிலும் மெய்யியல் நோக்கிலும் ஆய்ந்து தெளிந்து ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதே வாழ்க்கைக்கு ஏற்றம் தரும் எனும் எண்ணம் வீறுகொண்டு எழுந்த இந்நூற்றாண்டுகளை அறிவொளி யுகம் (The Age of Enlightenment) என்று அழைக்கின்றனர் வரலாற்றறிஞர்கள். இக்காலக்கட்டத்தில் மக்களின் சிந்தனையில் புரட்சிகரமான மாறுதல்களை விளைவித்த சிந்தனையாளர்களுள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க ஒருவர்தாம் ஜெர்மனியைச் சார்ந்த இம்மானுவல் காண்ட். There were many great changes made in the thought processes of people during the 17th and 18th centuries. An intellectual movement called the Age of Enlightenment had started at the time period, centered around the idea that reason was the primary source of authority and legitimacy. Revolutionary thinkers were the pivotal force behind this movement. One of such noteworthy philosophers was Immanuel Kant from Germany (back in the day known as East Prussia). American Tamil Media, ATR Arivom Arignarkalai uploaded on Apr 07, 2021 --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/americantamilradio/support

Today on Middle Grade Mavens, Julie chats with Rebecca Lim, about her new release, "Tiger Daughter," on February 2, by Allen and Unwin. And Pamela Chat's to Katrina Nannestad, about her recently released, "We Are Wolves,' on October 2020. About Rebecca's book: Tiger Daughter Wen Zhou is determined to create a future for herself that is more satisfying than the life her parents expect her to lead. Equal parts heartbreaking and hopeful, Tiger Daughter is a wonderfully compelling and authentic Own Voices novel about growing up Asian in Australia. What I feel most days is that nothing is ever going to change. That my life won't even start, and that I'll be stuck like this forever. Wen Zhou is the daughter and only child of Chinese immigrants whose move to the lucky country has proven to be not so lucky. Wen and her friend, Henry Xiao - whose mum and dad are also struggling immigrants - both dream of escape from their unhappy circumstances, and form a plan to sit an entrance exam to a selective high school far from home. But when tragedy strikes, it will take all of Wen's resilience and resourcefulness to get herself and Henry through the storm that follows. ISBN: 9781760877644 Publisher: Allen and Unwin  Publication Date: February 2021 Page Extent: 224 Format: Paperback - B format Age: 11 - 14 Author Interview: Katrina Nannestad About Katrina's book: We Are Wolves Sometimes it's good to be wild. When the Russian Army marches into East Prussia at the end of the war, the Wolf family must flee. Liesl, Otto and their baby sister Mia find themselves lost and alone, in a blizzard, in the middle of a war zone. Liesl has promised Mama that she will keep her brother and sister safe. But sometimes, to survive, you have to do bad things. Dangerous things. Wild things. Sometimes to survive, you must become a wolf. Bestselling author Katrina Nannestad returns with her most masterful novel yet - a book to crack open your heart, a book to light you up inside, a book to love. Published: 29th October 2020 ISBN: 9780733340888 Number Of Pages: 320 For Ages: 10+ years old To learn more about the Mavens, head on over to https://www.middlegradepodcast.com Or to find Julie online drop by https://www.julieannegrassobooks.com And for Pamela online find her at https://www.ueckerman.net Have a question or comment? Email us at mavens@middlegradepodcast.com To learn what books are in the pipeline, follow us on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/middlegrademavens --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/middlegrademavens/message

July 20th 1944 was a sweltering day at Germany's eastern front headquarters, near the town then known as Rostenburg, East Prussia. Weather is always a factor in war but even though there were no battles that night, the unpleasant heat would alter the course of history. Today we discuss the plot to assassinate Hitler. If you like what you hear make sure to give us a rating and review. Socials (Facebook/Instagram/Twitter) : @CasualxHistory New deep dive episodes every Sunday. New 5 minute history episodes every Wednesday. - CH --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/casualhistory/support

In this episode, Dan speaks to award-winning political correspondent and commentator, Svenja O'Donnell, about her remarkable grandmother's personal story of migration, sexual violence and murder during the fall of the Third Reich. Svenja's beautiful, aloof grandmother Inge never spoke about the past. All her family knew was that she had grown up in a city that no longer exists on any map: Königsberg in East Prussia, a footnote in history, a place that almost no one has heard of today. But when Svenja impulsively visited this windswept Baltic city, something unlocks in Inge and, finally, she begins to tell her story. Svenja retraced her grandmother's footsteps all over Europe and uncovered a desperately tragic secret that her grandmother had been keeping for sixty years. This remarkable story highlights the human side of the momentous tectonic shifts we speak about from history. 75 years ago this year millions of people, like Svenja's grandmother, were displaced in Europe, victims of terrible regimes and grueling conflict. Subscribe to History Hit and you'll get access to hundreds of history documentaries, as well as every single episode of this podcast from the beginning (400 extra episodes). We're running live podcasts on Zoom, we've got weekly quizzes where you can win prizes, and exclusive subscriber only articles. It's the ultimate history package. Just go to historyhit.tv to subscribe. Use code 'pod1' at checkout for your first month free and the following month for just £/€/$1. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In this episode, Dan speaks to award-winning political correspondent and commentator, Svenja O'Donnell, about her remarkable grandmother's personal story of migration, sexual violence and murder during the fall of the Third Reich. Svenja's beautiful, aloof grandmother Inge never spoke about the past. All her family knew was that she had grown up in a city that no longer exists on any map: Königsberg in East Prussia, a footnote in history, a place that almost no one has heard of today. But when Svenja impulsively visited this windswept Baltic city, something unlocks in Inge and, finally, she begins to tell her story. Svenja retraced her grandmother's footsteps all over Europe and uncovered a desperately tragic secret that her grandmother had been keeping for sixty years. This remarkable story highlights the human side of the momentous tectonic shifts we speak about from history. 75 years ago this year millions of people, like Svenja's grandmother, were displaced in Europe, victims of terrible regimes and grueling conflict. Subscribe to History Hit and you'll get access to hundreds of history documentaries, as well as every single episode of this podcast from the beginning (400 extra episodes). We're running live podcasts on Zoom, we've got weekly quizzes where you can win prizes, and exclusive subscriber only articles. It's the ultimate history package. Just go to historyhit.tv to subscribe. Use code 'pod1' at checkout for your first month free and the following month for just £/€/$1. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

This is episode three, the Reich attacks with fingers instead of a fist. We are building up to the start of the Battle of Stalingrad by describing how the initial phases of the invasion of Russia by the Germans' led inexorably to the city with Stalin's name. Alexander Werth was a British journalist based in Moscow as the German army approached in 1941 and he describes how quickly the city went from being relatively normal including cigarette and food vendors on most street corners to mounting terror and food shortages within a week. Most of the men had been called up when war began so women and young teens were in the fields, but the invasion had an almost catastrophic effect on Russian food supplies. Before the war, the territory overrun by the Germans had produced 38 percent of the cereals, 84 percent of the sugar while also containing 38 percent of the cattle and 60 percent of the pigs. By January 1942 the number of cows in the Soviet Union had dropped from just under 28 million to 15 million. Now the forces of the Third Reich were on their way to Moscow, following the same road that Napoleon had taken 140 years before. The orders given to Field Marshal von Bock's Army Group Centre was to encircle and destroy the enemy in Belorussia before heading on to the Soviet Capital. Z` Two deep thrusts were to be made, one in the north starting from East Prussia, and the other to the South from the area of Brest-Litovsk close to the Pripet Marshes. These are also known as the Pinks Marshes and are a vast are a vast natural region of wetlands along the forested basin of the Pripyat River with Kiev to the southeast. It is one of the largest wetland areas of Europe occupies most of the southern part of Belorussia or Belarus and the north-west of Ukraine. The marshes undergo substantial changes in size during the year, with melting snows in springtime and autumn rainfall causing extensive flooding as the river overflows. It is a geographical feature that armies had learned to respect over thousands of years. The Army Group Centre was split in two – one thrust was to be made by the 9th Army under Strauss in the north along with twelve infantry divisions were involved along with Hoth's 3rd Panzer Group. Army Group Centre's Field Marshal von Kluge led the 4th Army in the southern arm of Army Group Centre with 21 infantry divisions supported by Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group. The Panzers both to the north and south were to drive deep wedges in the form of two pincers into the enemy positions far to their rear and then joining in a double enveloping movement at Minsk. That was the capital of Belorussia and was 250 miles inside Soviet Territory. Then the two great pockets of Soviet soldiers were to be destroyed before the armies turned their beady eyes on Smolensk. That was the historical main city on the road to Moscow. However, there were problems from the start when it came to strategy. Von Bock thought it a complete waste of time and wanted to push directly for Smolensk. But Hitler wanted the two armies to take Minsk first, then halt at Smolensk so that the Panzer formations could be reassigned and head north to assist Army Group North besieging Leningrad. On the Soviet side, the unfortunate General Pavlov led the Red Army facing these two powerful German thrusts. When he was informed the German Infantry was approaching Minsk, he ordered his reserves forward which doomed them. He and the Russian leadership were not yet aware of a new form of encirclement - the double Panzer pincer which was to surround 3rd and 10th Armies. Instead of a single push past the Red Army – there would be two like a double ripple which was an extremely clever way of cutting off retreat.

Brigitte Lambert used the time of isolation during the coronavirus crisis to write down her family history, which leads from Samland - at that time the northern part of East Prussia - to Melbourne. She put together the memories of different family members snapped up over a lifetime like a puzzle. In a multi-part interview, she tells us about the results. She started researching at the university, where she wrote a work entitled "Life under Hitler" based on her mother's stories. And when she heard the many contributions to commemorate the end of the Second World War on our program in May, she contacted us. - Brigitte Lambert hat die Zeit der Isolierung während der Coronavirus-Krise dazu genutzt ihre Familiengeschichte aufzuschreiben, die vom Samland - damals der nördliche Teil Ostpreussens - nach Melbourne führt. Wie ein Puzzle hat sie die über ein ganzes Leben aufgeschnappten Erinnerungen verschiedener Familienmitglieder zusammengefügt. In einem mehrteiligen Interview erzählt sie uns von den Ergebnissen. Angefangen hatte sie mit der Recherche schon an der Uni, wo sie eine Arbeit mit dem Titel „Leben unter Hitler“ schrieb, die auf den Erzählungen ihrer Mutter basierte. Und als sie dann im Mai auf unserem Programm die vielen Beiträge zum Gedenken an das Ende des 2. Weltkriegs hörte, hat sie sich bei uns gemeldet.

Edgar Froese - Pizarro and Atahuallpa A Scheibosan Edit By Mr Turner DL Here >> https://hypeddit.com/track/vcr5jv German artist and electronic music pioneer (born 6 June 1944, Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia) - died 20 January 2015, Vienna, Austria). Father of Jerome Froese. He began his musical career in 1965 with a short-lived rock group known as The Ones. After the group's disbandment in 1967, Froese then co-founded Tangerine Dream within the same year. After decades, and a myriad of compositions, Froese remained the only original member of the band. He was married to Monique Froese from 1970 until her death in 2000; he later married Bianca Acquaye.

No Israeli childhood experience would be complete without Leah Goldberg. Her story “Room for Rent” was published in 1948 and is one of the most classic children’s books available in Hebrew. Shmuel Katz’s illustrations bring Goldberg’s words to life in both the original and in Jessica Setbon’s 2017 translation. Leah Goldberg born in Königsberg, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), in 1911, moved to Mandate Palestine in 1935. Well known during her lifetime as a poet, author, and translator, she is remembered as one of Israel's great authors and literary scholars. She earned a PhD in Semitic languages from Bonn University and helped found Hebrew University's Department of Comparative Literature, which she chaired until her death in 1970. Previous Episodes on Leah Goldberg: https://tlv1.fm/israel-in-translation/2019/08/21/a-fairy-tale-by-leah-goldberg/ https://tlv1.fm/arts-culture/2014/04/02/i-have-been-planted-with-the-pines-israel-in-translation/ Text: Leah Goldberg, Room for Rent. Illustrated by Shmuel Katz, translated by Jessica Setbon. Gefen Publishing House, 2018. Music: Leah Goldberg: Le-mi She-ino Ma'amin, sung by Yehudit Ravitz

Hello dear Friends, This weekend I am at a March of Life conference in Kaliningrad. Until 1945, this city was called "Königsberg" (part of East Prussia). East Prussia was a stronghold of the NSDAP. In 1944, this city was almost completely destroyed by bombs. After the surrender, tens of thousands were killed by hunger, epidemics and deportations. Jewish life was completely destroyed, synagogues were set on fire, and of the 3200 Jews only 60 Jewish families were still alive there after the Second World War. Together with the Germans, they were expelled by the Soviets in 1948. Today the city is called a city of reconciliation. How special that the first first March of Life in Russia will take place here! After the conference, we will go to Kiev, where we will also have a March of Life Conference together with churches and congregations of the Ukraine - they are convinced the Ukraine will not change without working through its own history. You can find all information about this, and about the March of Life in Halle on Nov 3 on my Facebook and Instagram page as well as on www.marchoflife.org! See you next time!

The world has been obsessed with the tragedy of the Romanov family for more than a century. It's easy to forget that the Tsar's family were among hundreds of thousands of people killed in the Revolution as well as in conflicts that swept across Eastern Europe. These conflicts would have lasting implications for the entire world. Notes and Links I have really struggled to find a map that shows what I want a map to show. None of them really focus on exactly what I'm focusing on, alas. But, this is one of the best I've found. This map is dated to the end of 1918. Notice the purple stripe that goes all the way across central Siberia--that's the Trans-Siberian Railway and the territory controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. Eventually, the White Army would travel along the railway with the Czechoslovaks and fight the Red Army. The dark blue areas labeled "1" are areas where Allies invaded and seized territory. The reddish-brown area in the west is the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks. OK, here's another map--and you're going to say, "That's not even in English!" No, it's not, but work with me here. Just refer to the previous image. This map is a year or so later than the previous one. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the black and white line crossing the entire map. Those red arrows along the line show the path of the Bolsheviks moving against the Legion and the White Army as they retreat back to Vladivostok. Notice the dark red striped area in the upper west. That's the Bolshevik-controlled territory, and you can see from the red arrows how the Red Army moved out of this stronghold and across the entire country. Ukraine is the lime green area on the far left of the map. It was handed over to Germany in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, but Russia reclaimed it. The borders on this map reflect the final size of the new USSR by 1922. It's not hard to see the Romanov daughters as individuals. You can find biographies of each young woman online and learn all sorts of details of their lives. Here you see Tatiana seated, with Maria, Anastasia, and Olga from left to right. Similarly, Alexei is recognizable across history as a little boy whose life was shadowed by an incurable and painful illness but who liked to play tricks on his sisters and always wanted a bicycle. In contrast, the many victims of the Red Terror, and the simultaneous White Terror, are difficult to discern as individuals. I found photos from the Terror, but I'm not going to post them here. They are horrifying. Allied troops, including British, French, Japanese, and American soldiers, were sent to Vladivostok in the far east and Archangel north of St. Petersburg. French and British troops also fought in southern Russia. This photo depicts American units marching through Vladivostok. The Allies never sent enough men to make a real difference in the conflict, and they were withdrawn after having done little more than offend the Russians. The Allies took their own sweet time returning the Czechoslovak Legion to their newly formed homeland; the last troops weren't evacuated from Vladivostok until early 1921. The Legion was incredibly frustrated by the delay. This is a cartoon from a newspaper operated by Legion troops . It shows one last soldier standing along the Sea of Japan waiting for a ship home; it's dated, facetiously, 1980. This map shows the new nations created after the war in eastern Europe. Finland, Estonia and Latvia achieve independence from Russia. Poland was combined from portions of Russia, Germany, and the Austria-Hungarian empire. Notice the pale green strip extending to the Baltic Sea; that's the Polish corridor, that left East Prussia separate from the rest of Germany. Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary arose out of the former Austria-Hungarian Empire. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was soon renamed Yugoslavia; it combined territory from Austria-Hungary with the former Serbia. Romania seized territory from its neighbors, gaining a sizeable increase in land. Dividing up territory in Eastern Europe was difficult and contentious. Self-determination had made it seem easy, but who "owned" a city like Cieszyn in Upper Silesia? The region had been controlled by multiple states over its history and was claimed by the Poles, the Czechs, and the Germans. Cieszyn (its Polish spelling), also known as Těšín in Czech and Teschen in German, was divided down the middle by the Paris Peace Conference, a solution that satisfied no one. Here you can see a guard station hastily erected on the international border in the middle of town. Another contested territory in eastern Europe was the Sudetenland; those are the dark brown portions on the map. While traditionally part of Czech territory, they were largely inhabited by ethnic Germans. The Paris Peace Conference sided with the Czechs and gave the land to the new Czechoslovakia, to the fury of the Germans. The Nazis would never let the perceived injustice of the Sudetenland die. Many of the sources for this week are the same as last week, and I won't repeat them here. The following are a few sources that are particularly relevant to this episode.

The most important task at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was the drafting of peace terms for the losers of the war. Germany and Austria assumed Woodrow Wilson would insist on a fair, respectful compromise peace based on the Fourteen Points. So they were shocked when the Treaty of Versailles demanded territory, demilitarization, and reparations. Is this what caused World War II? Show Notes The story about the police horse in Vienna is recounted by author Margaret MacMillan, author of the book Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World, in a 2007 speech to the National World War I Museum. MacMillan's speech, like her book, is fantastic--you can see it here (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7iXNZJsa6s&t=797s). This map depicts the hunger levels of Europe in December 1918. It was created by the US Food Administration in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Education. Germany and Austria-Hungary (which, in fact, no longer existed) were labeled "Unclassified" because when this map was prepared, two two countries were still classified as enemies and the food blockade was still in effect. Austria, at least, would have fallen into the black zone. Food riots became common across the Central Powers countries. This photo depicts a delicatessan in Berlin that has been looted by a mob. This cartoon, published in 1917 in the Österreichische Volkszeitung, is about the food conflict between Austria and Hungary. The Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire ("Cis") is represented by the Viennese Mayor Richard Weiskirchner (1861-1926) and the Federal Minister of Food Anton Höfer begging for food deliveries. On the other side of the river Leitha, the Hungarian part ("Trans") is shown as a fat man stone-heartedly withholding his herd of animals and boxes of supplies. This cartoon reflects Viennese popular sentiment toward Hungarians, who they believed were selfishly withholding critical supplies. In fact, Hungary did restrict shipments to Austria in order to safeguard food for its own people. However, the attitude of paranoia extended to numerous ethnic groups and poisoned relations between the multiple nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian empire. German Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff fully understood that his troops had been defeated in late September 1918. This diary entry (http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=814) by a German General Staff officer makes it clear that Ludendorff had no illusions about Germany's ability to go on fighting. However, by the spring of 1919, Ludendorff had convinced himself that the army had never been truly defeated in battle. Instead, the military had been betrayed by sinister forces at home, most likely Communists and Jews. The Fry and Laurie sketch on the Treaty of Westphalia is pure fantasy--no, Luxembourg was not divided between Sweden and France--but it accurately depicts the attitude of diplomats for most of European history. To the winners of war went the spoils, and never mind what the people who actually lived there thought about the matter. You can watch the entire sketch (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-WO73Dh7rY), which was originally broadcast on BBC 1 in January 2000, on YouTube. The Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference argued heatedly and at length about the fate of Germany and Austria. French Premier Georges Clemenceau (second from right) believed Germany would inevitably rise again and seek revenge for its defeat; he wanted the country to be stripped of land and resources, its industry destroyed, and its economy crippled. American President Woodrow Wilson (far right) on the other hand, argued for a more just and fair peace, based on the Fourteen Points, that would prevent future conflicts--although he held more resentment and animosity against Germany than he liked to admit. British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George (far left) fell in the middle; he was in favor of reparations but also wanted Germany to recover and again trade with Britain. Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando had little input on real decision-making. Germany lost about 13 percent of its territory after World War I. Alsace-Lorraine, at the far western edge of Germany, was returned to France; Germany had seized the provinces in 1871. The Rhineland was occupied after the war by the Allies, but despite Clemenceau's vehement arguments, it remained German territory. The Polish Corridor runs along the eastern edge of the country. You can see that it allowed the new nation of Poland access to the Baltic Sea but separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. This map is among the resources on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website (https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/german-territorial-losses-treaty-of-versailles-1919), German Foreign Minister Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau made a terrible first impression on the Allies when he began by complaining that Germany was being treated unfairly. His stern and cold personality didn't help. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The room was packed with diplomats, delegates, academic advisors, journalists, soldiers, and smattering of spies. The signing was captured by a film crew. You can watch some of the original footage (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMwKnM8j6co) on YouTube. British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote the blockbuster bestseller The Economic Consequences of Peace in a rage after the Paris Peace Conference. He argued that the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and vindictive and would ruin the economy of Europe. Keynes' book helped convince the public that Germany had been mistreated in 1919 and deserved justice in the 1930s. Keynes went on to become one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, with an entire school of economics bearing his name. Please note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.

German officers had plotted numerous attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler by the summer of 1944. Each time, the bombs had failed to explode. Their final attempt came on July 20, 1944, during a conference at Hitler's field headquarters in East Prussia.

German officers had plotted numerous attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler by the summer of 1944. Each time, the bombs had failed to explode. Their final attempt came on July 20, 1944, during a conference at Hitler's field headquarters in East Prussia.

In this special episode of Warriors, in Their Own Words, we feature an interview with a German U-boat veteran from World War II.  Rudi Toepfer was born in East Prussia, Germany on June 27, 1917. After graduating from the German Naval Academy, he served as the chief engineering office on submarines as they hunted for Allied convoys in the Atlantic Ocean.  After the war, he moved to the United States. He worked for Hughes Aircraft for 30 years and became a leader in the Elks Lodge and Masons.  This is Rudi's compelling first hand account of his years in combat on board a U-Boat.

The father fled East Prussia to escape the 1880s pogroms and, as a penniless immigrant boy, hawked newspapers on the streets of Chicago. The son, who lives on Philadelphia's Main Line and on a palatial California estate, is a multibillionaire and America's most generous living philanthropist. Legacy is an epic saga of how Moses and Walter Annenberg built a vast publishing empire and one of the nation's greatest family fortunes. Seeping through the century, the story encompasses brutal circulation wars, bookie parlours and racetracks, a lethal presidential vendetta, the glory days of Hollywood and of television, diplomatic drawing rooms, White House intrigues, tangled romances, a tragic suicide, extravagant social climbing, the Royal Family, a fabled art collection and astonishing generosity. Unauthorised but written with unprecedented access to the Annenberg family and their private papers, Legacy is at once a moving story of a family's triumph, a rich cultural history and an irresistible reading experience.

Philip Dodd and Joanna Kavenna discuss the challenges of art in an age of irony as the work of Käthe Kollwitz goes on display in Birmingham at the Ikon Gallery. Lawrence Norfolk pays tribute to the work of the great American poet, John Ashbery, who died last week. Plus a discussion of social conservatism in the USA, Europe and the UK with Sophie Gaston from the think tank, Demos and the political commentators, Tim Stanley and Charlie Wolf. Kollwitz was born in Königsberg in East Prussia in 1867 and the show gathers together 40 of her drawings and prints under the themes of social and political protest, self-portraits and images she made in response to the death of her son Peter in October 1914. Portrait of the Artist: Käthe Kollwitz A British Museum and Ikon Partnership Exhibition runs from 13 September 26 November 2017 with a fully illustrated catalogue.John Ashbery (July 28, 1927 – September 3, 2017) is the author of collections including Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror which won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1976 Image: Käthe Kollwitz (1867-1945) Self Portrait, (1924) Woodcut Copyright: The Trustees of the British MuseumProducer: Zahid Warley

In response to pleas from the French, the Russian Army undertakes an invasion of East Prussia in the hope of taking some of the pressure off of France.

Recording Date: July 11, 2017 Episode Summary: Today's teen books are more than broken hearts and vampires. Two of our librarians discuss what teen books have to offer readers of all ages.  Guests: Tina Rawhouser, Manager of our Potomac branch, and Annie Seiler, librarian at Marilyn Praisner.  MCPL Resources and Services Mentioned During this Episode: Teen Reading Lists: MCPL offers suggested readings lists by topic/genre for teens. Includes action/adventure, humor, mystery, and more. MCPL also offers reading lists by age, for middle schoolers and high schoolers.  Teensite: This portion of our website just for teens offers reading suggestions, library events for teens, college admissions info, and more.  What Do I Check Out Next?: Use our online form to tell us what you like to read. We'll e-mail you a list of 3-5 books that our readers' advisory experts have chosen for you.  Books and Authors Mentioned During this Episode: Leigh Bardugo: One of Annie's favorite authors. Bardugo's teen fantasy books include the Grisha triology, about a teenage orphan who harnesses an unexpected power. The first book in the series is Shadow and Bone.  Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys: It's 1941, and 15 year old Lithuanian girl Lina and her family are sent to Siberia, where she secretly documents their struggle to survive. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak: Liesel, a young German girl, boosts the spirits of her neighbors and the Jewish man her family is hiding from the Nazis with her storytelling and recitation of books she's stolen. This book was made into a film. Orson Scott Card: Bestselling author of Ender's Game, Ender's Shadow, and many other science fiction and fantasy books.  Challenger Deep by Neal Shusterman: One of Tina Rawhouser's favorite books, Challenger Deep is the story of Caden Bosch, whose descent into schizophrenia splits his world into one of a high school student and the other of a sea captain on his way to Challenger Deep, the ocean's deepest trench.    The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas: Starr Carter lives in two worlds, her poor neighborhood and the fancy prep school she attends. Those worlds collide when she witnesses the fatal shooting of her best friend at the hands of a police officer. The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien: The classic fantasy tale of a small, reluctant traveler who is pressured to join a group of dwarfs on a quest to retrieve their treasure from a dragon.  Little Women by Louisa May Alcott: Recounts the joys and sorrows of the 4 March sisters as they grow up in the latter half of the 19th century.  The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien: The epic trilogy recounting the quest of Frodo Baggins and his companions to destroy the One Ring before its creator retrieves it and conquers Middle Earth. The books in this series are The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.  Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold: 14 year old Susie Salmon watches from heaven as her family adjusts to the tragedy of her disappearance and death.  The Lunar Chronicles by Marissa Meyer: One of Tina Rawhouser's favorites, the Lunar Chronicles is a sci fi series reinterpreting Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, and other fairy tales. The story is set in a future of moon colonies, androids, and cyborgs.  Sarah J. Maas: Author of the Throne of Glass series, a retelling of Cinderella, and A Court of Thorns and Roses series, a retelling of Beauty and the Beast. Librarian Annie Seiler likes these books for their strong female characters. Nimona by Noelle Stevenson: A favorite of Librarian Annie Seiler, this graphic novel recounts the adventures of Nimona, the sidekick to supervillain Lord Blackheart, who's attempting to unmask the evil deeds of the Institution of Law Enforcement and Heroics. Ready Player One by Ernest Cline: Living in a bleak near future, Wade Watts dreams of finding the 3 keys supposedly hidden in the virtual reality world OASIS. Rumor has it that whoever finds all 3 will inherit a fortune.  Sabaa Tahir: Teen fiction writer best known for the novel An Ember in the Ashes.   Salt to the Sea: A historical fiction novel about a group refugees in East Prussia seeking to flee the final ravages of World War II.  The Selection by Kiera Cass: First book in a series about a competition to win the prince's hand and become a princess.  Sweet Valley High: Book series about the lives of identical twins, Jessica and Elizabeth, and their experiences at Sweet Valley High School.  This Is Our Story: Five boys go hunting, only four return. The boys say it was an accident, but suspicions mount.  Wee Free Men by Terry Pratchett. A young witch joins a group of 6 inch tall blue men to rescue her baby brother and save Fairyland. 

Howard Brenton discusses his new play Lawrence After Arabia, which examines a little known period of TE Lawrence's life. Back in England, Lawrence wearied by his romanticised public image and disgusted with his country and himself, seeks solace and a place to hide in the home of the Bernard Shaws.Christian Bale stars as a disillusioned Hollywood writer in the new film Knight Of Cups from director Terence Malick. Film critic Kate Muir reviews.91-year-old photographer Dorothy Bohm looks back over her 75-year career at her latest exhibition Sixties London. Born in East Prussia before being sent by her father to England to escape the threat of Nazism, she then became co-founder of The Photographer's Gallery and worked alongside some of the greats, from Henri Cartier-Bresson to Bill Brandt and Don McCullin.Danish artist Olafur Eliasson is most famous for erecting a giant sun in the Tate Modern for his work The Weather Project. He talks about his new book Unspoken Spaces which has collected all his architectural works in public spaces over the past two decades.Presenter: John Wilson Producer: Jack Soper.

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It's a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It's a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It’s a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It’s a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It’s a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It’s a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

While museums, labs, and botanical gardens have been widely studied by historians of science, field stations have received comparatively little attention.Raf De Bont‘s new book rectifies this oversight, turning our attention to the importance of biological field stations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in generating new scientific practices, theories, and networks. Stations in the Field: A History of Place-Based Animal Research, 1870-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2015) focuses on the German- and French-speaking scientific community in Europe, looking at a number of influential case studies that collectively embody what de Bont calls a “station movement” in this period. Exploring the relationship between these field stations and a notion of “experimentalism” embraced therein, de Bont usefully undermines a tendency to focus on laboratories as sites of experimentation in the history of science. The stations ranged in kind from very technologically sophisticated marine labs to cabins in the woods, from urban Naples to the isolated beaches of France to the birdlands of East Prussia. Some of the practices cultivated at these sites spread into a wider political and intellectual economy, transforming disciplines and spaces of inquiry and education in the process. It’s a fascinating study that offers readers a more robust and complex understanding of the spaces of modern science and their entangled histories. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Readers wanting to learn more about the Great War on the Eastern Front can do no better than David R. Stone‘s new work, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (University Press of Kansas, 2015). The last work to treat this comprehensively was Norman Stone's (no relation), The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, published in 1975. While literature in English has been sparse, the Russian-language literature on the Eastern Front has grown tremendously in recent decades, and so an update was desperately needed. David Stone does more than updated the earlier Stone's work, though. He deftly shifts our perspective not only on the Eastern Front but on the war as a whole by emphasizing commonalities (among empires, operations, home fronts) while appropriately highlighting the many unique challenges faced by the tsarist state. We learn not only about the iconic clashes in East Prussia or the Brusilov Offensive, but see the critical importance of campaigns in Poland, the Caucasus, and Romania to the Russian defeat. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Readers wanting to learn more about the Great War on the Eastern Front can do no better than David R. Stone‘s new work, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (University Press of Kansas, 2015). The last work to treat this comprehensively was Norman Stone’s (no relation), The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, published in 1975. While literature in English has been sparse, the Russian-language literature on the Eastern Front has grown tremendously in recent decades, and so an update was desperately needed. David Stone does more than updated the earlier Stone’s work, though. He deftly shifts our perspective not only on the Eastern Front but on the war as a whole by emphasizing commonalities (among empires, operations, home fronts) while appropriately highlighting the many unique challenges faced by the tsarist state. We learn not only about the iconic clashes in East Prussia or the Brusilov Offensive, but see the critical importance of campaigns in Poland, the Caucasus, and Romania to the Russian defeat. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Readers wanting to learn more about the Great War on the Eastern Front can do no better than David R. Stone‘s new work, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (University Press of Kansas, 2015). The last work to treat this comprehensively was Norman Stone’s (no relation), The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, published in 1975. While literature in English has been sparse, the Russian-language literature on the Eastern Front has grown tremendously in recent decades, and so an update was desperately needed. David Stone does more than updated the earlier Stone’s work, though. He deftly shifts our perspective not only on the Eastern Front but on the war as a whole by emphasizing commonalities (among empires, operations, home fronts) while appropriately highlighting the many unique challenges faced by the tsarist state. We learn not only about the iconic clashes in East Prussia or the Brusilov Offensive, but see the critical importance of campaigns in Poland, the Caucasus, and Romania to the Russian defeat. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Readers wanting to learn more about the Great War on the Eastern Front can do no better than David R. Stone‘s new work, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (University Press of Kansas, 2015). The last work to treat this comprehensively was Norman Stone’s (no relation), The Eastern Front, 1914-1917, published in 1975. While literature in English has been sparse, the Russian-language literature on the Eastern Front has grown tremendously in recent decades, and so an update was desperately needed. David Stone does more than updated the earlier Stone’s work, though. He deftly shifts our perspective not only on the Eastern Front but on the war as a whole by emphasizing commonalities (among empires, operations, home fronts) while appropriately highlighting the many unique challenges faced by the tsarist state. We learn not only about the iconic clashes in East Prussia or the Brusilov Offensive, but see the critical importance of campaigns in Poland, the Caucasus, and Romania to the Russian defeat. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Our first look at events on the Eastern front; The Austrians humiliate themselves against the Serbs. While in East Prussia, the Russians are annihilated at Tannenberg.

While battles raged in Western Europe the Russian army was advancing into East Prussia, the heartland of the German army. Most of the German army was in the West and they were put in a situation where they were drastically outnumbered. How then, did the German army manage to inflict one of the most crushing defeats of the war on the Russian army? In the south the Austrians move over to the attack, running smack into the Russians in Galicia. It doesn't go so well for them. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the last months of World War II, German forces were in full retreat from Eastern Europe. German commanders decided they had no choice but to evacuate Courland in East Prussia. The last remaining route for escape was through the Baltic; and so the Germans launched Operation Hannibal. It would be the largest evacuation by sea in history. On the night of January 30th, the luxury cruiser, Wilhelm Gustloff was loaded down with more than 10,000 civilians and military personnel when it came within firing range of a Soviet submarine.

One chilling statistic relating to 1945 is that more German soldiers died in that January than in any other month of the war: 450,000. It was not just the military that suffered: refugees poured west to escape the brutality of the Red Army’s advance through the historic German lands of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia; and civilians in the cities bore the brunt of the Luftwaffe’s failure to stem the allied bombing campaign of the RAF at night time and the USAAF during the day. The staggering scale of losses during those last months of war also hints at why 1945 is such a grimly fascinating one from a historical perspective: Nazi Germany faced an inevitable end, yet continued to fight grimly until the bitter end, achieving a total defeat that was unprecedented in modern history. In doing so it created a ‘zero hour’ for the German people, who then set about rebuilding their lives, economic activity and ultimately Germany itself, with the Nazi era firmly in the past. The legacy of the Nazis, of course, was all around – not just in the sheer scale of destruction and suffering, but also in the survivors of Nazi camps, both Jewish and otherwise, and the foreign labourers, all of whom found themselves freed in a defeated nation. The country was divided into zones of occupation, each with their own character, their own challenges and their own solutions. In the midst of this a new Germany was born -or more accurately, two new Germanys). Much of the eventual political, economic and social achievements of West Germany were founded on the peculiarities of 1945, in particular the totality of the Nazi defeat and the yearning for stability after chaos and destruction. There was also – and this sounds peculiar to us looking back at the crimes of the Nazis – a distinct sense of victimhood. Richard Bessel‘s Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Harper, 2009) is an excellent guide to that tumultuous and difficult year, from the military reverses of the early months to the immense challenges that rose in the wake of defeat. It was a book that I came across almost by chance, in a shop in Doha airport that frustratingly failed to provide me with a copy of The Economist to read on a flight back to London. I was already fifty pages in by the time we lifted off, and – once home – I got in touch with the author, hoping for an interview. I hope you enjoy listening to the results!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

One chilling statistic relating to 1945 is that more German soldiers died in that January than in any other month of the war: 450,000. It was not just the military that suffered: refugees poured west to escape the brutality of the Red Army’s advance through the historic German lands of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia; and civilians in the cities bore the brunt of the Luftwaffe’s failure to stem the allied bombing campaign of the RAF at night time and the USAAF during the day. The staggering scale of losses during those last months of war also hints at why 1945 is such a grimly fascinating one from a historical perspective: Nazi Germany faced an inevitable end, yet continued to fight grimly until the bitter end, achieving a total defeat that was unprecedented in modern history. In doing so it created a ‘zero hour’ for the German people, who then set about rebuilding their lives, economic activity and ultimately Germany itself, with the Nazi era firmly in the past. The legacy of the Nazis, of course, was all around – not just in the sheer scale of destruction and suffering, but also in the survivors of Nazi camps, both Jewish and otherwise, and the foreign labourers, all of whom found themselves freed in a defeated nation. The country was divided into zones of occupation, each with their own character, their own challenges and their own solutions. In the midst of this a new Germany was born -or more accurately, two new Germanys). Much of the eventual political, economic and social achievements of West Germany were founded on the peculiarities of 1945, in particular the totality of the Nazi defeat and the yearning for stability after chaos and destruction. There was also – and this sounds peculiar to us looking back at the crimes of the Nazis – a distinct sense of victimhood. Richard Bessel‘s Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Harper, 2009) is an excellent guide to that tumultuous and difficult year, from the military reverses of the early months to the immense challenges that rose in the wake of defeat. It was a book that I came across almost by chance, in a shop in Doha airport that frustratingly failed to provide me with a copy of The Economist to read on a flight back to London. I was already fifty pages in by the time we lifted off, and – once home – I got in touch with the author, hoping for an interview. I hope you enjoy listening to the results!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

One chilling statistic relating to 1945 is that more German soldiers died in that January than in any other month of the war: 450,000. It was not just the military that suffered: refugees poured west to escape the brutality of the Red Army’s advance through the historic German lands of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia; and civilians in the cities bore the brunt of the Luftwaffe’s failure to stem the allied bombing campaign of the RAF at night time and the USAAF during the day. The staggering scale of losses during those last months of war also hints at why 1945 is such a grimly fascinating one from a historical perspective: Nazi Germany faced an inevitable end, yet continued to fight grimly until the bitter end, achieving a total defeat that was unprecedented in modern history. In doing so it created a ‘zero hour’ for the German people, who then set about rebuilding their lives, economic activity and ultimately Germany itself, with the Nazi era firmly in the past. The legacy of the Nazis, of course, was all around – not just in the sheer scale of destruction and suffering, but also in the survivors of Nazi camps, both Jewish and otherwise, and the foreign labourers, all of whom found themselves freed in a defeated nation. The country was divided into zones of occupation, each with their own character, their own challenges and their own solutions. In the midst of this a new Germany was born -or more accurately, two new Germanys). Much of the eventual political, economic and social achievements of West Germany were founded on the peculiarities of 1945, in particular the totality of the Nazi defeat and the yearning for stability after chaos and destruction. There was also – and this sounds peculiar to us looking back at the crimes of the Nazis – a distinct sense of victimhood. Richard Bessel‘s Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Harper, 2009) is an excellent guide to that tumultuous and difficult year, from the military reverses of the early months to the immense challenges that rose in the wake of defeat. It was a book that I came across almost by chance, in a shop in Doha airport that frustratingly failed to provide me with a copy of The Economist to read on a flight back to London. I was already fifty pages in by the time we lifted off, and – once home – I got in touch with the author, hoping for an interview. I hope you enjoy listening to the results!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

One chilling statistic relating to 1945 is that more German soldiers died in that January than in any other month of the war: 450,000. It was not just the military that suffered: refugees poured west to escape the brutality of the Red Army’s advance through the historic German lands of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia; and civilians in the cities bore the brunt of the Luftwaffe’s failure to stem the allied bombing campaign of the RAF at night time and the USAAF during the day. The staggering scale of losses during those last months of war also hints at why 1945 is such a grimly fascinating one from a historical perspective: Nazi Germany faced an inevitable end, yet continued to fight grimly until the bitter end, achieving a total defeat that was unprecedented in modern history. In doing so it created a ‘zero hour’ for the German people, who then set about rebuilding their lives, economic activity and ultimately Germany itself, with the Nazi era firmly in the past. The legacy of the Nazis, of course, was all around – not just in the sheer scale of destruction and suffering, but also in the survivors of Nazi camps, both Jewish and otherwise, and the foreign labourers, all of whom found themselves freed in a defeated nation. The country was divided into zones of occupation, each with their own character, their own challenges and their own solutions. In the midst of this a new Germany was born -or more accurately, two new Germanys). Much of the eventual political, economic and social achievements of West Germany were founded on the peculiarities of 1945, in particular the totality of the Nazi defeat and the yearning for stability after chaos and destruction. There was also – and this sounds peculiar to us looking back at the crimes of the Nazis – a distinct sense of victimhood. Richard Bessel‘s Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Harper, 2009) is an excellent guide to that tumultuous and difficult year, from the military reverses of the early months to the immense challenges that rose in the wake of defeat. It was a book that I came across almost by chance, in a shop in Doha airport that frustratingly failed to provide me with a copy of The Economist to read on a flight back to London. I was already fifty pages in by the time we lifted off, and – once home – I got in touch with the author, hoping for an interview. I hope you enjoy listening to the results!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

One chilling statistic relating to 1945 is that more German soldiers died in that January than in any other month of the war: 450,000. It was not just the military that suffered: refugees poured west to escape the brutality of the Red Army’s advance through the historic German lands of East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia; and civilians in the cities bore the brunt of the Luftwaffe’s failure to stem the allied bombing campaign of the RAF at night time and the USAAF during the day. The staggering scale of losses during those last months of war also hints at why 1945 is such a grimly fascinating one from a historical perspective: Nazi Germany faced an inevitable end, yet continued to fight grimly until the bitter end, achieving a total defeat that was unprecedented in modern history. In doing so it created a ‘zero hour’ for the German people, who then set about rebuilding their lives, economic activity and ultimately Germany itself, with the Nazi era firmly in the past. The legacy of the Nazis, of course, was all around – not just in the sheer scale of destruction and suffering, but also in the survivors of Nazi camps, both Jewish and otherwise, and the foreign labourers, all of whom found themselves freed in a defeated nation. The country was divided into zones of occupation, each with their own character, their own challenges and their own solutions. In the midst of this a new Germany was born -or more accurately, two new Germanys). Much of the eventual political, economic and social achievements of West Germany were founded on the peculiarities of 1945, in particular the totality of the Nazi defeat and the yearning for stability after chaos and destruction. There was also – and this sounds peculiar to us looking back at the crimes of the Nazis – a distinct sense of victimhood. Richard Bessel‘s Germany 1945: From War to Peace (Harper, 2009) is an excellent guide to that tumultuous and difficult year, from the military reverses of the early months to the immense challenges that rose in the wake of defeat. It was a book that I came across almost by chance, in a shop in Doha airport that frustratingly failed to provide me with a copy of The Economist to read on a flight back to London. I was already fifty pages in by the time we lifted off, and – once home – I got in touch with the author, hoping for an interview. I hope you enjoy listening to the results!   Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

No country embodied the turbulence of twentieth century Europe more than East Prussia, once Germany's most eastern redoubt and now divided between Poland and Russia. A land of apparent contradictions, it produced astonishing intellectual achievement, raw militarism and anxiety, cruelty and suffering, tolerance and extremism, domineering red brick castles left by the Teutonic knights and neat villages and productive farming and a symbolic identity as a beleaguered bastion of western European civilisation. Max Egremont's most recent book is Forgotten Land - Journeys among the Ghosts of East Prussia. His lecture will tell of a frequently troubled and now mythical place.

The Amateur Traveler talks to Francis Tapon about European Russia west of the Ural Mountains. Most people only know 2 cities in Russia – Moscow and St Petersburg. In St Petersburg he recommends the Hermitage and the Peterhof. Moscow is so central culturally to Russia that the trains all run on Moscow time across the 9 timezones of Russia. Francis extends the suggested itinerary to include Kazan and Kaliningrad. Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan which is a mostly Muslim area of Russia. Kazan is over 1000 years old. Kazan is right by the Volga river with a large mosque and classic cathedral. Kaliningrad is a Russian exclave in what used to be East Prussia.

The Amateur Traveler talks to Francis Tapon about European Russia west of the Ural Mountains. Most people only know 2 cities in Russia – Moscow and St Petersburg. In St Petersburg he recommends the Hermitage and the Peterhof. Moscow is so central culturally to Russia that the trains all run on Moscow time across the 9 timezones of Russia. Francis extends the suggested itinerary to include Kazan and Kaliningrad. Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan which is a mostly Muslim area of Russia. Kazan is over 1000 years old. Kazan is right by the Volga river with a large mosque and classic cathedral. Kaliningrad is a Russian exclave in what used to be East Prussia.

The Amateur Traveler talks to Francis Tapon about European Russia west of the Ural Mountains. Most people only know 2 cities in Russia – Moscow and St Petersburg. In St Petersburg he recommends the Hermitage and the Peterhof. Moscow is so central culturally to Russia that the trains all run on Moscow time across the 9 timezones of Russia. Francis extends the suggested itinerary to include Kazan and Kaliningrad. Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan which is a mostly Muslim area of Russia. Kazan is over 1000 years old. Kazan is right by the Volga river with a large mosque and classic cathedral. Kaliningrad is a Russian exclave in what used to be East Prussia.