Podcasts about Nakayama

This episode we continue with the Jinshin War.  This episode we follow Prince Oama on his dramatic escape to the east:  From Yoshino he dashed through the mountains, through Iga and over to Ise.  In so doing he secured both Suzuka and Fuwa--areas that would be important chokepoints throughout Japan's history.   For more information, check out our blogpost at: https://sengokudaimyo.com/podcast/episode-130 Rough Transcript Welcome to Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.  My name is Joshua and this is episode 130: Jinshin no Ran, Part II:  Gathering Stormclouds.   The soldier on watch was doing his best to keep alert.  The night shift was never pleasant duty, and it was even less pleasant out here in the mountains.  There were plenty of sounds in the night—birds and animals out in the darkness—but rarely was there much actual action.  At least the sky was clear, with only the occasional cloud. Guarding a post station was hardly the worst duty in the world. There was a decent amount of traffic: after all, they were along one of the major routes between Ise and Yamato.  But at night, well, who wanted to try and navigate the mountain roads?  That was a great way to fall into a river and drown, or get lost in the woods, unable to find your way back to civilization. It must have been a shock when he saw a light in the distance.  There were almost always a few fires somewhere in the village, but most of them were out or covered at this time of night, with the exception of the odd torch.  But this was something more.  At first the guard thought it was just his eyes playing tricks on him.  And then he wondered if it was some kind of mountain spirit—he'd heard of ghost parades that could come and take people in the night.  He shivered, and instinctively checked his own torch to ensure that it was burning well and bright.  Indeed it was. It took him a little time for his eyes to adjust again to the darkness, but now, sure enough, he saw the torches coming—and not just one, many of them, and he could now hear the faint metallic clank of metal on metal.  He then heard a faint sound like a tight rope being suddenly plucked.  It only just started to dawn on him what was happening when the first arrows started to rain down on his position. They were under attack!   Welcome back.  This episode we are continuing with our coverage of the Jinshin no Ran—the Jinshin War of 672—and if you haven't already, I highly recommend you start with episode 129, where we talk about some of the background for what was happening.  That said, let's do a quick recap to bring us up to speed on where we are.  And then we'll dive into an account of an absolutely unbelievable journey, which is impressive for multiple reasons, but mostly for the speed at which it was able to take place. So as you may recall, Naka no Oe, aka Tenji Tennou, passed away at the end of 671 after months of illness.  After falling ill, the Chronicles tell us that he offered the state to his younger brother, the Crown Prince, Prince Ohoama, but Ohoama was warned that it was a trap, and as such, he turned down the offer.  Instead, he retired from his position to become a monk, and left for Yoshino, taking half of his household with him.  With Ohoama retired, Naka no Oe's son, the 23 year old Prince Ohotomo, took the throne. After Naka no Oe's death, Ohotomo effectively ruled Yamato from the Ohotsu palace in Afumi, running things along with the ministers of the left and right, Soga no Akaye and Nakatomi no Kane, and other high ministers.  Though the Nihon Shoki does not acknowledge it, Ohotomo is thought to have been a formal sovereign, in deed if not in name, at this point.  Much later, he would be given the posthumous name of “Koubun Tennou”. It would seem that Ohotomo and the Afumi court had misgivings about Prince Ohoama's promise to retire from the world and not challenge the throne.  The Nihon Shoki recounts that they began to make subtle preparations for a conflict, including levying men to build Naka no Oe's tomb, but issuing them weapons instead of tools.  They also set up checkpoints along the road from the court in Ohotsu down to Asuka—the main route to where Ohoama was residing in Yoshino.  And then, finally, someone told Ohoama that they were no longer allowing Prince Ohoama's people to cross the Uji bridge to bring him and his household supplies. Prince Ohoama was not going to sit idly by while the Afumi court gathered up enough forces to claim he was doing something treasonous and then march on him in Yoshino.  And so he sent one of his trusted vassals to the east to seek support.  Meanwhile, he himself was making ready to move.  There was just one more thing before setting out:  seeing if he could get posting bells.  This was sparked by the words of one of his advisors, who suggested that they should be careful.  They did not have many soldiers in Yoshino, and they had already sent out a general like Woyori to start raising troops in the East.  At the same time, if the Afumi Court was also maneuvering, it was likely that they would have sent words to the various post stations to bar the roads and prevent any movement. As such, Prince Ohoama decided to send several messengers to ask for Posting Bells, so that Ohoama and his men could make use of the official horses at the various post stations, allowing them to travel much more quickly and freely.  However, it was not clear if such orders had come and, if they had, where the local government officiallys might place their loyalty. Of particular importance was the case of Prince Takasaka, who was in charge of the Okamoto Palace, and thus the governance of the ancient capital. He would be the one to grant posting bells if they were to receive them.  If he provided the bells, then Ohoama and his party could assume they would have little to no trouble making their way East. And so Prince Ohoama sent his evnoys to the Okamoto palace.The messengers requested posting bells, but Prince Takasaka refused to issue them.  This sent a clear message to Prince Ohoama:  the Afumi court had no intention of letting him and his household have free access to the roads, and the local officials in Asuka were not going to provide any support.  In fact, Prince Takasaka now knew that Ohoama planned to travel, and if he wanted to, Takasaka could likely raise troops to try and stop Ohoama from leaving.  At the very least he would no doubt be sending a swift horse to Ohotsu to inform the Afumi court.  Ohoama and his followers would have to hurry if they wanted to do anything. And so, on the 24th of the 6th month, the same day that he got word back about the posting bells,  Prince Ohoama made the decision to move.  He and his entourage left quickly—he didn't even let anyone saddle a horse for him or prepare his carriage.  He just started to head out on foot on a journey to the East – and keep in mind that everything I'm going to describe in the next few minutes happened over the course of one night, truly an epic journey for Ohoama and all of those with him..  The Chronicles lists about 20 men and over ten women who originally set out with Ohoama from Yoshino, including his wife, the Royal Princess Uno no Sarara, daughter of Naka no Oe.  She wasn't walking, however—she followed a little behind in a palanquin, or litter, carried on poles.  I do wonder if those carrying the palanquin are among those mentioned, or were they servants or even enslaved persons who weren't considered worthy of note. The path they traveled wound its way through the mountains.  Streams and rivers had carved channels and valleys into these mountains.  People had settled these areas, and created paths through the wilderness.  Now, the valleys were fairly well populated, with roads connecting the communities that had grown up in the nooks and hollers. These facilitated trade through the mountain communities and between the eastern and western sides of the Kii peninsula, but even still, it was difficult terrain.  Unlike roads in the flat plains, the width of the roads in the mountains would have been constrained by steep mountainsides and the natural twists and turns of the valleys.  There may have been rope or wooden bridges that they had to cross, as streams constantly flow down the hill sides to the river below.  This route would make it much easier to avoid any official Afumi forces that might have been sent out, as those would likely be sticking to the main roads, but there were still government outposts along the way.  If these outposts proved loyal to the Afumi court, they could raise the alarm and send a messenger on horseback, who could likely flee much more quickly than Ohoama's men could follow.  And if Afumi learned that Ohoama was on the move, they could quickly mobilize their forces, secure key strategic points, and Ohoama's mad rush would be for naught.   The path Ohoama chose would lead from Yoshino, through the valleys, up through Iga, and then over to Suzuka, in Ise—modern Mie prefecture.  The journey was long and it wasn't going to be easy, but they needed to move quickly. Speaking of which, since Ohoama was traveling on foot, one of his men, Agata no Inukahi no Ohotomo, gave Prince Ohoama his own horse to ride.  Oh, and in case you are wondering: There are a lot of people named “Ohotomo” in the narrative, not just the Prince, Ohoama's nephew and rival for the throne.  Sorry, it was apparently a somewhat popular name AND it was also a clan, or uji, name as well.  I'll try to distinguish some of them in the podcast blog page. The party hadn't traveled far when Ohoama's own carriage—or possibly a palanquin, like his wife's—showed up for him, so I assume Ohotomo got his horse back, but they were still constrained to the speed of their slowest member, and I doubt that the mountain roads were all that wide and flat—most likely just the opposite. The group journeyed upstream along the Tsuburo river and eventually made it to Aki, in the area of Uda, due east of Sakurai and Mt. Miwa.  Here they were overtaken by two men, known as Ohotomo no Muraji no Makuda and Kibumi no Muraji no Ohotomo, both hurrying on from the Yoshino Palace. Makuda had been at the Afumi court, but word was starting to spread there that there was going to be some kind of move against Prince Ohoama, so he and his brother, Ohotomo no Fukei, had feigned illness and returned to their home in the Asuka region.  Once there, Makuda had made straightaway for Yoshino, only to find that Ohoama was already on the move.  Ohotomo no Fukei, on the other hand, chose to stay in the area of Asuka and see what he could do there.  He was looking to see what kind of forces he could raise in the ancient capital region.  We'll learn more about him, later. It was also in Aki, apparently, where they met Hashi no Muraji no Mate, who was from the Department of the official rice fields.  Even though he was a government official, he was a supporter of Ohoama and his cause, and so he supplied Ohoama and his people with food for their journey. Just north of the Aki fields they came upon Kammura—thought to be near modern Kaguraoka—where the Yoshino forces conscripted 20 hunters into service, almost doubling their numbers, and now they at least had some weapons with them.  Prince Mino, and presumably his men, also joined forces with Ohoama and his party—their ranks were starting to grow. In Uda, they were no doubt glad of any assistance, and at the government offices in the village of Uda itself, they were also warmly welcomed.  There they found 50 pack-horses that were laden down with rice meant for the hot baths at Ise.  The rice was discarded and Ohoama commandeered the pack animals so that his forces could ride, rather than walk.  Nonetheless, it was still a long way to go.  Indeed, night was approaching by the time they reached Ohono—likely the modern area of Muro-ohono and Ohonoji, along the Uda river.  They didn't want to stop, but it could be treacherous trying to navigate in the mountains in the dark.  What they needed was a light source.  And so we are told that they pulled down some of the fences of nearby houses and created makeshift torches to light their way.  Thus they were able to continue on until they reached the town of Nabari at approximately midnight. Nabari was not quite so friendly.  It was the home of a post-station, which had a duty to report things to the Afumi court.  Ohoama and his men arrived with their torches and in the middle of the night they attacked and set fire to the post station.  One can only imagine how surprised those manning the station must have been.  Presumably Ohoama's party took any horses and provisions, both for their own use and so that they couldn't be used against them.  To those members of the village that were woken up and who came out to see what was going on, Ohoama's entourage proclaimed that Prince Ohoama was heading east and that people should join them.  More specifically we are told that he said that the “Sumera no Mikoto” was on his way to the East Country. I want to pause here a moment, because there are some that say that this was the first use of the term “Sumera no Mikoto”, or, as we more commonly read the characters today, “Tennou”.  At the very least we believe that the term “Tennou” may have first used in this time period—though I do wonder about it being used in this particular instance.  I'll come back to this at the end, but for now, let's get back to the story.  So Ohoama announced to the people that he, the sovereign—for he had declared himself as such—was heading to the Eastern lands, and he invited anyone who wished to join him.  Nobody took him up on his offer, however.  It must have sounded crazy.  Ohoama had swept in at midnight, his forces carrying torches, and had attacked the post station, the symbol of the government in their midst.  I imagine that the people wanted little to nothing to do with any further conflict if they could help it. Continuing on in the darkness, Ohoama and his party came to a river—probably the Nabari River.  The Chronicle refers to it as “Yokokawa”, a term that shows up multiple times, and means something like “side river” and I suspect it was just the name for a river that ran alongside the fields or something similar.  As they were crossing, a dark cloud spread across the night sky for over 10 rods—about 100 feet.  Ohoama kindled a light and took a look at a geomantic rule to determine what it could mean.  This “rule” was possibly a type of stick or even a kind of compass-like device with a square bottom and round top, indicating the heavens and the earth.  He announced to everyone that the cloud was an omen that the country would be divided into two parts but, ultimately, their side would win out. One can only imagine how tired and worn out everyone was at this point, but apparently this urged them onward.  They reached Iga, where once again, they attacked and set fire to the posting station. Now getting through Iga must have had Ohoama's head on a swivel.  After all, Prince Ohotomo's mother was apparently from that region – he was the Iga Royal Prince, after all - so it would be understandable if people were loyal to him.  Fortunately, for Ohoama, he had his local supporters as well.  In fact, Joan Piggot points out in “The Emergence of Japanese Kingship” that Ohoama may have had a surprising amount of support from the various local elites.  Remember that the policies that Naka no Oe and the court had put into place had given power to court appointed officials at the expense of the traditional local elites.  So it may have been that those traditional local elites were more inclined to assist Ohoama against the Afumi Court, while those appointed officials, such as those who were managing the post stations, were more likely to swing the other way, since their positions and their stipends were directly reliant on the court's good graces.  This seems to have been the case in this instance, around Nakayama, in Iga, where we are told that they met with local district governors who had heard that Ohoama was on the move and who had raised several hundred men in support of his cause.  Now their ranks really had grown—compared with the relatively small group that had first set out from Yoshino the previous day, there were now hundreds of men on the march. Ohoama's forces finally arrived at the plain of Tara, or Tarano, by dawn, and with the sun coming over the mountains they briefly stopped for a moment to catch their breath and eat something.  They had just marched through the night—a distance of approximately 70 kilometers, or 43 and a half miles.  That included stops to attack and set fire to two post stations along the way, and much of the journey early on was done on foot.  During that march, their ranks had grown tremendously.  This is an incredible feat, especially with much of it being accomplished at night. Let's also quickly discuss those extra troops that had come to his banner.  Remember that prior to this, Prince Ohoama had sent messengers ahead to Mino and Owari to try and raise forces in those areas.  They had likely traveled these same roadways, and told  any allies they had to prepare.  So while the forces were raised quickly, there were no doubt some logistics that went into it. After a brief rest, the army was back on their feet, heading to Yamaguchi—modern Tsuge city.  Here Ohoama was greeted by his son, Prince Takechi, who had come from Afumi down through Kafuka—modern Kouka, aka Kouga.  He had brought several other men of his own, and presumably soldiers as well. The entire party crossed Mt. Miyama and into Suzuka, in Ise, where they were joined by the provincial governor, Miyake no Muraji no Iwatoko; Deputy Governor, Miwa no Kimi no Kobuto, and the magistrate of the famous hot baths, Tanaka no Omi no Tarumaro, among others.  That same morning, they set a troop of 500 soldiers to guard the pass.  After all, it would do them no good to have a government force suddenly appear behind them.  Also, you may recall that Ohoama's request to his allies in Mino was to take the Fuwa pass, in the north—the area more popularly known today as Sekigahara.  So now, with both the Suzuka and Fuwa passes under Ohoama's control, his forces controlled access to the Eastern countries.  The only other viable route, at least if you didn't want to get lost in the mountains, was to take the road to the north, through Koshi, and that was going to be a slog around or over the Japan Alps. So a garrison was left as a rear guard, but the troops who were not staying to guard the pass continued, turning northwards.  By sunset on the 25th day of the 6th month of 672, they had reached the foot of Kahawa Hill.  Here, Ohoama's consort, Princess Uno no Sarara, asked if they could take a break.  She was not exactly used to this kind of travel, and even riding on a palanquin, she was exhausted and fatigued.  As they looked to the sky, though, it was clear that dark clouds were gathering.  So they cut their rest short and pushed on, hoping to make it to the government offices at Mie—likely meaning modern day Yokkaichi city. Sure enough, as they continued to march, the heavens opened with a thunderstorm pouring down on them.  The entire army was soaked to the bone.  Cold and wet, when they did get to the government center or Mie district, they deliberately set fire to an entire building just so that the troops could try to warm themselves a bit.  Those who had set out from Yoshino had marched over 122km, or 75 miles, including over 700 meters of elevation up and 800 meters down.  Checking a map of the route, it suggests that a person walking it, today, without any breaks, would take around 28 hours to complete the trip, and indeed, Ohoama's took roughly one and a half days.  That includes time for their assaults on the various post stations, and a brief rest at the Tara fields.  Now, granted, they had procured horses for parts of that, and many of the soldiers had not necessarily been there since the beginning, but it is still an incredible feat, when you think about it.  I'm honestly surprised that it doesn't get more of a mention in various historical contexts.  Then again, we are still well before the age of the Samurai, which is the period most martial historians typically examine. So that night, as they were settling in at the Mie government center following their amazing dash across the mountains, word came from forces at Suzuka:  Prince Yamabe and Prince Ishikawa had apparently come to offer their allegiance to Ohoama.  However, as they weren't known to the men, they were held at the Suzuka barrier until someone could verify.  Ohoama sent Michi no Atahe no Masubito to go fetch them and bring them to him. The following morning, Ohoama worshipped towards Amaterasu on the banks of a river in the district of Asake.  Thinking about it, I'm not sure if they meant that he worshipped south, in the direction of Ise Shrine, or if he worshipped east, the direction of the rising sun.  The exact direction doesn't entirely matter, but I think we will come back to this, as it would have consequences later on. Later, Masubito returned from his errand, catching back up to the army, which was continuing on its way.  It turns out that it was not Princes Yamabe and Ishikawa that Masubito had found at Suzuka, but instead  Ohoama's own son, Ohotsu, who had come along to join his father.  I presume he had been traveling under a false name in case he ran into men loyal to the Afumi court.  He was followed by a number of others, including a list of names which I am not going to go over here because it wouldn't mean all that much.  Suffice it to say that the Chroniclers were doing their best to make sure that various families were remembered for what they did. Now just as Prince Ohotsu was joining the main force, Murakami no Woyori arrived with word that 3,000 Mino troops were mobilized and currently blocking the Fuwa Road.  You may recall that Woyori was the one that Ohoama had sent to Mino for just that purpose, scouting out the lay of the land. Ohoama sent Prince Takechi ahead to Fuwa to organize the forces there.  Then he sent two others to mobilize troops along the Tokaido region, and two others were sent into the mountains to levy soldiers from the Tousando region.  As a quick reminder: the Tokaido was the eastern sea highway, while the Tousando, the Eastern Mountain Road, went through the middle of eastern Honshu, through the more mountainous regions.  Together, these two routes would have pulled from the most populous regions of the east. As for Ohoama, he took up residence at the government center in Kuwana, where he spent some time resting for a bit. Now just as Ohoama was building up his forces, so, too, was the Afumi court.  As soon as word made it to the capital that Ohoama was on the move, chaos ensued.  Many people fled the capital, some heading to the East, perhaps to join Ohoama, while others went to hide in the mountains and marshes until all the chaos was over and the dust settled.  The young Prince Ohotomo asked the ministers what he should do, and they recommended that he immediately set out with cavalry to pursue Ohoama and catch him before he could assemble too many troops.  However, he decided not to heed their advice, instead opting to assemble an army of his own, to add to the soldiers that had already been levied.  He sent Ina no Iwasuki, Fumi no Kusuri, and Wosaka no Ohomaro to the East country, while Hodzumi no Momotari, his younger brother, Ihoye, and Mononobe no Hiuga headed to the Yamato capital—which is to say Asuka.  Ohotomo also sent Saheki no Wotoko to Tsukushi and Kusu no Iwate to Kibi, all with orders to levy troops.  He gave Wotoko and Iwate special instructions, since there was some concern that neither Tsukushi nor Kibi would be compliant, as they both had been supported by Ohoama and may feel ties to him.  So if the leaders of either of those areas were to resist, Wotoko and Iwate were authorized to execute them for treason. As Iwasuki, Kusuri, and Ohomaro headed east, they traveled around Lake Biwa and were headed to the Fuwa pass, not knowing that it was already controlled by Ohoama's forces.  Iwasuki, however, was cautious.  He realized that they might be ambushed, and so he held back from the main group.  Sure enough, he was right:  Kusuri and Ohomaro were ambushed and captured, at which point Iwasuki fled, barely escaping. The following day, Prince Takechi sent a note to his father asking him to move closer to Fuwa, so that they could better communicate with the front line.  Ohoama headed out, but left Princess Uno in Kuwana, which was well situated between Fuwa and Suzuka, and was likely far enough from the front lines to ensure that it wouldn't be disrupted by skirmishes at the passes.  As Ohoama then traveled through Wohari, the governor, Chihisakobe no Muraji no Sabichi, also joined him with a force of 20,000 men.  Ohoama had them divided up and set them on roads to various places as needed. Ohoama finally reached Nogami, just on the eastern edge of modern Sekigahara.  This is near where Tokugawa Ieyasu would eventually make his first camp as well, at his fateful battle here just under a thousand years later.  At Nogami, Ohoama would set up his headquarters, Nogami no Miya, or the Nogami Palace.  Meanwhile, Prince Takechi would handle the troops in the main part of the area near the pass, known as Wazami.  As Ohoama reached Nogami, Takechi came to conference with him.  He noted that there had already been an altercation—they had taken prisoners, who claimed that they were actually headed east to raise troops for Ohoama, but given that they didn't know who they were AND that Iwasuki had fled back towards Ohotsu-kyo suggested that this was not exactly the case. Following that incident, and a fair amount of speechifying, Ohoama eventually placed Prince Takechi formally in charge of the army, presenting him the gift of a saddle-horse.  Takechi went back to his camp at Wazami.  That night, a severe thunderstorm broke out.  Ohoama prayed that if the kami favored his case, they would make the storm abate, and immediately the thunder and lightning stopped. The next day, on the 28th, Ohoama traveled over to Wazami to review the troops and check on the military arrangements, before returning back to Nogami.  He likewise went out the following day, issuing commands through Prince Takechi, and then returned again to Nogami. At this point, soldiers were likely on their way from the Eastern provinces and elsewhere.  On the one hand, they wanted to wait and make sure that they had all the troops they needed.  But on the other hand, they didn't want to wait too long.  The Afumi court was likewise building up its forces, and the longer they waited, the greater the chance that they could dig in and entrench themselves.  Something would have to happen, soon. But that something will have to wait for the next episode.    Before we finish, though, I do want to come back to something:  the title “Tenno”, or “Sumera no Mikoto”.  Up to this point, evidence suggests that the term used for the sovereign of Yamato was not “Tennou” as we know it today, but instead was the term “Oho-kimi”.  “Oho-kimi”, or basically the “Big Kimi”—something like the primary lord—was the one lord of lords of Yamato.  But that was probably something based on local concepts of governance.  With the introduction of new ideas of governance, many based on the Han and Tang dynasty models, we see a shift in the terminology. There are poems that come from the era of Naka no Oe—Tenji Tennou—that use terms like “Huang” (皇) and “Di” (帝)—“Kou” and “Tei” in Japanese.  These are imperial terms from the continent.  At some point, however, we see that they use “Tian” (天) and “Huang” (皇).  “Tianhuang” becomes “Tennou” (天皇) when read in Japanese, and it critically utilizes the character “Tian” for Heaven.  Interestingly, this does not appear to be a term that was ever commonly used for rulers in the area of modern China.  I seem to recall that it was used here and there, but not with any frequency.  There is some thought that it may have been pulled from a term for the north star, or pole star, which sometimes used the term, I suspect referring to that star as the Heavenly Ruler—the star that the heavens themselves were focused on. For a variety of reasons, we see a particular emphasis on Heaven, and on Amaterasu, in the decades following 672, and it is thought that this is all connected.  And so it is generally from some time here, in the late 7th century, that we can probably start to refer to the sovereigns as “Tennou”. Although, it is unclear to me if the authors of the Nihon Shoki pronounced it like this or not, later glosses given for the characters in Japanese is “Sumera no Mikoto”, the kun'yomi, or Japanese reading.  The problem is that the Nihon Shoki projects this term back to the very beginning of the narrative, with “Jimmu Tennou” being the first.  However, we have some evidence that the earlier term was, as as I said before, “Ohokimi”.  For many years, there was an idea that the term “Sumera no Mikoto” first appeared in the era of Toyomike Kashikiya Hime, aka Suiko Tennou, probably because that is when Buddhism and continental studies really seem to kick off.  However, there really is no evidence of its use then, and it seems that more scholars today place its use in the late 7th or early 8th century. So there is the possibility that this title was first used by Ohoama, as some claim, when he declared that the “Sumera no Mikoto” or “Tennou” was heading to the Eastern countries.  Of course, that could also just be dramatic license by the Chroniclers, who were less concerned with what, exactly, he said and more concerned with the meaning of it all.  We've also known them to swap out older terms for those in use in the 8th century, updating the narrative. Regardless, I think that about this time we can start to refer to the sovereigns of Yamato—and eventually Japan, or Nihon, another somewhat controversial term—as “Tennou”, or “Sumera no Mikoto”, from about this period.  I'll probably still use the term “sovereign” in general, and I'll try to avoid the term “imperial” for anything prior to the 19th century, when it became a standard English translation.  After all, Empires were the rage—Chinese, Ottoman, British, Austrian, French, Spanish, you name it.  Everyone had an empire, and so Japan, following that model, must also have been an “empire”.  Even today, it is officially the “Imperial Household” and that is the official translation. However, I want to be cautious about using that translation too early, however.  The institution of “Tennou”, while modeled on the Tang dynasty, took on its own character.  As such, I think that it is best to avoid the term for now, because it really was its own thing, and I don't want to conflate too many foreign concepts of “emperor” with the idea of the Japanese ruler. As for the term “Sumera no Mikoto”—it does not appear to me that the etymology of this term is clearly known.  One explanation is that “Sumera” is related to the word “Suberu”, to rule.  “Sumera” is also defined as meaning something precious, though I'm not sure if that meaning existed before its use to refer to the sovereign.  “Mikoto” is simply an honorific referring to the sovereign, meaning “royal” or “imperial”.  I suspect that the term “Tennou” came over first, and later it became glossed as “Sumera no Mikoto”, which may have been an earlier term, but we don't have any clear evidence.  Variations do appear in the Man'yoshu, the collection of ancient poems, so the concept was clearly around by the 8th century. Anyway, I think that's enough.  We'll probably talk about it more when we get to the rise of the worship of Amaterasu.  Until then, let's continue with our series on the Jinshin War. Next episode we will kick off with some of the actual fighting and campaigns in Afumi, Iga, and in Yamato.  Until then, thank you once again for listening and for all of your support. If you like what we are doing, please tell your friends and feel free to rate us wherever you listen to podcasts.  If you feel the need to do more, and want to help us keep this going, we have information about how you can donate on Patreon or through our KoFi site, ko-fi.com/sengokudaimyo, or find the links over at our main website,  SengokuDaimyo.com/Podcast, where we will have some more discussion on topics from this episode. Also, feel free to reach out to our Sengoku Daimyo Facebook page.  You can also email us at the.sengoku.daimyo@gmail.com.  Thank you, also, to Ellen for their work editing the podcast. And that's all for now.  Thank you again, and I'll see you next episode on Sengoku Daimyo's Chronicles of Japan.

In this episode, we dive into the legendary career of Miho Nakayama—spotlighting 12 essential tracks that showcase her evolution from '80s idol to '90s ballad queen, complete with behind-the-scenes trivia, fashion moments, and her lasting influence on Japanese pop culture.---Scripted & QAed by: ConnorHosted by: Shanna & KuzeyAudio Edited & Uploaded by: Fred Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/japan-top-10-ri-ben-nototsupu10-jpop-hits/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

27 06 2025 LPM - Eduardo Nakayama, Senador by ABC Color

18 06 2025 LPM - Eduardo Nakayama, Senador by ABC Color

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"There's a real beauty in the individuality and the story that we carry with us that is not part of our medical system," says Andrea Nakayama, the founder of Functional Nutrition Alliance and host of the 15 Minute Matrix podcast. "When we can show up as the partner who knows about ourselves, that's where we're the best partner in our health and medical care." Nakayama shares her inspiring journey from personal tragedy to becoming a leader in functional medicine and nutrition. Driven by her own experiences with chronic illness and the healthcare system, she emphasizes the importance of understanding the root causes of health issues rather than merely treating symptoms. Listeners will gain insights on how this holistic approach empowers individuals to reclaim ownership of their health and navigate their wellness journeys with confidence.  About the Guest: As the host of the 15-Minute Matrix Podcast and the founder of Functional Nutrition Alliance, Andrea is leading thousands of students and practitioners around the globe in a revolution to offer better solutions to the growing chronic illness epidemic. By highlighting the importance of systems biology, root cause methodology, and therapeutic partnerships, she helps historically underserved individuals reclaim ownership of their health.   Connect: Website Instagram   Connect with Lesley Jane Seymour: Website Instagram LinkedIn Substack If you found this episode insightful, please follow the podcast and leave a review on Apple Podcasts. For more resources and community support, join me on Substack. Until next time, keep reinventing!  

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Join us this week as we sit down with Paul Dupre, a martial artist with over 61 years of experience spanning multiple disciplines and traditions. Sensei Dupre began his martial arts journey in 1963 at the Downsview Air Force Base in Toronto, training in Judo and Jujitsu under Minoru “Frank” Hatashita and his students. He later continued at the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre, where he was captivated by Karate and began his lifelong dedication to the art. In the 1970s, Sensei Dupre trained in Quebec under Raymond Damblant (Club Hakudokan) and Hiroshi Nakamura (Shidokan Judo Club), while also studying Aikido, Aiki-Jutsu, and Judo with Nicolas Gill. He trained Shotokan Karate under various instructors, including Nakayama, Okazaki, Kanazawa, Nishiyama, and others. He later aligned with Asai's organization after Nakayama's passing. Beyond Karate, Sensei Dupre has studied Chito-Ryu, Kendo, Seven-Star Praying Mantis Kung Fu, Tai Chi (Yang, Sun, and Chen), and Liu-Ho Ba Fa (Water Boxing). He continues to practice Tai Chi and Liu-Ho Ba Fa today. A former Vice President of JKA Quebec and President of Dojo Centrale in Montreal, Sensei Dupre also competed extensively from 1973 to 1989, forming connections with martial artists such as Cezar Borkowski, Patrick McCarthy, and John Therien. Currently ranked 8th Dan in Shotokan Karate and holding black belts in several other martial arts, Sensei Dupre is a strong-willed and independent leader and always tries to avoid the spotlight.

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In episode 81 our host Stephen Lyman is joined by founder of Nankai Shochu, the first kokuto sugar shochu developed specifically for the US market.

Niki Nakayama's cooking is driven by intuition. At her two-Michelin-starred restaurant, n/naka in West Los Angeles, she masters modern kaiseki, a Japanese dining discipline focused on taste, texture, and presentation. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Nakayama began her culinary career at Takao restaurant in Brentwood and refined her skills in Japan. She later opened Azami Sushi Café, gaining fame for her omakase menu.At n/naka, Nakayama creates exquisite, seasonally-inspired dishes, making it one of L.A.'s toughest reservations. The restaurant has been on the Los Angeles Times' “101 Best Restaurants” list annually since 2013 and has garnered widespread media attention. Nakayama was a James Beard Foundation Award finalist for Outstanding Chef in 2023.Sustainability is key at n/naka, with 70% of ingredients sourced locally. Nakayama's kaiseki philosophy highlights natural flavors and seasonal purity. During the pandemic, Nakayama and her wife, Carole Iida-Nakayama, launched n/soto in West Adams, starting as a takeout restaurant and later becoming an izakaya-inspired eatery.***CHA-CHING! Customers are rushing to your store. Do you have a point-of-sale system you can trust or is it (ahem) a real P.O.S.? You need Shopify for retail.Shopify POS is your command center for your retail store. From accepting payments to managing inventory, Shopify has EVERYTHING you need to sell in person. Get hardware that fits your business. Take payments by smartphone, transform your tablet into a point-of-sale system, or use Shopify's POS Go mobile device for a battle-tested solution.Plus, Shopify's award-winning help is there to support your success every step of the way.Do retail right with Shopify. Sign up for a one-dollar-per-month trial period at www.shopify.com/founderhour. Once again, go to www.shopify.com/founderhour to take your retail business to the next level today.***The Founder Hour is brought to you by Outer. Outer makes the world's most beautiful, comfortable, innovative, and high-quality outdoor furniture - ALL from sustainable materials - and is the ONLY outdoor furniture with a patented built-in cover to make protecting it effortless. From teak chairs to fire pit tables, everything Outer makes has the look and feel of what you'd expect at a 5-star resort, for less than you'd pay at a big box store for something that won't last.For a limited time, get 10% off at www.liveouter.com/thefounderhour. Terms and conditions apply. ***Follow The Founder Hour on:Instagram | www.instagram.com/thefounderhourTwitter/X | www.x.com/thefounderhourLinkedIn | www.linkedin.com/company/thefounderhourYouTube | www.youtube.com/@thefounderhour

In light of the recent rise in violence toward Asian Americans, Justice Nakayama of the Hawai'i Supreme Court emphasizes that, andquot;we must encourage everybody to learn, understand and deeply appreciate and embrace the rule of law in our country.andquot; Center for Civic Education

In today's podcast, we ask Justice Nakayama: What does a civic and constitutional education mean to you? And, why have you dedicated so many years to ensuring greater access to civics for more Americans? Center for Civic Education

A well-informed citizenry is the cornerstone of our democracy, which is why Justice Nakayama believes it's essential for all Americans to learn about their roles and responsibilities as citizens. Center for Civic Education

andquot;When you are a public servant, it is important to realize that you are indeed serving the public. I think about that all the time, and I consider it a higher calling.andquot; In our episode, Justice Nakayama shares her perspective on the value of public service. Center for Civic Education

Today, we ask Justice Nakayama: What is it like to be one of the first women to serve on the Hawai'i Supreme Court and one of the few Asian American women serving as a state supreme court justice? While Justice Nakayama shares times in which she faced discrimination, she nonetheless believes that "being on the Supreme Court is an honor and a privilege." Center for Civic Education

This episode is a rebroadcast from our interview series with then Associate Justice of the Hawai'i Supreme Court, Paula Nakayama. Justice Nakayama served on the Hawaii Supreme Court from 1993 until 2023. In our first episode, Justice Nakayama shares how a lot of hard work and a little luck helped her achieve one of the highest positions in the legal profession. Center for Civic Education

When you think of robots, most envision the rigid movements of the metallic, stiff machines popularized in TV and movies. But there is a very different and more realistic image that comes to mind for Hiroki Nakayama and the team at Bridgestone Soft Robotics Ventures. While exhibiting this exploratory technology at CES 2024, Nakayama-san joins THRIVE host Keith Cawley to explain how our rubber, material science, and friction expertise make Bridgestone a natural fit for this space. Listen along to explore more about how Bridgestone Soft Robotics Ventures views the dynamic realm of this innovation, its applications, and it's potential impact on the perception of human-robot interaction.

Below The Belt Show (www.belowthebeltshow.com) presents an amazing show with more guests from New York Comic Con (www.newyorkcomiccon.com). BTB's own Al Sotto talks to popular comic book cover artist David Nakayama! David talks about working for both Marvel and DC, currently providing the covers monthly for Catwoman and Poison Ivy. David talks about what goes behind the ideas for cover art, his inspiration from artist J Scott Campbell, his upcoming hardcover art book "The Marvel Art of David Nakayama" and more! Don't miss it. Later in the program Al chats with creators and showrunners of Disney's Phineas and Ferb, Swampy Marsh and Dan Povenmire! The creators talk about their much anticipated upcoming new season after many years as well as how they envision a live action version of Phineas and Ferb. BTB's host with the most Al Sotto brings to you another entertaining program! This week on the panel we welcome BTB original and "The King of the 80's" Chachi McFly, "Darth" Paul Wallis and Kelly Christopher! Song Credits: Classic Cut - Katy Perry "E.T." Classic Cut - Creedence Clearwater Revival "I've Put A Spell On You"

There is something magical about downtown Oklahoma City during the holiday season. It's in the crisp winter air, the buzz of activity, and the twinkle of the decorative lights hung seemingly everywhere you look. For at least the last point in this list, Oklahomans can thank the work and planning of the Downtown OKC Partnership. The organization is responsible for pulling off the annual Downtown in December and Lights on Broadway festivities that help make the season so special for many. Jennifer Nakayama, CEO and president of Downtown OKC Partnership, is our guest of the week. She talks about the work it takes to pull off Downtown in December each year, the ideal Christmas music season, and the last Lights on Broadway event of the season, which occurs this Saturday.   Also, the editors discuss their favorite local holiday shopping options in Question of the Week, and podvents are a true blast with the Fort Reno Christmas Guns. We hope you enjoy! 

Dr. Shoji Nakayama, active in Japanese medical and public health research, delves into his extensive career centered around environmental health and public safety. Dr Nakayama is currently serving as the deputy director of Japan's Environmental Children's Health Study (JECS), involving over 100,000 participants, Dr. Nakayama advocates for transformative approaches in public health – focusing on altering environments rather than solely individual behaviors. He is passionate about interdisciplinary approach to biomonitoring, exposome research and improving public health. We overview his career, his passion for public health, his exciting career in post disaster public health research, his groundbreaking research on forever chemicals substances and emerging contaminants. His vision extends to advocating for multidisciplinary methods in biomonitoring and exposome research, recognizing the complex interplay of factors affecting public health. Topics Covered with Time Stamps * (0:40) Dr. Nakayama's transformative journey from clinical medicine to public health advocacy* (7:47) His pioneering research on the implications of forever chemicals and emerging contaminants* (13:15) Research in fluorinated and experience at US EPA* (26:28) Insights in Regulation , EU vs US vs JP * (27:44) Lessons learned from disaster response following the 2011 earthquake in Japan* (35:47) The importance of Disaster Response Research* (39:25) Insights from the monumental Japan Environmental Children's Health Study* (44:30) The expansive realm of exposome research and its practical applications* (46:54) Collaborative approaches in public health and the hurdles in research funding and policy formulation* (49:14) Discussion on Environmental Effects at a Population Level vs Individual Level* (55:16) Urbanization, green spaces, and their health implications* (57:35) Navigating public health challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan* (59:00) Debates and developments around HPV vaccination in Japan* (1:00) Dr. Nakayama's source for his enduring commitment and passion for advancing public health.Japan's Environmental Children's Health StudyElsevier Profile: Shoji F. Nakayama, MD, PhD This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit leafbox.substack.com

Jennifer Nayayama was hired as the CEO and president of Downtown OKC Partnership in February 2023 after a nationwide search. She shares why her family was thrilled to move from Hawaii to OKC, what giving back looks like for her family and her advice on raising kids who value serving others. Jennifer also explains how DOKC gives back to our community and gives us a sneak peek at all the family fun through this year's Downtown In December events, which kick off this Thursday with the tree lighting festival in Bricktown.

Just in time for Halloween comes Mimi's Tales of Terror, nine frightful tales illustrated by the manga maestro himself, Junji Ito, and adapted from the original Japanese urban tales collected by Hirokatsu Kihara and Ichiro Nakayama's Shin Mimibukuro (New Earmuffs), a book that's impossible for Japanese fans to find, let alone English readers. A version of Ito's adaptation was originally published back in 2002 as Mimi no Kaidan Kanzenban (Mimi's Ghost Stories), though like Kihara and Nakayama's original, good luck finding a copy these days.

Last time we spoke about operation Se-Go and the continued drive on Finschhafen. The evacuation of Kolombangara, designated operation Se-Go showcased how the Japanese were becoming experts at large scale evacuations. Nearly 10,000 men were safely evacuated from Kolombangara at the cost of some barges. Then in New Guinea, the Allies became aware the taking of Finschhafen was not going to be a cake walk. In fact Wootten sent word to the other commanders that he believed he was facing the full 20th division at Finschhafen. The other commanders were sending their men through the Ramu and Markham valleys finding rearguards everywhere they looked. Rivers and ridges were being taken at a quick pace and Finschhafen was technically seized, but certainly not secured. Now the allies would have to attack the stronghold of Sattelberg. And Today we are going to see some action upon land and sea. This episode is the naval battle of Vella Lavella Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  The Japanese had accomplished another astounding evacuation, managing to pull out nearly 10,000 men from the marooned and isolated Kolombangara. They managed this with limited craft and boldly under the nose of the enemy who enjoyed superiority over land, air and sea. Yet as you can imagine this certainly showcases how the tide of the war in the south pacific had decisively turned. Japanese naval operations were becoming increasingly concerned with evacuating troops as their positions grew hopeless. The campaign for the central solomons was falling apart for Japan, the invasion of Bougainville was imminent. However because of the evacuation of Kolombangara, one of its results would be the establishment of a staging base for barges and landing craft over at Horaniu, the northeast shore of Vella Lavella.  Now in  last episode we spoke about the actions of the Tsuruya unit who were busy delaying Brigadier Potter's New Zealander forces. The Japanese had their backs against the wall at Marquana Bay, holding by just a threat. They had little food or ammunition left with no possibility of re-supply or reinforcements. Despite insufficient resources, Admiral Samejima was determined to rescue the doomed Tsuruya unit. Samejima managed to convince Admiral Kusaka to carry out yet another evacuation, this time of Vella Lavella, slated for the night of October 6th. Before dawn on the 6th, Admiral Ijuin departed Rabaul with 9 destroyers divided into three groups. The first group led by Admiral Ijuin consisted of the Akigumo, Isokaze, Kazagumo and Yugumo. The 2nd group led by Captain Kanaoka Kunizo was aboard Fumizuki accompanied by Yunagi and Matsukaze and a transport unit of 6 barges, 30 folding boats and the transport Usaka Maru. The third group was led by Captain Hara Tameichi aboard the Shigure with Samidare as backup. A fourth group led by Commander Nakayama Shigoroku consisting of 5 subchasers, 3 vedettes and a barge would also depart Buin to help. Ijuin was to be the strike unit, Kanaoka the transport unit and Hara the Guard unit. Ijuin planned to have Kanaoka and Hara standing off Marquana Bay supported by the incoming 4th unit led by Shigoroku. Further support would be given in the form of 8 floatplanes that would try to bomb Potter's men with 20 zeros providing air cover.  During the morning of the 6th, Admiral Wilkinson received reports the Japanese might be attempting an evacuation of Choiseul. At that time his 10th echelon was underway transporting the IMAC advance base to Vella Lavella, leaving the only available force Captain Frank Walker with destroyers Selfridge, Chevalier and O'Bannon. Walker was just returning from a run up the slot passing by the Russells on his way home. Wilkinson sent word to Walker to pay specific attention to the coast of Choiseul as he passed around. During that afternoon, Admiral Halsey sent an alert to Wilkinson that the Tokyo Express was definitely about to make a run, but it was not to Choisuel, instead it was to Marquana bay. Wilkinson dispatched 3 destroyers from the 10th echelon, Ralph Talbot, Taylor and LaVallete with Commander Harold Larson to reinforce Walker around Sauka point to try and intercept the Japanese. Shortly after sending the orders, Walk received further intelligence. At 7:30pm he learnt that an unknown number of destroyers, 3 torpedo boats and 6 subchasers were enroute, expected to be in the area by 10:30 with an embarkation time of 11:30. At 9:02 he was told that possibly 9 destroyers were coming. A few minutes later another report passed on by some B-25's attacking buin stated they spotted 4 IJN destroyers or possibly Jintsu-class cruisers. Thus pretty uncertain of what was actually out there, Walker's crews were warned to expect the worse and they would sound General Quarters by 7pm. 40 minutes later the 938th seaplanes began harassing them. At 9:50 Walker announced over the TBS “When we round the corner close the gap and be ready for anything. I want to get the fish off without guns if possible.” Wilkinson's reinforcements only made it to the rendezvous point by 11:40, leading Walker to have to start the battle alone. Since the days of John Paul Jones, American naval lore had honored and applauded commanders who unleashed bold attacks on superior enemy forces, but in this case Walker would prove to be too rash.  Walker took his force around the north coast of Vella Lavella that night and began scouting the area finding no sign of the enemy. Meanwhile Ijuins strike force followed by Hara and Kanaoka proceeded to their staging point arrived at 10pm. Minutes later a scout plan reported 4 cruisers and 3 destroyers northeast of Vella Lavella on a western course. The plane most certainly saw the Selfridge, Chevalier and O'Bannon coming up the slot but mistook them as cruisers. Ijuin ordered Konaoka to take his group west towards the Shortlands while he and Hara turned back to meet the enemy. However Hara's force were a bit further west and having difficulty due to mist causing lack of visibility. at 10:30 the Americans made their first radar contact of the enemy and 5 minutes later lookouts aboard the Kazagumo sighted the Americans to their south. Consequently, Ijuin had just turned to port heading southwest to cross Walker's bows, but he misjudged the distance and instead opened the range. Walker responded by increasing his forces speed to 30 knots to try and head off the enemy. Upon seeing this, Ijuin changed his course at 10:45 to south-southeast to close the range, then at 10:48 ordered a 45 degree turn south. These maneuvers actually worked to the Americans advantage, and upon seeing he was presenting an easier target, Ijuin ordered another simultaneous turn to port which staggered his ships in line abreast on a course opposite and nearly parallel to Walker with their range rapidly closing. The maneuvering blunder allowed the Americans to pull up to the nearest group of 4 IJN destroyers and launch a half salvo of torpedoes. Most of the torpedoes were fired at the Yagumo which was being mistaken as a possible cruiser. Commander Osako Higashi aboard the Yagumo ordered 8 torpedoes to be launched before the guns began to fire. The Americans opened fire with their guns after the torpedoes turning Yagumo into a burning wreck quickly. Ijuin tried to course correct again going south then west.  But by this point, Hara had just made it to the battle at 11:01 the Americans saw his forces to their southwest and closed in to engage. This put Hara ahead and parallel to Walker giving the Americans the perfect position to launch another salvo of torpedoes. At the same time one of Yagumo's torpedoes hit Chevalier detonating her No 2 Gun Magazine, blowing the ship in two. Her brigade and aft section swung across O'Bannon's path forcing O'Bannon to ram into her starboard engine room. The force of the collision was mitigated by Commander Donald MacDonald who ordered an emergency full speed astern when he saw the explosion on Chevalier. Two minutes later a torpedo, most likely fired from Chevalier, hit Yagumo. At 11:06, one of Hara's destroyers landed a torpedo hit on the Selfridge, shearing off her bow and wrecking everything from the bridge forward. In just 5 minutes, 104 American sailors were dead and 66 were wounded. Both sides continued the brawl, at 11:17 Ijuin still taking a westward course, ordered torpedoes to be fired at what he thought were cruisers, probably the O'Bannon and Chevalier. He received a claim that one was sunk, so he decided to break off the battle and head for home. Meanwhile Geoerge Peckham aboard the Selfridge believed he had been hit by torpedo boats and wildly ordered men to track where they might be. It was an age old naval case of both sides fighting ghosts ships basically. Meanwhile Commander Nakayama's group began to approach Marquana bay from the north and Wilkinsons reinforcements group led by Larson were arriving from the south as well. At 10:55 Larson had received ordered from Walker to execute “William” which was the codename for torpedoes and “dog” was naval gunfire. Larsons group passed Yagumo who was undergoing her death throes and by 11:40 the group was in the battle area. Larson could not make out a contact on enemy ships and by midnight simply headed for Marquana bay, seeing nothing but crippled ships. Chevalier was beyond saving so she was scuttled, Selfridge was able to be repaired by 3:15am and would make a slow but safe journey home. Walker notified COMAIRSOLS they needed air cover as Nakayama's group passed east of the battle area but did not engage. Japanese barges began to load men as the 938ht floatplane harassed the New Zealanders artillery. Many New Zealanders reported hearing naval gunfire and what sounded like barges scraping against reefs. By 3:10am, Nakayama left for Buin with all 589 men of the Tsuruya unit. The Americans captured 74 survivors of the Yagumo who were marooned at Biloa, while 27 others would make their way to Buin using motorized whaleboats. Ijuin had lost 179 men dead with 74 captured. On October 8th, Potter's men determined the Japanese were indeed gone so they began occupying Marquana bay. Thus ended the battle of Vella Lavella.  The 1st battalion, 27th regiment landed at Ringi Cover on southern Kolombangara on October 6th finding 49 abandoned artillery pieces and some scattered Japanese who had been left behind. By October 15th Admiral Hasley declared operation Toenails terminated. Two days prior the Japanese had likewise terminated operation Se-go. Admiral Samejima would be forced to carry the blame for the loss of the central solomons. He went on the record to say this “The relations between the Army and Navy units in this area were extremely harmonious and satisfactory, and the foregoing is due to the character and judgment of Maj-Gen. Sasaki and Rear Admiral Ōta. However, because of my inexperience in commanding land operations, there were times when I failed to dispatch appropriate orders to Maj-Gen. Sasaki in conducting our operations. And the fact that there is evidence that I left the operations up to the arbitrary decisions of Maj-Gen. Sasaki to some degree clearly reveals the folly of placing a Naval Commander like me in charge of land operations involving Army and Navy units.” In the end his forces managed to hold back the enemy for nearly two months and he had pulled off a pretty incredible evacuation. Operation Toenails was a success for the allies managing to secure 4 new airbases at Munda, Segi, Ondonga and Barakoma. These acquisitions would have a huge impact on future campaigns against Bougainville and Rabaul. Admiral Halsey would receive some criticism for underestimating both the terrain and enemy during operation Toenails. Major General Harmon went on the record to say “Munda is a tough nut –much tougher in terrain, organization of the ground and determination of the Jap than we had thought,.  The Japanese agreed; an intelligence report dated 11 August stated that the “reasons for the slow advance of the enemy in Munda, etc, are due to the courage of our forces and the difficult fighting in the jungle.” The allies learned some important lessons such as the necessity of adequate medial support; the implementation of effective evacuation procedures; close air support for ground troops; the effectiveness of naval gunfire support or lack thereof it; and the 3 most effective weapons against the Japanese; the 155mm gun, tanks and dive bombers. These 3 weapons would be put into effect on Bougainville. The central solomons campaign saw 995 US Army, 192 marine and 500 US navy death with 4407 wounded. The New Zealanders and Fijians received 200 casualties. For the Japanese it was estimated 4000 died with 4500 wounded. Now we need to head over to New Guinea. General Vasey's men were preparing for an assault against Dumpu, while being harassed by the infilitration specialists of the Saito Unit. The Saito units had performed infilitrations against Dakisaria and Marawasa. On October 2nd, while the bulk of the 21st and 25th brigades were establishing bridgeheads to cross the Gusap and Tunkaat river. The 2/7th independent company at this time were trying to cross the Ramu into Kaigulin where a Japanese outpost was. The outpost was guarded by the Saito unit, 80 men of the 10th company, 78th regiment supported by the 3rd company. The Saito unit gave them hell, forcing the commandos to cross the Ramu elsewhere trying to hook around their right flank. They managed to pull the flanking maneuver and in the battle killed 6 Japanese. Interestingly Lt R.D Watts decapitated a Japanese using a katana he had acquired in a previous battle, a case of the turntables. I am now realizing when I make this dumb joke many of you might not have watched the office, I must sound even dumber than I am. The following day, Brigadier Dougherty ordered his men to only patrol as he was waiting for Brigadier Eather's forces to assemble in the Bumbum area. Yes, there is a place called Bumbum, I thought Nuk Nuk would be my favorite New Guinea area, I was wrong.  On the morning of October 4th, Dougherty ordered the 2/14th towards Wampun and the 2/16th to capture Dumpu. By 2pm, Captain C.L McInnes lead a company of the 2/14th to find Wampun deserted which was expected. However the men had marched all day in the heat, without any water. McInnes company was sent to Karam to search for water. Another company followed McInnes company soon after and a mile or so out they came across a banana plantation. They saw some troops cutting down banana leaves and assumed it was McInnes men, however these were actually Japanese of the Saito Unit. The forward patrol were carelessly advancing towards the banana plantation when bursts of machine gun and rifle fire hit Colonel Honner and Sergeant Pryor. Pyror wounded in his chin and chest tried to drag his commanding officer back, but Honnor had taken a shot to the leg and could only crawl. Honnor began screaming to his men to figure out the position of the enemy and this led Private Bennet to lead a small party to do so. The Japanese continued to fire upon them and Honnor was hit in his hand to add to his misery. Luckily for them the 2/14th sent a rescue party to extricate Honnor. Honnor was moved to safety by 5pm as Colonel O'Day prepared to attack the Japanese at the banana planation. At 6pm O'day led two platoons to rush their position where they killed 11 troops and a Japanese officers, driving the rest to flee into the jungle. The next morning they would also kill a few stragglers, the action cost 7 australian lives of the 2/14th while killing an estimated 26 Japanese and taking a single prisoner. Meanwhile the 2/16th had successfully crossed the Surinam River without facing any opposition. They sent a platoon ahead led by Lt Scott to check out Dumpu. At 4:40pm he reported back that it seemed Dumpu was still occupied. Major Symington led forward a company to prepare to attack Dumpu, but when they reached its outskirts they could visibly see Japanese fleeing the area. Thus Dougherty's men grabbed Dumpu without a fight. General Vasey believed 78th regiment had failed to relieve pressure on the retreating 51st division, but unbeknownst to him, General Nakano's men were already marching through the formidable Saruwaged range. The range had an altitude of 3000 meters where temperatures fell below 10 degrees. Anyone who tried to start a fire from the moss-covered wood would find it unbelievably difficult. Many men reported heating gunpowder from rifles to start fires. A lot of rifles were burnt away because of this. Their rations ran out quickly, leading to starving men turning upon the dead….and even the living. Private Kitamoto Masamich recalled “seeing three soldiers had pinned a trooper to the ground while one of them stabbed him in the heart with his bayonet. I watched shocked as the remaining three soldiers cut slices of the dead trooper's thigh and began to devour the human flesh. I shouted at them as flies swarmed about their faces… They had become mad with hunger and fatigue.' Kitamoto covered the corpse and moved on. Cannibalism reared its ugly head often for the Japanese, particularly in some parts of Burma by late 1945.  Until now the 7th division was enjoying a pretty uninterrupted advance to Dumpu. The Benabena was pretty secure as well, but General Nakai was establishing strong defensive positions along the Kankirei saddle. This would soon turn the campaign in the Ramu valley and Finisterre range into a gritty holding operation. In the meantime, the allies were being directed towards the FInschhafen campaign, with General Herring ordering Vasey to hold the Dumpu-Marawasa area. There he was to establish a new landing strip at Dumpu and to not make any large advances. Only the 2/27th battalion of Lt Colonel John Bishop would be allowed to advance into the Finisterre foothills. Dougherty hoped the 2/27th might reach Kumbarum within the Finisterre foothills and during a torrential rainstorm they overran the area with no opposition. Bishops men patrolled around and found the enemy was occupying the key feature guarding the exists of the Faria and Uria rivers from some mountains northwest of Kumbarum. Under the cover of rain, Lt King took 8 men to scramble up the feature which panicked the Japanese there causing them to flee without a fight. Thus it was named King's Hill and would become an important tactical position and observation post. Apparently Kings men had come up just when two battalions were changing their troops dispositions, and a platoon guarding King's Hill had retired before even seeing the allied forces. Regardless a company was sent to the Boganon mountain area, that rose some 41000 feet. The torrential rain caused a ton of delays for the construction of the new landing strip. In the meantime the 21st brigade patrolled as much as they could. The 2/16th and 2/14th patrolled west of the Mosia river finding no enemy. On the 6th, the 25th brigade sent patrols in all directions north of the Ramu Valley. They found signs of the enemy recently leaving the Boparimpum area; the same at Koram. Just a bit north of Koram, it looked like there was a Japanese outpost on some high ground. Patrols took care near this outpost as it was expected Japanese snipers were there, but when further prodded it seemed abandoned. The 2/2nd independent company patrolled the area of Sepu towards the Waimeriba crossing of the Ramu finding only signs the enemy had recently vacated the area. A small patrol skirmished with the enemy between Saus and Usini. Kesawai would be found unoccupied on the 5th. Overall it was concluded the Japanese had abandoned the Ramu Valley entirely.  On the 6th, Generals Vasey and Wootten received a signal that the 2/2nd, 2/4th, 2/6th and 2/7th independent companies would become cavalry commando squadrons which did not sit well with the experienced commandos. Since the beginning of 1943, the term “commando” had been increasingly used to describe a member of an independent company. The term was quite alien to the Australian Army, and the tasks undertaken by independent companies since the beginning of the pacific war were not at all like that of what British commandos did. In the short space of two years, the independent companies had built up a proud tradition  and the men regarded the term “independent company” as a much better description of what they did than the terms “cavalry” or “commando” and thus resented the change of title. The next day, Dougherty's 2/16th battalion occupied Bebei and the 2/27th battalion cautiously investigated the upper reaches of the Uria and Faria river valleys. When the men went past the Faria river towards some high ground they suddenly came across a party of 8 Japanese. A fight broke out as they killed 3 of the 8 Japanese receiving no casualties themselves. The Japanese looked to be withdrawing and the Australians dug in for the night in a place designated Guy's Post atop Buff's Knoll. These prodding actions prompted Nakai to order the 2nd battalion, 78th regiment to launch a counterattack against Buff's Knoll. An hour after midnight during a particularly rainy night, a Japanese platoon charged up the knoll. The first attack lasted about half and hour before petering out. The Australian company consolidated around Guy's Post established a defensive perimeter through out the night. However the night attack ultimately failed for the Japanese as they were not familiar with the terrain and the heavy rain made a mess of their advance. On the morning of October 8th, the Japanese tried to push again while the 2/27th consolidated their position in the Faria area. The Japanese barely budged the Australians and on October 9th, Colonel Bishop ordered the company to advance forward astride the main Japanese route going east towards the Kankiryo saddle. The man at Guy's Post followed them an hour or so behind as they skirmished with Japanese towards Trevors ridge and John's knoll. They would kill roughly 11 Japanese as they occupied both Trevors ridge and Johns knoll. Yet this is all for today on New Guinea as we are going to travel back to the CBI theater who we have not talked about in some time. Going way back to 1942, the Japanese empire had been at its zenith forcing the allies to come up with some special operations such as the Chindits. Our old onion necklace wearing friend Brigadier Wingate was running that show, but General Blamey also created his “inter-allied Services Department” known as the ISD. They were a military intelligence unit formed around several British special operations officers who had escaped Singapore before it hell. Inside the ISD later named the Services Reconnaissance Department, a raiding/commando unit was formed called the Z special unit. They were primarily Australian, but also held some British, Dutch, New Zealander, Timorese and Indonesian members. After escaping places like Singapore, and Sumatra, British Captain Ivan Lyon joined the units and became one of their leaders. He devised a plan to attack Japanese shipping in Singapore Harbor. His plan designated Operation Jaywick, called for traversing to the harbor in a vessel disguised as an Asian fishing boat. Then they were to use folboats or folding canoes to get over to enemy ships and attach limpet mines to them. Lyon was promoted to Major and began rigorous training 17th volunteers at Camp X,  a clifftop overlooking Refuge Bay to the north of Sydney. The men worked for weeks digging, breaking rock and clearing scrub around the campsite and parade ground, which worked as prelude to the long, and progressively longer days they would spent canoeing. There were plenty of route marches across rocky hills which Lyon said “consisted of point-to-point walking or scrambling, compass work, stalking and attacks'. The men were tested on elementary navigation, chart reading, tide tables, visual signaling with semaphore and morse and the use of prismatic compasses on land and sea. They trained using a variety of weapons such as Owen sub machine guns, Brens, Lewis guns, all with the view to shoot down enemy aircraft. The practiced unarmed combat, grenade tossing, limpet mining and gelignite. They also received numerous lectures on ship engines. By early 1943, the 17 men had been reduced to 10. They were then given a captured Japanese coastal fish carrier named the Krait which was powered by a Deutz four cylinder engine, had a beam of 11 feet and a range of 8000 miles with a max speed of 6.5 knots. They modified  the vessel to increase her storage capacity. On August 4th, the Krait departed Cairns en route to the submarine base at Exmouth Gulf on the northwest corner of Australia. On September 2nd, Lyon's commandos began their long and dangerous voyage sailing through the Lombok strait to Singapore. None of the men knew about the plan prior to the attack nor their destination.  It was on the third day that Lyon gathered the men to disclose the truth. ‘He said, “Righto, do you know where we're going?”'Some of the men said they believed it was Surabaya in East Java. After Lyon revealed their destination, Moss Berryman recalled ‘They couldn't believe it when they were told they were going to Singapore “to blow up a few ships”'Lyon could see one or two of the men were stunned at the thought of going so deep inside enemy territory. Jones recalled ‘Nobody expected to be going that far and there was sort of talk about how dangerous it was,'. Lyon reassured the men that wasn't the case. ‘This is not a dangerous trip, it's an experience.' But for anyone who didn't fancy it, Lyon said he understood and he would ‘drop you off at the first island we come to and if you're there when we come back we'll pick you up'. It was a smart psychological play as he knew on one would dare lose face in front of his mates. Lyon stared at their faces and they returned his gaze. No one moved. They were all fully committed. Their safety depending on maintaining the disguise of a local fishing boat, so the raiders stained their skin brown with dye to appear more Asiatic, I guess its sort of like the prime minister of my country on Halloween. Cramped on the Krait, the commandos reached the Java sea and passed the south west corner or Borneo getting 50 miles off her coast by September 14th. The enemy's high activity in the area forced Lyon to detour towards Panjang island with the intention of making their way to Durian island. Yet when they approached Durian island they spotted a observation post so they turned back to Panjang which lies approximately 25 miles south of Singapore.  On september 20th, 6 men on 3 canoes carrying 9 limpet mines each departed the Krait enroute to Singapore harbor. The raiders passed through Bulan and the Batam islands on september 22nd, reaching Donas island the next day. On the 24th Lyon sighted 13 sizable ships in the harbor, so he told the men they would be hitting them that night. Lyon distributed cyanide pills to all the men and told them ‘I leave it up to yourselves to decide what you want to do. But I can tell you now that if you get caught you won't have a very good time of it. They're not known for being gentlemen, the Japanese. Don't delude yourselves in thinking you are tough enough to resist interrogation. You could be tortured enough to give away the whole story. You may not be able to do anything about it. Above all, they had to think of their mates on the Krait. If they fell into enemy hands, the Japanese would want to know how we arrived in Singapore' The men rowed through the capricious tide, but it soon forced them back towards Dongas, instead they moved to Suber island the next day. On the night of september 26th, Lyon's raiders departed again, Canoe 1 held Lyon and Huston; Canoe 2 Davidson and falls and Canoe 3 Page and jones. Canoe 2 would hit the north shipping in Keppel Harbor while 1 and 3 would hit examination anchorage and the wharf at Pulau Bukon. Canoe 2 had the strongest men and was given the additional task of returning to Pompong to rendezvous with the Krait  Canoe 2 steered through an anchored ketch on the edge of the main channel, continuing between the islands of Biakang Mati and Tekukor. They arrived to Keppel Harbor and set their sights on a 6000 ton cargo ship sitting low in the water, indicating she had a full load. The found a second target, also a 6000 ton cargo vessel and a third ship of similar proportions, though the last looked not fully loaded. At 1:15am they attached the last of their 9 limpet mines, 3 per ship and made their escape towards Panjang.  The other two canoes had a much easier paddle from Subar. The tide was running east to west, allowing them to go with ease to their target. The paddled together until 9:30 when they separated. At Pulau Bukom an older freighter was mined amidship and around the engine rooms. Then they spotted a modern freighter with engines after and 3 sets of goalpost masts and another 6000 ton old freighter. Over in Examination Anchorage nothing suitable was found, so the raiders mined a tanker even though it was probably impossible to sink with mines. All 4 ships were mined, the men ate some chocolate rations and made their escape towards Dongas. The ships combined comprised around 39000 tons between them. On the way back, the exhausted commandos heard the distant explosions and the chaos that erupted in Singapore. When dawn broke, in Examination anchorage one ship was partially submerged, while two more would sink and 3 were heavily damaged including the tanker Shosei Mary. Canoe 2 and 3 waited until the commotion died down before returning to Panjang, reuniting with everyone aboard the Krait by October 2nd. Their return back to Australia was relatively uneventful, except for one tense incident in the Lombok strait when a IJN minesweeper approached their ship. The commandos remained cool and the minesweeper simply carried on.   The Japanese would retaliate for what happened during Operation Jaywick. On October 10th, the Kempeitai, those are military police of the IJA for those of you who dont know, you can sort of picture the Gestapo, but not quite the same. They went to Changi Prison in Singapore and began reading out a list of civilian names. These named men were taken away for interrogation, torture and in many cases execution. Over the course of 6 months, 50 Europeans and Australians suffered a brutal inquisition. They were beaten with knotted ropes, electrically shocked, had nails driven into the feet, the old cigarettes burnt onto their hands, arms and on their genitals ouch. They were waterboarded and in total 16 men would die. But no credible information was taken from any of them. The Japanese were far more brutal to the Malays and Chinese. Countless were tortured, interrogated and many executed with their severed heads put on posts around the city. After it was all said and done the Kempeitai filled a report speculating the raid had been carried out by two chinese and one Malay. They didn't believe it and their superiors did not either. The 6 months of horror is known as the Double Tenth Massacre.   There was another unit formed known as the M special Unit, which was a joint Australian, New Zealand, Dutch and British reconnaissance unit formed as a successor to the Coastwatchers. Their role was to gather intelligence on Japanese shipping and troop movements. To do this, small teams were landed behind enemy lines by sea, air and land. One of their first operations was Locust led by Lt Jack Fryer. A group of 4 men departed Benabena overland on January 21st and advance to Lumi airstrip. They formed a base camp thee and began observing the Japanese. In conjunction to Locust was operation Whiting, which was a team of 5 Dutchmen led by Sergeant Huibert Staverman who also departed Benabena to establish a coast-watching station in the hills above Hollandia, reaching Aitape by mid september. Unfortunately the operation would be a catastrophe as the Dutch were ambushed around Aitape. Sergeant Staverman, Corporal D.J Topman, privates H Pattiwal, M Reharing and radio operator Sergeant Len Siffleet were publicly executed at Eitape beach on October 24th of 1943.   Another important development was the Japanese seizure of Macau. Unlike the case of Portuguese held Timor taken in 1942, the Japanese has respected Portuguese neutrality in Macau. However there was a huge influx of Chinese, American and European refugees coming from Guangdong and Hong Kong and this aroused Japanese suspicions. After the fall of Hong Kong, the British had established a clandestine support organization inside Macau trying to gain intelligence on the Japanese in an effort rescue the prisoners from Hong Kong. British army aid group known as BAAG, was under the command of Lt Colonel Lindsay Tasman Ride. They operated out of Hong Kong, Waichow, Guilin, Sanbu, Kaiping, Kunming and other places. They had planned out escape routes from Macau for local Chinese using the route through Shekki or via the sea to a place called To Fuk. Guangzhouwan was another escape route that wealthy Chinese and other nationalities with resources could buy passage through. Another route used a heavily armed motor junk that went to the north west point of Macau, Kong CHung and took them as far as Sam Fau. From there with aid, they could get to Guilin and then Chongqing.    But then a blockade was imposed on the Chinese mainland. Macau's survival depended upon receiving rice and fuel from places like Vichy controlled Indochina and Guangzhouwan, but after the Japanese occupied them Macau suffered critical food shortages. Macau's ships were not allowed to be used by Portuguese to carry food and thus were dependent on foreign ships. On the night of August 18th, the British ship Sian, under Portuguese protection was commandeered by a combined fleet of Japanese and pro-Japanese Chinese run ships, which illegally entered Macau's inner harbor. There was a shootout leading to 20 dead British sailors and the Japanese allegedly discovered that the ship was transporting a shipment of illegal weapons to be sold to the NRA. The next morning Lt General Tanaka Hisakzu of the 23rd army ordered troops across the border who clashed briefly with Macau police forces before Lisbon ordered them to not resist.    Governor Mauricio Teixeira was forced to collaborate with the Japanese who starting in September demanded the installation of Japanese advisors or full blown military occupation. The result was Macau becoming a protectorate. The isolated port city became a center for smuggling and black market activities…which it kinda still is today haha.   I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The battle for Vella Lavella was over, the Japanese yet again proved themselves experts at the art of evacuation. The battle for Finschhafen was not over by any means and now the allies were cautiously proceeding forward lest they repeat any mistakes learnt in Buna-Gona, Lae and Salamaua.   

Jace is joined by artist David Nakayama to talk about his current Kickstarter Campaign for a gorgeous hardcover celebrating his work and career. David talk a bit about his process and decision to focus on covers and how important color is to his composition. The guys also chat about David's early days of falling in love with comics! Listen in and join in the fun.

Sega introduces ratings Nintendo beats Tengen Sony buys Psygnosis These stories and many more on this episode of the VGNRTM This episode we will look back at the biggest stories in and around the video game industry in July 1993.  As always,  we'll mostly be using magazine cover dates, and those are of course always a bit behind the actual events. Alex Smith of They Create Worlds is our cohost.  Check out his podcast here: https://www.theycreateworlds.com/ and order his book here: https://www.theycreateworlds.com/book Get us on your mobile device: Android:  https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly92aWRlb2dhbWVuZXdzcm9vbXRpbWVtYWNoaW5lLmxpYnN5bi5jb20vcnNz iOS:      https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/video-game-newsroom-time-machine And if you like what we are doing here at the podcast, don't forget to like us on your podcasting app of choice, YouTube, and/or support us on patreon! https://www.patreon.com/VGNRTM Send comments on Mastodon @videogamenewsroomtimemachine@oldbytes.space Or twitter @videogamenewsr2 Or Instagram https://www.instagram.com/vgnrtm Or videogamenewsroomtimemachine@gmail.com Links: 7 Minutes in Heaven: Mighty Final Fight     Video Version:  https://www.patreon.com/posts/89127339     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Final_Fight     https://www.mobygames.com/game/11085/mighty-final-fight/ Corrections:     June 1993 Ep - https://www.patreon.com/posts/june-1993-86864543     Ethan's fine site The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.GIGA     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_Battler 1993: EA sales way up!     https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n29/mode/1up?view=theater Japanese game makers had bumper 1992     Replay July 1993 pg. 14 Sega's Nakayama sees bright future     https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/04/business/sega-takes-aim-at-disney-s-world.html      Namco goes to China     Replay July 1993 pg. 3 The press discovers violent games     Play Meter July 1993      Sega introduces rating system     Play Meter July 1993  pg. 38     RePlay July 1993 pg. 18 Genesis Street Fighter gets delayed     https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamesLC2/Electronic%20Games%20LC2%20Issue%2010%20%28July%201993%29/page/n11/mode/2up     https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Sunsoft beats Action Replay     https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n9/mode/1up?view=theater      Sega announces Mega Drive 2 and MegaCD 2     https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamingMonthly_201902/Electronic%20Gaming%20Monthly%20Issue%20048%20%28July%201993%29/page/n56/mode/1up     https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n25/mode/1up?view=theater Hook your TurboDuo up to your PC     https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamesLC2/Electronic%20Games%20LC2%20Issue%2010%20%28July%201993%29/page/n9/mode/2up       https://archives.tg-16.com/TURBOFORCE/TF-03-04.jpg    https://archives.tg-16.com/00_feature.htm Summer CES belongs to multimedia and networking     Replay July 1993 pg. 28      7th Guest gets mixed reviews     https://archive.org/details/PC.Games.N010.1993.07-fl0n/page/n75/mode/2up Games gum up the works on office PCs     https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/04/weekinreview/zap-whang-aieeee-eat-phaser-klingon-er-boss.html US government promotes Clipper     https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1993-07_OCR/page/n39/mode/1up        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip      Nintendo launches barebones Gameboy     https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_048_July_1993/page/n144/mode/1up Toys R Us drops the Lynx     https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_048_July_1993/page/n143/mode/2up FAA considering game ban     https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_048_July_1993/page/n146/mode/1up      Nintendo beats Atari Games in court     https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/30/business/company-news-jury-says-atari-infringed-nintendo-system.html Phillips launches barrage of lawsuits     Replay July 1993 pg. 14 Accolade and Sega bury the hatchet     https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_048_July_1993/page/n144/mode/1up      AT&T buys stake in Sierra Network     https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/29/business/at-t-sees-the-future-in-games.html        https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n29/mode/1up?view=theater Spectrum Holobyte buys Bullet-Proof     https://archive.org/details/Game_Players_PC_Entertainment_Vol.6_Issue_4_July1993_U/page/n7/mode/1up         https://archive.org/details/Video_Games_Computer_Entertainment_Issue_54_July_1993/page/n27/mode/1up?view=theater Sony buys Psygnosis     https://archive.org/details/Game_Players_PC_Entertainment_Vol.6_Issue_4_July1993_U/page/n7/mode/1up        https://archive.org/details/pc-review-21/page/15/mode/1up     Imagine documentary - https://youtu.be/ZoDh61sgCOg?si=MG-VMl41JvvEN6-X EA goes to Sesame Street     https://archive.org/details/Game_Players_PC_Entertainment_Vol.6_Issue_4_July1993_U/page/n7/mode/1up     https://www.mobygames.com/company/3076/eakids/ Double Dragon coming to TV     https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamesLC2/Electronic%20Games%20LC2%20Issue%2010%20%28July%201993%29/page/n11/mode/2up     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dragon_(TV_series) Chris Crawford gives his Dragon Speech at CGDC     https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_108/page/n33/mode/2up         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBrj4S24074        https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_108/page/n161/mode/1up        https://archive.org/details/pc-review-21/page/32/mode/1up     https://archive.org/details/ElectronicGamesLC2/Electronic%20Games%20LC2%20Issue%2010%20%28July%201993%29/page/n9/mode/2up Recommended Links: The History of How We Play: https://thehistoryofhowweplay.wordpress.com/ Gaming Alexandria: https://www.gamingalexandria.com/wp/ They Create Worlds: https://tcwpodcast.podbean.com/ Digital Antiquarian: https://www.filfre.net/ The Arcade Blogger: https://arcadeblogger.com/ Retro Asylum: http://retroasylum.com/category/all-posts/ Retro Game Squad: http://retrogamesquad.libsyn.com/ Playthrough Podcast: https://playthroughpod.com/ Retromags.com: https://www.retromags.com/ Games That Weren't - https://www.gamesthatwerent.com/ Sound Effects by Ethan Johnson of History of How We Play. Copyright Karl Kuras

Tomo Nakayama - "Contigo," a 2023 single on Ricebelly Music Long-running Seattle singer/songwriter Tomo Nakayama continues to capture the hearts of his listeners, this time with the swoon-worthy single "Contigo." As he sings in Spanish, "Quiero estar contigo," which translates to "I want to be with you." As Nakayama shares in a Spotify playlist, the song draws inspiration from The Cure to PM Dawn to Caetano Veloso and more. Read the full story at KEXP.orgSupport the show: https://www.kexp.org/donateSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

TCW Podcast Episode 190 - SEGA and CSK Part 1   In this first of a two-part episode about SEGA and CSK, we look at the origin of CSK, and the major players involved. Most notably Isao Okawa who had a history of making bold moves to pivot CSK during uncertain times. SEGA was in the hands of Hayao Nakayama who got Okawa to buy the company from Gulf and Western. Nakayama then worked for many years to transition the corporate structure from a US one to a more traditional Japanese structure. This allowed SEGA to become a public company in Japan. We have a lot more information looking from the CSK Corporation side of things, and in part two look at Okawa taking over SEGA and trying to pivot again as he battled a terminal illness.   How Products are Priced: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYqvqScg_j8 Pricing Effect - Why a Higher Price Rag Makes Wine Taste Better: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wb3PsQFB3fU Complete Guide to Business Cards in Japan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh0qYdDl4IE   They Create Worlds SEGA Episodes   TCW 005 - The Untold History of SEGA: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-untold-history-of-sega/ TCW 033 - The Saga of SEGA: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-saga-of-sega/ TCW 068 - SEGA VS Nintendo Round 1: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/sega-vs-nintendo-round-1/ TCW 069 - SEGA VS Nintendo Round 2: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/sega-vs-nintendo-round-2/ TCW 070 - SEGA VS Nintendo Round 3: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/sega-vs-nintendo-round-3/ TCW 127 - Dreams of Sega: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/dreams-of-sega/ TCW 176 - The SEGA Technical Insitute: http://podcast.theycreateworlds.com/e/the-sega-technical-institute/     New episodes are on the 1st and 15th of every month!   TCW Email: feedback@theycreateworlds.com  Twitter: @tcwpodcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/theycreateworlds Alex's Video Game History Blog: http://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com Alex's book, published Dec 2019, is available at CRC Press and at major on-line retailers: http://bit.ly/TCWBOOK1     Intro Music: Josh Woodward - Airplane Mode -  Music - "Airplane Mode" by Josh Woodward. Free download: http://joshwoodward.com/song/AirplaneMode  Outro Music: RolemMusic - Bacterial Love: http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Rolemusic/Pop_Singles_Compilation_2014/01_rolemusic_-_bacterial_love    Copyright: Attribution: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

On today's episode of All in the Industry®, Shari Bayer goes on location in Los Angeles with Niki Nakayama, chef and owner of the acclaimed two-Michelin-starred restaurant n/naka, which serves as a global destination for modern kaiseki with a California twist. Alongside her wife and co-chef Carole iida-Nakayama, Niki serves world-class, artfully curated, exquisite dishes in a progression designed to reflect the mood of the season, time, and place. She is also the chef/partner at n/soto, her second concept -- an innovative izakaya-inspired Japanese restaurant, also in LA, which was born during the pandemic. In addition, Niki is a contributor to Shari's upcoming book, CHEFWISE, Life Lessons from Leading Chefs Around the World (Phaidon, Spring). Today's show also features Shari's PR tip to pursue work that you have an honest love for; Industry News Discussion on The New York Times article, "Inside the 'Top Chef' Industrial Complex" by Brett Anderson; plus, Shari's Solo Dining experience at Gem Wine in LES, NYC, a neighborhood wine bar by chef/owner Flynn McGarry (Gem, NYC), who is also a CHEFWISE contributor. **We are proud to announce that our show, All in the Industry, WON "Best Host" award for the 14th Annual The Taste Awards! Shari had a wondeful time celebrating at the Awards ceremony and reception at the Writer's Guild Theater in Los Angeles on March 13th! Thank you, The Taste Awards, and all of our devoted listeners! We greatly appreciate you!! Check out photos from the LA @allindustry and @sharibayer.**Photo Courtesy of Shari Bayer and Niki Nakayama, n/naka.Listen at Heritage Radio Network; subscribe/rate/review our show at iTunes, Stitcher or Spotify. Follow us @allindustry. Thanks for being a part of All in the Industry®. Heritage Radio Network is a listener supported nonprofit podcast network. Support All in the Industry by becoming a member!All in the Industry is Powered by Simplecast.

This week, Ryan brings you all the latest in new books hitting shelves this week (2:28) including his picks this week: AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #15, DARK WEB: X-MEN #1, INVINCIBLE IRON MAN #1, and MONICA RAMBEAU: PHOTON #1!Plus, we hand out the “My Brain is a Four-course Meal” award. (17:20) — our weekly award named after a phrase pulled directly from an issue in this week's pull list! Think you know which issue this name came from? Let us know by sending us an email at PullList@marvel.com or by tweeting at us using #MarvelsPullList! Just make sure to mark it “Okay to read”!And finally, for this week's reading club (25:40), artist David Nakayama is here to talk about the current run of X-Men (#1-6)What we're reading with David Nakayama:X-Men (2021-Present) #1-6 As always, shout out your local comic shop or send us your questions or comments by emailing us at pulllist@marvel.com or tweet using #MarvelsPullList. Make sure to mark it "Okay to read!"  Follow us at: @agentm, @jasmiest, @KaraMcGuirk New comics this week:          AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #15DARK WEB: X-MEN #1DEADPOOL #2INVINCIBLE IRON MAN #1LEGION OF X #8MONICA RAMBEAU: PHOTON #1PLANET HULK: WORLDBREAKER #2SAVAGE AVENGERS #8STAR WARS: THE MANDALORIAN #6          New Weekly Infinity Comics: 12.12.2022T.E.S.T KITCHEN #4X-MEN UNLIMITED #6512.13.2022SPIDER-VERSE UNLIMITED INFINITY COMIC #28AVENGERS UNLIMITED #2412.14.2022MARVEL'S VOICES: THE FAMILY SNIKT #29AVENGERS: ELECTRIC RAIN INFINITY COMIC #712.15.2022LOVE UNLIMITED: HULKLING & WICCAN INFINITY COMIC #2812.16.2022IT'S JEFF INFINITY COMIC #22 New to MU this week:A.X.E.: DEATH TO THE MUTANTS #2ALIEN #1ALL-OUT AVENGERS #1BLACK PANTHER #9CAPTAIN AMERICA: SENTINEL OF LIBERTY #4GHOST RIDER #6IMMORTAL X-MEN #6MARAUDERS #6MOON KNGHT #15NEW FANTASTIC FOUR #4NEW MUTANTS #29PUNISHER #6SHE-HULK #6SPIDER-MAN 2099: EXODUS OMEGA #1STAR WARS #27WOLVERINE #24X-MEN & MOON GIRL #1 

This episode is the beginning of information on the lineage of the Enkoji Buddhist Network. We Begin of course with the founder of our tradition and some of the general history associated with him. I hope this allows us to understand the direction and energy of our particular style of Nichiren Buddhism. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/enkyoji-network/support

This month on Episode 40 of Discover CircRes, host Cynthia St. Hilaire highlights four original research articles featured in the September 2 and September 16 issues of the journal. This episode also features an interview with Dr Jun Yoshioka, and Dr Yoshinobu Nakayama, from the City University of New York, about their study, Interaction of ARRDC-4 with GLUT1 Mediates Metabolic Stress in the Ischemic Heart.   Article highlights:   Jin, et al. Gut Dysbiosis Promotes Preeclampsia   Mengozzi, et al. SIRT1 in Human Microvascular Dysfunction   Hu, et al. Racial Differences in Metabolomic Profiles and CHD   Garcia-Gonzales, et al. IRF7 Mediates Autoinflammation in Absence of ADAR1   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Hi, and welcome to Discover CircRes, the podcast of the American Heart Association's journal, Circulation Research. I'm your host, Dr Cindy St. Hilaire from the Vascular Medicine Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. And today I'm going to be highlighting some articles from September 2nd, and September 16th issues of CircRes. And I'm also going to have a conversation with Dr Jun Yoshioka, and Dr Yoshinobu Nakayama, from the City University of New York, about their study, Interaction of ARRDC-4 with GLUT1 Mediates Metabolic Stress in the Ischemic Heart. But, before I get to the interview, I'm going to highlight a few articles.                                       The first article is from our September 2nd issue, and it's titled, Gut Dysbiosis Promotes Preeclampsia by Regulating Macrophages, and Trophoblasts. The first author is Jiajia Jin, and the corresponding author is Qunye Zhang from the Chinese National Health Commission.                                       Preeclampsia is a late-stage pregnancy complication that can be fatal to the mother, and the baby. It's characterized by high blood pressure, and protein in the urine. The cause is unknown, but evidence suggests the involvement of inflammation, and impaired placental blood supply. Because gut dysbiosis can influence blood pressure, and inflammation has been observed in preeclamptic patients, Jin and colleagues examined this link more closely. They found that women with preeclampsia had altered gut microbiome. Specifically, a reduction in a species of bacteria that produced short-chain fatty acids, and lower short-chain fatty acid levels in their feces, in their serum, and in their placentas. And preeclamptic women had lower short-chain fatty acid levels in their feces, in their serum, and in their placentas compared with women without preeclampsia.                                       They found that fecal transfers from the preeclampsia women to rats with a form of the condition exacerbated the animals' preeclampsia symptoms, while fecal transfers from control humans alleviated the symptoms. Furthermore, giving rats an oral dose of short-chain fatty acids or short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria decreased the animals' blood pressure, reduced placental inflammation, and improved placental function. This work suggests that short-chain fatty acids, and gut microbiomes could be a diagnostic marker for preeclampsia. And microbial manipulations may even alleviate the condition.                                       The second article I want to share is also from our September 2nd issue, and it's titled, Targeting SIRT1 Rescues Age and Obesity-Induced Microvascular Dysfunction in Ex Vivo Human Vessels. And this study was led by Alessandro Mengozzi from University of Pisa.                                       With age, the endothelial lining of blood vessels can lose its ability to control vasodilation, causing the vessel to narrow and reduce blood flow. This decline in endothelial function has been associated with age related decrease in the levels of the enzyme, SIRT1. And artificially elevating SIRT1 in old mice improves animals' endothelial function. Obesity, which accelerates endothelial dysfunction, is also linked to low SIRT1 levels.                                       In light of these SIRT1 findings, Mengozzi, and colleagues examined whether increasing the enzyme's activity could improve the function of human blood vessels. The team collected subcutaneous microvessels from 27 young, and 28 old donors. And both age groups included obese, and non-obese individuals. SIRT1 levels in the tissue were, as expected, negatively correlated with age and obesity, and positively correlated with baseline endothelium dependent vasodilatory function. Importantly, incubating tissue samples from older, and obese individuals with a SIRT1 agonist, restored the vessel's vasodilatory functions. This restoration involved a SIRT1 induced boost to mitochondrial function, suggesting that maintaining SIRT1 or its metabolic effect might be a strategy for preserving vascular health in aging, and in obesity.                                       The third article I want to share is from our September 16th issue. And this one is titled, Differences in Metabolomic Profiles Between Black And White Women and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. The first author is Jie Hu, and the corresponding author is Kathryn Rexrode, and they're from Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard University.                                       In the US, coronary heart disease, and coronary heart disease-related morbidity, and mortality is more prevalent among black women than white women. While racial differences in coronary heart disease risk factors, and socioeconomic status have been blamed, this group argues that these differences alone cannot fully explain the disparity. Metabolomic variation, independent of race, has been linked to coronary heart disease risk. Furthermore, because a person's metabolome is influenced by genetics, diet, lifestyle, environment and more, the authors say that it reflects accumulation of many cultural, and biological factors that may differ by race.                                       This group posited that if racial metabolomic differences are found to exist, then they might partially account for differences in coronary heart disease risk. This study utilized plasma samples from nearly 2000 black women, and more than 4500 white women from several different cohorts. The team identified a racial difference metabolomic pattern, or RDMP, consisting of 52 metabolites that were significantly different between black, and white women. This RDMP was strongly linked to coronary heart disease risk, independent of race, and known coronary heart disease risk factors. Thus, in addition to socioeconomic factors, such as access to healthcare, this study shows that racial metabolomic differences may underlie the coronary heart disease risk disparity.                                       The last article I want to share is also from our September 16th issue, and it is titled, ADAR1 Prevents Autoinflammatory Processes in The Heart Mediated by IRF7. The first author is Claudia Garcia-Gonzalez, and the corresponding author is Thomas Braun, and they are from Max Planck University.                                       It's essential for a cell to distinguish their own RNA from the RNA of an invading virus to avoid triggering immune responses inappropriately. To that end, each cell makes modifications, and edits its own RNA to mark it as self. One type of edit made to certain RNAs is the conversion of adenosines to inosines. And this is carried out by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 or ADAR1 protein. Complete loss of this enzyme causes strong innate immune auto reactivity, and is lethal to mice before birth. Interestingly, the effects of ADAR1 loss in specific tissues is thought to vary. And the effect in heart cells in particular has not been examined.                                     This study, which focused on the heart, discovered that mice lacking ADAR1 activity specifically in cardiomyocytes, exhibit autoinflammatory myocarditis that led to cardiomyopathy. However, the immune reaction was not as potent as in other cells lacking ADAR1. Cardiomyocytes did not exhibit the sort of upsurge in inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic factors seen in other cells lacking ADAR1. And the animals themselves did not succumb to heart failure until 30 weeks of age. The author suggests that this milder reaction may ensure the heart resists apoptosis, and inflammatory damage because, unlike some other organs, it cannot readily replace cells.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Today I have with me, Dr Jun Yoshioka, and Dr Yoshinobu Nakayama, and they're from City University of New York. And today we're going to talk about their paper, Interaction of ARRDC4 With GLUT1 Mediates Metabolic Stress in The Ischemic Heart. And this is in our September 2nd issue of Circulation Research. So, thank you both so much for joining me today.   Jun Yoshioka:             Thank you for having us. We are very excited to be here.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        It's a great publication, and also had some really great pictures in it. So, I'm really excited to discuss it. So, this paper really kind of focuses on ischemia, and the remodeling in the heart that happens after an ischemic event. And for anyone who's not familiar, ischemia is a condition where blood flow, and thus oxygen, is restricted to a particular part of the body. And in the heart, this restriction often occurs after myocardial infarctions, also called heart attacks. And so, cardiomyocytes, they require a lot of energy for contraction, and kind of their basic functions. And in response to this lack of oxygen, cardiomyocytes switch their energy production substrate. And so, I'm wondering if before we start talking about your paper, you can just talk about the metabolic switch that happens in a cardiac myocyte in the healthy state versus in the ischemic state.   Jun Yoshioka:             Sure. As you just said, that the heart never stops beating throughout the life. And it's one of the most energy demanding organs in the body. So, under normal conditions, cardiac ATP is mainly derived from fatty acid oxidation, and glucose metabolism contributes a little bit less in adult cardiomyocytes. However, under stress conditions such as ischemia, glucose uptake will become more critical when oxidative metabolism is interrupted by a lack of oxygen. That is because glycolysis is a primary anaerobic source of energy. We believe this metabolic adaptation is essential to preserve high energy phosphates and protect cardiomyocytes from lethal injuries. The concept of shifting the energy type of stress preference toward glucose, as you just said, has been actually long proposed as an effective therapy against MI. For example, GIK glucose insulin petition is classic.                                       Now, let me explain how glucose uptake is regulated. Glucose uptake is facilitated by multiple isophones of glucose transporters in cardiomyocytes. Mainly group one and group four, and the minor, with a minor contribution of more recently characterized STLT1. In this study, we were particularly interested in group one because group one is a basal glucose transporter.                                       Dr Ronglih Liao, and Dr Rong Tian's groups reported nearly two decades ago that the cardiac over-expression of group one prevents development of heart failure, and ischemic damage in mice. Since they are remarkable discoveries, the precise mechanism has not yet been investigated enough, at least to me. Especially how acute ischemic stress regulates group one function in cardiomyocytes. We felt that this mechanism is important because there is a potential to identify new strategies around group one, to reduce myocardiac ischemic damage. That is why we started this project hoping to review a new mechanism by which a protein family, called alpha-arrestins, controls cardiac metabolism under both normal, and diseased conditions.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        That is a perfect segue for my next question, actually, which is, you were focusing on this arrestin-fold protein, arrestin domain-containing protein four or ARRDC4. So, what is this family of proteins? What are arrestin-fold proteins? And before your study, what was known about a ARCCD4, and its relationship to metabolism, and I guess specifically cardiomyocyte metabolism?   Jun Yoshioka:             So, the arrestin mediated regulation of steroid signaling is actually common in cardiomyocytes. Especially beta, not the alpha, beta-arrestins have been well characterized as an adapter protein for beta-adrenergic receptors. Beta-arrestins combine to activate beta-adrenergic receptors on the plasma membrane, promote their endosomal recycling, and cause desensitization of beta-adrenergic signaling. Over the past decade, however, this family, the arrestin family, has been extended to include a new class of alpha-arrestins. But unlike beta-arrestins, the physiological functions of alpha-arrestins remain largely unclear based in mammalian cells. Humans, and mice have six members of alpha-arrestins including Txnip, thioredoxin interacting protein called Txnip, and five others named alpha domain-containing protein ARRDC1 2, 3, 4 and 5. Among them Txnip is the best studied alpha-arrestin. And Txnip is pretty much the only one shown to play a role in cardiac physiology.                                       Txnip was initially thought to connect alternative stress and metabolism. However, it is now known that the Txnip serves as an adapter protein for the endocytosis of group one, and group four to mediate acute suppression of glucose influx to cells. In fact, our group has previously shown that the Txnip knockout mice have an enhanced glucose uptake into the peripheral tissues, as well as into the heart. Now, in this study, our leading player is ARRDC4. The arrestin-domains of ARRDC4 have 42% amino acid sequence similarities to Txnip. This means that the structurally speaking ARRDC4 is a brother to Txnip. So, usually the functions of arrestins are expected to be related to their conserved arrestin-domains. So, we were wondering whether two brothers, Txnip, and ARRDC4, may share the same ability to inhibit the glucose transport. That was a starting point where we initiated this project.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        That's great. And so, this link between ARRDC4, and the cardiac expression of gluten one and gluten four, I guess, mostly gluten one related to your paper, that really wasn't known. You went about this question kind of based on protein homology. Is that correct?   Jun Yoshioka:             That is right.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        And so, ARRDC4 can modulate glucose levels in the cell by binding, and if I understand it right, kind of helping that internalization process of glute one. Which makes sense. You know, when you have glucose come into the cell, you don't want too much. So, the kind of endogenous mechanism is to shut it off, and this ARRDC4 helps do that. But you also found that this adapter protein impacts cellular stress, and the cellular stress response. So, I was wondering if you could share a little bit more about that because I thought that was quite interesting. It's not just the metabolic impact of regulating glucose. There's also this cellular stress response.   Jun Yoshioka:             Right? So, Txnip is known to induce oxidative stress. But about the ARRDC4, we found that ARRDC4 actually does not induce oxidative stress. Instead, we found that it reproducibly causes ER, stress rather than oxidative stress. So, let Yoshinobu talk about the ER stress part. Yoshinobu, can you talk about how you found the ER stress story?   Yoshinobu Nakayama: So, then let's talk about the, yeah, ER stress caused by ARRDC4. The ER stress caused by ARRDC4, year one was the biggest challenge in this study, because it's a little bit difficult to how we found a link of the glucose metabolism to the effect of the ARRDC4, only our stress. And at the other point of the project, we noticed that a ARRDC4 causes ER stress reproducibly, but we did not know how. So, both group one, and ARRDC4 are membrane proteins mainly localized near the plasma membrane. Then how does ARRDC4 regulate the biological process inside in the plasma radical? So, we then hypothesize that ARRDC4 induces intercellular glucose depravation by blocking cellular glucose uptake, and then interferes with protein glycosylation, thereby disturbing the ER apparatus. That makes sense because inhibition of group one trafficking by ARRDC4 was involved in the unfolded protein response in ischemic cardiomyocytes.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        So how difficult was that to figure out? How long did that take you?   Yoshinobu Nakayama: How long? Yeah. Is this the question?   Cindy St. Hilaire:        It's always a hard question.   Yoshinobu Nakayama: I think it's not several weeks. Maybe the monthly, months project. Yeah.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Okay. It's always fun when, you know, you're focusing on one angle, and then all of a sudden you realize, oh, there's this whole other thing going on. So, I thought it was a really elegant tie-in between the metabolism, but also just the cellular stress levels. It was really nice.                                       So, you created a full body knockout of ARRDC4 in the mouse, and you did all the proper kind of phenotyping. And at baseline everything's normal, except there's a little bit of changes in the blood glucose levels. But I also noticed when you looked at the expression of ARRDC4 in different tissues, it was very high in the lungs, and also in the intestines. And so, I know your study didn't focus on those tissues, but I was wondering if you could possibly speculate what ARRDC4 is doing in those tissues? Is it something similar? Do those cells under stress have any particular metabolic switching that's similar?   Jun Yoshioka:             Well, actually we don't have any complete answer for that question, because like you said, we didn't focus on lung, and other tissues. But I could say that actually the brother of ARRDC4, Txnip, is also highly expressed in lung, and bronchus, and in those organs. So, it's interesting because, which means that, the molecule is very oxygen sensitive, I will say. Both brothers. But that's all we know for now. But that's a very great point. And then we are excited to, you know.   Cindy St. Hilaire.        Yeah.   Jun Yoshioka:             Move on to the other tissues.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        I was thinking about it just because I've actually recently reviewed some papers on pulmonary hypertension. So, when I saw that expression, that was the first thing I thought of was, oh, they should put these mice in a sugen/hypoxia model, and see what happens.   Jun Yoshioka:             Right?   Cindy St. Hilaire:        So, there's an idea for you, Yoshinobu. A K-99 grant or something. And also, because it's a full body knockout, even when you're looking at the heart, obviously the cardiomyocytes are really the most metabolically active cell, but cardiac fibroblasts are also a major component of the heart tissue. And so, do you know, is the, I guess, effects or the protectiveness of the ARRDC4 knockout heart, is it mostly because of the role in the cardiomyocytes or is there a role for it also in the fibroblast?   Yoshinobu Nakayama: Yeah, that's a very great question. Yeah. So, although we use the systemic knockout mice in the study, we believe that the beneficial effect of ARRDC4 deficiency is cardiac, autonomous. But this is because cardioprotection was demonstrated in the isolated heart experiments. But, you know, root is still uniformly expressing all cell types within the heart.                                       To address this, we have tested the specific effects of ARRDC4 on cardiac fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells. ARRDC4 knockout hearts had a twofold increase in myocardial glucose uptake over wild-type hearts during insulin-free perfusion. However, an increase in glucose uptake in isolated cardiac fibroblast or inflammatory cells was relatively mild, with about 1.2 fold increase over wild-type cells.                                       Thus we conclude that cardiomyocytes are the measure contributed to the cardiac metabolic shift. And then the mechanism within cardiomyocytes should play the major role in cardioprotection.   Jun Yoshioka:             I might, at one point, because, you know, the fibroblasts, they don't need to beat, right?   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Right.   Jun Yoshioka:             The inflammasome cells. They don't need to beat neither. So, they don't need that much energy. So, the cardiomyocytes energy metabolism is very important. So, that's why this mechanism is kind of more important in cardiomyocytes than other cell types.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Yeah. And I think, you know, your phenotyping of the mice at baseline show that there's really no effect in a cell that's not under stress. So, it's really, really nice finding. Yeah.                                       This article, I should say, is featured on the cover of the September 2nd Circulation Research issue. And it's got this really nice 3D modeling of the binding of ARRDC4 to glute one. And I was reading the paper, and the methods said, you use some AI for that. So, I'm sure other people have heard, too, AI in protein modeling is important. But AI in art, right? There's that new DALL-E 2 program. So how are you able to do this? How did that work?   Jun Yoshioka:             So, our study used is called AlphaFold, which applies the artificial intelligence-based deep learning method. AlphaFold, nowadays, everybody really is interested in AlphaFold. AlphaFold uses structural, and genetic data to come up with a model of what the protein of interest should look like. So, that is also how we got the protein structure, ARRDC4. We think that the ability of AlphaFold to precisely predict the protein structure from amino acid sequence would be a huge benefit to life sciences, including of course, cardiovascular science research, because of high cost, and technical difficulties in experimental methods.                                       It's very useful if you can computationally predict the complex from individual structures of ARRDC4. And group one, which is actually structure of group one, is available in a protein data bank. But ARRDC4, it was not available. That's why we used AlphaFold.                                       And then we use the docking algorithm called Hdoc. So, based on these AI analysis, we could successfully identify specific residues in a C terminal arrestin domain as an international interface, that regulates group one function. So, we believe this AI method will pretty much accelerate efforts to understand the protein, protein interactions. And we believe that will enable more advanced drug discovery, for example, in very near future.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Yeah, it's really great. I started thinking about it in terms of some of the things I'm studying. So yeah, it was really nice. Jun Yoshioka:             Try next time.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Yeah, I will, I will. Actually, I went to the website, and was playing with it before I got on the call with you. So, how do you think your findings can be leveraged towards informing clinical decision making or even developing therapeutics?   Jun Yoshioka:             So, let me talk about what needs to be done. There are more things we must do.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Always. Yeah.   Jun Yoshioka:             One of the most clinically relevant questions is whether ARRDC4 inhibition actually can mitigate development of post MI heart failure, and reduce mortality in the chronic phase, not the acute phase. Because in this paper we just did the seven day post MI, which is kind of like acute to subacute phase. But you never know what's going to happen in the chronic phase, right? And that is actually not so simple to answer because there are so many issues that you should consider. For example, Dr E. Dale Abel's lab has reported previously that cardiomyacites, specific group one, knockout in mice does not really accelerate the transition from compensated hypotrophy to heart failure. Also, the same group has shown that the overexpression group one does not actually prevent LV dysfunction in the mouse model of pressure overload. So, it is possible that ARRDC knockout can be, do much, or even harmful to LV remodeling in a chronic phase because chronic phase, it's not, it's getting hypoxy conditions, right?   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Yeah. So, it really might be something, I guess, personalized medicine is not the phrase I'm looking for. But I guess temporarily modulated, it would be something maybe we can figure out in an acute phase versus.   Jun Yoshioka:             Chronic phase.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Yeah. Yeah.   Jun Yoshioka:             This makes sense. Because, you know, high capacity of ATP synthesis, by oxidating metabolism, could be important for chronic heart failure. So, it's selecting substrates. Energy substrates is no longer, you know, that issue. So, I'm not sure I'm answering your question, but this is the point that we consider to move on to the next.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Well, that's great. And I think that was my next question, really. What is next? Are you really going to try to pinpoint where you could possibly target?   Jun Yoshioka:             Right. So, the first point we have to figure out about chronic phase, and another point we are interested in, is what's going on at the level of mitochondria. Does ARRDC4 knockout hearts have a different activity of electron transport chain or glycolytic enzymes within mitochondria?   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Or even mitochondrial fission infusion because it's, you know, it's a machinery.   Jun Yoshioka:             Yeah. And how about the other essential pathways in glucose metabolism such as mTOR, AMPK and HEF1, and so on. So, all these must be determined to help understand the more precise role of ARRDC4 in cardiac metabolism, we believe. Cindy St. Hilaire:        It's a wonderful study, and now we have even more questions to ask using your great model. Congratulations again.   Yoshinobu Nakayama: Thank you so much.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        Dr Yoshioka, and Dr Nakayama.   Jun Yoshioka:             Thank you.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        A wonderful paper, and congrats on getting the cover, and thank you so much for joining me today.   Jun Yoshioka:             Thanks well so much for having us.   Yoshinobu Nakayama: Thank you.   Cindy St. Hilaire:        That's it for the highlights from our September 2nd, and our September 16th issues of Circulation Research. Thank you so much for listening. Please check out our CircRes Facebook page, and follow us on Twitter, and Instagram with the handle @circres, and hashtag discovercircres. Thank you to our guests, Dr Jun Yoshioka, and Dr Yoshinobu Nakayama.                                     This podcast is produced by Ishara Ratnayaka, edited by Melissa Stonerm, and supported by the editorial team of Circulation Research. Some of the copy text for highlighted articles is provided by Ruth Williams. I'm your host, Dr Cindy St. Hilaire, and this is Discover CircRes, your on the go source for the most exciting discoveries in basic cardiovascular research.                                       This program is copyright of the American Heart Association 2022. The opinions expressed by speakers in this podcast are their own, and not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. For more information, please visit ahajournals.org.

The Bam! Comics Box had a CGC Graded 9.8 She-Hulk BamBox Exclusive virgin variant signed by David Nakayama. It wasn't really a mystery box as it was advertised as a CGC David Nakayama signature. The artwork for this variant is very simple, clean, and eye-catching. Manufacturer Description BAM! Plus is one of the boxes offered by the BAM! Box. BAM! Box is the original autograph subscription box company for fans by fans. We've sent out over 300,000 boxes since we began. It is our goal to offer something for every type of fandom you love. All of our autographs are certified by the industry leading 3rd party authentication company, Beckett Authentication. SUBSCRIBE to watch more videos like this one! LET'S CONNECT! -- Zia Comics website -- Zia Comics TikTok -- Zia Comics Facebook -- Zia Comics Twitter -- Zia Comics Instagram LISTEN TO OUR PODCAST! - iTunes #ziacomics #lascruces #newmexico #nakayama #davidnakayama #bammer #bambox #bamcomics #cgc #shehulk #marvel

About the guestTamao Nakayama was born and raised in Tokyo, Japan, and moved to the U.S. when she was 25 years old. She is still deeply influenced by the Japanese aesthetic, and the belief that 'less is more'. She is an emerging artist with a minimalist abstract style. She currently resides in Virginia.When Tamao was young, the country of Japan was changing significantly. Even though Tokyo had been rebuilt after World War II, many areas were still undeveloped. There were a lot of small studios of traditional craftsmen in every neighborhood. The elementary school she went to was built for experimenting with new educational programs. The school was very innovative and creative in the country at the time, and her creativity blossomed there. She and her classmates created comic books, a SiFi film, and theater plays. She studied art and sculpted with paper at the after-school program. From 2001 to 2003, Tamao studied art and ceramic sculpture at Santa Rosa Junior College in northern California. In 2004, She studied glass, metal, and furniture design at Palomar College in southern California. She won scholarship awards from California College of Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, Savannah College of Art and Design to study at these schools. However, Tamao felt that she needed to experience how art was implemented in real life and to explore new technologies and materials in the design fields. She moved to Los Angeles and worked for furniture designers, interior designers and architects.In Oct. 2020, Tamao moved from California to Virginia because of Pandemic. During her moving processes, she discovered six of her sculptures were stolen from her storage in San Diego. Unfortunately, the thieves were never caught and these pieces were never found. Tamao started to create from scratch in a garage in Virginia. Originally she was planning to pick up where she left off 17 years ago, to work on ceramic sculpture. However, knowing that the pandemic would prevent her from having access to a kiln for a while, she tried to create sculptures with other materials like concrete. Unfortunately, the temperature in the garage for Virginia winter was too cold for concrete to cure. Finally, she concluded that the only way to continue being creative was to stay inside and paint. In Oct. 2021, Tamao's painting got selected for the juried group exhibition ‘Hypothesis' and was exhibited at the Target Gallery in Alexandria, VA. Tamao is new in art, yet she has numerous unique experiences in design, culture and life. This difficult time in 2020 made her explore 2-dimensional art. She currently works on painting and sculpture using various materials at her studio in Woodbridge, VA.The Truth In This ArtThe Truth In This Art is a podcast interview series supporting vibrancy and development of Baltimore & beyond's arts and culture.Mentioned in this episodeTamao Nakayama's WebsiteTo find more amazing stories from the artist and entrepreneurial scenes in & around Baltimore, check out my episode directory.Stay in TouchNewsletter sign-upSupport my podcastShareable link to episode★ Support this podcast ★

In light of the recent rise in violence toward Asian Americans, Justice Nakayama of the Hawai'i Supreme Court emphasizes that we must encourage everybody to learn, understand and deeply appreciate and embrace the rule of law in our country. Center for Civic Education

The incredible cover artist David Nakayama, known for his iconic character color bleed variants, joins Chris and Chandler to recap Generation X #1 and praise the work by Bachalo and Lobdell in their seminal 90s creation. Together they recite the witty dialog with glee between Monet, Jubilee, Synch, Husk, Skin, Banshee, Emma, and Chamber.Find us on the AIPT Podcast Network. Follow our show to be alerted when new episodes appear the first and third Wednesday of the month. Check us out on social media @xreadspodcast on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. For business inquiries, email xreadspodcast@gmail.com. Learn more at https://aiptcomics.com

All the way from Hawaii, artist David Nakayama joins Reilly and George on the Hypothetical Island for a spirited talk on video game art vs comic art, what it would really be like to be Daredevil, MarvelLegends, the impermanence  of art, and trying to find time for that dream project of yours.