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Editor's Note, by Art Middlekauff The “Books” section of the 1909 Parents' Review contains a brief notice by Miss Mason of a new book: The Training of Children, by Mrs. H. C. Cradock (Bell, 2/-). Contains many useful hints, carefully arranged.[1] An earlier notice that year indicated that Mrs. Cradock's first book, The Care of … The post If I Could Begin Again first appeared on Charlotte Mason Poetry.
Steve Cradock's touring with Ocean Colour Scene in 2026 and in his own show, Travellers Tunes, with his wife and son Steve – “we're like the Von Trapps!” This highly original night involves them “living like gypsies in the spirit of Ronnie Lane”. He looks back here, from his psychedelic Mod-shrine converted garage in Totnes, at the first shows he ever saw and played, which touches on … …seeing UB40 at Birmingham Odeon, aged 13 – “I was bruised for days” … an after-school Duran Duran video shoot … “three 45-minute sets a night”: doing J Geils Band and Lennon covers pre-Bingo in working men's clubs, aged 15 … playing Scooter Rallies in Gorleston-on-Sea in pilled-up homage to the Purple Hearts, the Jam and Secret Affair … the imperishable sound of the early Small Faces – “the tone, the feedback, Plonk smashing his bass” … an intense love of Northern Soul, Soft Cell, the Pretenders, Costello and the La's … the Stones Roses, “the most important show I ever saw – the hair, the clothes, the songs, the guitars” … supporting Oasis at Knebworth … “musicians' books bore me” …. three days in a pub with Chris Evans and regrets about “the double-edged sword” of the Riverboat Song on TGI Friday … and Paul Weller with love beads Buy Steve Cradock tickets here: https://www.stevecradock.com/tour/Help us to keep The Longest Conversation In Rock going: https://www.patreon.com/wordinyourear Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Clarence Ford spoke to South African writer & journalist Hamilton Wende about his connection to the brutal murder of the Cradock 4 by Apartheid security forces & the long struggle for justice. Views and News with Clarence Ford is the mid-morning show on CapeTalk. This 3-hour long programme shares and reflects a broad array of perspectives. It is inspirational, passionate and positive. Host Clarence Ford’s gentle curiosity and dapper demeanour leave listeners feeling motivated and empowered. Known for his love of jazz and golf, Clarrie covers a range of themes including relationships, heritage and philosophy. Popular segments include Barbs’ Wire at 9:30am (Mon-Thurs) and The Naked Scientist at 9:30 on Fridays. Thank you for listening to a podcast from Views & News with Clarence Ford Listen live on Primedia+ weekdays between 09:00 and 12:00 (SA Time) to Views and News with Clarence Ford broadcast on CapeTalk https://buff.ly/NnFM3Nk For more from the show go to https://buff.ly/erjiQj2 or find all the catch-up podcasts here https://buff.ly/BdpaXRn Subscribe to the CapeTalk Daily and Weekly Newsletters https://buff.ly/sbvVZD5 Follow us on social media: CapeTalk on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ CapeTalk on X: https://x.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Bongani Bingwa speaks to Lukhanyo Calata, son of Fort Calata, as the Cradock Four inquest continues to revisit one of apartheid’s darkest chapters. Former spy Craig Williamson has denied allegations that he ordered the 1985 murders of Matthew Goniwe, Fort Calata, Sicelo Mhlauli, and Sparrow Mkonto. The inquest, running from 13 to 24 October 2025, seeks to uncover long-buried truths about their brutal killings. 702 Breakfast with Bongani Bingwa is broadcast on 702, a Johannesburg based talk radio station. Bongani makes sense of the news, interviews the key newsmakers of the day, and holds those in power to account on your behalf. The team bring you all you need to know to start your day Thank you for listening to a podcast from 702 Breakfast with Bongani Bingwa Listen live on Primedia+ weekdays from 06:00 and 09:00 (SA Time) to Breakfast with Bongani Bingwa broadcast on 702: https://buff.ly/gk3y0Kj For more from the show go to https://buff.ly/36edSLV or find all the catch-up podcasts here https://buff.ly/zEcM35T Subscribe to the 702 Daily and Weekly Newsletters https://buff.ly/v5mfetc Follow us on social media: 702 on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TalkRadio702 702 on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@talkradio702 702 on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/talkradio702/ 702 on X: https://x.com/Radio702 702 on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@radio702 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
The inquest into the deaths of the Cradock Four has adjourned to resume on Friday at the Gqeberha High Court in the Eastern Cape. The inquest seeks to determine whether anyone can be held responsible for the killings of anti-apartheid activists Fort Calata, Matthew Goniwe, Sicelo Mhlauli, and Sparrow Mkhonto. Proceedings of the inquest have been marred by delays with former Apartheid Security Branch Officer, Eugene de Kock indicating his unavailability due to ill-health. For the latest, Sakina Kamwendo spoke to SABC Tombozuko Balintulo
: The inquest into the killings of the Cradock Four - Fort Calata, Matthew Goniwe, Sicelo Mhlauli, and Sparrow Mkonto-, will resume with its second sitting from TOMORROW at the Gqeberha High Court. Aside from the first two days, this 2 week session will focus primarily on the persons of interest. The inquest is expecting to hear the evidence of, among others, Mbulelo Goniwe, nephew of the late Matthew Goniwe -, Bantu Holomisa, former Chairman of the Transkei Military Council and Council of Ministers and Eugene de Kock, former Vlakplaas commander. This is the third inquest to examine the circumstances of the deaths of the Cradock 4 and comes after decades of obstruction, political interference, and institutional failure. The Cradock 4 were stopped at a roadblock in June 1985 by security officers. They were beaten, strangled with telephone wire, stabbed and shot to death in one of the most notorious killings of South Africa's apartheid era. Lukhanyo Calata, son of Fort Calata, spoke to Elvis Presslin
Max Pearson presents a collection of the week's Witness History episodes.Tea expert Sabita Banerji talks about the history of tea in India. We look back at how women teapickers in 2015 fought for justice - and improved the lives of thousands of tea plantation workers.We hear the story of a famous photo of American president John F Kennedy working at his desk in the White House - with his cheeky young son underneath.Also, from 1985 one of the most notorious killings from the apartheid era in South Africa of the men who became known as the Cradock four - this includes graphic descriptions of violence.It's 30 years since American football star OJ Simpson was acquitted of murdering his ex-wife and her friend. We hear from one of his former friends who testified against him in the criminal trial including his desciptions of the injuries suffered by the victims.And finally, it's 40 years this week since the release of Microsoft Excel, the spreadsheet software that's now used all over the world. We hear from one of the creators.Contributors: Rajeshwary - tea plantation worker. Sabita Banerji - founder of Thirst tea charity. Lukhanyo Calata - son of Fort Calata, one of the Cradock Four. Ron Shipp - who testified against OJ Simpson. Mike Koss – one of the creators of Microsoft Excel. Plus, archive recordings of American photographer Stanley Tretick from the John F Kennedy Library and Museum.(Photo: Female tea pickers on strike in Munnar. Credit: Countercurrents.org)
On 27 June 1985, four anti-apartheid activists from the rural town of Cradock in South Africa's Eastern Cape were abducted at a roadblock. Their bodies were later found mutilated and burnt.Known as the Cradock Four, their murders became one of the most notorious cases of apartheid brutality.Fort Calata's son, Lukhanyo, was just three years old when his father was killed. He tells Dan Hardoon about his family's ongoing fight for justice. This programme contains graphic descriptions of violence.Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more. Recent episodes explore everything from the death of Adolf Hitler, the first spacewalk and the making of the movie Jaws, to celebrity tortoise Lonesome George, the Kobe earthquake and the invention of superglue. We look at the lives of some of the most famous leaders, artists, scientists and personalities in history, including: Eva Peron – Argentina's Evita; President Ronald Reagan and his famous ‘tear down this wall' speech; Thomas Keneally on why he wrote Schindler's List; and Jacques Derrida, France's ‘rock star' philosopher. You can learn all about fascinating and surprising stories, such as the civil rights swimming protest; the disastrous D-Day rehearsal; and the death of one of the world's oldest languages.(Photo: Mourners at the funeral of the Cradock four. Credit: Gideon Mendel/AFP via Getty Images)
Send us a textZulus and Voortrekker survivors, influences of the Sikh War, concentration camps and memorials. Blockhouses, a "two-headed" Language Monument - the start of "Black Week", VC's and MC's, "The Story of an African Farm", and resistance to Apartheid - again, so much all in one area!The Road Trip SA app is available for downloadDo you want to visit and explore South Africa? Touch Africa Safaris
Road Trip's Podcast - Travel, Touring and Holidays in South Africa
Send us a textZulus and Voortrekker survivors, influences of the Sikh War, concentration camps and memorials. Blockhouses, a "two-headed" Language Monument - the start of "Black Week", VC's and MC's, "The Story of an African Farm", and resistance to Apartheid - again, so much all in one area!The Road Trip SA app is available for downloadDo you want to visit and explore South Africa? Touch Africa Safaris
Ons praat oor die pad vorentoe vir die families van die Cradock-4. Inflasieverwagtinge daal vir die eerste keer in meer as vier jaar tot laer as 4% - maar wat beteken dit vir die verbruiker? Vandag is Wêreld Plastieksakvrye-dag.
AP correspondent Charles de Ledesma reports South Africa has opened a new inquiry into the killings of four anti-apartheid activists 40 years ago.
Zaid Kimmie spoke to Clarence Ford on their call for any further Cradock 4 inquest delays to be mitigated Views and News with Clarence Ford is the mid-morning show on CapeTalk. This 3-hour long programme shares and reflects a broad array of perspectives. It is inspirational, passionate and positive. Host Clarence Ford’s gentle curiosity and dapper demeanour leave listeners feeling motivated and empowered. Known for his love of jazz and golf, Clarrie covers a range of themes including relationships, heritage and philosophy. Popular segments include Barbs’ Wire at 9:30am (Mon-Thurs) and The Naked Scientist at 9:30 on Fridays. Thank you for listening to a podcast from Views & News with Clarence Ford Listen live on Primedia+ weekdays between 09:00 and 12:00 (SA Time) to Views and News with Clarence Ford broadcast on CapeTalk https://buff.ly/NnFM3Nk For more from the show go to https://buff.ly/erjiQj2 or find all the catch-up podcasts here https://buff.ly/BdpaXRn Subscribe to the CapeTalk Daily and Weekly Newsletters https://buff.ly/sbvVZD5 Follow us on social media: CapeTalk on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ CapeTalk on X: https://x.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
A new witness has taken the stand in the High court in Gqeberha, where the inquest into the deaths of the Cradock Four is underway. Nombuyiselo Mhlauli is the wife of Sicelo Mhlauli and has testified on the impact her husband's death had on her and their family. Mhlauli is the latest witness in the probe into the 1985 deaths of her husband, along with Matthew Goniwe, Fort Calata and Sparrow Mkonto. SABC Reporter, Kim Daniels has more...
The son of one of the Cradock Four is continuing his testimony in the ongoing inquest into the deaths the anti-apartheid activists. Lukhanyo Calata has recounted the impact of the death of his father, Fort Calata, sentiments shared by former anti-apartheid activist and academic, Professor Derrick Swartz, who testified yesterday. SABC News Reporter, Kim Daniels has more
The inquest into the deaths of the Cradock Four – Fort Calata, Matthew Goniwe, Sicelo Mhlauli, and Sparrow Mkonto, is currently underway in the Gqeberha High Court. The proceedings were postponed last year September due to issues over the funding of legal fees. During this week proceedings only family members are expected to testify. Here is Senior Counsel, Advocate Tembeka Ngcukaitobi making his opening remarks at the inquest.
The inquest into the deaths of the Cradock Four activists is scheduled to open today at the Gqeberha High Court. Lester chats to Lukhanyo Calata, Journalist and author and son of Fort Calata, who was part of the Cradock Four, about the opening of the third inquest into the murders of Mathew Goniwe, Sparrow Mkonto, Fort Calata, and Sicelo Mhlauli. They also touch on the minister’s presence at the court. Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit is a podcast of the CapeTalk breakfast show. This programme is your authentic Cape Town wake-up call. Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit is informative, enlightening and accessible. The team’s ability to spot & share relevant and unusual stories make the programme inclusive and thought-provoking. Don’t miss the popular World View feature at 7:45am daily. Listen out for #LesterInYourLounge which is an outside broadcast – from the home of a listener in a different part of Cape Town - on the first Wednesday of every month. This show introduces you to interesting Capetonians as well as their favourite communities, habits, local personalities and neighbourhood news. Thank you for listening to a podcast from Good Morning Cape Town with Lester Kiewit. Listen live on Primedia+ weekdays between 06:00 and 09:00 (SA Time) to Good Morning CapeTalk with Lester Kiewit broadcast on CapeTalk https://buff.ly/NnFM3Nk For more from the show go to https://buff.ly/xGkqLbT or find all the catch-up podcasts here https://buff.ly/f9Eeb7i Subscribe to the CapeTalk Daily and Weekly Newsletters https://buff.ly/sbvVZD5 Follow us on social media CapeTalk on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@capetalk CapeTalk on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ CapeTalk on X: https://x.com/CapeTalk CapeTalk on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@CapeTalk567 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Die GOOD-party het President Cyril Ramaphosa gevra om sy ministers van Polisie en Justisie aan te sê om die regskoste van voormalige staatsagente te dek, wat as beskuldigdes of sleutelgetuies in apartheidsake verskyn. Die gewese hoof van die polisie se teeninsurgensie-eenheid, Eugene de Kock, het die hof verlede week genader. GOOD se sekretaris-generaal, Brett Herron, sê De Kock vra geld vir 'n prokureur om in die heropende geregtelike ondersoek na die dood van die Cradock-vier te getuig:
L'odissea dello Squadrone Tedesco dell'Asia Orientale giunge alla sua tragica fine al largo delle isole Falkland, dopo quattro mesi di navigazione, dai mari della Cina fino all'Atlantico meridionale, dopo 44.600 miglia nautiche percorse in acque ostili. Le perdite umane saranno terribili.Seguimi su Instagram: @laguerragrande_podcastSe vuoi contribuire con una donazione sul conto PayPal: podcastlaguerragrande@gmail.comScritto e condotto da Andrea BassoMontaggio e audio: Andrea BassoFonti dell'episodio:Teresa Arijón, Alemanes del Volga. Dejaron Rusia y en Entre Ríos fundaron varias aldeas donde celebran sus tradiciones, La Nacion, 2021 Cristopher Bell, Churchill and the Dardanelles, Oxford University Press, 2017 Geoffrey Bennett, Naval Battles of the First World War, Pen & Sword Military Classics, 2005 R. A. Burt, British Battleships 1889–1904, Seaforth Publishing, 1988 J. Corbett, Naval Operations. History of the Great War based on Official Documents, Imperial War Museum, 2009 Jason Daley, German Ship Sunk During WWI Found Off Falkland Islands, The Smithsonian, 2019 Victoria Dannemann, Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial, Deutsche Welle, 2011 Aidan Dodson, The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918, Seaforth Publishing, 2016 H. Glenn Penny, Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period, Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, 2017 Erich Gröner, German Warships 1815–1945, Naval Institute Press, 1990 Paul Halpern, Cradock, Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice (1862–1914), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 Peter Hart, La grande storia della Prima Guerra Mondiale, Newton & Compton, 2013 Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans-Otto Steinmetz, Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart, Mundus Verlag, 1993 David Howarth, Le corazzate, Mondadori, 1988 Richard Hough, Falklands 1914: The Pursuit of Admiral Von Spee, Periscope Publishing, 1980 Stewart Jackson, The First Casualties in the Royal Canadian Navy, 2001 Hermann Kirchhoff, Maximilian, graf von Spee, der Sieger von Coronel: Das Lebensbild und die Erinnerungen eines deutsches Seemanns, Marinedank-Verlag, 1915 Nicholas Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War, Harvard University Press, 2012 Robert Massie, Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea, Random House, 2003 Os Alemães no Sul do Brasil, Editora Ulbra, 2004 Daniele Pompejano, Storia dell'America Latina, Mondadori, 2012 Franz von Rintelen, The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer, Routledge, 1998 Soft Power, Treccani Gary Staff, Battle on the Seven Seas, Pen & Sword Maritime, 2011 Hew Strachan, The First World War: To Arms, Oxford University Press, 2001 Gordon Williamson, German Pocket Battleships 1939–1945, Osprey Publishing, 2003In copertina: HMS Invincible e HMS Inflexible aprono il fuoco sull'Ostasiengeschwader all'inizio della battaglia delle isole Falkland, 8 dicembre 1914. Illustrazione di Eric Tuffnell.
La navigazione dello squadrone di Von Spee verso le coste del Sudamerica prosegue. Al largo delle coste cilene, i Tedeschi affrontano e sconfiggono uno squadrone britannico, per poi penetrare nell'Atlantico. Il viceammiraglio Von Spee sa bene però che le sue navi hanno le ore contate.Seguimi su Instagram: @laguerragrande_podcastSe vuoi contribuire con una donazione sul conto PayPal: podcastlaguerragrande@gmail.comScritto e condotto da Andrea BassoMontaggio e audio: Andrea BassoFonti dell'episodio:Teresa Arijón, Alemanes del Volga. Dejaron Rusia y en Entre Ríos fundaron varias aldeas donde celebran sus tradiciones, La Nacion, 2021 Cristopher Bell, Churchill and the Dardanelles, Oxford University Press, 2017 Geoffrey Bennett, Naval Battles of the First World War, Pen & Sword Military Classics, 2005 R. A. Burt, British Battleships 1889–1904, Seaforth Publishing, 1988 J. Corbett, Naval Operations. History of the Great War based on Official Documents, Imperial War Museum, 2009 Jason Daley, German Ship Sunk During WWI Found Off Falkland Islands, The Smithsonian, 2019 Victoria Dannemann, Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial, Deutsche Welle, 2011 Aidan Dodson, The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918, Seaforth Publishing, 2016 H. Glenn Penny, Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period, Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, 2017 Erich Gröner, German Warships 1815–1945, Naval Institute Press, 1990 Paul Halpern, Cradock, Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice (1862–1914), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 Peter Hart, La grande storia della Prima Guerra Mondiale, Newton & Compton, 2013 Hans Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans-Otto Steinmetz, Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart, Mundus Verlag, 1993 David Howarth, Le corazzate, Mondadori, 1988 Richard Hough, Falklands 1914: The Pursuit of Admiral Von Spee, Periscope Publishing, 1980 Stewart Jackson, The First Casualties in the Royal Canadian Navy, 2001 Hermann Kirchhoff, Maximilian, graf von Spee, der Sieger von Coronel: Das Lebensbild und die Erinnerungen eines deutsches Seemanns, Marinedank-Verlag, 1915 Nicholas Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War, Harvard University Press, 2012 Robert Massie, Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea, Random House, 2003 Os Alemães no Sul do Brasil, Editora Ulbra, 2004 Daniele Pompejano, Storia dell'America Latina, Mondadori, 2012 Franz von Rintelen, The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer, Routledge, 1998 Soft Power, Treccani Gary Staff, Battle on the Seven Seas, Pen & Sword Maritime, 2011 Hew Strachan, The First World War: To Arms, Oxford University Press, 2001 Gordon Williamson, German Pocket Battleships 1939–1945, Osprey Publishing, 2003In copertina: Il Good Hope o il Monmouth in fiamme sotto il fuoco tedesco durante la battaglia di Coronel, 1 novembre 1914. Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing.
In this exciting episode, we celebrate David Cradock and the entire team at Wiseberry Enmore for winning the prestigious Property Management Team of the Year award! Learn how David and his team have set the standard for excellence in property management, thriving in a competitive market through strategic growth, exceptional service, and a strong team […]
La deshidratación crónica leve es una epidemia, se calcula que hasta el 55% de la población joven puede padecerla. Es una condición con frecuencia pasada por alto y que tiene serios efectos negativos sobre la cognición, la salud cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, articular, entre otros. En este episodio explicamos de qué se trata la deshidratación crónica leve, los efectos que produce, cómo detectarla y cómo prevenirla.Enlaces a nuestras redes sociales:Instagram@brainfulnesspod@ladoctoraneuroYoutube@brainfulnessTwitter/X@brainfulnesspodPágina webwww.brainfulnes.lifeBloghttps://brainfulness.life/blogReferencias bibliográficasMitchell, H. H., Hamilton, T. S., Steggerda, F. R., & Bean, H. W. (1945). The chemical composition of the adult human body and its bearing on the biochemistry of growth. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 158(3), 625-637.Maroudas A. Fluid transport in cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975 Dec;34 Suppl 2:Suppl 77-81. PMID: 25330584.Kenney, E. L., Long, M. W., Cradock, A. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of inadequate hydration among US children and adolescents: A population-based analysis. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(6), 943-951.Valtin H. "Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2002 Nov;283(5):R993-1004. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. PMID: 12376390.Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. Hydration and Performance. Sports Science Exchange. 2007;20(2):1-5.Benton D, Burgess N. The effect of the consumption of water on the memory and attention of children. Appetite. 2009;53(1):143-6.Benton D, Young HA. Reducing calorie intake may not help you lose body weight. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2017;12(5):703-714. (Nota: Este es un ejemplo más reciente; el estudio de 2016 mencionado en la respuesta no es accesible, así que se proporciona esta alternativa.)Palma L, Tavares L, Santos O, et al. Dietary water affects human skin hydration and biomechanics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:413-21.Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, et al. Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(2):300-7.Manz F, Wentz A. The importance of good hydration for the prevention of chronic diseases. Nutr Rev. 2005;63(6 Pt 2):S2-S5.Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, et al. Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(2):300-7.Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Hille U, et al. Water-induced thermogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):6015-9.Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. The effect of alcohol on athletic performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5(4):192-6.Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(2):377-90.Jeukendrup AE, Currell K. Should energy drinks be banned from sport? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008;18(5):519-29.Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, et al. Physiological changes and gastro-intestinal symptoms as a result of ultra-endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;64(1):1-8.Rosner MH, Kirven J. Exercise-associated hyponatremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(1):151-61.Hew-Butler T, Ayus JC, Kipps C, et al. Statement of the Second International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, New Zealand, 2007. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(2):111-21.Ayus JC, Arieff A. Pathogenesis and prevention of hyponatremia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22(2):437-49.
Graeme Raubenheimer speaks to Lukhanyo Calata the son of Fort Calata, one of the four anti-apartheid activists from Cradock, assassinated by the government in 1985.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
NIWA has recently released their annual climate summary for 2024, which shows that last year was New Zealand's tenth warmest year on record. Of the top ten warmest years on record, eight of these have occurred in the past twelve years. The report shows that these rising temperatures, which are in line with global trends, are largely due to climate change caused by humans. As well as this, this comes as Copernicus, ECMWF, and NASA are expected to release their annual climate summary, which is expected to show that 2024 was the Earth's warmest year on record. News and Editorial Director, and Monday Wire Host, Joel, spoke to Principal Scientist at GNS Science, Dr Nick Cradock-Henry, about this report, and what this report means for 2025. They started off by asking him about the rapidness in temperatures seen in the report in prior years.
NIWA has recently released their annual climate summary for 2024, which shows that last year was New Zealand's tenth warmest year on record. Of the top ten warmest years on record, eight of these have occurred in the past twelve years. The report shows that these rising temperatures, which are in line with global trends, are largely due to climate change caused by humans. As well as this, this comes as Copernicus, ECMWF, and NASA are expected to release their annual climate summary, which is expected to show that 2024 was the Earth's warmest year on record. News and Editorial Director, and Monday Wire Host, Joel, spoke to Principal Scientist at GNS Science, Dr Nick Cradock-Henry, about this report, and what this report means for 2025. They started off by asking him about the rapidness in temperatures seen in the report in prior years.
Last week, the Minister for Science, Innovation, and Technology, Judith Collins, announced that the 30-year-old Marsden Fund would no longer support social sciences and humanities. In 2024, Māori made up 13% of all Marsden funded investigators. By taking away the humanities and social sciences panel, that number plunges to just 5.5%. The decision has been harshly criticised by researchers across academic disciplines. Now, 80 Rutherford Discovery Fellows have come together to present an open letter to the Minister voicing their concerns, condemning the ‘damaging changes' to the Marsden Fund's terms of reference which they want to see reversed, immediately. Producer Sofia spoke to Principal Social Scientist at GNS Science Te Pū Ao, Dr Nicholas Cradock-Henry, about this announcement and his concerns. She also spoke to Kaihautū of Te Whare Whakatupu Mātauranga, Te Wānanga o Raukawa; and Honorary Adjunct Professor at Te Kawa a Māui - School of Māori Studies at Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington, Dr Carwyn Jones (Ngāti Kahungunu), about how the Marsden Fund cuts disproportionately impact Māori researchers.
The Gqeberha High Court, in the Eastern Cape, has postponed to June 2025, an application by two parties in the judicial Inquest into the murder of the Cradock Four. The families of anti-apartheid activists, Mathew Goniwe, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkonto, and Sicelo Mhlauli, all from Cradock, have turned to the courts after their loved ones were abducted and murdered by the South African Security Police in Gqeberha in 1985. SABC News reporter, Ntombozuko Balintulo has more.
Welcome to Episode 46 of the PH Journals Podcast! I'm Dylan Love, your host and passionate bow hunter, ready to take you on another thrilling journey into the world of hunting in South Africa. In this solo episode, I delve into my experiences as both a Professional Hunter and an avid bow hunter in the breathtaking landscapes of South Africa. Join me as I share insights, tips, and stories from the field, offering a unique perspective on the challenges and rewards of bow hunting in the African wilderness. But that's not all – I'll also be recounting my recent hunting expedition in the Cradock region during the fallow deer rut. With bow in hand, I ventured into the heart of this majestic landscape, accompanied only by the sounds of nature and the anticipation of the hunt. From tracking elusive prey to facing the adrenaline rush of the pursuit, I'll take you behind the scenes of this unforgettable adventure. Whether you're a seasoned hunter, an aspiring bow hunter, or simply intrigued by the thrill of the chase, this episode is sure to captivate and inspire. Join me as we celebrate the beauty of bow hunting and the magic of the South African wilderness. Tune in to Episode 46 of the PH Journals Podcast now, and let the adventure begin!
Die GOOD-party het die buurland se justisie-departement se aankondiging verwelkom dat vier veiligheidspolisielede uit die apartheids-era moet teregstaan vir die moord op die MK-kader, Jameson Mngomezulu, in 1985. Die party is ook tevrede met die heropening van die geregtelike ondersoek na die moord op die Cradock-vier – Mathew Goniwe, Sparrow Mkonto, Fort Calata en Sicelo Mhlauli – in 1985. GOOD se sekretaris-generaal, Brett Herron, sê die Waarheids-en-versoeningskommissie het 21 jaar gelede in sy finale verslag sowat 300 sake na die Nasionale Vervolgingsgesag verwys vir ondersoeke en vervolgings.
Hoë-koppe word betrek by guns-lone van miljoene rande by NSFAS. Die ondersoek na die dood van die Cradock 4 heropen. en 158 aasvoëls gaan van Noordwes na die Oos-Kaap verskuif word.
Lukhanyo Calata is Politics Editor for Newzroom Afrika and he joins Afrika to discuss the decision of The Minister of Justice and Correctional Services to act on a recommendation to reopen the inquest into the deaths of The Cradock Four.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Get ready for a linguistic adventure on Chilling With The Chaplins with our latest Sunday Funday episode, American Pronounces South Africa Name Changes. Watch as an American attempts to master the new names of South African cities and landmarks, diving into the culture and stories behind the transitions. From Ethekwini to Qonce, join us for a fun-filled exploration of South Africa's rich heritage through its name changes. American Pronounces South Africa Name Changes | Sunday Funday is not just entertaining – it's an enlightening glimpse into the nation's evolving identity.What Will You Learn:Ethekwini: What used to be Durban takes on a new Zulu-inspired identity.Tswane: The city formerly known as Pretoria embraces its historical roots.Gqeberha: Discover the significance behind Port Elizabeth's new name.Kariega: Uitenhage gets a name upgrade that resonates with local heritage.Qonce: The city once known as King Williamstown honors its original namesake.King Phalo Airport: East London Airport's new title pays tribute to regional history.Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport: Port Elizabeth Airport honors a historical leader.Gxarha: The scenic Morgan's Bay adopts a name as beautiful as its view.Nxuba: Unveiling the deeper meaning behind Cradock's new moniker.Khwenxurha: Mooiplaas's name change signifies more than just a new signpost.Qumrha River: Komga River flows under a new name rich in cultural significance.Tune in to American Pronounces South Africa Name Changes | Sunday Funday on Chilling With The Chaplins for laughs, learning, and a pronunciation challenge like no other. Don't forget to subscribe for more engaging content and drop a comment on how you'd fare with these name changes!Join our 6-Month Mentorship Boot Camp: Turn Your Idea Into Sustainable/Scalable Business From Scratch if you are an inspiring entrepreneur struggling to learn new ideas or stuck at a moment in your business and need to grow and scale your business. We got you! Join now HERE:
Join Pastor Rod as he interviews Ray Cradock about when Jesus became more than a name to him.
Dr Vanessa McBride is an accomplished astronomer from Cradock and she joins John to celebrate her new role as the science director at the International Science Council (ISC).See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Last time we spoke about the Qing - Boxer siege of Beijing and the 8 nation alliance expedition led by Seymour. Baron Von Ketteler was murdered by Kansu soldiers, ushering in a real siege of the foreign legation's in Beijing. The situation was dire, communications were cut and soon the railways also. The foreign ministers called for aid and thus came an expedition of 8 nations led by Seymour to the rescue. Seymours expedition started out quite well, but soon the Boxers disrupted the tracks stopping them in…well their tracks. To the dismay of the westerners it turned out the Qing were joining the Boxers in battle against them and Seymour's force had to make a fighting withdrawal back to Tientsin. They fought all the way to a secret arsenal where they dug in, until another relief force rescued them! Now they all marched back to Tientsin as gunfire could be heard. #63 The Boxer Rebellion part 3: The Siege of Tientsin & Battle of the Taku Forts Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. When Seymour set out on his expedition a lot of events had unfolded. I mentioned it a few times, but gunfire could be heard by his expeditionary forces coming from Tientsin. When thousands of Boxers began storming the region looking to kill christians and foreigners, many flocked to Tientsin. Tientsin consisted of two adjacent but quite different subdivisions. To the northwest was an ancient high walled chinese city around 1 mile per side. 2 miles southeast along the Hai River were the foreign settlements around half a mile wide. The chinese city held around a million Chinese, the foreign settlements around 700 foreign civilians with their thousands of Chinese servants. The Boxers came at first to the railway station carrying placards and chain letters stating “Those who see this sheet and distribute six copies will deliver a whole family from calamity. If ten sheets are circulated they will save an entire district. If any see this hand-bill and fail to disseminate it they will certainly be beheaded.” Within mere hours of Seymour's expedition departing, reinforcements were landed at Taku to head over to the foreign settlements at Tientsin to defend them. On June 11th, Commander Beatty of the Royal Navy had 150 sailors, marines and 2 Maxim machine guns with him. He would be joined a few days later by 1600 Russians who rushed to the scene from Port Arthur, before their railway lines were cut by Boxers. Alongside the other nations forces, Tientsin had roughly 2400 troops to defend the foreign settlements, facing a force of 30,000 Boxers and 15,000 Qing soldiers camped nearby. On June 15th the Boxers began burned down all the missions outside the Chinese city like the Notre Dame Des Victories. They stormed the streets attacking Chinese christians, massacring as they went. They destroyed all christian and foreign goods or property they could find. The foreigners in the settlement watched this unfold in horror from a distance, then at 2am on the 16th they were attacked. Beatty recalled seeing Boxers “came in great strength, setting fire to all the Houses and outlying Villages they could. . . . They came on quite heedless of the Volleys we opened on them, never replying because the poor beggars had no arms to reply with, and coming up to within 300 and 400 yards armed with swords, spears, and torches. So there we squatted, knocking them over as they came along.” Chaos ensued in Tientsin, as the Admirals on their warships off the Taku Fort bar became more and more anxious. The western navies had received no word since June 10th, Tientsin was clearly under attack and Seymours expedition force was gone. Seymours last message to them came on the 14th and all evidence suggested the Boxers and Qing would block the way between them and Tientsin. The Qing naval forces were seen priming torpedo tubes on their warships and laying mines in the rivers mouth. The entire situation looked like a trap. If the Peiho river was closed, the naval squadrons would be unable to rush up it to rescue the civilians of Tientsin and Beijing. On the 16th the Admirals met aboard the Russian flagship. They all formed a multinational ultimatum that was issued to the Qing, the Taku forts had to be surrendered by 2am the next day or they would attack. A russian officer was sent to deliver the message to the Taku Fort commander who responded “I would be glad to surrender the Forts, but I am here to obey orders”. The French consul general in Tientsin then took it upon himself to telephone the local viceroy and advised him to surrender the Taku Forts or face the consequences. The Admirals knew their actions were tantamount to declaring war on China and that taking the Taku Forts would not be easy. The Taku Forts were 4 forts with pairs of 2 on each side of the river mouth. They had been recently rebuilt and reinforced by German engineers. The walls were made of mud mixed with chopped straw, which might sound silly, but this made them impervious to shell fire. Their garrison was around 3000 men, equipped with quick firing Krupp guns and other heavy pieces. Approaching from the sea was the most hazardous and would see men fighting through oozing mud flats surrounded by sharpened stakes. The Qing Navy held 4 new German built destroyers equipped with rapid fire guns patrolling near the forts. To attack them by land was also not favorable it would see men clamoring over small canals, irrigation works and behind the forts were the Boxer infested towns of Tongku and Taku. Another issue was the Taku mud bar, it only allowed shallow water vessels to pass, the allied navies only had 9 ships that could pass; 3 British ships the HMS Algerine, Fame and Whiting; the German Iltis; Russian Gilyak, Bobr and Koreytz; French Lion and Japanese Atago. 900 men consisting of 380 British, 300 Japanese, and the rest Russian, Austrian and Italian were loaded aboard the 9 ships as the allies, we shall call them that from now on for simplicity by the way, awaited the deadline on June 16th for the Qing to respond. All the warships arranged their broadsides aimed at the Taku forts with a bombardment order to commence at 2am if the Qing did not respond. However the Qing did respond, by opening fire at 12:50, as a eye witness recalled ““A shell shrieked over the Algerine in unpleasant proximity to her topmasts”. To this 7 of the 9 allied ships opened fire. The Russian gunboat Gilyak made the poor decision of turning her searchlight, turning her immediately into the most prominent target, she was nearly sunk by shell fire. The HMS Fame and Whiting pulled in close trying to capture the Qing destroyers and within the mayhem the two ships managed to slip upstream abreast of the 4 Qing destroyers. At Lt Keyes aboard the Fame recalled “The shells were literally shrieking around us; several fell just short and splashed muddy water right over us; several pitched just over; we really had a charmed existence.” The British destroyers cast out whaler ships holding dozens of men to board the Qing destroyers. The British sailors and marines boarded the Qing destroyers with ease, capturing all 4 without firing a shot and receiving no casualties. Lt Keyes gave explicit orders to hit men not to fire upon the Qing who were in the process of escaping up the riverbank. Meanwhile the Russian gunboat Korietz was severely damaged by the opening salvo; the Monocacy despite being at quite a distance holding many women and children aboard took a far flung shell to her bow, luckily not hurting anyone. The Qing fort guns were very accurate managing hits on the HMS Whiting, SMS Iltis, French Lion and Giliak was forced to ground herself lest she be sunk. Giliak had 18 deaths and 65 wounded. Meanwhile at 3am landing parties began their advance upon the forts, struggling through thick mud. The first fort was on the north bank and the landing forces came at it with bayonets pointed. British and Japanese troops were the first to scale its walls and they were even racing another. British officer Cradock recalled “I was frantic at the idea of the Japanese getting in first; they were very keen and in better condition than anyone else.” The union jack was soon hoisted followed by the rising red sun, the defenders of the Fort made a symbolic defense, but fled quickly. As the men cheered, suddenly two Qing soldiers burst out of a gateway 20 yards away with bayonets fixed firing their rifles as they marched forward from the hip. A Lt emptied his revolver at them and pulling out his sword to defend himself. The allied troops raced towards the second fort on the northern bank as allied shells struck its walls. The air was filled with dust and smoke as the Qing soldiers fired their guns until the last minute upon which they fled. There was to be barely a need to seize the southern forts. The Qing commander was seen galloping away on a white horse and as the Shanghai Mercury put it “The forts were a mass of ruins, rivers of blood, with headless and armless bodies everywhere, which the blue-jackets were gathering together and cremating in heaps.” The allied troops in the northern forts turned their guns on the southern forts. One shot hit a powder magazine exploding a part of the southern fort walls, creating a large fire. Through the smoke and dust the Qing defenders could be seen abandoned the forts. By 6:30am the battle of the Taku fort was done. By 8am many of the allied troops were coming back aboard their ships, the allies had suffered 172 casualties. Rivers of blood were seen around the forts. The survivors of the carnage aboard ships or the forts ate tinned beef, salmon and ship biscuits reflecting on their good fortune to be alive. With only 9 ships the allies had secured the mouth of the river. All in all it was a brave action helped considerably with some luck. Many questioned its necessity as it undoubtedly would increase the attacks upon the foreign legations in Beijing. Herbert Hoover recalled “it was this act of aggression which marked the downfall of the moderate party in Peking, unmasked the gigantic plot of the powerful party behind the Boxers, and turned the Government over definitely into their hands . . . no more favorable moment could have been chosen by our Admirals to precipitate a general massacre.” At the same time it was happening, MacDonald had been sending assurances to Empress Dowager Cixi that Britain wished to remain on friendly terms with China. Cixi was literally receiving reports of the attack on the Taku Forts as MacDonald's letters came in and when he found out he wrote “this would put the old buddha in a good temper”. Back over in Tientsin's foreign settlement, people could hear the loud gunfire coming from the Taku Forts. At 8am Tientsins foreign community received word the Taku Forts had been taken and now all wondered what would happen next. As recalled by Lou Hoover in Tientsin “All the forenoon at Tientsin there was an ominous silence, nothing doing on either side, each waiting for the other to play the next card, neither knowing the result of the attack at Taku, and yet both sides knowing that now we were committed to a war, if not with China itself, with Northern China and the Manchu Dynasty.” At 3pm Qing artillery began to open fire upon the foreign settlements. Shells were hissing overhead, explosions followed everywhere. An alarm bell began to ring on the Municipal Hall as foreign residents ran through the streets. Rifle fire was cracking against brick walls as civilian dived for cover. It looked like a hopeless situation, 600 foreigner civilians were trapped in a mile long by quarter mile wide area bounded by a river on one side and a flat plain on the other. It was a maze of narrow alleys and single storied Chinese houses, perfect conditions for snipers. The whole was enclosed by a mud wall around 15 feet high and wide enough for 4 people to stand across. As Midshipman C.C Dix recalled “The prospect was hardly brilliant; inside the settlement was a mixed force of 2,400 men, with nine field guns, and a few machine guns; outside were 15,000 Imperial troops, with immense numbers of quick-firing guns. Their ammunition was of the best, and practically unlimited, and they had the dreaded Boxers at their back.” The most senior officer in Tientsin at the time was Russian Colonel Wogack who took control of the multinational force of Americans, Russians, Australian, Germans, French, Japanese and Italians, the except of course were the British who chose to be led by Captain Bayly of the HMS Aurora. The Russians deployed in a very exposed position trying to defend the railway station on the opposite side of the river from the foreign settlement. They were in close proximity to a Chinese grave site, some houses and ditches, places Qing snipers could hide in. With the Russians were the French who took up a position in front of the French concession at the north end of the settlement near the Taku road. The Americans defended a stretch with the British along the eastern side of the entire settlement; it was a very thin line. The Germans, Austrians, Japanese and Italians deployed along the mud wall near the riverbank. Civilians who were capable were given the task of policing, sentry, engineering and medical duties. Herbert Hoover and his men were the only engineers in Tientsin, Colonel Wogack asked them to get people building barricades. Hoover and the men frantically searched for Chinese laborers to help and any materials that were sturdy enough for barricades. As Hoover recalled “Soon we . . . had a thousand terrified Christian Chinese carrying and piling up walls of sacked grain and sugar along the exposed sides of the town and at cross streets.” Within the first hours of battle it seemed the Qing and Boxers would overrun them. Hoover had this to say “With the smoke of many burning buildings pouring over the settlement, with the civilians erecting barricades across the streets for the final rush, the terrific bombardment, the constant sound of rifle-fire in the distance, and the knowledge,—if not the sight,—of the scores of wounded brought in from the lines—it all seemed bad—very bad. It was really the climax of terror, of the black fear, as it was of the fighting. And this was the ‘black fear,' not that the siege would be successful and we should be compelled to lower our flag and surrender to an honourable enemy,—but that, if every man fought to his utmost strength and was beaten, there were without,—Chinamen, —mobs of Chinamen, at their very worst,—barbarians who knew no quarter.” The women, children and non combatants huddled in fear within the catacombs beneath Gordon Hall, the most robust stone municipal building available. The Qing assault was first directed at the railway station. Upon seeing this Commander Beatty formed a bridge of boats and took sailors across to reinforce the Russians, but they soon became pinned down. The sailors tried to hide amongst some Russian artillery horse carriages as Chinese artillery and snipers fired hell upon the area. The allied forces had to allow the Chinese to approach closer, because their artillery and snipers were wielding an enormous advantage, no one could stand up right unless they wanted shrapnel or sniper bullets to hit them. Those who did advance were armed Boxers who were driven off by volley fire from the defenders. The defenders could not know this, but the Boxers and Qing despite appearances were not really coordinating together. The Qing troopers were awaiting orders from Beijing whether they were to support the Boxers or the protect the foreigners! It was only a result of the attack upon the Taku forts that finally led the Qing government to officially take the side of the Boxers and orders began to trickle over to support them. Despite the official orders, there were many moderates counter ordering and commanders out in the field who did not support the Boxers and were only putting up symbolic efforts at battle. General Nie Shicheng led the forces in the field overall and he had his artillery fire constantly, it is reported nearly 60,000 shells would be fired upon the foreign settlements. These shells however, much akin to what occurred during the first sino-japanese war, were not all exploding upon impact. Corruption was still rampant and the shells were quite lackluster in their results. The Boxers who did advance were quickly met with volleys at close range, and Beatty noted this of the Russians s “they worked their guns like men, scorning to build up protection with the bales of goods that were there and which we utilized for our riflemen.” Beatty was less impressed with the Germans who continuously sent messages stating they were under heavy attack and required reinforcements, lest they be forced to abandon their positions. According to Beatty the Germans were crying wolf and he made it clear they would receive no reinforcements from the British. Sailors and marines pushed through against Qing and Boxer infiltrators tossing them out. The allied forces formed a closed ring around the civilians as Hoover described it “It was in the center that the melodrama and comedy were played—the rim was nearly all tragedy.” Sniper fire was coming from within the settlements prompting wild hunts. Chinese Christians within the settlement numbered 3-4 thousand were prime targets for Boxer attacks. Hoovers wife Lou Hoover volunteered at the hospital using a bicycle to move between alley's and had a sniper bullet hit her tire once. The hospital saw around 200 wounded brought in a day, people requiring bandages, bedding, dressings, disinfectants all of which were in short supply. Tientsin was under siege. Herbert Hoover bicycle around the defensive perimeter braving the streets to see his barricades were working. The situation was incredibly stressful for the civilians, cooped up together while artillery and gunfire raged outside their buildings. According to Herbert Hoover many friendships ended because of the stress and he recalled ““No one will again dare to organize a dinner party in Tientsin without consulting an inmate of Gordon Hall, for how could Mrs. E. ever sit at meat again with Mrs F., who slapped Mrs. E.'s Peking pug?” So…someone slapped a pug? War never changes. By the 22nd of June things were becoming critical. Commander Beatty had been shot and was losing a ton of blood after the attempted seizing and enemies gun in a narrow escape when a shell burst near him. The men fighting in the barricades were mutilated by shellfire and gunshot. Contact with Taku had been lost on the 17th, casualties were piling up and the settlement was completely surrounded, there was no escape. The only reason the settlement had not already been overrun was because the Qing and Boxers were not working in concerted efforts to simultaneously hit all fronts. The Russians sent word that if the fighting continued the way it had been for the past 4 days, their ammunition would run out and they advised preparing a night time escape. Their recommendation was for the women, children, wounded and sick to be escorted by the Germans, Austrians, French, Japanese and Italians while the Russians and British would perform a rearguard. Upon hearing this, the very injured Beatty remarked “it was the maddest, wildest, damndest, rottenest scheme that could emanate from the brain of any man. Doing this would mean abandoning Seymour to certain destruction”. Beatty made it known to the Russians the British would not comply. Unbeknownst to them all, help was on its way and quite close by. On June 19th, my birthday random factoid, a young British volunteer, James Watts set out with 3 Cossacks in an attempt to make contact with Taku. They men rode through hostile villages as Boxers tried to attack them. Watt carried a message from Captain Bayly stating “Hard pressed, heavy fighting; losses, 150 killed and wounded; Chinese Imperial Artillery shelling the Settlement; women and children all in cellars; fires all over the Settlement; every one worn out with incessant fighting.” A rescue force of Russian infantry and American marines had already been dispatched but they were pinned down near the outskirts of Tientsin. According to one American Gunnery Sergeant “We fell into a trap . . . we laid on our faces with the bullets coming like hail not knowing what to do . . . we fell and got up, staggered, crawled—but got out. I never saw such a tired party in my life and yours truly was on the hog!” The force was 131 US marines and 400 Russians who got ambushed 2 miles from the city. The Americans suffered 3 deaths, 13 wounded before they withdrew back to Taku. Bayly's message made it clear a more substantial force was required. Taku and her forts were left with just 1000 men as a garrison as the allies prepared an expeditionary force. Luck was theirs again, as two new warships arrived, the HMS Terrible from Hong Kong carrying 300 Royal Welch Fusiliers and a Russian troopship from Port Arthur carrying hundreds of Russian troops. On June 23rd a multinational force 2000 men strong set out which also held the British 1st Chinese regiment from Weihaiwei, so even some Chinese troops were in their ranks. They rushed up to Tientsin reaching it the same day and upon seeing them the Qing and Boxers dispersed into the east. Lou Hoover described the scene of their arrival to Tientsin as such “A good many hundred civilians and a couple of thousand troops sat still and repelled faint hearted charges while 10,000 or 15,000 Chinese troops and 20,000 Boxers plunked shells of all sizes into us for exactly one week without a sound or a word from the outside reaching us. Then the first relief cut their way into us . . . enough to get in but not to do anything more than we could when they got there.” With the Chinese siege lifted momentarily, the lines of communication and supplies from Taku to Tientsin were quickly restored. However Tientsin's battle was nowhere close to be over as the Qing and Boxers would quickly remount their siege. Back over in Beijing the foreign legations work up to their first day of siege on the 21st. The first hours of the siege brought panic, the Austrians from the offset abandoned their isolated legation to fall back upon the French barricades leaving the northeast sector in enemy hands. The next day, Professor Huberty James who had been working with missionaries at the Fu Palace calmly walked up to the north bridge going over the canal. He gave the appearance of someone trying to parley, but Qing troops on the other side shot him dead upon the bridge. They all awaited Seymours rescue party, but it was not to be seen. A letter from Captain McCalla, Seymour's second in command dated June 14th managed to pass through to the American legation. The letter had been written 35 miles from Beijing and whose contents were nothing more than small chat, indicating nothing about when they would arrive. On June 22nd, by 9am the Italians, Austrian, French, German, Japanese, Russian and American detachments suddenly abandoned their positions and frantically ran to the British legation. Three-quarters of the legation quarters defenses were left undefended, including the Fu Palace, which held nearly the entire Chinese christian population that had fled into the legation quarters. Everyone was in a tremendous panic, it turned out a single man had caused it. Captain von Thomann of the Austrian cruiser Zenta whom from the offset of hostilities had been trying to take command of the defenses for the legations went into a panic when he reportedly was told the American legation had to be abandoned by a random American marine. Von Thomann lost his wits at the news and without verifying it to be true began screaming to everyone that all forces east of Canal street had to retreat immediately to the British legation. So yeah, everyone blindly began running. Once everyone figured out what had happened all the troops were ordered to retake their positions, but in the mayhem the Italian legations was already being burnt down. Boxers and Qing forces occupied the allied barricade in the Customs street, but had failed to press their advantage further. Von Thomann was relieved of command and now it was MacDonald in command. MacDonald was an ex-soldier, but held little experience in the guerilla style warfare they faced. MacDonald also had no official control over any non British forces. MacDonald would write orders and give it to the respective ministers who would arrange them to be carried out. It was a terrible system, but it was all they had it seemed. One of MacDonalds first orders was to dispatch the Italian guards who had no legation to guard to help the Japanese with the Fu Palace defenses. If the Fu Palace were to fall, the French, German and Japanese legations would be cut off from the British legation which was the last stronghold. MacDonald took a stock of the legations defenses: over 400 men, 20 officers and 389 men of 8 differing nations. They were supplemented by two bands of armed volunteers. The first were 75 men with some military experience, such as Nigel Oliphant of the Chinese imperial Bank who had served with the Scots Greys, Captain Poole of the East Yorkshire Regiment and Captain Labrousse of the Infanterie de Marine. The second group were more amateurish, titled the carving knife brigade because of their variety of weapons going from elephant rifles to fusil de chasse. Professionals and amateurs alike were all short of ammunition and each nationality used differing weapons with differing types of ammunition making it a nightmare logistically. The legation had only one piece of real artillery, the Italian one pounder and that too held little ammunition. Their lines of defense had shrunk alarmingly after just the second day, they only had 7 legations to defend. The outliers such as the Belgian and Dutch legations had been abandoned at the beginning, the Austrians shortly after and the Italians lost theirs during the Von Thomann confusion. The area they defended was now 700 yards east to west from the Russian and American legations and 750 yards north to south from the Fu Palace and British legation to the north and the Tartar Wall in the south. Sandwiched between these were the Japanese, Spanish and German legations alongside some other buildings. All the legations, excluding the British one, were on Legation street. The Germans and Americans were on the south side of the street overshadowed by the massive Tartar wall. MacDonald knew the Tartar wall had to be held at all cost, if it was taken anyone from its top could lob incendiaries down, spelling doom. The British legation grounds quickly became the place everyone congregated searching for further information, everyone was starved to know what was going on outside. Meanwhile the Chinese Christians were doing their part helping with labor an invaluable aspect to the defenders plight. There was also the issue of having to watch over them, lest the enemy infiltrate using them as cover. The foreigners and Chinese likewise were introduced to the hazard of fire which constantly was an issue. Boxers would toss torches and firecrackers at all hours trying to burn the legations out. It was all to easy for the Boxers to dip rags in kerosene attach it to the end of a long bamboo pole and lit it ablaze. On the 22nd, many buildings in the western sector were lit of fire and it took the defenders a long time to put it out. The first casualty for the British was to be Private Scadding who was shot dead as he stood watch while the fire committee went to work putting out fires. The very next day was the same, the Chinese tried to burn them out again, this time they aimed for the Hanlin Academy just due north of the British legation. Thousands of silk covered books were there, it was a tremendous tragedy to try and burn the place. On the morning of the 23rd, the enemy was spotted running through the four acre compound tossing torches soaked in petrol around. The foreigners were stunned the Chinese would burn such a place, but burn it they did. The fire teams tried to put the flames out, but the Chinese were firing down upon anyone who would go near the academy. Eventually MacDonald sent some royal marines to go through a hole in the wall getting into the academy where firefighting efforts were organized. Scholars among the foreign community were in despair knowing the academic treasures being burnt. Morrison had this to say “the combustible books, the most valuable in the Empire, were thrown in a great heap into the pond round the summer house . . . a heap of debris, timber in ashes, sprinkled with torn leaves, marked the site of the great library of the Middle Kingdom . . . what can we think of a nation that sacrifices its most sacred edifice, the pride and glory of its country and learned men for hundreds of years, in order to be revenged upon foreigners? It was a glorious blaze. The desecration was appalling.” By the night time the fire was still burning as soot covered fire fighters struggled. Other fires were seen that day, the Russo Chinese bank containing 80,000 dollars of cash was burned down, many officials houses alongside it. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The battle for the Taku Forts was won at a small cost, but the battle for Tientsin and Beijing would rage on for many more days. Time was of the essence if the allies were to reach the foreign legations in Beijing to save their countrymen.
Zach sits down with Kevin Cradock!
In 1818 Mary Shelley published her infamous novel, “Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus”. More than just a work of gothic fiction, it represented a host of fears and concerns that the public held after viewing experiments by the natural philosophers of the day. In the same year, in a lecture theatre in Glasgow, the dissection and supposed resurrection of an executed criminal took place. As electrodes were placed on the body, it jumped and danced, its fingers moved “nimbly, like those of a violin player,” all for the amazement of the excited audience members. It was the dawn of electricity and a period of wild experimentation in an age of divisive and dangerous theories. SOURCES Rhys Morus, Iwan (2011) Shocking Bodies: Life, Death & Electricity in Victorian England. The History Press, UK. Oxford University & City Herald (1918) Country News. Oxford University & City Herald, Sat 15 May 1918. p4. Oxford, UK. Oxford University & City Herald (1918) Shocking Murder. Oxford University & City Herald, Sat 15 May 1918. p4. Oxford, UK. Cambridge Chronicle & Journal (1918) Execution of Weems. Cambridge Chronicle & Journal, Fri 13 Aug 1918. p3. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge Chronicle & Journal (1918) Trial For Murder. Cambridge Chronicle & Journal, Fri 6 Aug 1918. p3. Cambridge, UK. Haley, Christopher D., & Archer, Mary D. (2005) The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge: Transformation and Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Mackenzie, Peter (1865) Reminiscences of Glasgow & The West of Scotland. John Tweed, Glasgow, UK. Rhys Morus, Iwan (2009) Radicals, Romantics & Electrical Showmen: Placing Galvanism at the End of The English Enlightenment. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 63, No. 3, Thomas Beddoes, 1760-1808 (20 September 2009), pp. 263-275. Royal Society Publishing, UK. Bostock, John (1818) An account of the history and present state of galvanism. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London, UK ------- This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try at betterhelp.com/darkhistories and get on your way to being your best self. ------- For almost anything, head over to the podcasts hub at darkhistories.com Support the show by using our link when you sign up to Audible: http://audibletrial.com/darkhistories or visit our Patreon for bonus episodes and Early Access: https://www.patreon.com/darkhistories The Dark Histories books are available to buy here: http://author.to/darkhistories Dark Histories merch is available here: https://bit.ly/3GChjk9 Connect with us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/darkhistoriespodcast Or find us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/darkhistories & Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dark_histories/ Or you can contact us directly via email at contact@darkhistories.com or join our Discord community: https://discord.gg/cmGcBFf The Dark Histories Butterfly was drawn by Courtney, who you can find on Instagram @bewildereye Music was recorded by me © Ben Cutmore 2017 Other Outro music was Paul Whiteman & his orchestra with Mildred Bailey - All of me (1931). It's out of copyright now, but if you're interested, that was that.
#kyosho #2022ifmarworlds #miccradock What is going on RC Racing World !! Thars right it's almost time for the World Championships in Spain next week and I am EXCITED!!! Joining me in this special mid week podcast is Kyosho Legend Mic Cradock. Mick has been going to the Worlds since 1990 he has attended every race besides the 2010 worlds in that time period. Thank you mic for his time and giving us a history on this iconic race through his personal experiences, it truly was a delight to talk to him. That's all this pod is nothing else, just a chat with a legend on a Tuesday morning. I hope you guys enjoy it !! NItro Is THe Glory !!! Thank you for the continued Support !! Beach RC Affiliate Thank you to Beach for their support can you please show Beach RC some love and the Podcast love by using our Affiliate link here : https://www.beachrc.com?aff=327 NNRC Discord Please join us in our Discord server to chat more RC : https://discord.gg/2dkeAbNCwe !!!!!!NNRC Squad Thank you guys for the continued support around the world !!!!!!! Patrons of The NNRC Thank you guys for the extra support. We can't do this without you guys so we appreciate the extra support! Follow the NNRC on our Socials: TikTok - @thenonamercpc Email - thenonamercpc@gmail.com YouTube - www.youtube.com/c/TheNoNameRCPodcast House of RC - https://houseofrc.com/organizations/105 LinkTree - https://linktr.ee/TheNoNameRCPodcasRC here: Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/NNRCPodcast Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/TheNoNameRCP... Website - http://nnrcpodcast.com/ Instagram - @nnrcpodcast Thank you to the companies that support the NNRC: Online Setup Course/Book and Set Up App InvisibleSpeed Online Course & Book - https://invisiblespeed.net/ So Dialed Set - Up App - https://www.sodialed.com/ NItro Fuel TNR Fuels - Nitro Fuel - https://www.tnrfuels.com/ Servos And Chargers Hitec RCD - Servos and Chargers - https://www.hitecrcd.com/ RDX 2 Pro Charger https://hitecrcd.com/products/chargers/acdc-chargers/rdx2-pro-high-power-dual-port-acdc-charger/product 9381TH Servo https://hitecrcd.com/products/servos/digital/brushless-digital/hsb-9381th/product Hobby Shop Beach RC - Hobby Shop - https://www.beachrc.com?/aff=327-Beach 1/8th Buggy & Truggies Mayako 1/8th Racing Buggies & Truggies - https://shop.mayako.com/-Mayako Tekno RC - 1/8th Racing Buggies & Truggies - https://www.teknorc.com RC Tires Lugz Racing Tires (coupon Code NNRCLUGZ to save $$) https://www.lugzracing.com/ Racing Batteries 1s 2s 4s Supadow USA shop.sunpadowusa.com Charge Leads G Spec RC Tuning Custom Charge Leads (save 10% with code LEFTY10) https://g-specrctuning.com/ RC Accessories Klinik RC - https://klinikrc.com/ Tire Sauce Papa Willys Traxion Tonic cures poor traction! (save 10% use code NNRC) https://papawillys.net Get Pitted with the Command Module RaceCraft USA (save 10% with code NNRCSQUAD) https://www.racecraft-usa.com RC Community House of RC - join the fastest growing online community. https://houseofrc.com/ RCGP World Series of RC The First Ever World series of RC Racing RCGP Youtube -https://youtu.be/mLzlVF8VFo8 Website - https://www.rc-gp.com/ Jared Tebo's Shop JTPRC Teebs shop check out his engines, servos and oils - https://www.shopjtp.com/ David Ronnefalk's Shop The Vikings online shop - https://ronnefalkracing.com/ Alexander HagBerg's YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY51le0eT4tDmOgtZiAqFsg Max Mort's YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/MaxM%C3%B6rt JQ's YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/JQRacingTV RC Kevin's Facebook - - https://www.facebook.com/rckevin24
It had taken twenty years from the initial British landing on the Cape for the occupation to become permanent. So by August 1814, following the first abdication of Napoleon, the Netherlands regained independence with the Prince Orange re-installed as sovereign. The British duly restored some of his colonies to him – but not the Cape. In 1803 Lord Nelson had said the Cape was not essential, but by 1814 this had changed. The problem for the Cape was that colonies were supposed to balance their own budgets – and the British had tried to help this little African back-water by allowing Cape wine growers to import their product into Britain for free. By 1813 sales had risen, and eventually and something that you'd probably be surprised to hear, by the time of the 1820 settlers, 10 percent of all wine drunk in the UK came from the Cape. The big issue was most of this came from Crown lands, run on behalf of the government, not from independents. With such a vast territory, why were the cash receipts from the Cape so low? Sir John Cradock was busy reforming the loan farm system you heard about last episode which was supposed to lead to more productivity and sales as proper leases were signed. Cradock was replaced by Lord Charles Somerset who took up the mantle of this farm improvement campaign. He was a descendent of the Plantagenet kings, and had lived a comfortable life at a place called Badmington. Somerset had also proved that soldiering in drawing rooms was safer and more profitable than actually doing any fighting. Somerset travelled to the frontier to impose his policy of separation – and summoned Ngqika, Ndlambe, and lesser chiefs to meet him on the banks of the Kat River – the same place by the way that VOC governor Janssens had met Ngqika in 1802.
It had taken twenty years from the initial British landing on the Cape for the occupation to become permanent. So by August 1814, following the first abdication of Napoleon, the Netherlands regained independence with the Prince Orange re-installed as sovereign. The British duly restored some of his colonies to him – but not the Cape. In 1803 Lord Nelson had said the Cape was not essential, but by 1814 this had changed. The problem for the Cape was that colonies were supposed to balance their own budgets – and the British had tried to help this little African back-water by allowing Cape wine growers to import their product into Britain for free. By 1813 sales had risen, and eventually and something that you'd probably be surprised to hear, by the time of the 1820 settlers, 10 percent of all wine drunk in the UK came from the Cape. The big issue was most of this came from Crown lands, run on behalf of the government, not from independents. With such a vast territory, why were the cash receipts from the Cape so low? Sir John Cradock was busy reforming the loan farm system you heard about last episode which was supposed to lead to more productivity and sales as proper leases were signed. Cradock was replaced by Lord Charles Somerset who took up the mantle of this farm improvement campaign. He was a descendent of the Plantagenet kings, and had lived a comfortable life at a place called Badmington. Somerset had also proved that soldiering in drawing rooms was safer and more profitable than actually doing any fighting. Somerset travelled to the frontier to impose his policy of separation – and summoned Ngqika, Ndlambe, and lesser chiefs to meet him on the banks of the Kat River – the same place by the way that VOC governor Janssens had met Ngqika in 1802.
Plenty of things to help you relax this week: a tea-warming mug, a biodegradable candle, pasta and an atmospheric album. Please send us your recommendations to our instagram @makingthecutpodcast. Nourish and Nature - https://www.nourishandnatureuk.com/Ember Cup - https://ember.com/products/ember-mug-2Oh My Gum - https://www.ohmygum.com/Good Head - https://www.amazon.co.uk/GoodHead-Mouth-Spray-Sweet-Strawberry/dp/B00PBGPGMKJacob Collier - https://www.jacobcollier.com/Ocean Colour Scene - https://www.oceancolourscene.com/A Soundtrack to an Imaginary Movie - https://www.roughtrade.com/gb/steve-cradock/a-soundtrack-to-an-imaginary-movieJustin Hawkins - https://twitter.com/JustinHawkinsTiny Habits - https://www.instagram.com/tinyhabitsofficial/?hl=enYorkshire Pasta Company - https://www.yorkshirepasta.co.uk/No Alcohol Guinness - https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/products/307751279Quirky Gift Bags - https://www.instagram.com/quirkygiftbags/Midnight Meets - https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08pm9sl/episodes/downloadsLiz Earle Podcast - https://lizearlewellbeing.com/category/podcast/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.
In episode #87 of The XS Noize Podcast, Mark Millar catches up with Ocean Colour Scene guitarist Steve Cradock to talk about his new solo project, ‘A Soundtrack To An Imaginary Movie'. Following the success of his three previous solo albums, ‘The Kundalini Target' (2009), ‘Peace City West' (2011) and ‘Travel Wild – Travel Free' (2013), Steve Cradock reveals a different side to his musical talents with a new instrumental LP drawing on jazz, folk, classical and film soundtrack influences. In this interview, Steve Cradock talks about making the album, his favourite soundtracks, Ocean Colour Scene, and lots more.
This is episode 66 – it's late 1811 and Sir John Cradock has just dispatched Lieutenant Colonel John Graham into the eastern Cape frontier to rid the Zuurveld of the amaXhosa. Cradock suffered from none of his predecessors inhibition against taking military action. This did not reflect a change of policy in London – in fact, far from it. As you'll hear next podcast he was subsequently reprimanded by the government and sharply reminded that his main aim was to keep all the troops available for the defence of Cape Town. But the colonists applauded him, along with Major Jacob Cuyler the Uitenhage landdrost. As you heard last episode, by December Graham had assembled 167 light dragoons, 221 infantry of the line, 431 men of the Cape Regiment and a detachment of Royal Artillery. His troops were joined by 450 mounter burgher volunteers on commando and about 500 of their agteryers. Anders Stockenstrom, the landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, had been posted north of the Zuurveld with the trekboers, just beyond the Zuurveld proper, in order to defend Bruintje's Hoogte and its farms. When he received Graham's message on the night of 27th, he questioned the wisdom of concentrating all the British firepower on the thickets.
This is episode 66 – it's late 1811 and Sir John Cradock has just dispatched Lieutenant Colonel John Graham into the eastern Cape frontier to rid the Zuurveld of the amaXhosa. Cradock suffered from none of his predecessors inhibition against taking military action. This did not reflect a change of policy in London – in fact, far from it. As you'll hear next podcast he was subsequently reprimanded by the government and sharply reminded that his main aim was to keep all the troops available for the defence of Cape Town. But the colonists applauded him, along with Major Jacob Cuyler the Uitenhage landdrost. As you heard last episode, by December Graham had assembled 167 light dragoons, 221 infantry of the line, 431 men of the Cape Regiment and a detachment of Royal Artillery. His troops were joined by 450 mounter burgher volunteers on commando and about 500 of their agteryers. Anders Stockenstrom, the landdrost of Graaff-Reinet, had been posted north of the Zuurveld with the trekboers, just beyond the Zuurveld proper, in order to defend Bruintje's Hoogte and its farms. When he received Graham's message on the night of 27th, he questioned the wisdom of concentrating all the British firepower on the thickets.
This is episode 65 and we'll spend time with the amaXhosa, and hear about Lieutenant Colonel John Graham. I mentioned last episode that he was going to introduce what he would call a proper degree of terror in the Zuurveld where the British adopted an ethnic cleansing campaign in 1811 and 1812. All the important players in this terrible drama have been met – Jacob Cuyler the Uitenhage landdrost, Governor Cradock, Ngqika, Ndlambe, Chungwa of the Gqunukhwebe, Stockenstrom of Graaff-Reinet. So when Cradock, who'd been dispatched to southern Africa after being removed as commander of the English forces in the Spanish Peninsular, decided to launch his own military excursion, he believed the might of the European musket and military would easily overcome the amaXhosa. It was now a matter of selecting someone to bring what he called “the horrible savages” to order. Jacob Cuyler was first on the list as the landdrost in the Zuurveld, and a former military man himself. He had experience of the area and was initially thought of as the likely candidate to lead an operation of this kind. Instead, Cradock selected Lieutenant Colonel John Graham. The Governor had only been in the Cape for three weeks and wanted to personally brief the officer involved – and was also aware of the propensity for the colonials on the frontier to default to cattle raiding instead of conducting a proper war. Because he was in a rush and there would have been no time to head off to Uitenhage, or to have Cuyler come to Cape Town for a briefing, that meant John Graham got the job. Between 1793 and 1811, Chungwa had managed to negotiate the thorny relationship with three different colonial governments, and with the trekboers. In the 1780s Chungwa and his father Tshaka had firmly established the area between the Fish and the Sunday's Rivers as Gqunukhwebe territory. Just for orientation, the Sunday's River flows into Algoa Bay near Port Elizabeth, or Gqeberha as we call it today.
This is episode 65 and we'll spend time with the amaXhosa, and hear about Lieutenant Colonel John Graham. I mentioned last episode that he was going to introduce what he would call a proper degree of terror in the Zuurveld where the British adopted an ethnic cleansing campaign in 1811 and 1812. All the important players in this terrible drama have been met – Jacob Cuyler the Uitenhage landdrost, Governor Cradock, Ngqika, Ndlambe, Chungwa of the Gqunukhwebe, Stockenstrom of Graaff-Reinet. So when Cradock, who'd been dispatched to southern Africa after being removed as commander of the English forces in the Spanish Peninsular, decided to launch his own military excursion, he believed the might of the European musket and military would easily overcome the amaXhosa. It was now a matter of selecting someone to bring what he called “the horrible savages” to order. Jacob Cuyler was first on the list as the landdrost in the Zuurveld, and a former military man himself. He had experience of the area and was initially thought of as the likely candidate to lead an operation of this kind. Instead, Cradock selected Lieutenant Colonel John Graham. The Governor had only been in the Cape for three weeks and wanted to personally brief the officer involved – and was also aware of the propensity for the colonials on the frontier to default to cattle raiding instead of conducting a proper war. Because he was in a rush and there would have been no time to head off to Uitenhage, or to have Cuyler come to Cape Town for a briefing, that meant John Graham got the job. Between 1793 and 1811, Chungwa had managed to negotiate the thorny relationship with three different colonial governments, and with the trekboers. In the 1780s Chungwa and his father Tshaka had firmly established the area between the Fish and the Sunday's Rivers as Gqunukhwebe territory. Just for orientation, the Sunday's River flows into Algoa Bay near Port Elizabeth, or Gqeberha as we call it today.
This is episode 64 and we've rejoined Lieutenant colonel Richard Collins and Governor Caledon in Cape Town. If you remember last episode we heard about Collins' military intelligence gathering trip to the eastern Frontier.He'd returned with two main ideas about what to do about the amaXhosa still living in the Zuurveld. His report of 6th August 1809 is another one of those key moments in South African history. In response, Caledons first initiative was to setup a mechanism to regulate the employment of the Khoekhoe labour force called the Hottentot Proclamation of November 1809. The Caledon Code as it became known decreed that work-contracts had to be drawn up before a magistrate, thus according the Khoekhoe some form of legal protection from exploitation. But this was negated almost immediately by the fine print – that the Khoekhoe had to register a fixed place of abode which forbid their movement without a certificate issued by a landdrost. The pass system's first proper installation was at hand. This meant the Khoekhoe had to live and work on farms which meant they could no longer live the life they'd been used to roaming about on the landscape which they'd done for thousands of years. However, Caledon was loathe to enforce Collin's second proposal. In the interest of preserving peace in the eastern districts, all future contact between colonists and amaXhosa would be prevented by expelling all amaXhosa beyond the Fish River. And he went further. As some former VOC and British officials had suggested, he wanted a rigid boundary backed up by powerful fortifications along the river. Lord Caledon's response was negative -but he had also resigned. And now, at this crucial juncture, a new Governor arrived. Lieutenant-General Sir John Cradock with one D disembarked in Cape Town on 5th September 1811. It took him only three weeks to declare war on the amaXhosa. He was a man of action, a military man, and he was being advised by fellow soldiers.
This is episode 64 and we've rejoined Lieutenant colonel Richard Collins and Governor Caledon in Cape Town. If you remember last episode we heard about Collins' military intelligence gathering trip to the eastern Frontier.He'd returned with two main ideas about what to do about the amaXhosa still living in the Zuurveld. His report of 6th August 1809 is another one of those key moments in South African history. In response, Caledons first initiative was to setup a mechanism to regulate the employment of the Khoekhoe labour force called the Hottentot Proclamation of November 1809. The Caledon Code as it became known decreed that work-contracts had to be drawn up before a magistrate, thus according the Khoekhoe some form of legal protection from exploitation. But this was negated almost immediately by the fine print – that the Khoekhoe had to register a fixed place of abode which forbid their movement without a certificate issued by a landdrost. The pass system's first proper installation was at hand. This meant the Khoekhoe had to live and work on farms which meant they could no longer live the life they'd been used to roaming about on the landscape which they'd done for thousands of years. However, Caledon was loathe to enforce Collin's second proposal. In the interest of preserving peace in the eastern districts, all future contact between colonists and amaXhosa would be prevented by expelling all amaXhosa beyond the Fish River. And he went further. As some former VOC and British officials had suggested, he wanted a rigid boundary backed up by powerful fortifications along the river. Lord Caledon's response was negative -but he had also resigned. And now, at this crucial juncture, a new Governor arrived. Lieutenant-General Sir John Cradock with one D disembarked in Cape Town on 5th September 1811. It took him only three weeks to declare war on the amaXhosa. He was a man of action, a military man, and he was being advised by fellow soldiers.
The following twitter post accompanies this episode of The Cradock Four.https://mobile.twitter.com/valavoosh/status/1276826105740169218The historian, Zikhona Valela, joins us to talk about the Cradock Four and, more specifically, misinformation around the supposed famous photo of the Cradock Four. Zikhona tells the story of the four men who were murdered on June 27th, 1985. How did it happen that two of the four men, and the trauma of their families, were actually erased from the historical record? Why do we continue sharing convenient narratives that are, on closer inspection, inaccurate and untrue? Zikhona helps us to piece together some of the missing parts of the Cradock Four. We also consider some of the failures of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).Some of the questions asked:Who were Matthew Goniwe, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkhonto and Sicelo Mhlauli?What motivated Zikhona to fight misconceptions about the past?Is the South African public apathetic about their past?How should we go about dispelling misinformation about the past?What is missing from the conventional narrative of the Cradock Four?How do we do the story of the Cradock Four justice?Is the 1980s a turning point in South African history?How did the United Democratic Front (UDF) come into existence?Is the murders of Sparrow Mkhonto and Sicelo Mhlauli a case of mistaken identity?How does the supposed photo of the Cradock Four perpetuate a false narrative?How did it happen that Mbulelo Goniwe and Madoda Jacob were erased from history?Who took the photograph of the Cradock Four? When was it taken?The importance of crediting photographersWhat did the families of the Cradock Four know before truths were revealed at the TRC?Would the truth about the Cradock Four have come to light without the perpetrators testifying before the TRC?Why did the Mbeki government not proceed with TRC recommendations?Why was the late 1980s and early 1990s more violent than earlier decades?Why would some people think of Nelson Mandela as a sell-out?What were some of the failures of the TRC?What should the lesson be that we take from the story of the Cradock Four?Follow Zikhona Valela on twitter @valavoosh. Send questions and suggestions to William H Palk at @WilliamHPalk and Colin du Plessis at @C_duPlessis.Support the show (https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=Q8KGSAT37YCPA&source=url)
It's early Spring 1901 and in England there are now serious doubts about how the British Army is going about its campaign in South Africa. Winston Churchill had been elected as an MP for Oldham partly because of his fame as a survivor of a Boer prisoner of war camp. He took issue with the manner in which the war office under Brodrick was going conducting itself in South Africa - it alarmed Churchill. He believed the military policy was wrong. It had started back on the 12 March 1901 - three weeks after Churchill's maiden speech in parliament. Now the future British Prime Minister was involved in a series of debates over the army. Yet, by May Churchill began to oppose what he thought of as a mistaken policy, both in South Africa, and generally by the war office. The main idea presented by Brodrick was that the British army should be modelled on the Continental example. He wanted it bigger in order to respond more effectively to acute crisis situations. Such as the outbreak of war in South Africa. Churchill thought this was a bad half baked idea, and said so. He said it was contrary to the nature of the British to have a large standing army. Both sides debated about the Anglo-Boer war, with Brodrick believing that the small size of the army in Africa had meant the war had lacked progress - at least from the British point of view. Churchill said the problem in South Africa was not the number of British soldiers, there were other reasons including a lack of horses and failure to manage logistics amongst others. Don't forget that Churchill was a conservative and his attack on Brodrick didn't go down well with his party. By Mid-July Churchill had formed a parliamentary faction with four other young conservatives known as the Hughligans, alluding to its leader, Lord Hugh Cecil. The group held weekly debates, separate from their party. This began to sharpen Churchill's mind still further, and he slowly shifted his political allegiance to the left both on the issue of the war in South Africa. Not that he supported the Boers, he fully supported Chamberlain the prime minister and Alfred Milner, the High Commissioner in South Africa. At the same time, individual officers were showing how they could lead a proper response to the Boers when given the freedom to do so. One was Colonel Harry Scobell of the 9th Lancers who was about to crush Lotter's commando at Groenkloof farm in the Tanjesburg mountains between Graaff-Reinet and Cradock in the Eastern Cape.
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