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In this two-part episode, we discuss incentives in science and academia. We discuss the various incentives in science, including recognition, citations, money, and the kick in the discovery. Shownotes Cole, S., & Cole, J. R. (1967). Scientific output and recognition: a study in the operation of the reward system in science. American Sociological Review, 377–390. Crane, D. (1965). Scientists at major and minor universities: A study of productivity and recognition. American Sociological Review, 699–714. Merton, R. K. (1963). Resistance to the systematic study of multiple discoveries in science. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 4(2), 237–282. Stephan, P. (2015). How economics shapes science. Harvard University Press. Tal Yarkoni - No, it's not The Incentives—it's you Tom Leher - Lobachevsky (1953)
The use of stimulants during WWII is no secret, but in the last decade, there has been a lot of discussion and analysis of it. Just how significant was drug use in Nazi Germany, and how did the Allies compare? Research: Ackermann, Paul. “Les soldats nazis dopés à la méthamphétamine pour rester concentrés.” HuffPost France. June 4, 2013. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/les-soldats-nazis-dopes-a-la-methamphetamine-pour-rester-concentres_19714.html Andreas, Peter. “How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy.” Time. Jan. 7, 2020. https://time.com/5752114/nazi-military-drugs/ Blakemore, Erin. “A Speedy History of America’s Addiction to Amphetamine.” Smithsonian. Oct. 27, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/speedy-history-americas-addiction-amphetamine-180966989/ Boeck, Gisela, and Vera Koester. “Who Was the First to Synthesize Methamphetamine?” Chemistry Views. https://www.chemistryviews.org/9-who-first-synthesized-methamphetamine/ “Ephedra.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.” https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ephedra Eghigian, Greg, PhD. “A Methamphetamine Dictatorship? Hitler, Nazi Germany, and Drug Abuse.” Psychiatric Times. June 23, 2016. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/methamphetamine-dictatorship-hitler-nazi-germany-and-drug-abuse Garber, Megan, “‘Pilot’s Salt’: The Third Reich Kept Its Soldiers Alert With Meth.” The Atlantic. May 31, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/pilots-salt-the-third-reich-kept-its-soldiers-alert-with-meth/276429/ Gifford, Bill. “The Scientific AmericanGuide to Cheating in the Olympics.” Scientific American. August 5, 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-scientific-american-guide-to-cheating-in-the-olympics/ Gorvett, Zaria. “The Drug Pilots Take to Stay Awake.” BBC. March 14, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240314-the-drug-pilots-take-to-stay-awake Grinspoon, Lester. “The speed culture : amphetamine use and abuse in America.” Harvard University Press. 1975. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/speedcultureamph0000grin_n3i0/mode/1up Gupta, Raghav et al. “Understanding the Influence of Parkinson Disease on Adolf Hitler's Decision-Making during World War II.” World Neurosurgery. Volume 84, Issue 5. 2015. Pages 1447-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.014. Hurst, Fabienne. “The German Granddaddy of Crystal Meth.” Spiegel. Dec. 23, 2013. https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/crystal-meth-origins-link-back-to-nazi-germany-and-world-war-ii-a-901755.html Isenberg, Madison. “Volksdrogen: The Third Reich Powered by Methamphetamine.” The Macksey Journal. University of Texas at Tyler. Volume 4, Article 21. 2023. https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=senior_projects Laskow, Sarah. “Brewing Bad: The All-Natural Origins of Meth.” The Atlantic. Oct. 3, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/brewing-bad-the-all-natural-origins-of-meth/381045/ Lee, Ella. “Fact check: Cocaine in Coke? Soda once contained drug but likely much less than post claims.” USA Today. July 25, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/07/25/fact-check-coke-once-contained-cocaine-but-likely-less-than-claimed/8008325002/ Leite, Fagner Carvalho et al. “Curine, an alkaloid isolated from Chondrodendron platyphyllum inhibits prostaglandin E2 in experimental models of inflammation and pain.” Planta medica 80,13 (2014): 1072-8. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1382997 Meyer, Ulrich. “Fritz hauschild (1908-1974) and drug research in the 'German Democratic Republic' (GDR).” Die Pharmazie 60 6 (2005): 468-72. Natale, Fabian. “Pervitin: how drugs transformed warfare in 1939-45.” Security Distillery. May 6, 2020. https://thesecuritydistillery.org/all-articles/pervitin-how-drugs-transformed-warfare-in-1939-45 Ohler, Norman. “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich.” Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2017. Rasmussen, Nicolas. “Medical Science and the Military: The Allies’ Use of Amphetamine during World War II.” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 42, no. 2, 2011, pp. 205–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41291190 “Reich Minister of Health Dr. Leonardo Conti Speaks with Hitler’s Personal Physician, Dr. Karl Brandt (August 1, 1942).” German History in Documents and Images. https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/nazi-germany-1933-1945/reich-minister-of-health-dr-leonardo-conti-speaks-with-hitler-s-personal-physician-dr-karl-brandt-august-1-1942 Schwarcz, Joe. “The Right Chemistry: Once a weapon, methamphetamine is now a target.” Oct. 1, 2021. https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/the-right-chemistry-once-a-weapon-methamphetamine-is-now-a-target Snelders, Stephen and Toine Pieters. “Speed in the Third Reich: Metamphetamine (Pervitin) Use and a Drug History From Below.” Social History of Medicine. Volume 24, Issue 3. December 2011. Pages 686–699. https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkq101 “Stimulant Pervitin.” Deutschland Museum. https://www.deutschlandmuseum.de/en/collection/stimulant-pervitin/ Tinsley, Grant. “Ephedra (Ma Huang): Weight Loss, Dangers, and Legal Status.” Helthline. March 14, 2019. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ephedra-sinica See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
In this two-part episode, we discuss incentives in science and academia. We discuss the various incentives in science, including recognition, citations, money, and the kick in the discovery. Shownotes Cole, S., & Cole, J. R. (1967). Scientific output and recognition: a study in the operation of the reward system in science. American Sociological Review, 377–390. Crane, D. (1965). Scientists at major and minor universities: A study of productivity and recognition. American Sociological Review, 699–714. Merton, R. K. (1963). Resistance to the systematic study of multiple discoveries in science. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 4(2), 237–282. Stephan, P. (2015). How economics shapes science. Harvard University Press.
Avec Dre LiAnna Carusone et Dre Marie-Frédérique Paré, résidentes en pédiatrie, et Dr Louis-Philippe Thibault-Lemyre, pédiatre et clinicien-chercheur avec un intérêt en éducation médicale, nous allons:définir ce qu'est la pédagogie en sciences de la santé;décrire le mode de fonctionnement d'une unité d'hospitalisation d'enseignement clinique;discuter du concept de sécurité psychologique dans un environnement clinique d'apprentissage.Références:Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., III, & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make it stick: The science of successful learning. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Université de San Francisco. Andragogy vs. Pedagogy: Understanding Teaching Approaches in Medical Education. Californie (2025). Disponible: https://libraryhelp.ucsf.edu/hc/en-us/articles/29431579339799-Andragogy-vs-Pedagogy-Understanding-Teaching-Approaches-in-Medical-Education Renaud, K., Guillemette, F., & Leblanc, C. (2016). Tenir compte de la « zone proche de développement » des étudiants dans son enseignement. Le Tableau, 5(1). En ligne : https://docutheque.uquebec.ca/id/eprint/70/1/tableau_v5_n1_zpd_0.pdfTsuei SH, Lee D, Ho C, Regehr G, Nimmon L. Exploring the Construct of Psychological Safety in Medical Education. Acad Med. 2019 Nov;94(11S Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions):S28-S35.Gouvernement du Canada. La sécurité psychologique en contexte d'apprentissage (2025). Disponible: https://www.canada.ca/fr/ministere-defense-nationale/services/conduite-et-culture/formation-et-education/securite-psychologique/securite-psychologique-contexte-apprentissage.html Bump GM, Cladis FP. Psychological Safety in Medical Education, Another Challenge to Tackle? J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Jan;40(1):41-45. Thibault LP, Luu TM, Huot C, Cardinal G, Carrière B, Du Pont A, Moussa A. (2020). Residents as research subjects: balancing resident education and contribution to advancing educational innovations. Canadian Medical Education Journal 11(2):e-59Centre de pédagogie appliquée aux sciences de la santé. Formations offertes par le CPASS: https://cpass.umontreal.ca/formation/formations-offertes/cce/Herling F. La zone proximale de développement. HEC. https://ernest.hec.ca/video/DAIP/pdf/Zone_Proximale_de_Developpement.PDFAudétat, MC. et coll. Difficultés de raisonnement clinique. CPASSS. Université de Montréal.Les invité(e)s et l'animatrice ne déclarent aucun conflit d'intérêt. Idée originale, réalisation, animation et gestion des réseaux sociaux: Émilie Roy-St-PierreCaptation et montage: Antoine Palardy, technicien en audiovisuel (depuis octobre 2025) et Philippe Lacroix (janvier 2024 à octobre 2025), spécialiste en audiovisuelConseillère en communication: Pascale Chatagnier (depuis mai 2025) ; Katrine Louis-Seize (janvier 2024 à mai 2025)Technopédagogue: Carl-Philippe Sauvé (depuis janvier 2026)Logo: Équipe des communications et du graphisme du CHU Sainte-JustineMusique: Samuel RossCollègues, ami(e)s et famille, merci pour votre précieux soutien. © mgparkilo 2026 Merci pour l'écoute! Allez mettre une réaction sur vos épisodes préférés, partagez la bonne nouvelle sur Facebook/Instagram et abonnez-vous pour ne rien manquer
A partir de 2026 este podcast va a estar disponible en Spotify únicamente en audio.Si querés ver mi contenido con imagen, sigo publicando en mi canal de YouTube:
Romulus and Remus have been ejected into the Tiber by their granduncle/possibly father Amulius- but Fate has other plans. The boys wash up near a fig tree and survive by getting suckled by a she-wolf- all of which spells bad news for Amulius of Alba Longa...Sources for this episode:Boitani, L., Phillips, M. & Jhala, Y. V. ( 2023) Canis lupus (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T3746A247624660. Dio (1961), Dio's Roman History (Volume I). Translated by E. Cary. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Eutropius (1760), Eutropius; Epitome of the Roman History. London: Printed for W. Johnston et al.Livy (1971), The Early History of Rome. Translated by A. de Sélincourt. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Plutarch (1938), Plutarch's Lives (Volume I). London and New York: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. And E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc.Sextus Aurelius Victor (2004), Origo Gentis Romanae: The Origin of the Roman Race. Translated by K. Haniszewski, L. Karas, K. Koch, E. Parobek, C. Pratt and B. Serwicki. Canisius College Translated Texts 3. Canisius College, Buffalo, New York.Author unknown (date unknown), Nuremberg Chronicle: being the Liber Chronicarum of Dr. Hartmann translated in English. Morse Library, Beloit College.
This is Part 9 in a series celebrating the 40th Anniversary of Harvard University Press' 1985 publication of Richard A. Epstein's "Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain." We continue our celebration of this anniversary with a fair use and transformative reading, continuing and now finishing chapter 4 in a new section which Richard calls ""Takings Prima Facia," which makes the analogy between private law takings in the common law harm tradition and the public law takings where the government is a defendant. He titles chapter "Takings and Torts," because he's taking a look at political philosophy and the American constitutional order, how these things interact using argument by analogy with the common law/private law tradition, ensconced as it is in the purpose of the Constitution. That moral purpose is the protection of individual liberty against claims by a simple majority in a democracy, or by the government in a taking of private property. Today we discuss the subsections of Proximate Causation and Consequential Damages from pp. 47 to the end of the chapter on p. 56. At the end, this episode concludes with a reading of Psalm 33 in the NASB version. Excellent stuff here. Excellent. Every college student should read this book. It's a superb introduction to the political philosophy of the American regime. Praise the Lord. We'd like to thank Harvard University Press for making this material available and Richard Epstein for writing it. Make sure you buy the book and follow along. It's very important for you to have your own copy on your own bookshelf, and to begin to master this material. Support your local book dealer. See if they have a copy of it, or if they'd mind keeping an eye out for you. I always encourage buying physical books, objects you can have, hold, cherish, learn from, display on your bookshelf as a topic of conversation, things you can pass on to the next generation with your notes in them, things that do not depend upon electricity. Toward that end: Go to Harvard University Press for more selections available for purchase. Please support the publisher and your local booksellers. The Republican Professor is a pro-correctly-contemplating-property-rights podcast. The Republican Professor is produced and hosted by Dr. Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. Warmly, Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. The Republican Professor Podcast The Republican Professor Newsletter on Substack https://therepublicanprofessor.substack.com/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/podcast/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/articles/ YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheRepublicanProfessor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheRepublicanProfessor Twitter: @RepublicanProf Instagram: @the_republican_professor
Wir springen ins Jahr 1241. Mongolenheere haben bereits die kämpfenden Eliten Osteuropas ausgeschaltet, stehen nun kurz davor, Wien einzunehmen. Doch dann kommt alles ganz anders. Wir sprechen in dieser Folge über das Jahrzehnt zwischen 1241 und 1251, und die Rolle, die drei mongolische Herrscherwitwen in dieser Zeit spielen. Es geht um interne Machtkämpfe, eine Neuausrichtung des Reichs und weshalb wir jene Witwen als die Architektinnen dieser Neuausrichtung betrachten können. // Erwähnte Folgen - GAG429: Der Eimerkrieg – https://gadg.fm/429 - GAG190: Die Assassinen – https://gadg.fm/190 // Literatur - Ala Ad Din Ata Malik Juvaini, Übersetzung: John Andrew Boyle. The history of the world-changing conqueror. Harvard University Press, 1958. - Broadbridge, Anne F. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization: Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2018. - Bruno de Nicola. Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. - Friar Giovanni diPlano Carpini. The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars. 2005. - Göckenjahn, Sweeney. Der Mongolensturm. Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen 1235-1250. Styria Verlag, 1985. - Jack Weatherford. The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire. Crown, 2010. - James Chambers. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979. - Peter Jackson. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. Ashgate Publishing. 1990. - Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb Übersetzung: J.A. Boyle. The Successors Of Genghis Khan. Columbia University Press. 1971. Das Episodenbild zeigt Königin Sorghaghtani in einer Darstellung aus dem frühen 14. Jahrhundert. //Aus unserer Werbung Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte: https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte //Geschichten aus der Geschichte jetzt auch als Brettspiel! Werkelt mit uns am Flickerlteppich! Gibt es dort, wo es auch Becher, T-Shirts oder Hoodies zu kaufen gibt: https://geschichte.shop // Wir sind jetzt auch bei CampfireFM! Wer direkt in Folgen kommentieren will, Zusatzmaterial und Blicke hinter die Kulissen sehen will: einfach die App installieren und unserer Community beitreten: https://www.joincampfire.fm/podcasts/22 //Wir haben auch ein Buch geschrieben: Wer es erwerben will, es ist überall im Handel, aber auch direkt über den Verlag zu erwerben: https://www.piper.de/buecher/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte-isbn-978-3-492-06363-0 Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf Steady oder ein Abo des GeschichteFM-Plus Kanals auf Apple Podcasts tun. Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei Apple Podcasts oder wo auch immer dies möglich ist rezensiert oder bewertet. Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt! Du möchtest Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Dann erfahre hier mehr über die Werbemöglichkeiten bei Seven.One Audio: https://www.seven.one/portfolio/sevenone-audio
In this episode we explore The Theophanic Replacement Protocol, a forensic model explaining the formation of normative Christian orthodoxy through a coordinated, multi-phase program of theological, literary, and physical overwriting. Central to this model is the spiritual identity theft of God Our Father. The persona of “Yahweh” - characterized by violence, tribalism, and conditional law - was systematically grafted onto the biography of the true God of grace revealed by Jesus. Our roundtable discusses five evidentiary strata: 1) The traditio-historical datum of the 29 AD Eclipse-Seismic Theophany; 2) The textual witness of the primitive Evangelion and Apostolikon; 3) A characterological antithesis proving Yahweh's incompatibility with the Father; 4) The material evidence of the Diocletian Persecution's targeted destruction; and 5) The archival dependency of later orthodoxy on Marcionite sources. We also discuss how the Protocol culminated in a Damnatio Memoriae against the primary stratum, erasing its physical texts and memory, allowing a synthetic, Yahwistic Christianity to emerge as the sole historical narrative.Notes:Journal of Pre-Nicene Christian Studieshttps://journal.pre-nicene.org/TheophanicReplacementProtocol.htmlISSN: 3068-8469 December, 2025DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17964659ReferencesBarnes, T. D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Harvard University Press.BeDuhn, J. D. (2013). The First New Testament: Marcion's Scriptural Canon. PolebridgePress.Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. (12th cent.). Codex Vaticanus Arch. B. S. Pietro A 3 (Vat.lat. 214664). Digital Vatican Library. https://digi.vatlib.it/mss/detail/214664The Canons of the Council of Nicaea (325 CE). In Schaff, P., & Wace, H. (Eds.), *Nicene andPost-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 14.*Lactantius. (c. 313-315 CE). On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De MortibusPersecutorum).The Very First Bible. https://theveryfirstbible.orgLe Bas, P., & Waddington, W. H. (1870). Inscriptions grecques et latines recueillies enGrèce et en Asie Mineure (Vol. 3, Inscription 2558).Roth, D. T. (2015). The Text of Marcion's Gospel. Brill.Tertullian. (c. 207-212 CE). Against Marcion (Adversus Marcionem).Marcionite Church. https://marcionitechurch.orgPrimary Source Tradition:Marcionite Church (2020). The Very First Bible: The Evangelion and Apostolikon (ISBN 978-0578641591).
Last summer, Nicholas Morrow Williams published a book about Tian Wen ("Heavenly Questions") that I discussed in a previous podcast. The title of the book is Dialogues in the Dark: Interpreting “Heavenly Questions” across Two Millennia and was published by Harvard University Press. I am still working up to my podcast about Transcendental Whistling; the pursuit has taken me down some interesting side paths. I hope you don't mind.I present to you a rhymed, simplified version of "Heavenly Questions," translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang.You can read along here:https://www.cjvlang.com/Pfloyd/quyuan.html
The period from 1550 to 1700 was critical in the development of slavery across the English Atlantic world. During this time, English discourse about slavery revolved around one central question: How could free persons be made into slaves? John Samuel Harpham shows that English authors found answers to this question in a tradition of ideas that stretched back to the ancient world, where they were most powerfully expressed in Roman law. These ideas, in turn, became the basis for the earliest defenses of American slavery. The Roman tradition had located the main source of slavery in war: enslavement was the common fate of captives who otherwise faced execution. In early modern England, this account was incorporated into studies of the common law and influential natural rights theories by the likes of Hugo Grotius and John Locke. When Europeans started to publish firsthand accounts of Africa in the sixteenth century, these reports were thus received into a culture saturated with Roman ideas. Over time, English observers started to assert that the common customs of enslavement among the nations of Africa fit within the Roman model. Englishmen had initially expressed reluctance to take part in the Atlantic slave trade. But once assured that the slave trade could be traced back to customs they understood to be legitimate, they proved keen to profit from it. An eloquent account of the moral logic that propelled the development of an immoral institution, John Samuel Harpham's The Intellectual Origins of American Slavery (Harvard University Press, 2025) reveals the power of an overlooked tradition of ideas in the history of human bondage. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies
With the reign of Proca in the rear view mirror, we turn our attention to his two sons- Numitor and Amulius. A murderous plot and a usurpation leads to a young woman being condemned to a life as a Vestal Virgin. However, that doesn't stop her getting pregnant somehow. Oh well, let's put those twin boys in the Tiber...Sources for this episode:Appian (1972), Appian's Roman History in Four Volumes (Volume I). London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Dio (1961), Dio's Roman History (Volume I). Translated by E. Cary. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Diodorus of Sicily (1993), The Library of History Books IV.59- VIII. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Dionysus of Halicarnassus (1960), The Roman Antiquities of Dionysus of Halicarnassus. Translated by E. Cary. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd.The Editors, Encyclopedia Britannica (2025), Vestal Virgins (online) (Accessed 15/08/2025).Eutropius (1760), Eutropius; Epitome of the Roman History. London: Printed for W. Johnston et al.Livy (1971), The Early History of Rome. Translated by A. de Sélincourt. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Ovid (1968), The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Translated by M. M. Innes. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Plutarch (1938), Plutarch's Lives (Volume I). London and New York: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. And E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc.Sextus Aurelius Victor (2004), Origo Gentis Romanae: The Origin of the Roman Race. Translated by K. Haniszewski, L. Karas, K. Koch, E. Parobek, C. Pratt and B. Serwicki. Canisius College Translated Texts 3. Canisius College, Buffalo, New York.Author unknown (date unknown), Nuremberg Chronicle: being the Liber Chronicarum of Dr. Hartmann translated in English. Morse Library, Beloit College.
“There's nothing dead about the Indian classics. It's not a revival of anything. It's not a museum piece. I think our classical tradition is alive through the stories our parents and grandparents told us…[and through popular culture]…..but with few exceptions, we don't know about the classics from our neighboring state, right? I always hope that the girl in Chandigarh can read a Mangal Kavya from Bengal, a boy in Patna can read a Telugu classic. Someone sitting in your old hometown, Pune can read Bulleh Shah.”
The Taproot Therapy Podcast - https://www.GetTherapyBirmingham.com
Can Therapists Start a Union? The Antitrust Trap, the Shadow Committee, and the Economic Strangulation of American Psychotherapy Analyzing America's Healthcare Regulations and Their Effect on Us: Why the Law Prevents Therapists from Organizing While Allowing a Private Committee to Fix Prices for the Entire Medical System https://gettherapybirmingham.com/can-therapists-start-a-union-spoiler-alert-they-cant/ The Monthly Rage Thread If you hang around therapist forums long enough, you will see it happen. It operates with the regularity of the tides. Someone posts a thread, usually after receiving a contract from an insurance company offering 1998 rates for 2025 work, and asks the obvious question: “We are the ones providing the care. The system collapses without us. Why don't we just all go on strike? Why don't we form a union and demand fair pay?” It is a logical question. In almost every other sector of the economy, workers who feel exploited band together to negotiate better terms. Screenwriters shut down Hollywood to get paid for streaming residuals. Auto workers walk off the line. Teachers fill the state capitol. Nurses at major hospital systems have successfully unionized and won significant concessions. So why, in the midst of a national mental health crisis, does the mental health workforce remain so politically impotent? The answer is not that we lack will. It is not that we lack organization. The answer is that for private practice therapists, forming a union is a federal crime. This is not a political manifesto. It is an analysis of the bizarre regulatory environment that governs American healthcare, a system of antitrust laws, shadow committees, and bureaucratic classifications that effectively strips clinicians of their bargaining power while empowering the corporations that pay them. If you want to understand why corporate tech monopolies are ruining therapy, or why the corporatization of healthcare feels so suffocating, you have to understand the legal straitjacket we are all wearing. And you have to understand the one group that is allowed to set prices, the one group exempt from the rules that bind the rest of us. Part I: You Are Not a Worker, You Are a Standard Oil Tycoon The primary reason therapists cannot unionize dates back to the era of oil barons and railroad tycoons. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was designed to prevent massive corporations like Standard Oil from colluding to fix prices and destroy the free market. It prohibits “every contract, combination… or conspiracy, in restraint of trade.” The law was a response to genuine abuses: companies buying up competitors, dividing territories, and coordinating prices to gouge consumers who had no alternatives. Here is the catch: In the eyes of the federal government, a private practice therapist is not a “worker.” You are a business entity. Even if you are a solo practitioner struggling to pay rent in a subleased office, seeing clients between crying in your car and eating lunch at your desk, the law views you as the CEO of a micro-corporation. You are classified as a 1099 independent contractor, not a W-2 employee, and that distinction makes all the difference in the world. If two workers at Starbucks talk about their wages and agree to ask for a raise, that is “collective bargaining,” which is protected by the National Labor Relations Act. But if two private practice therapists talk about their reimbursement rates and agree to ask Blue Cross for a raise, that is “price-fixing.” It is legally indistinguishable, in the eyes of the Federal Trade Commission, from gas stations conspiring to raise the price of unleaded. It sounds absurd, but the FTC takes it deadly seriously. When independent contractors organize to demand higher rates, when they share information about what they are being paid and coordinate their responses, they are engaging in horizontal price-fixing, one of the most serious violations of antitrust law. The Sherman Act provides for criminal penalties, including fines and imprisonment. The law that was meant to break up monopolies is now used to prevent social workers from asking for a cost-of-living adjustment. The irony is crushing. The same regulatory framework that prevents two therapists from discussing their rates allows massive insurance conglomerates to merge repeatedly, concentrating buyer power in fewer and fewer hands. UnitedHealth Group, for example, has acquired dozens of companies over the past two decades, becoming the largest healthcare company in the United States. When they offer a “take it or leave it” contract to providers, they do so with the full knowledge that fragmented, legally prohibited from organizing therapists have no counter-leverage. The antitrust laws, designed to prevent monopoly power, have created a system where sellers are atomized and buyers are consolidated. Economists call this “monopsony,” and it is precisely the market distortion the Sherman Act was supposed to prevent. Part II: The Day the “Learned Profession” Died For a long time, doctors and lawyers thought they were exempt from these laws. They argued that they were “learned professions,” not mere tradespeople, and therefore above the grubby laws of commerce. They believed that their ethical obligations to patients and clients set them apart from the rules that governed steel mills and meatpacking plants. Medicine was a calling, not a business, and surely the government would not regulate the sacred doctor-patient relationship as if it were a commercial transaction. That illusion was shattered in 1975 by the Supreme Court case Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar. The case involved lawyers, not doctors, but its implications cascaded through every licensed profession in America. The Goldfarbs were purchasing a home and needed a title examination. The Virginia State Bar had established a minimum fee schedule for such services, and every lawyer they contacted quoted the exact same price. They sued, arguing that this fee schedule was illegal price-fixing. The Supreme Court agreed. In a unanimous decision, the Court ruled that professional services, including legal and medical advice, are “trade or commerce” subject to antitrust laws. The “learned profession” exemption, which had been assumed but never explicitly established in law, was declared a myth. “The nature of an occupation, standing alone,” the Court wrote, “does not provide sanctuary from the Sherman Act.” This ruling was intended to lower prices for consumers by preventing lawyers from setting minimum fees, and in that narrow sense it was a good thing. But in healthcare, it had a catastrophic side effect: it made it illegal for doctors and therapists to band together to resist the pricing power of insurance companies. The “learned profession” exemption is dead. We are now just businesses, and businesses are not allowed to hold hands. This creates the illusion of progress: we have “free market” competition among providers, but monopsony power among payers. It is a market where the sellers are forbidden from organizing, but the buyers are allowed to merge until they are too big to fail. The result is not a free market at all. It is a market designed to transfer wealth from one class (providers) to another (insurers and administrators), with the law itself serving as the enforcement mechanism. Part III: The Cartel in the Basement If therapists cannot collude to set prices, surely nobody else can, right? Wrong. There is one group in American healthcare that is allowed to meet in a room, decide what every doctor's time is worth, and set prices for the entire industry. It is called the RUC, the AMA/Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee. And understanding the RUC is the key to understanding why talk therapy is dying in the medical model, why psychiatrists abandoned the couch for the prescription pad, and why your insurance company offers you a ghost network of providers who never answer the phone. The Birth of a Shadow Government To comprehend the current crisis in mental health economics, one must excavate the foundations of the physician payment system. Prior to 1992, Medicare reimbursed physicians based on a system known as “Customary, Prevailing, and Reasonable” charges. Under this system, physicians were paid based on their historical billing charges. It was inherently inflationary; it rewarded those who raised their fees most aggressively and created wide geographic disparities for identical services. In response to spiraling costs, Congress passed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, mandating a transition to a fee schedule based on the resources required to provide a service. This birthed the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale. The intellectual architecture for this system was developed by a team of economists at Harvard University, led by William Hsiao. Hsiao's team sought to create a “unified theory” of medical value, attempting to quantify the “work” involved in disparate medical acts, comparing the cognitive intensity of a psychiatric evaluation with the technical skill of a hernia repair. The Harvard study was revolutionary. It promised to level the playing field, suggesting that cognitive services, the thinking and talking that comprises primary care and mental health, were vastly undervalued relative to surgical procedures. Had Hsiao's original recommendations been implemented purely, the income gap between generalists and specialists might have narrowed significantly. But the administrative complexity of assigning values to over 7,000 Current Procedural Terminology codes overwhelmed the Health Care Financing Administration. Into this administrative vacuum stepped the American Medical Association. The AMA, fearing that the government would unilaterally set prices, proposed a “partnership.” They would convene a committee of experts to maintain and update the relative values, providing this labor-intensive service to the government at no cost. The government accepted. Thus, in 1991, the RUC was born, not as a government agency, but as a private advisory body with unparalleled influence over public funds. The Architecture of Control The RUC's claim to legitimacy rests on its status as an “expert panel.” But a structural analysis of its composition reveals a profound bias that mimics the governance of a cartel designed to protect incumbent interests. The committee consists of 32 members, but power is concentrated in the 29 voting seats. Of these, 21 seats are appointed by major national medical specialty societies. The distribution is not proportional to the volume of services provided to Medicare beneficiaries, nor is it proportional to the physician workforce. Instead, it is frozen in a historical moment that favored high-technology specialties. Primary care physicians, who perform roughly 45 to 50 percent of Medicare work, hold approximately 4 to 5 seats, giving them about 17 percent of the vote. Procedural and surgical specialties, including surgery, radiology, and anesthesiology, hold 15 to 18 seats, giving them roughly 60 percent of the vote despite performing only 35 to 40 percent of Medicare work. The American Psychiatric Association holds a single seat. One seat. This lone representative must negotiate with a supermajority of specialists, neurosurgeons, cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and ophthalmologists, whose financial interests are often diametrically opposed to the valuation of cognitive work. The cartel dynamic is enforced by a statutory requirement of budget neutrality. The Medicare Physician Fee Schedule is a zero-sum game. If the total relative value units projected for a given year exceed the budget, a “scaler” is applied to reduce the conversion factor, effectively cutting everyone's pay. Therefore, any proposal to increase the value of psychotherapy, which would increase the total RVU spend, effectively asks every surgeon in the room to take a pay cut to fund the raise for psychiatrists. Given that a two-thirds majority is required to pass a recommendation, the procedural bloc holds absolute veto power over any redistribution of wealth. The Secret Chamber A hallmark of cartel behavior is the restriction of information. For nearly two decades, the RUC operated in near-total secrecy. While recent years have seen minor concessions to transparency, such as the publication of vote totals, the core deliberative process remains opaque. RUC meetings are private. The public, the press, and even non-RUC physicians are largely barred from attending the deliberations where billions of tax dollars are allocated. Participants, including the specialty advisors who present data, must sign strict non-disclosure agreements. These agreements prevent them from discussing the specific tradeoffs, deals, or arguments made within the chamber. A former RUC participant described these agreements as “draconian,” designed to insulate the committee from public accountability. The Government Accountability Office and the Center for American Progress have noted the inherent conflict of interest. The individuals setting the prices are the same individuals who receive the payments. Unlike a regulatory agency, where officials are salaried and divested of industry assets, RUC members are practicing physicians whose personal incomes are directly tied to the decisions they make. This secrecy serves a functional purpose: it allows for “logrolling.” A representative from Orthopedics might support an inflated value for a Cardiology code in exchange for Cardiology's support on a Knee Replacement code. This “I'll scratch your back” dynamic creates an upward pressure on procedural values that excludes those outside the dominant coalition, specifically primary care and mental health. The Antitrust Shield Why has the Department of Justice not broken up this cartel? The legal shield is the Noerr-Pennington Doctrine. This Supreme Court doctrine establishes that private entities are immune from antitrust liability when they are petitioning the government. Because the RUC technically only “recommends” values to CMS (that is petitioning), and CMS “decides” (that is government action), the RUC is protected by the First Amendment right to petition. This legal loophole allows the RUC to operate with monopolistic characteristics without fear of prosecution, provided CMS continues to go through the motions of “reviewing” the recommendations. And CMS accepts those recommendations over 90 percent of the time. Because private insurance companies generally base their rates on Medicare, this private committee effectively sets the price of healthcare for the entire country. If independent therapists did this, if they gathered in a room and agreed on what their services should cost, they would face criminal prosecution. But because the RUC operates under the fiction of “advising” the government, it is protected. The same regulatory framework that criminalizes therapist solidarity provides cover for industry-wide price coordination by the most powerful medical specialties. Part IV: The Mechanics of Suppression To control a market, one must control its currency. In American medicine, that currency is the Relative Value Unit. Every medical service, from a 15-minute therapy session to a heart transplant, is assigned a total RVU value. This value is the sum of three components: the Work RVU, which accounts for physician time, technical skill, mental effort, and judgment; the Practice Expense RVU, which covers overhead costs like rent, staff, and equipment; and the Malpractice RVU, which reflects professional liability insurance costs. The Work RVU, which comprises roughly 50 to 55 percent of the total value, is determined by RUC surveys. When a code is flagged for review, the relevant specialty society distributes a survey to a sample of its members. These respondents are asked to estimate the time and intensity of the service compared to a “reference service.” This methodology violates several principles of statistical validity. The surveys are voluntary and distributed by the specialty societies themselves. The respondents are typically those most active in the society and most invested in maximizing reimbursement, advocates rather than neutral observers. The sample sizes are often shockingly small; RUC surveys frequently rely on fewer than 50 or 70 respondents to set the price for services performed millions of times annually. A sample of 30 orthopedic surgeons might determine the value of a procedure costing Medicare billions. The Time Arbitrage The most critical variable in the RUC equation is time. The Work RVU is conceptually derived from the formula: Work equals Time multiplied by Intensity. Therefore, inflating the time estimate is the most direct route to inflating the price. Independent studies by RAND and the Urban Institute, often using objective data like Operating Room logs, have consistently shown that the RUC overestimates the time required for surgical procedures. A procedure valued by the RUC as taking 60 minutes may, in reality, take 30 minutes. This creates an arbitrage opportunity. If a gastroenterologist can perform a “60-minute” colonoscopy in 20 minutes, they can effectively perform three procedures in the time allotted for one. They bill for three hours of work in one hour of real time. This “efficiency gain” is captured entirely by the physician as profit. Psychotherapy cannot utilize this arbitrage. CPT codes for psychotherapy are explicitly time-based in their definition. Code 90832 requires 16 to 37 minutes. Code 90834 requires 38 to 52 minutes. Code 90837 requires 53 minutes or more. A psychiatrist cannot perform a 60-minute therapy session in 20 minutes; doing so constitutes fraud. Therefore, the revenue of a psychotherapist is capped by the linear passage of time. They can sell, at maximum, roughly 8 to 10 units of labor per day. A proceduralist, aided by RUC-inflated time assumptions, can sell 20 or 30 units of “RUC time” in the same day. This structural discrepancy creates a widening income gap that no amount of “hard work” by the therapist can close. It is not a market failure. It is market design. The “Thinking” Penalty The RUC's bias is not merely structural; it is philosophical. The committee, dominated by surgeons and proceduralists, consistently values “doing things to people,” cutting, scanning, injecting, far more highly than “talking to people,” diagnosing, counseling, managing complex chronic conditions. This creates a regulatory environment that functions as a de facto wealth transfer from cognitive care to procedural care. In 2013, a major revision of psychiatry codes exposed this bias in stark relief. Previously, psychiatrists used codes that bundled the medical evaluation with the psychotherapy. The new system required psychiatrists to bill an E/M code for the medical management plus an “add-on” code for psychotherapy. While intended to improve transparency, this change exposed psychotherapy to the raw mechanics of the RUC's valuation bias. By isolating the “therapy” component, the committee could subject it to rigorous cross-specialty comparison. And the committee, dominated by surgeons, views “talking to a patient” as low-intensity work compared to “operating on a patient.” The economic signal was clear. This created the 15-minute med check culture not because psychiatrists stopped caring, but because the regulatory environment made relational care financial suicide. It effectively “illegalized” the practice of deep, slow psychiatry for anyone who wanted to take insurance. Part V: The “Messenger Model” and Other Legal Fictions When therapists ask about collective bargaining, lawyers will often point them to the only legal loophole available: the “Messenger Model.” In this model, a third party (the messenger) acts as an intermediary between a group of providers and an insurance company. The messenger takes the insurance company's offer and conveys it to each therapist individually. Each therapist must then make a unilateral, independent decision to accept or reject it. The messenger is strictly forbidden from negotiating. They cannot say, “The group rejects this.” They cannot say, “We want 10% more.” They cannot advise the therapists on what to do. They can only carry messages. This is why “Independent Practice Associations” are often toothless. In the 2008 case North Texas Specialty Physicians v. FTC, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals made clear that if an IPA actually tries to leverage its numbers to demand better rates, it violates antitrust laws. If it follows the messenger model, it has no leverage. It is a “heads I win, tails you lose” regulatory structure designed to protect payers, not providers. The only exception is “clinical integration,” where providers genuinely merge their practices, share infrastructure, and accept joint financial risk. But this requires substantial capital investment and essentially means ceasing to be an independent practitioner. It is a legal pathway available mainly to large physician groups and hospital systems, not to solo therapists working out of rented offices. Part VI: Market Distortions and the Flight to Cash When a cartel sets a price below the market equilibrium, suppliers exit the formal market. This is precisely what has happened in psychotherapy. Mental health providers generally have lower overhead than surgeons. They do not need MRI machines or sterile surgical suites. And they face high consumer demand; the national mental health crisis ensures a steady stream of people seeking services. This gives them an “exit option” that proceduralists do not have. They can refuse to accept insurance and operate as cash-only businesses. The statistics are stark. Nearly 50 percent of psychiatrists do not accept commercial insurance, compared to less than 10 percent of other specialists. A 2023 survey indicated that 64 percent of private practice therapists planned to increase their cash-pay rates. Research published in Health Affairs Scholar found that patients are 10.6 times more likely to go out-of-network for mental health care than for medical/surgical care. This mass exodus is a rational economic response to RUC-suppressed rates. If the RUC says an hour of therapy is worth $100 via the RVU-to-dollar conversion, but the market demand is willing to pay $250, the provider will leave the RUC-controlled sector. They are not abandoning their profession; they are abandoning a pricing regime that values their work at less than half its market rate. Ghost Networks The RUC's pricing failure creates “Ghost Networks,” directories filled with providers who are ostensibly “in-network” but are functionally inaccessible. They are either full, not accepting new patients, retired, have moved, or simply do not respond to inquiries from insurance-based patients because the administrative burden of prior authorizations and clawbacks outweighs the suppressed fee. This is not a “shortage” of providers in the absolute sense. There is no shortage of therapists in private practice. There is a shortage of therapists willing to work at the RUC-determined price point. The insurance directories are graveyards of phantom availability, creating the illusion of access where none exists. The Cost Paradox The central thesis of the RUC's defenders is that they “control costs.” By strictly managing RVUs, they claim to save taxpayer money. In psychotherapy, this logic backfires catastrophically. By suppressing reimbursement rates to a level that drives providers out of the network, the RUC forces patients into the cash market. The theoretical in-network cost might be a $20 copay with the insurer paying $100. The actual out-of-network cost is $250 cash out-of-pocket, paid in full by the patient. Thus, the “cost of therapy” for the consumer skyrockets. Therapy becomes a luxury good, accessible only to those with disposable income. For the poor and middle class, the “cost” is effectively infinite, because the service becomes inaccessible. The RUC's cost-control measure for the system becomes a cost-multiplier for the patient. It shifts the financial burden from the risk pool, where it belongs, to the individual, where it causes maximum harm. The Signal to Students The RUC sends powerful economic signals to medical students making career decisions. When a student observes that a dermatologist or radiologist can earn $500,000 working regular hours, while a psychiatrist earns $240,000 handling emotional trauma and on-call emergencies, while a primary care doctor earns even less, the choice is clear for those motivated by financial security. The undervaluation of cognitive codes discourages the best and brightest from entering mental health and primary care. The cartel's pricing structure creates a perpetual labor shortage in the fields most needed for public health, while creating a surplus in high-margin procedural specialties. We then wonder why there are not enough psychiatrists, why primary care is in crisis, why mental health access is collapsing. The answer is in the price signal, and the price signal is set by a committee of proceduralists meeting behind closed doors. The Hands Are Tied The question “Why can't therapists start a union?” is not just a labor question. It is a window into the broken soul of American healthcare. We have built a system where a secret committee of proceduralists can legally fix prices to favor surgery over therapy, but a group of social workers cannot band together to ask for a living wage. We have utilized laws meant to break up Standard Oil to break up the solidarity of caregivers. The same regulatory framework that criminalizes therapist coordination provides legal cover for industry-wide price coordination by the most powerful medical specialties. The result is a regulatory environment that drives doctors crazy, burns out therapists, and leaves patients navigating a fragmented, assembly-line system that was never designed to heal them. It was designed to process them. Until we confront the legal architecture of this system, the RUC, the Sherman Act, the 1099 trap, we will remain powerless to change it. And the reality of therapy is that quick fixes, whether in treatment or in policy, usually end up costing us more in the end. Some states are beginning to push back. New York and California have implemented strict network adequacy standards requiring mental health appointments within 10 business days. These regulations force insurers to expand their networks, which means they must attract providers, which means they must raise reimbursement rates above the RUC/Medicare floor. It is effectively a state-level override of the RUC cartel, forcing capital back into the mental health labor market. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission has long advocated for stripping the RUC of its power, proposing the use of empirical data, tax returns, payroll records, practice invoices, to set values automatically. But these are patchwork solutions to a systemic problem. The fundamental issue remains: we have created a healthcare system that knows the price of everything and the value of nothing. We have engineered a system where the only way to survive is to stop acting like a healer and start acting like a factory. And we have wrapped this system in a legal framework that criminalizes resistance while protecting the status quo. The hands are tied. But at least now we can see the ropes. Bibliography For those interested in the primary sources and legal texts that underpin this analysis, the following external resources provide high-trust verification of the claims made above: Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975): The Supreme Court decision that ended the “learned profession” exemption from antitrust laws. Read the Oyez Summary. The Sherman Antitrust Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 1–7): The foundational text of US antitrust law prohibiting restraint of trade. Read the Document at the National Archives. North Texas Specialty Physicians v. Federal Trade Commission (5th Cir. 2008): A key ruling establishing that independent physicians cannot collectively bargain on fees without financial integration. Read the Court Opinion. FTC/DOJ Statements of Antitrust Enforcement Policy in Health Care (1996): The federal guidelines explaining the “Messenger Model” and the narrow exceptions for clinical integration. Read the Guidelines (PDF). The RUC (AMA/Specialty Society RVS Update Committee): The AMA's own description of the committee structure and its role in valuing physician work. Visit the AMA RUC Page. “Special Deal” by Haley Sweetland Edwards (Washington Monthly, 2013): An investigative deep-dive into how the RUC operates and its impact on primary care vs. specialty pay. Read the Investigation. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA): The law governing the right to unionize, which specifically excludes independent contractors. Read the NLRA. Laugesen, Miriam J. Fixing Medical Prices: How Physicians Are Paid. Harvard University Press, 2016. The definitive scholarly analysis of the RUC's history, structure, and influence on American healthcare pricing. Government Accountability Office. “Medicare Physician Payment Rates: Better Data and Greater Transparency Could Improve Accuracy.” 2015. GAO's critical analysis of RUC methodology and conflicts of interest. Center for American Progress. “Rethinking the RUC.” 2015. Policy analysis of the RUC's structural bias against primary care and cognitive services. Health Affairs Scholar. “Insurance Acceptance and Cash Pay Rates for Psychotherapy in the US.” 2023. Empirical research on out-of-network utilization in mental health care. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC). “Report to the Congress: Medicare and the Health Care Delivery System.” 2024. Annual policy recommendations including proposals for reforming physician fee schedule methodology. Joel Blackstock, LICSW-S, is the Clinical Director of Taproot Therapy Collective in Hoover, Alabama. He specializes in complex trauma treatment and writes at GetTherapyBirmingham.com.
One of the country's foremost authorities on executive power, Prof. Saikrishna “Sai” Prakash, joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast to discuss his fascinating new book The Presidential Pardon. Prof. Prakash's slim new tome from Harvard University Press delivers an engaging analysis of the Constitution's Pardon Clause and its transformation over the centuries into a blunt and potent instrument that is an ever growing feature of our politics as well as still a mechanism of mercy. Prof. Prakash is the James Monroe distinguished professor of law at the University of Virginia. He is also the author of The Living Presidency: An Originalist Argument Against Its Ever-Expanding Powers, and Imperial from the Beginning: The Constitution of the Original Executive. The former book focuses on the modern presidency while the latter considers the presidency of the Founders. Prakash majored in economics and political science at Stanford University. At Yale Law School, he served as senior editor of the Yale Law Journal. He subsequently clerked for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and for Justice Clarence Thomas of the U.S. Supreme Court.Order the book from Harvard University Press or Amazon.
Dr. William Anderson Gittens**: Welcome to today's podcast! I am your host, Dr. William Anderson Gittens, D.D., coming to you from beautiful Barbados. Today, we delve into the profound themes of innocence and identity through the lens of visual storytelling. Ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle investigated the essence of reality and the self, laying the foundation for our understanding of innocence and identity (Cambridge Handbook of Identity, n.d.). In my work, *Lisa Wearing Her Dad's Hat: An Analysis of Innocence and Identity* (2026, ISBN 979-8-90271-421-7), I offer a textual analysis and literature review centered around a powerful image: a young child named Lisa wearing her father's oversized hat. Though captured in a fleeting moment, this image invites us to explore the deep interconnection between identity formation and innocence—concepts extensively examined in literature, religious discourse, and contemporary cultural studies.As a photojournalist, cinematographer, cultural theorist, and Doctor of Divinity, I am committed to blending theological and theoretical frameworks to illuminate the layers of meaning embedded within this image. The photograph of Lisa serves as a significant portal for reflection on the biblical and cultural significance of identity and innocence—concepts that resonate not only within religious contexts but are deeply woven into our daily lives.ReferencesBatchen, G. (2004). *Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History*. MIT Press. DigitalBible.ca. (n.d.). *What does it mean to have a new identity in Christ?* Retrieved from [DigitalBible.ca](https://digitalbible.ca) Dr.William Anderson Gittens, D.D. Textual Analysis and Literature Review: Lisa Wearing Her Dad's Hat: An Analysis of Innocence and Identity©2026 ISBN 979-8-90271-421-7Hirsch, R. (1997). *Family Frames: Photography, Narrative, and Postmemory*. Harvard University Press. Pellegrini, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (1998). *The development of play during childhood: Overview and future directions*. In *The Handbook of Child Psychology* (Vol. 4). Wiley. Rosen, A. (1997). *The Role of Family in the Development of Individuals*. Journal of Child Psychology, 38(4), 345-359. Sontag, S. (1977). *On Photography*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). *Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes*. Harvard University Press. Cambridge Handbook of Identity. (n.d.). Retrieved from [cambridge.org](https://cambridge.org/core/books/abs)Support the showCultural Factors Influence Academic Achievements© 2024 ISBN978-976-97385-7-7 A_MEMOIR_OF_Dr_William_Anderson_Gittens_D_D_2024_ISBNISBN978_976_97385_0_8 Academic.edu. Chief of Audio Visual Aids Officer Mr. Michael Owen Chief of Audio Visual Aids Officer Mr. Selwyn Belle Commissioner of Police Mr. Orville Durant Dr. William Anderson Gittens, D.D En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning Hackett Philip Media Resource Development Officer Holder, B,Anthony Episcopal Priest, https://brainly.com/question/36353773 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning#cite_note-19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning#cite_note-:2-18 https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamGittens/Books https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=william+anderson+gittens+barbados&oq=william+anderson+gittens https://www.academia.edu/123754463/ https://www.buzzsprout.com/429292/episodes. https://www.youtube.com/@williamandersongittens1714. Mr.Greene, Rupert
In The Tame and the Wild: People and Animals after 1492 (Harvard University Press, 2024), Dr. Marcy Norton offers a dramatic new interpretation of the encounter between Europe and the Americas that reveals the crucial role of animals in the shaping of the modern world. When the men and women of the island of Guanahani first made contact with Christopher Columbus and his crew on October 12, 1492, the cultural differences between the two groups were vaster than the oceans that had separated them. There is perhaps no better demonstration than the divide in their respective ways of relating to animals. In this book, Dr. Norton tells a new history of the colonisation of the Americas, one that places wildlife and livestock at the centre of the story. She reveals that the encounters between European and Native American beliefs about animal life transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans' strategies and motives for conquest were inseparable from the horses that carried them in military campaigns and the dogs they deployed to terrorise Native peoples. Even more crucial were the sheep, cattle, pigs, and chickens whose flesh became food and whose skins became valuable commodities. Yet as central as the domestication of animals was to European plans in the Americas, Native peoples' own practices around animals proved just as crucial in shaping the world after 1492. Cultures throughout the Caribbean, Amazonia, and Mexico were deeply invested in familiarisation: the practice of capturing wild animals—not only parrots and monkeys but even tapir, deer, and manatee—and turning some of them into “companion species.” These taming practices not only influenced the way Indigenous people responded to human and nonhuman intruders but also transformed European culture itself, paving the way for both zoological science and the modern pet. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose forthcoming book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
In The Tame and the Wild: People and Animals after 1492 (Harvard University Press, 2024), Dr. Marcy Norton offers a dramatic new interpretation of the encounter between Europe and the Americas that reveals the crucial role of animals in the shaping of the modern world. When the men and women of the island of Guanahani first made contact with Christopher Columbus and his crew on October 12, 1492, the cultural differences between the two groups were vaster than the oceans that had separated them. There is perhaps no better demonstration than the divide in their respective ways of relating to animals. In this book, Dr. Norton tells a new history of the colonisation of the Americas, one that places wildlife and livestock at the centre of the story. She reveals that the encounters between European and Native American beliefs about animal life transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans' strategies and motives for conquest were inseparable from the horses that carried them in military campaigns and the dogs they deployed to terrorise Native peoples. Even more crucial were the sheep, cattle, pigs, and chickens whose flesh became food and whose skins became valuable commodities. Yet as central as the domestication of animals was to European plans in the Americas, Native peoples' own practices around animals proved just as crucial in shaping the world after 1492. Cultures throughout the Caribbean, Amazonia, and Mexico were deeply invested in familiarisation: the practice of capturing wild animals—not only parrots and monkeys but even tapir, deer, and manatee—and turning some of them into “companion species.” These taming practices not only influenced the way Indigenous people responded to human and nonhuman intruders but also transformed European culture itself, paving the way for both zoological science and the modern pet. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose forthcoming book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/environmental-studies
In The Tame and the Wild: People and Animals after 1492 (Harvard University Press, 2024), Dr. Marcy Norton offers a dramatic new interpretation of the encounter between Europe and the Americas that reveals the crucial role of animals in the shaping of the modern world. When the men and women of the island of Guanahani first made contact with Christopher Columbus and his crew on October 12, 1492, the cultural differences between the two groups were vaster than the oceans that had separated them. There is perhaps no better demonstration than the divide in their respective ways of relating to animals. In this book, Dr. Norton tells a new history of the colonisation of the Americas, one that places wildlife and livestock at the centre of the story. She reveals that the encounters between European and Native American beliefs about animal life transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans' strategies and motives for conquest were inseparable from the horses that carried them in military campaigns and the dogs they deployed to terrorise Native peoples. Even more crucial were the sheep, cattle, pigs, and chickens whose flesh became food and whose skins became valuable commodities. Yet as central as the domestication of animals was to European plans in the Americas, Native peoples' own practices around animals proved just as crucial in shaping the world after 1492. Cultures throughout the Caribbean, Amazonia, and Mexico were deeply invested in familiarisation: the practice of capturing wild animals—not only parrots and monkeys but even tapir, deer, and manatee—and turning some of them into “companion species.” These taming practices not only influenced the way Indigenous people responded to human and nonhuman intruders but also transformed European culture itself, paving the way for both zoological science and the modern pet. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose forthcoming book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In The Tame and the Wild: People and Animals after 1492 (Harvard University Press, 2024), Dr. Marcy Norton offers a dramatic new interpretation of the encounter between Europe and the Americas that reveals the crucial role of animals in the shaping of the modern world. When the men and women of the island of Guanahani first made contact with Christopher Columbus and his crew on October 12, 1492, the cultural differences between the two groups were vaster than the oceans that had separated them. There is perhaps no better demonstration than the divide in their respective ways of relating to animals. In this book, Dr. Norton tells a new history of the colonisation of the Americas, one that places wildlife and livestock at the centre of the story. She reveals that the encounters between European and Native American beliefs about animal life transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans' strategies and motives for conquest were inseparable from the horses that carried them in military campaigns and the dogs they deployed to terrorise Native peoples. Even more crucial were the sheep, cattle, pigs, and chickens whose flesh became food and whose skins became valuable commodities. Yet as central as the domestication of animals was to European plans in the Americas, Native peoples' own practices around animals proved just as crucial in shaping the world after 1492. Cultures throughout the Caribbean, Amazonia, and Mexico were deeply invested in familiarisation: the practice of capturing wild animals—not only parrots and monkeys but even tapir, deer, and manatee—and turning some of them into “companion species.” These taming practices not only influenced the way Indigenous people responded to human and nonhuman intruders but also transformed European culture itself, paving the way for both zoological science and the modern pet. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose forthcoming book focuses on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Aventinus and Proca take us all the way down to the 790s BCE. Along the way, we see another hill of a certain famous city gets its name, the city chugs along quietly in the background, and the Herbology teacher from Harry Potter gets a cameo story in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Wait... What was that last part?Sources for this episode:Appian (1972), Appian's Roman History in Four Volumes (Volume I). Translated by H. White. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ld. and Harvard University Press.Dio (1961), Dio's Roman History (Volume I). Translated by E. Cary. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Diodorus of Sicily (1993), The Library of History Books IV.59- VIII. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press.Dionysus of Halicarnassus (1960), The Roman Antiquities of Dionysus of Halicarnassus. Translated by E. Cary. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd.Livy (1971), The Early History of Rome. Translated by A. de Sélincourt. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Ovid (1968), The Metamorphoses of Ovid. Translated by M. M. Innes. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.Sextus Aurelius Victor (2004), Origo Gentis Romanae: The Origin of the Roman Race. Translated by K. Haniszewski, L. Karas, K. Koch, E. Parobek, C. Pratt and B. Serwicki. Canisius College Translated Texts 3. Canisius College, Buffalo, New York.Author unknown (date unknown), Nuremberg Chronicle: being the Liber Chronicarum of Dr. Hartmann translated in English. Morse Library, Beloit College.Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Seven hills of Rome (online) (Accessed 15/08/2025).
The period from 1550 to 1700 was critical in the development of slavery across the English Atlantic world. During this time, English discourse about slavery revolved around one central question: How could free persons be made into slaves? John Samuel Harpham shows that English authors found answers to this question in a tradition of ideas that stretched back to the ancient world, where they were most powerfully expressed in Roman law. These ideas, in turn, became the basis for the earliest defenses of American slavery. The Roman tradition had located the main source of slavery in war: enslavement was the common fate of captives who otherwise faced execution. In early modern England, this account was incorporated into studies of the common law and influential natural rights theories by the likes of Hugo Grotius and John Locke. When Europeans started to publish firsthand accounts of Africa in the sixteenth century, these reports were thus received into a culture saturated with Roman ideas. Over time, English observers started to assert that the common customs of enslavement among the nations of Africa fit within the Roman model. Englishmen had initially expressed reluctance to take part in the Atlantic slave trade. But once assured that the slave trade could be traced back to customs they understood to be legitimate, they proved keen to profit from it. An eloquent account of the moral logic that propelled the development of an immoral institution, John Samuel Harpham's The Intellectual Origins of American Slavery (Harvard University Press, 2025) reveals the power of an overlooked tradition of ideas in the history of human bondage. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
The period from 1550 to 1700 was critical in the development of slavery across the English Atlantic world. During this time, English discourse about slavery revolved around one central question: How could free persons be made into slaves? John Samuel Harpham shows that English authors found answers to this question in a tradition of ideas that stretched back to the ancient world, where they were most powerfully expressed in Roman law. These ideas, in turn, became the basis for the earliest defenses of American slavery. The Roman tradition had located the main source of slavery in war: enslavement was the common fate of captives who otherwise faced execution. In early modern England, this account was incorporated into studies of the common law and influential natural rights theories by the likes of Hugo Grotius and John Locke. When Europeans started to publish firsthand accounts of Africa in the sixteenth century, these reports were thus received into a culture saturated with Roman ideas. Over time, English observers started to assert that the common customs of enslavement among the nations of Africa fit within the Roman model. Englishmen had initially expressed reluctance to take part in the Atlantic slave trade. But once assured that the slave trade could be traced back to customs they understood to be legitimate, they proved keen to profit from it. An eloquent account of the moral logic that propelled the development of an immoral institution, John Samuel Harpham's The Intellectual Origins of American Slavery (Harvard University Press, 2025) reveals the power of an overlooked tradition of ideas in the history of human bondage. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network
To celebrate Melvyn Bragg's 27 years presenting In Our Time, five well-known fans of the programme have chosen their favourite episodes. Comedian Frank Skinner has picked the episode on the life and work of the poet Emily Dickinson and recorded an introduction to it. (This introduction will be available on BBC Sounds and the In Our Time webpage shortly after the broadcast and will be longer than the version broadcast on Radio 4). Emily Dickinson was arguably the most startling and original poet in America in the C19th. According to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, her correspondent and mentor, writing 15 years after her death, "Few events in American literary history have been more curious than the sudden rise of Emily Dickinson into a posthumous fame only more accentuated by the utterly recluse character of her life and by her aversion to even a literary publicity." That was in 1891 and, as more of Dickinson's poems were published, and more of her remaining letters, the more the interest in her and appreciation of her grew. With her distinctive voice, her abundance, and her exploration of her private world, she is now seen by many as one of the great lyric poets. With Fiona Green Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Jesus College Linda Freedman Lecturer in English and American Literature at University College London and Paraic Finnerty Reader in English and American Literature at the University of Portsmouth Producer: Simon Tillotson. Reading list: Christopher Benfey, A Summer of Hummingbirds: Love, Art and Scandal in the Intersecting Worlds of Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Martin Johnson Heade (Penguin Books, 2009) Jed Deppman, Marianne Noble and Gary Lee Stonum (eds.), Emily Dickinson and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Judith Farr, The Gardens of Emily Dickinson (Harvard University Press, 2005) Judith Farr, The Passion of Emily Dickinson (Harvard University Press, 1992) Paraic Finnerty, Emily Dickinson's Shakespeare (University of Massachusetts Press, 2006) Ralph William Franklin (ed.), The Master Letters of Emily Dickinson (University Massachusetts Press, 1998) Ralph William Franklin (ed.), The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Variorum Edition (Harvard University Press, 1998) Linda Freedman, Emily Dickinson and the Religious Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 2011) Gudrun Grabher, Roland Hagenbüchle and Cristanne Miller (eds.), The Emily Dickinson Handbook (University of Massachusetts Press, 1998) Alfred Habegger, My Wars are Laid Away in Books: The Early Life of Emily Dickinson (Random House, 2001) Ellen Louise Hart and Martha Nell Smith (eds.), Open Me Carefully: Emily Dickinson's Intimate Letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson (Paris Press, 1998) Virginia Jackson, Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading (Princeton University Press, 2013) Thomas H. Johnson (ed.), Emily Dickinson: Selected Letters (first published 1958; Harvard University Press, 1986) Thomas H. Johnson (ed.), Poems of Emily Dickinson (first published 1951; Faber & Faber, 1976) Thomas Herbert Johnson and Theodora Ward (eds.), The Letters of Emily Dickinson (Belknap Press, 1958) Benjamin Lease, Emily Dickinson's Readings of Men and Books (Palgrave Macmillan, 1990) Mary Loeffelholz, The Value of Emily Dickinson (Cambridge University Press, 2016) James McIntosh, Nimble Believing: Dickinson and the Unknown (University of Michigan Press, 2000) Marietta Messmer, A Vice for Voices: Reading Emily Dickinson's Correspondence (University of Massachusetts Press, 2001) Cristanne Miller (ed.), Emily Dickinson's Poems: As She Preserved (Harvard University Press, 2016) Cristanne Miller, Reading in Time: Emily Dickinson in the Nineteenth Century (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012) Elizabeth Phillips, Emily Dickinson: Personae and Performance (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1988) Eliza Richards (ed.), Emily Dickinson in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Richard B. Sewall, The Life of Emily Dickinson (first published 1974; Harvard University Press, 1998) Marta L. Werner, Emily Dickinson's Open Folios: Scenes of Reading, Surfaces of Writing (University of Michigan Press, 1996) Brenda Wineapple, White Heat: The Friendship of Emily Dickinson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson (Anchor Books, 2009) Shira Wolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (Yale University Press, 1984) This episode was first broadcast in May 2017. Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Melvyn Bragg and expert guests explore the people, ideas, events and discoveries that have shaped our world In Our Time is a BBC Studios production
Erik Baker, author of Make Your Own Job: How the Entrepreneurial Work Ethic Exhausted America, returns to the podcast to talk about self-help and respond to questions and comments submitted by listeners for the second episode of the Anti-Self-Helpline. The Anti-Self-Helpline is a new episode format where listeners write in with their experiences of political struggle so we can take seriously the psychic and emotional content of political experiences. Erik's essay How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love My Shitty Life: https://www.thedriftmag.com/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-my-shitty-life/ Erik Baker is Lecturer on the History of Science at Harvard University. His writing has appeared in Harper's, n+1, The Baffler, Jewish Currents, and The Drift, where he is Senior Editor. His first book Make Your Own Job published with Harvard University Press in January 2025. SUPPORT: www.buymeacoffee.com/redmedicineSoundtrack by Mark PilkingtonTwitter: @red_medicine__www.redmedicine.substack.com/
Marcellinus and Peter died in the early 4th century, but the saints would still be active and on the move in the 9th. This is about their journey. It is also about Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, the man who wrote about that journey and set it into motion. If you like what you hear and want to chip in to support the podcast, my Patreon is here. I'm on BlueSky @a-devon.bsky.social, and I have some things on Redbubble. Sources: Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Edited and translated by Paul Edward Dutton. University of Toronto Press, 1998. Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan, and the Astronomer. Translated with introductions and annotations by Thomas F.X. Noble. Penn State Press, 2009. Medieval Travel and Travellers: A Reader. Edited by John F. Romano. University of Toronto Press, 2020. A Short Reader of Medieval Saints. Edited by Mary-Ann Stouck. University of Toronto Press, 2009. Einhard. The History of the Translation of the Blessed Martyrs of Christ, Marcellinus and Peter. Harvard University Press, 1926. Lapidge, Michael. The Roman Martyrs: Introduction, Translations, and Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2018. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices
ANGELA'S SYMPOSIUM 📖 Academic Study on Witchcraft, Paganism, esotericism, magick and the Occult
Have you ever lit a candle, whispered an incantation, and watched something uncannily fitting happen days later? Was it magic, or just a well-timed coincidence? In the world of esoteric practice, we are trained to notice patterns, to read signs, to find meaning where others see randomness. But what if some of those connections aren't what they seem? What if we're mistaking correlation for causation, and calling it magic?In this video, we're diving into the most seductive illusion in both magic and conspiracy thinking: the leap from “this happened” to “I caused it.” Drawing on philosophy, psychology, and the history of occult thought, we'll explore why our brains are wired to see patterns, how magical fallacies take root, and how to practise with both conviction and discernment. If you want to refine your craft, sharpen your thinking, and avoid the traps that turn meaningful magic into wishful thinking, stay with me. This might just be the most important spell you ever learn.CONNECT & SUPPORT
This is Part 8 in a series noting that 2025 is the 40th Anniversary of Harvard University Press' 1985 publication of Richard A. Epstein's "Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain." We continue our celebration of this anniversary with a fair use and transformative reading, continuing and now beginning chapter 4 in a new section which Richard calls ""Takings Prima Facia," which makes the analogy between private law takings in the common law harm tradition and the public law takings where the government is a defendant. He titles chapter "Takings and Torts," because he's taking a look at political philosophy and the American constitutional order, how these things interact using argument by analogy with the common law/private law tradition, ensconced as it is in the purpose of the Constitution. That moral purpose is the protection of individual liberty against claims by a simple majority in a democracy, or by the government in a taking of private property. Today we discuss the subsection on the Federal Tort Claims Act from pp. 41-47, Excellent stuff here. Excellent. Every college student should read this book. It's a superb introduction to the political philosophy of the American regime. Praise the Lord. We'd like to thank Harvard University Press for making this material available and Richard Epstein for writing it. Make sure you buy the book and follow along. It's very important for you to have your own copy on your own bookshelf, and to begin to master this material. Support your local book dealer. See if they have a copy of it, or if they'd mind keeping an eye out for you. I always encourage buying physical books, objects you can have, hold, cherish, learn from, display on your bookshelf as a topic of conversation, things you can pass on to the next generation with your notes in them, things that do not depend upon electricity. Toward that end: Go to Harvard University Press for more selections available for purchase. Please support the publisher and your local booksellers. The Republican Professor is a pro-correctly-contemplating-property-rights podcast. The Republican Professor is produced and hosted by Dr. Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. Warmly, Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. The Republican Professor Podcast The Republican Professor Newsletter on Substack https://therepublicanprofessor.substack.com/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/podcast/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/articles/ YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheRepublicanProfessor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheRepublicanProfessor Twitter: @RepublicanProf Instagram: @the_republican_professor
We're so so so honored to be joined by McKenzie Wark, the writer, theorist, and unmissable figure in the development of critical thought around information, class, and embodiment. Her work barely needs an introduction, but it has shaped how we think about technology, identity, and shifting relations of power, all while questioning the conventions of theory and public writing itself. Her concept of vectorialism has been extremely important to our own thinking about capitalism.This episode covers a huge range of Wark's evolving project, from her early work on the NetTime listserv and the legendary A Hacker Manifesto (2004), which mapped the shift from industrial capital to the information economy and coined the term vectoralist class, to the decisive personal turn in Reverse Cowgirl (2020), where theory stopped being about something and started being inside it. We talk about what she calls "auto-textual" writing, the body as both subject and medium, and the annihilation of subjectivity through sex, drugs, and dancing.One line from this conversation won't leave us: maybe we're entering an era defined less by an aesthetic of alienation than by an aesthetic of dissociation. If alienation belonged to industrial capitalism, dissociation might be its post-digital heir.Critical (critical) Wark:Wark, McKenzie. A Hacker Manifesto. Harvard University Press, 2004.Wark, McKenzie. Gamer Theory. Harvard University Press, 2007.Wark, McKenzie. Capital is Dead: Is This Something Worse?. Verso, 2019.Wark, McKenzie. Reverse Cowgirl. Semiotext(e), 2020.Wark, McKenzie. Raving. Duke University Press, 2023.Wark, McKenzie, and Kathy Acker. I'm Very Into You: Correspondence 1995–1996. Semiotext(e), 2015.
ANGELA'S SYMPOSIUM 📖 Academic Study on Witchcraft, Paganism, esotericism, magick and the Occult
This lecture explores the provocative question: Can magic stop wars? Drawing on historical and cross-cultural sources, we examine how rituals and spells have been used not merely as private acts of devotion but as technologies of politics, resistance, and reconciliation. From the Assyrian Maqlû tablets and Egyptian execration rites, to the Wiccan “Cone of Power” against Hitler and the modern #MagicResistance movement, we uncover how ritual has been mobilised to defend rulers, resist tyranny, and shape the course of events.The lecture also turns to reconciliation practices such as the Acholi Mato Oput in Uganda, Hawaiian ho‘oponopono, and Arab-Islamic sulha, showing how communities have ritualised the difficult work of forgiveness and the transformation of enmity. By analysing these cases, we see how ritual externalises conflict into material or symbolic form, such as burned effigies, bitter drinks, and shared meals, so that violence can be reframed, managed, or dissolved.CONNECT & SUPPORT
Waardeer je onze video's? Steun dan Café Weltschmerz, het podium voor het vrije woord: https://www.cafeweltschmerz.nl/doneren/Met het zakbijbeltje voor Bullshitdetectors in de hand, ‘On Bullshit' van Harry G. Frankfurt bespreekt Rypke Zeilmaker vandaag enkele typische voorbeelden volgens de Frankfurt-definitie: No Concern for Truth. BS is net nog geen ‘liegen', omdat een leugenaar weet dat er waarheid is, maar 'ergens mee weg willen komen.'Boek van de week: Harry G. Frankfurt (2005), On Bullshit, Princeton University PressDe Wildavsky-methode uit de Cursus Bullshitdetectie: Aaron Wildavsky (1995), But is it True? A citizen's guide to environmental health and safety issues, Harvard University PressEcologie volgens systeemdenken is ook klassieke Bullshit. Daarom wil Rypke terug naar de ouderwetse term ‘natuurlijke historie', zie hoofdstuk 2 in Liever dood dan Slaaf:www.lieverdooddanslaaf.com---Deze video is geproduceerd door Café Weltschmerz. Café Weltschmerz gelooft in de kracht van het gesprek en zendt interviews uit over actuele maatschappelijke thema's. Wij bieden een hoogwaardig alternatief voor de mainstream media. Café Weltschmerz is onafhankelijk en niet verbonden aan politieke, religieuze of commerciële partijen.Wil je meer video's bekijken en op de hoogte blijven via onze nieuwsbrief? Ga dan naar: https://www.cafeweltschmerz.nl/videos/Wil je op de hoogte worden gebracht van onze nieuwe video's? Klik dan op deze link: https://bit.ly/3XweTO0
Você já parou pra pensar quem traduz os livros que você lê e como esse trabalho molda a forma como entende o mundo? Neste episódio, Lívia Mendes e Lidia Torres irão nos conduzir em uma viagem no tempo para entendermos como os textos gregos e latinos chegam até nós. Vamos descobrir por que traduzir é sempre também interpretar, criar e disputar sentidos. Conversamos com Andrea Kouklanakis, professora permanente na Hunter College, Nova York, EUA, e Guilherme Gontijo Flores, professor da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Eles compartilharam suas trajetórias no estudo de línguas antigas, seus desafios e descobertas com o mundo da tradução e as questões políticas, históricas e estéticas que a prática e as teorias da tradução abarcam. Esse episódio faz parte do trabalho de divulgação científica que a Lívia Mendes desenvolve no Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Centro de Teoria da Filologia, vinculados ao Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem e ao Instituto de Estudos Avançados da Unicamp, financiado pelo projeto Mídia Ciência da FAPESP, a quem agradecemos pelo financiamento. O roteiro foi escrito por Lívia Mendes e a revisão é de Lidia Torres e Mayra Trinca. A edição é de Daniel Rangel. Se você gosta de literatura, história, tradução ou quer entender novas formas de aproximar o passado do presente, esse episódio é pra você. __________________________________________________________________ ROTEIRO [música, bg] Lívia: Quem traduziu o livro que você está lendo? Lívia: E se você tivesse que aprender todas as línguas dos clássicos que deseja ler? Aqueles livros escritos em russo, alemão ou qualquer outra língua diferente da sua? Lívia: E aqueles livros das literaturas que foram escritas em línguas que chamamos antigas, como o latim e o grego? Lidia: A verdade é que, na maioria das vezes, a gente não pensa muito sobre essas questões. Mas, no Brasil, boa parte dos livros que lemos, tanto literários quanto teóricos, não chegaria até a gente se não fossem os tradutores. Lidia: Essas obras, que fazem parte de todo um legado social, filosófico e cultural da nossa sociedade, só chegaram até nós por causa do trabalho cuidadoso de pesquisadores e tradutores dessas línguas, que estão tão distantes, mas ao mesmo tempo, tão próximas de nós. [música de transição] Lívia: Eu sou a Lívia Mendes. Lidia: E eu sou a Lidia Torres. Lívia: Você já conhece a gente aqui do Oxigênio e no episódio de hoje vamos explorar como traduzimos, interpretamos e recebemos textos da Antiguidade greco-romana. Lidia: E, também vamos pensar por que essas obras ainda hoje mobilizam debates políticos, culturais e estéticos. Lívia: Vem com a gente explorar o mundo da antiguidade greco-romana que segue tão presente na atualidade, especialmente por meio da tradução dos seus textos. [vinheta O2] Andrea [1:05-2:12]: Então, meu nome é Andrea Kouklanakis e, eu sou brasileira, nasci no Brasil e morei lá até 21 anos quando eu emigrei para cá. Lívia: O “cá” da Andrea é nos Estados Unidos, país que ela se mudou ainda em 1980, então faz um tempo que ela mora fora do Brasil. Mas mesmo antes de se mudar, ela já tinha uma experiência com o inglês. Andrea Kouklanakis: Quando eu vim pra cá, eu não tinha terminado faculdade ainda, eu tinha feito um ano e meio, quase dois anos na PUC de São Paulo. Ah, e mas chegou uma hora que não deu mais para arcar com a responsabilidade financeira de matrícula da PUC, de mensalidades, então eu passei um tempo trabalhando só, dei aulas de inglês numa dessas escolas assim de business, inglês pra business people e que foi até legal, porque eu era novinha, acho que eu tinha 18, 19 anos e é interessante que todo mundo era mais velho que eu, né? Os homens de negócios, as mulheres de negócio lá, mas foi uma experiência legal e que também, apesar de eu não poder estar na faculdade daquela época, é uma experiência que condiz muito com o meu trabalho com línguas desde pequena. Lívia: Essa que você ouviu é a nossa primeira entrevistada no episódio de hoje, a professora Andrea Kouklanakis. Como ela falou ali na apresentação, ela se mudou ainda jovem pros Estados Unidos. Lidia: E, como faz muito tempo que ela se comunica somente em inglês, em alguns momentos ela acaba esquecendo as palavras em português e substitui por uma palavra do inglês. Então, a conversa com a Andrea já é um início pra nossa experimentação linguística neste episódio. Andrea Kouklanakis: Eu sou professora associada da Hunter College, que faz parte da cidade universitária de Nova York, City University of New York. E eles têm vários campus e a minha home college é aqui na Hunter College, em Manhattan. Eh, eu sou agora professora permanente aqui. Lívia: A professora Andrea, que conversou com a gente por vídeo chamada lá de Nova Iorque, contou que já era interessada por línguas desde pequena. A mãe dela trabalhava na casa de uma professora de línguas, com quem ela fez as primeiras aulas. E ela aprendeu também algumas palavras da língua materna do seu pai, que é grego e mais tarde, estudou francês e russo na escola. Lidia: Mas, além de todas essas línguas, hoje ela trabalha com Latim e Grego.Como será que essas línguas antigas entraram na vida da Andrea? Andrea Kouklanakis: Então, quando eu comecei aqui na Hunter College, eu comecei a fazer latim porque, bom, quando você tem uma língua natal sua, você é isenta do requerimento de línguas, que todo mundo tem que ter um requerimento de língua estrangeira na faculdade aqui. Então, quando eu comecei aqui, eu fiquei sabendo, que eu não precisava da língua, porque eu tinha o português. Mas, eu falei: “É, mas eu peguei pensando a língua é o que eu quero, né?” Então, foi super assim por acaso, que eu tava olhando no catálogo de cursos oferecidos. Aí eu pensei: “Ah, Latim, OK. Why not?. Por que não, né? Uma língua antiga, OK. Lívia: A professora Andrea, relembrando essa escolha por cursar as disciplinas de Latim, quando chegou na Hunter College, percebeu que ela gostou bastante das aulas por um motivo afetivo e familiar com a maneira com que ela tinha aprendido a língua portuguesa aqui no Brasil, que era diferente da forma como seus colegas estadunidenses tinham aprendido o inglês, sem muita conexão com a gramática. Lidia: Ela gostava de estudar sintaxe, orações subordinadas e todas essas regras gramaticais, que são muito importantes pra quem quer estudar uma língua antiga e mais pra frente a gente vai entender bem o porquê. [som de ícone] Lívia: sintaxe, é a parte da gramática que estuda como as palavras se organizam dentro das frases pra formar sentidos. Ela explica quem é o sujeito, o que é o verbo, quais termos completam ou modificam outros, e assim por diante. [som de ícone]: Lívia: Oração subordinada é uma frase que depende de outra para ter sentido completo. Ela não “anda sozinha”: precisa da oração principal pra formar o significado total. [música de transição] Lidia: E, agora, você deve estar se perguntando, será que todo mundo que resolve estudar língua antiga faz escolhas parecidas com a da professora Andrea? Lidia: É isso que a gente perguntou pro nosso próximo entrevistado. Guilherme Gontijo: Eu sou atualmente professor de latim na UFPR, no Paraná, moro em Curitiba. Mas, eu fiz a minha graduação em letras português na UFES, na Federal do Espírito Santo. E lá quando eu tive que fazer as disciplinas obrigatórias de latim, eu tinha que escolher uma língua complementar, eu lembro que eu peguei italiano porque eu estudava francês fora da universidade e eu tinha que estudar o latim obrigatório. Estudei latim com Raimundo Carvalho. Lívia: Bom, parece que o Guilherme teve uma trajetória parecida com a da Andrea e gostar de estudar línguas é uma das premissas pra se tornar um estudioso de latim e de grego. Lidia: O professor Raimundo de Carvalho, que o Guilherme citou, foi professor de Latim da Federal do Espírito Santo. Desde a década de 80 ele escreve poesias e é um importante estudioso da língua latina. Ele quem traduziu a obra Bucólicas, do Vírgílio, um importante poeta romano, o autor da Eneida, que talvez você já deva ter ouvido falar. O professor Raimundo se aposentou recentemente, mas segue trabalhando na tradução de Metamorfoses, de outro poeta romano, o Ovídio. Lívia: O Guilherme contou o privilégio que foi ter tido a oportunidade de ser orientado de perto pelo professor Raimundo. Guilherme Gontijo: Eu lembro que eu era um aluno bastante correto, assim, eu achava muito interessante aprender latim, mas eu estudei latim pensando que ele teria algum uso linguístico pras pessoas que estudam literatura brasileira. E quando ele levou Catulo pra traduzir, eu lembro de ficar enlouquecido, assim, foi incrível e foi a primeira vez na minha vida que eu percebi que eu poderia traduzir um texto de poema como um poema. E isso foi insistivo pra mim, eu não tinha lido teoria nenhuma sobre tradução. Lívia: Um episódio sobre literatura antiga traz esses nomes diferentes, e a gente vai comentando e explicando. O Catulo, que o Guilherme citou, foi um poeta romano do século I a.C.. Ele é conhecido por escrever odes, que são poemas líricos que expressam admiração, elogio ou reflexão sobre alguém, algo ou uma ideia. A obra do Catulo é marcada pelos poemas que ele dedicou a Lésbia, figura central de muitos dos seus versos. Guilherme Gontijo: Eu fiz as duas disciplinas obrigatórias de latim, que é toda a minha formação oficial de latim, acaba aí. E passei a frequentar a casa do Raimundo Carvalho semanalmente, às vezes duas vezes por semana, passava a tarde inteira tendo aula de latim com ele, lendo poetas romanos ou prosa romana e estudava em casa e ele tirava minhas dúvidas. Então, graças à generosidade do Raimundo, eu me tornei latinista e eu não tinha ideia que eu, ainda por cima, teria ali um mestre, porque ele é poeta, é tradutor de poesia. Lidia: Essa conexão com a língua latina fez o Guilherme nunca mais abandonar a tradução. Ele disse que era uma forma natural de conseguir conciliar o seu interesse intelectual acadêmico e o lado criativo, já que desde o início da graduação ele já era um aspirante a poeta. Lívia: É importante a gente lembrar que o Guilherme tem uma vasta carreira como autor, poeta e tradutor e já vamos aproveitar pra deixar algumas dicas dos livros autorais e dos autores que ele traduziu. Lívia: Guilherme é autor dos poemas de carvão :: capim (2018), Todos os nomes que talvez tivéssemos (2020), Arcano 13 em parceria com Marcelo Ariel. Ele também escreveu o romance História de Joia (2019) e os livros de ensaios Algo infiel: corpo performance tradução (2017) em parceria com Rodrigo Gonçalves e A mulher ventriloquada: o limite da linguagem em Arquíloco (2018). Se aventurou pelo infanto-juvenil com os livros A Mancha (2020) e o Coestelário (2021), ambos em parceria com Daniel Kondo. E traduziu autores como Safo, Propércio, Catulo, Horácio, Rabelais e Whitman. Lidia: Os poetas Rabelais e Whitman são autores modernos, viveram nos séculos XVI e XIX, já os outros poetas são da antiguidade romana, aquele período aproximadamente entre o século IV a.C. e o século V d.C. Lívia: Então, o Guilherme traduz tanto textos de línguas modernas quanto de línguas antigas. E, a gente perguntou pra ele se existe alguma diferença no trabalho do tradutor quando vai traduzir um texto de uma língua moderna, que está mais próxima de nós no tempo, e quando vai traduzir do latim ou do grego, que são línguas mais distantes temporalmente. Lívia: O Guilherme falou que quando ele vai traduzir de uma língua moderna pra outra língua moderna existem duas possibilidades: traduzir diacronicamente, que é quando o tradutor escreve o texto na língua produzida como se fosse da época mesmo que ele foi escrito. E a outra possibilidade é traduzir deslocando o autor temporalmente, e fazendo a linguagem do texto conversar com a linguagem contemporânea. Lidia: Pode parecer um pouco confuso de início, mas ouve só o exemplo do Guilherme da experiência de tradução que ele teve com o Rimbaud, que é um autor francês. Guilherme Gontijo: Por exemplo, fui traduzir Rimbaud, o Rimbaud do século XIX. Quando eu vou traduzir, eu posso tentar traduzir pensando diacronicamente e aí eu vou tentar traduzir o Rimbaud pra ele parecer um poeta do século XIX em português. E aí eu vou dar essa sensação de espaço temporal pro leitor contemporâneo agora. É, o Guilherme de Almeida fez um experimento genial assim, traduzindo o poeta francês François Villon para uma espécie de pastiche de galego-português, botando a linha temporal de modo que é isso, Villon é difícil para um francês ler hoje, que a língua francesa já sofreu tanta alteração que muitas vezes eles leem numa espécie de edição bilíngue, francês antigo, francês moderno. A gente também tem um pouco essa dificuldade com o galego-português, que é a língua literária da Península ali pra gente, né? Ah, então essa é uma abordagem. Outra abordagem, eu acho que a gente faz com muito menos frequência, é tentar deslocar a relação da temporalidade, ou seja, traduzir Rimbaud, não para produzir um equivalente do Rimbaud, século XIX no Brasil, mas pra talvez criar o efeito que ele poderia criar nos seus contemporâneos imediatos. Lívia: Ou seja, a ideia aqui seria escrever um texto da maneira como se escreve hoje em dia, meio que transpondo a história no tempo. Lidia: Pra quem não conhece, fica aqui mais uma dica de leitura: o poeta francês Arthur Rimbaud, que o Guilherme citou, viveu entre 1854 e 1891 e escreveu quase toda sua obra ainda adolescente. Ele renovou a poesia moderna com imagens ousadas, experimentação formal e uma vida marcada pela rebeldia. Abandonou a literatura muito jovem e passou o resto da vida viajando e trabalhando na África. Lívia: Mas, e pra traduzir da língua antiga, será que esse dois caminhos também são possíveis? Guilherme Gontijo: Quando eu vou traduzir do latim, por exemplo, eu não tenho esse equivalente. Não existe o português equivalente de Propércio. O português equivalente de Propércio como língua literária é o próprio latim. Lívia: Ou seja, o que o Guilherme quis dizer é que não existe uma possibilidade de traduzir um texto latino como ele soava na antiguidade, porque o latim é a língua que originou as línguas modernas latinas, e a língua portuguesa é uma delas, junto com o espanhol, o francês e o italiano. Lidia: Mas, o que pode acontecer é uma classicização dos textos antigos e o Guilherme enfatizou que acontece muito nas traduções que a gente tem disponível do latim pro português. A classicização, nesses casos, é traduzir os textos da antiguidade com o português do século XVIII ou XIX, transformando esses textos em clássicos também pra nós. Guilherme Gontijo:Curiosamente, a gente, quando estuda os clássicos, a gente sempre fala: “Não, mas isso é moderno demais. Será que ele falaria assim?” Acho curioso, quando, na verdade, a gente vendo que os clássicos tão falando sobre literatura, eles parecem não ter esses pudores. Aliás, eles são bem menos arqueológicos ou museológicos do que nós. Eles derrubavam um templo e botavam outro templo em cima sem pensar duas vezes enquanto nós temos muito mais pudores. Então, a minha abordagem atual de traduzir os clássicos é muito tentar usar as possibilidades do português brasileiro, isso é muito marcado pra mim, uma das variedades do português brasileiro, que é a minha, né? De modo ativo. Lívia: Só pra dar um exemplo do que faz a língua soar clássica, seria o uso do pronome “tu” ao invés de “você”, ou, os pronomes oblíquos como “eu te disse” ou “eu te amo”, porque ninguém fala “eu lhe amo” no dia a dia. Lidia: E esse é justamente o ponto quando a gente fala de tradução do texto antigo. Eles não vão ter um equivalente, e a gente não tem como traduzir por algo da mesma época. Guilherme Gontijo: Então, a gente precisa fazer um exercício especulativo, experimental, pra imaginar os possíveis efeitos daqueles textos no seu mundo de partida, né? A gente nunca vai saber o sabor exato de um texto grego ou romano, porque por mais que a gente tenha dicionário e gramática, a gente não tem o afeto, aquele afeto minucioso da língua que a gente tem na nossa. Lívia: Essas questões de escolhas de tradução, que podem aproximar ou afastar a língua da qual vai se traduzir pra língua que será traduzida se aproximam das questões sociais e políticas que são intrínsecas à linguagem. [música de transição] Lidia: Assim como qualquer outro texto, os escritos em latim ou grego nunca serão neutros. Mesmo fazendo parte de um mundo tão distante da gente, eles reproduzem projetos políticos e identitários tanto da antiguidade quanto dos atuais. Andrea Kouklanakis: Eu acho que esse aspecto político e histórico dos estudos clássicos é interessante porque é uma coisa quando você tá fazendo faculdade, quando eu fiz pelo menos, a gente não tinha muita ideia, né? Você tava completamente sempre perdida no nível microscópico da gramática, né? De tentar a tradução, essas coisas, você tá só, completamente submersa nos seus livros, no seu trabalho de aula em aula, tentando sobreviver ao Cícero. Lívia: Como a Andrea explicou, os estudos que chamamos de filológicos, soam como uma ciência objetiva. Eles tentam achar a gênese de um texto correto, como uma origem e acabam transformando os estudos clássicos em um modelo de programa de império ou de colonização. Andrea Kouklanakis: Então, por exemplo, agora quando eu dou aula sobre o legado dos estudos clássicos na América Latina Agora eu sei disso, então com os meus alunos a gente lê vários textos primários, né, e secundários, que envolvem discurso de construção de nação, de construção de império, de construção do outro, que são tecidos com os discursos clássicos, né, que é essa constante volta a Atenas, a Roma, é, o prestígio dos estudos clássicos, né? Então, a minha pesquisa se desenvolveu nesse sentido de como que esses latino afro brasileiros, esses escritores de várias áreas, como que eles lidaram na evolução intelectual deles, na história intelectual deles, como que eles lidaram com um ramo de conhecimento que é o centro do prestígio. Eles mesmo incorporando a falta de prestígio completa. O próprio corpo deles significa ausência total de prestígio e como que eles então interagem com uma área que é o centro do prestígio, sabe? Lidia: Então, como você percebeu, a Andrea investiga como os escritores afro-latino-americanos negociaram essa tradição clássica, símbolo máximo de prestígio, com suas histórias incorporadas a um lugar sem prestígio, marcadas em seus corpos pelo tom de pele. Lívia: Esse exercício que a professora Andrea tem feito com seus alunos na Hunter College tem sido uma prática cada vez mais presente nos Estudos Clássicos da América Latina e aqui no Brasil. É um exercício de colocar um olhar crítico pro mundo antigo e não apenas como uma forma de simplesmente celebrar uma antiguidade hierarquicamente superior a nós e a nossa história. Lidia: Nesse ponto, é importante a gente pontuar que a professora Andrea fala de um lugar muito particular, porque ela é uma mulher negra, brasileira, atuando em uma universidade nos Estados Unidos e em uma área de estudos historicamente tradicional. Lívia: Ela relatou pra gente um pouco da sua experiência como uma das primeiras mulheres negras a se doutorar em Estudos Clássicos em Harvard. Andrea Kouklanakis: Eu também não queria deixar de dizer que, politicamente, o meu entendimento como classista foi mais ou menos imposto de fora pra mim, sobre mim como uma mulher de cor nos estudos clássicos, porque eu estava exatamente na década de final de 90, meio final de 90, quando eu comecei a fazer os estudos clássicos na Harvard e foi coincidentemente ali quando também saiu, acho que o segundo ou terceiro volume do Black Athena, do Bernal. E, infelizmente, então, coincidiu com eu estar lá, né? Fazendo o meu doutorado nessa época. E na época existiam esses chat rooms, você podia entrar no computador e é uma coisa estranha, as pessoas interagiam ali, né? O nível de antipatia e posso até dizer ódio mesmo que muitas pessoas expressavam pela ideia de que poderia existir uma conexão entre a Grécia e a África, sabe? A mera ideia. Era uma coisa tão forte sabe, eu não tinha a experiência ou a preparação psicológica de receber esse tipo de resposta que era com tantos ânimos, sabe? Lidia: Com esse relato, a professora Andrea revelou pra gente como o preconceito com a população negra é tão explícita nos Estados Unidos e como ela, mesmo tendo passado a infância e a adolescência no Brasil, sentiu mais os impactos disso por lá. Lívia: Mas, fora o preconceito racial, historicamente construído pelas nossas raízes de colonização e escravização da população negra, como estudiosa de Estudos Clássicos, foi nessa época que a Andrea percebeu que existia esse tipo de discussão e que ainda não estava sendo apresentada pra ela na faculdade. Andrea Kouklanakis: Depois que eu me formei, eu entrei em contato com a mulher que era diretora de admissão de alunos e ela confirmou pra mim que é eu acho que eu sou a primeira pessoa de cor a ter um doutorado da Harvard nos Estudos Clássicos. E eu acho que mesmo que eu não seja a primeira pessoa de cor fazendo doutorado lá, provavelmente eu sou a primeira mulher de cor. Lidia: Vamos destacar agora, alguns pontos significativos do relato da professora Andrea. [som de ícone] Lívia: O livro que ela citou é o Black Athena, do estudioso de história política Martin Bernal. A teoria criada pelo autor afirmava que a civilização clássica grega na realidade se originou de culturas da região do Crescente Fértil, Egito, Fenícia e Mesopotâmia, ao invés de ter surgido de forma completamente independente, como tradicionalmente é colocado pelos historiadores germânicos. [som de ícone] Lívia: Ao propor uma hipótese alternativa sobre as origens da Grécia antiga e da civilização clássica, o livro fomentou discussões relevantes nos estudos da área, gerando controvérsias científicas, ideológicas e raciais. [som de ícone] Lidia: Em contrapartida às concepções racistas vinda de pesquisadores, historiadores e classicistas conservadores, a professora Andrea citou também um aluno negro de Harvard, o historiador e classicista Frank Snowden Jr.. [som de ícone] Lívia: Entre seus diversos estudos sobre a relação de brancos e negros na antiguidade, está o livro Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Black, em português, Antes do Preconceito Racial: A Visão Antiga dos Negros. Um aprofundamento de suas investigações sobre as relações entre africanos e as civilizações clássicas de Roma e da Grécia e demonstra que os antigos não discriminavam os negros por causa de sua cor. [som de ícone] Lidia: O livro lança luz pra um debate importantíssimo, que é a diferença de atitudes dos brancos em relação aos negros nas sociedades antigas e modernas, além de observar que muitas das representações artísticas desses povos se assemelham aos afro-americanos da atualidade. Andrea Kouklanakis: Mas, então é isso, então essa coisa política é uma coisa que foi imposta, mas a imposição foi até legal porque aí me levou a conhecer e descobrir e pesquisar essa área inteira, que agora é uma coisa que eu me dedico muito, que é olhar qual que é a implicação dos estudos clássicos na política, na raça, na história e continuando dando as minhas aulas e traduzindo, fazendo tradução, eu adoro tradução, então, esse aspecto do estudo clássico, eu sempre gostei. [música de transição] Lívia: O Guilherme também falou pra gente sobre essa questão política e histórica dos Estudos Clássicos, de que ficar olhando pro passado como objeto desvinculado, nos impede de poder articular essas discussões com a política do presente. Guilherme Gontijo: E acho que o resultado quando a gente faz isso é muitas vezes colocar os clássicos como defensores do status quo, que é o que o um certo império brasileiro fez no período de Dom Pedro, é o que Mussolini fez também. Quer dizer, vira propaganda de estado. Lidia: Mas, ao contrário, quando a gente usa os clássicos pra pensar as angústias do presente, a gente percebe que é uma área de estudos que pode ser super relevante e super viva pra qualquer conversa do presente. Lívia: E, na tradução e na recepção desses textos antigos, como será que essas questões aparecem? O Guilherme deu um exemplo pra gente, de uma tradução que ele fez do poeta romano Horácio. [som de ícone] Lidia: Horácio foi um poeta romano do século I a.C., famoso por escrever poesias nos formatos de Odes, Sátiras e Epístolas, e defendia a ideia do “justo meio” — evitar excessos e buscar a medida certa na vida. Guilherme Gontijo: Tô lembrando aqui de uma ode de Horácio, acho que esse exemplo vai ser bom. Em que ele termina o poema oferecendo um vai matar um cabrito pra uma fonte, vai oferendar um cabrito para uma fonte. E quando eu tava traduzindo, vários comentadores lembravam de como essa imagem chocou violentamente o século XIX na recepção. Os comentadores sempre assim: “Como assim, Horácio, um homem tão refinado vai fazer um ato tão brutal, tão irracional?” Quer dizer, isso diz muito mais sobre a recepção do XIX e do começo do XX, do que sobre Horácio. Porque, assim, é óbvio que Horácio sacrificaria um cabrito para uma fonte. E nisso, ele não está escapando em nada do resto da sua cultura. Agora, é curioso como, por exemplo, o nosso modelo estatal coloca a área de clássicas no centro, por exemplo, dos cursos de Letras, mas acha que práticas do Candomblé, que são análogas, por exemplo, você pode oferecer animais para divindades ou mesmo para águas, seriam práticas não não não racionais ou não razoáveis ou sujas ou qualquer coisa do tipo, como quiserem. Né? Então, eu acho que a gente pode e esse é o nosso lugar, talvez seja nossa missão mesmo. Lívia: Como o Guilherme explicou, nós no Brasil e na América Latina temos influência do Atlântico Negro, das línguas bantas, do candomblé, da umbanda e temos um aporte, tanto teórico quanto afetivo, pra pensar os clássicos, a partir dessas tradições tão próximas, que a própria tradição europeia tem que fazer um esforço gigantesco pra chegar perto, enquanto pra gente é natural. Lidia: E não podemos nos esquecer também da nossa convivência com várias etnias indígenas, que possuem comparações muito fortes entre essas culturas. Guilherme Gontijo: Eu diria, eu entendo muito melhor o sentido de um hino arcaico, grego, ouvindo uma cantiga de terreiro no Brasil, do que só comparando com literatura. Eu acho que é relevante para a área de clássicas, não é uma mera curiosidade, sabe? Então, eu tenho cada vez mais lido gregos e romanos à luz da antropologia moderna, contemporaneíssima, sabe? Eu acho que muitos frutos aparecem de modo mais exemplar ou mais óbvio quando a gente faz essa comparação, porque a gente aí tira de fato os clássicos do lugar de clássicos que lhes é dado. [música de transição] Lívia: Pra além dessas discussões teóricas e políticas, a tradução é também um ato estético e existem algumas formas de repensar a presença da poesia antiga no mundo contemporâneo a partir de uma estética aplicada na linguagem e nos modos de traduzir. Lidia: No caso do Guilherme, ele vem trabalhando há um tempo com a tradução como performance. Guilherme Gontijo: E aí eu pensei: “Não, eu poderia traduzir Horácio para cantar”. Eu vou aprender a cantar esses metros antigos e vou cantar a tradução na mesmíssima melodia. Quer dizer, ao invés de eu pensar em metro no sentido do papel, eu vou pensar em metro no sentido de uma vocalidade. E foi isso que eu fiz. Foi o meu o meu doutorado, isso acabou rendendo a tradução de Safo. Lívia: Além das traduções publicadas em livros e artigos, o Guilherme também coloca essas performances na rua com o grupo Pecora Loca, que desde 2015 se propõe a fazer performances de poemas antigos, medievais e, às vezes, modernos, como um modo de ação poética. Lidia: Inclusive a trilha sonora que você ouviu ali no início deste trecho é uma das performances realizada pelo grupo, nesse caso do poema da Ode 34 de Horácio, com tradução do próprio Guilherme e música de Guilherme Bernardes, que o grupo gentilmente nos passou. Guilherme Gontijo: Isso pra mim foi um aprendizado teórico também muito grande, porque você percebe que um poema vocal, ele demanda pra valorizar a sua ou valorar a sua qualidade, também a performance. Quer dizer, o poema não é só um texto no papel, mas ele depende de quem canta, como canta, qual instrumento canta. Lívia: O Guilherme explicou que no início eles usavam instrumentos antigos como tímpano, címbalo, lira e até uma espécie de aulos. Mas, como, na verdade, não temos informações precisas sobre como era a musicalidade antiga, eles resolveram afirmar o anacronismo e a forma síncrona de poesia e performance, e, atualmente, incorporaram instrumentos modernos ao grupo como a guitarra elétrica, o baixo elétrico, o teclado e a bateria. Guilherme Gontijo: Então, a gente tem feito isso e eu acho que tem um gesto político, porque é muito curioso que a gente vai tocar num bar e às vezes tem alguém desavisado e gosta de Anacreonte. Olha, caramba, adorei Anacreonte. É, é, e ela percebe que Anacreonte, ela ouviu a letra e a letra é basicamente: “Traga um vinho para mim que eu quero encher a cara”. Então ela percebe que poesia antiga não é algo elevado, para poucos eleitos capazes de depreender a profundidade do saber grego. Ó, Anacreonte é poema de farra. Lidia: A partir da performance as pessoas se sentem autorizadas a tomar posse dessa herança cultural e a se relacionar com ela. O que cria uma forma de divulgar e difundir os Estudos Clássicos a partir de uma relação íntima, que é a linguagem musical. Guilherme Gontijo: E a experiência mais forte que eu tive nisso, ela é do passado e foi com o Guilherme Bernardes. Lembro que dei uma aula e mostrei a melodia do Carpe Diem, do Horácio. Da Ode. E tava lá mostrando o poema, sendo bem técnico ali, como é que explica o metro, como é que põe uma melodia, etc, etc. E uns três dias depois ele me mandou uma gravação que ele fez no Garage Band, totalmente sintética. De uma versão só instrumental, quer dizer, o que ele mais curtiu foi a melodia. E a gente às vezes esquece disso, quer dizer, um aspecto da poesia arcaica ou da poesia oral antiga romana é que alguém poderia adorar a melodia e nem prestar tanta atenção na letra. E que continuariam dizendo: “É um grande poeta”. Eu senti uma glória quando eu pensei: “Caraca, um asclepiadeu maior tocou uma pessoa como melodia”. A pessoa nem se preocupou tanto que é o poema do Carpe Diem, mas a melodia do asclepiadeu maior. [som de ícone] Lívia: Só por curiosidade, “asclepiadeu maior” é um tipo de verso poético greco-latino composto por um espondeu, dois coriambos e um iambo. Você não precisa saber como funcionam esses versos na teoria. Essa forma poética foi criada pelo poeta lírico grego Asclepíades de Samos, que viveu no século III a.C., por isso o nome, o mais importante é que foi o verso utilizado por Horácio em muitas de suas odes. [música de transição] Lidia: Agora, já encaminhando para o final do nosso episódio, não podemos ir embora sem falar sobre o trabalho de recepção e tradução realizado pela professora Andrea, lá na Hunter College, nos EUA. Lívia: Além do seu projeto sobre a presença dos clássicos nas obras de escritores afro-latino-americanos, com foco especial no Brasil, de autores como Lima Barreto, Luís Gama, Juliano Moreira e Auta de Sousa. A professora também publicou o livro Reis Imperfeitos: Pretendentes na Odisseia, Poética da Culpa e Sátira Irlandesa, pela Harvard University Press, em 2023, e as suas pesquisas abarcam a poesia homérica, a poética comparada e as teorias da tradução. Lidia: A professora Andrea faz um exercício muito importante de tradução de autores negros brasileiros pro inglês, não somente das obras literárias, mas também de seus pensamentos teóricos, pra que esses pensamentos sejam conhecidos fora do Brasil e alcance um público maior. Lívia: E é muito interessante como a relação com os estudos da tradução pra professora Andrea também tocam em um lugar muito íntimo e pessoal, assim como foi pro Guilherme nas suas traduções em performances. Lidia: E ela contou pra gente um pouco dessa história. Andrea Kouklanakis: Antes de falar da língua, é eu vou falar que, quando eu vejo a biografia deles, especialmente quando eu passei bastante tempo com o Luiz Gama. O que eu achei incrível é o nível de familiaridade de entendimento que eu tive da vida corriqueira deles. Por exemplo, Cruz e Souza, né? A família dele morava no fundo lá da casa, né? Esse tipo de coisa assim. O Luiz Gama também quando ele fala do aluno lá que estava na casa quando ele foi escravizado por um tempo, quando ele era criança, o cara que escravizou ele tinha basicamente uma pensão pra estudantes, que estavam fazendo advocacia, essas coisas, então na casa tinham residentes e um deles ensinou ele a ler, a escrever. O que eu achei interessantíssimo é que eu estou há 100 anos separada desse povo, mas a dinâmica social foi completamente familiar pra mim, né? A minha mãe, como eu te falei, ela sempre foi empregada doméstica, ela já se aposentou há muito tempo, mas a vida dela toda inteira ela trabalhou como empregada doméstica. E pra mim foi muito interessante ver como que as coisas não tinham mudado muito entre a infância de alguém como Cruz e Souza e a minha infância, né? Obviamente ninguém me adotou, nada disso, mas eu passei muito tempo dentro da casa de família. que era gente que tinha muito interesse em ajudar a gente, em dar, como se diz, a scholarship, né? O lugar que a minha mãe trabalhou mais tempo assim, continuamente por 10 anos, foi, aliás, na casa do ex-reitor da USP, na década de 70 e 80, o Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva. Lívia: Ao contar essa história tão íntima, a Andrea explicou como ela tenta passar essa coincidência de vivências, separada por cem anos ou mais no tempo, mas que, apesar de todo avanço na luta contra desigualdades raciais, ainda hoje refletem na sua memória e ainda são muito estáticas. Lidia: Essa memória reflete na linguagem, porque, como ela explicou, esses autores utilizam muitas palavras que a gente não usa mais, porque são palavras lá do século XVIII e XIX, mas o contexto chega pra ela de uma forma muito íntima e ainda viva, por ela ter vivenciado essas questões. Andrea Kouklanakis: Eu não sou poeta, mas eu tô dando uma de poeta, sabe? E quando eu percebo que tem algum estilo assim, a Auta de vez em quando tem um certo estilo assim, ambrósia, não sei do quê, sabe? Eu sei que ela está querendo dizer perfume, não sei o quê, eu não vou mudar, especialmente palavras, porque eu também estou vindo da minha perspectiva é de quem sabe grego e latim, eu também estou interessada em palavras que são em português, mas são gregas. Então, eu preservo, sabe? Lívia: Então, pra Andrea, no seu trabalho tradutório ela procura mesclar essas duas questões, a sua relação íntima com os textos e também a sua formação como classicista, que pensa a etimologia das palavras e convive com essa multiplicidade de línguas e culturas, caminhando entre o grego, o latim, o inglês e o português. [música de transição] [bg] Lidia: Ao ouvir nossos convidados de hoje, a Andrea Koclanakis e o Guilherme Gontijo Flores, percebemos que traduzir textos clássicos é muito mais do que passar palavras de uma língua pra outra. É atravessar disputas políticas, revisitar o passado com olhos do presente, reconstruir memórias coloniais e imaginar novos modos de convivência com as tradições antigas. Lívia: A tradução é pesquisa, criação, crítica e também pode ser transformação. Agradecemos aos entrevistados e a você que nos acompanhou até aqui! [música de transição] [créditos] Livia: O roteiro desse episódio foi escrito por mim, Lívia Mendes, que também fiz a locução junto com a Lidia Torres. Lidia: A revisão foi feita por mim, Lidia Torres e pela Mayra Trinca. Lidia: Esse episódio faz parte do trabalho de divulgação científica que a Lívia Mendes desenvolve no Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Centro de Teoria da Filologia, vinculados ao Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem e ao Instituto de Estudos Avançados da Unicamp, financiado pelo projeto Mídia Ciência da FAPESP, a quem agradecemos pelo financiamento. Lívia: Os trabalhos técnicos são de Daniel Rangel. A trilha sonora é de Kevin MacLeod e também gentilmente cedida pelo grupo Pecora Loca. A vinheta do Oxigênio foi produzida pelo Elias Mendez. Lidia: O Oxigênio conta com apoio da Secretaria Executiva de Comunicação da Unicamp. Você encontra a gente no site oxigenio.comciencia.br, no Instagram e no Facebook, basta procurar por Oxigênio Podcast. Lívia: Pra quem chegou até aqui, tomara que você tenha curtido passear pelo mundo da antiguidade greco-romana e entender um pouco de como os textos antigos chegam até nós pela recepção e tradução. Você pode deixar um comentário, na sua plataforma de áudio favorita, contando o que achou. A gente vai adorar te ver por lá! Até mais e nos encontramos no próximo episódio. [vinheta final]
ANGELA'S SYMPOSIUM 📖 Academic Study on Witchcraft, Paganism, esotericism, magick and the Occult
In this episode, Dr Angela Puca unpacks one of the most fascinating questions in the study and practice of magic: how does magic actually work? Drawing on both historical and contemporary scholarship, she explores the six major explanatory models: the spirit, psychological, natural or energetic, information or cybernetic, sociological, and transcendent or mystical frameworks. Each reveals a different way magicians and scholars have tried to understand the mechanisms of ritual power, from relationships with spirits and manipulation of subtle forces to consciousness engineering and divine realisation. Whether you're a practitioner, scholar, or simply curious about how magic makes sense of the impossible, this episode will deepen your understanding of what really happens when magic works.CONNECT & SUPPORT
In September 2022, a young Kurdish woman, Mahsa Jîna Amini, died after being beaten by police officers who arrested her for not adhering to the Islamic Republic's dress code. Her death galvanized thousands of Iranians—mostly women—who took to the streets in one of the country's largest uprisings in decades: the Woman, Life, Freedom movement. In this episode, Jacke talks to Nilo Tabrizy about her experience co-authoring the book For the Sun After Long Nights: The Story of Iran's Women-Led Uprising, which tells the searing, courageous story of what it meant for two journalists to cover these deeply personal events. PLUS Dr. Sharmila Sen, Editorial Director of Harvard University Press, who previously joined us for a discussion of the Murtry Classical Library of India series and the anthology Ten Indian Classics, stops by to discuss her choice for the last book she will ever read. Join Jacke on a trip through literary England (signup closing soon)! The History of Literature Podcast Tour is happening in May 2026! Act now to join Jacke and fellow literature fans on an eight-day journey through literary England in partnership with John Shors Travel. Scheduled stops include The Charles Dickens Museum, Dr. Johnson's house, Jane Austen's Bath, Tolkien's Oxford, Shakespeare's Globe Theater, and more. Find out more by emailing jackewilsonauthor@gmail.com or masahiko@johnshorstravel.com, or by contacting us through our website historyofliterature.com. Or visit the History of Literature Podcast Tour itinerary at John Shors Travel. The music in this episode is by Gabriel Ruiz-Bernal. Learn more at gabrielruizbernal.com. Help support the show at patreon.com/literature or historyofliterature.com/donate . The History of Literature Podcast is a member of Lit Hub Radio and the Podglomerate Network. Learn more at thepodglomerate.com/historyofliterature. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
This is Part 7 in a series noting that 2025 is the 40th Anniversary of Harvard University Press' 1985 publication of Richard A. Epstein's "Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain." We continue our celebration of this anniversary with a fair use and transformative reading, continuing and now beginning chapter 4 in a new section which Richard calls ""Takings Prima Facia," which makes the analogy between private law takings in the common law harm tradition and the public law takings where the government is a defendant. He titles chapter "Takings and Torts," because he's taking a look at political philosophy and the American constitutional order, how these things interact using argument by analogy with the common law/private law tradition, ensconced as it is in the purpose of the Constitution. That moral purpose is the protection of individual liberty against claims by a simple majority in a democracy, or by the government in a taking of private property. Excellent stuff here. Excellent. Every college student should read this book. It's a superb introduction to the political philosophy of the American regime. Praise the Lord. We'd like to thank Harvard University Press for making this material available and Richard Epstein for writing it. Make sure you buy the book and follow along. It's very important for you to have your own copy on your own bookshelf, and to begin to master this material. Support your local book dealer. See if they have a copy of it, or if they'd mind keeping an eye out for you. I always encourage buying physical books, objects you can have, hold, cherish, learn from, display on your bookshelf as a topic of conversation, things you can pass on to the next generation with your notes in them, things that do not depend upon electricity. Toward that end: Go to Harvard University Press for more selections available for purchase. Please support the publisher and your local booksellers. This special episode includes readings from "Streams in the Desert" January 16th (Cowman Publications, Los Angeles Los Feliz Station, 1925) and Psalm 25 at the very end of the episode. The Republican Professor is a pro-correctly-contemplating-property-rights podcast. The Republican Professor is produced and hosted by Dr. Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. Warmly, Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. The Republican Professor Podcast The Republican Professor Newsletter on Substack https://therepublicanprofessor.substack.com/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/podcast/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/articles/ YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheRepublicanProfessor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheRepublicanProfessor Twitter: @RepublicanProf Instagram: @the_republican_professor
What happens in space doesn’t stay in space. Historian Dagomar Degroot joins Planetary Radio host Sarah Al-Ahmed to explore how shifting solar cycles, volcanic eruptions on Venus, Martian dust storms, and even mistaken sightings of lunar forests have influenced life, science, and society on Earth. His new book, “Ripples on the Cosmic Ocean: An Environmental History of Our Place in the Solar System,” reframes the Solar System as part of our cosmic environment, one that has shaped humanity’s past and will define our future. Then, Planetary Society Director of Government Relations Jack Kiraly updates us on the latest developments in space policy, including the ongoing search for NASA’s next administrator and proposed changes to the Artemis program’s launch vehicles. And stick around for Bruce Betts, The Planetary Society’s chief scientist, in What’s Up. Discover more at: https://www.planetary.org/planetary-radio/2025-ripples-on-the-cosmic-oceanSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Wir springen in dieser Folge ins 18. Jahrhundert. Frankreich, das sich nach den Verlusten im Zuge des Siebenjährigen Kriegs wieder global behaupten will, beschließt eine Expedition zur Weltumseglung zu organisieren. Geleitet von Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, soll die Expedition vor allem Pflanzen aus aller Welt sammeln und für Frankreich zu Geld machen. Der Botaniker Philibert de Commerson ist jener Mann, in den die Hoffnungen gesteckt werden, dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Wir sprechen in dieser Folge über diese Expedition, die aber noch eine Überraschung auf Lager hat. Denn eine der mitreisenden Personen hat ein Geheimnis, das erst im Laufe der Weltumseglung gelüftet wird. // Erwähnte Folgen - GAG126: Für immer im Eis – die Franklin Expedition – https://gadg.fm/126 - GAG324: Mit dem Ballon zum Nordpol – Andrées Polarexpedition von 1897 – https://gadg.fm/324 - GAG152: Ernest Shackleton und die Endurance-Expedition – https://gadg.fm/152 - GAG49: Der „Dig Tree“ und die erste Durchquerung Australiens – https://gadg.fm/49 - GAG520: Die Jagd nach dem Großen Panda – https://gadg.fm/520 - GAG322: Portugal und der Seeweg nach Indien – https://gadg.fm/322 - GAG468: Arabia Felix oder Die Dänisch-Arabische Expedition – https://gadg.fm/468 - GAG496: Sophie Germain – https://gadg.fm/496 - GAG139: Als Voltaire die Lotterie knackte und steinreich wurde – https://gadg.fm/139 - GAG279: Muskat und Manhattan – https://gadg.fm/279 // Literatur - Glynis Ridley. The Discovery of Jeanne Baret: A Story of Science, the High Seas, and the First Woman to Circumnavigate the Globe. Crown Publishers, 2011. - John Dunmore. Monsieur Baret. Heritage Press, 2023. - Londa Schiebinger. Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Harvard University Press, 2009. - Louis-Antoine de Bougainville. Voyage Autour Du Monde, Par La Frégate Du Roi La Boudeuse, et La Flûte L'Étoile; En 1766, 1767, 1768 & 1769. Das Folgenbild zeigt den Ausschnitt einer Karte der Isle de France, später Mauritius, aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. //Aus unserer Werbung Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte: https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte // Wir sind jetzt auch bei CampfireFM! Wer direkt in Folgen kommentieren will, Zusatzmaterial und Blicke hinter die Kulissen sehen will: einfach die App installieren und unserer Community beitreten: https://www.joincampfire.fm/podcasts/22 //Wir haben auch ein Buch geschrieben: Wer es erwerben will, es ist überall im Handel, aber auch direkt über den Verlag zu erwerben: https://www.piper.de/buecher/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte-isbn-978-3-492-06363-0 Wer Becher, T-Shirts oder Hoodies erwerben will: Die gibt's unter https://geschichte.shop Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf Steady oder ein Abo des GeschichteFM-Plus Kanals auf Apple Podcasts tun. Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei Apple Podcasts oder wo auch immer dies möglich ist rezensiert oder bewertet. Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt! Du möchtest Werbung in diesem Podcast schalten? Dann erfahre hier mehr über die Werbemöglichkeiten bei Seven.One Audio: https://www.seven.one/portfolio/sevenone-audio
This episode features several ghosts all associated with one place. And that place is a specific building with its own interesting history – the Theater Royal Drury Lane of London. Research: Appleton, William Worthen. “Charles macklin: An Actor’s Life.” Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 1960. https://archive.org/details/charlesmacklinac00appl/page/n11/mode/2up Benjamin, Victor D. “The history of the theatres of London, from the year 1760 to the present time. Being a continuation of the Annual Register of all the new tragedies, comedies farces, pantomines that have been performed within that period. With occasional notes and anecdotes.” London. Printed for T. Becket. 1771. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/historyoftheatre00victiala/page/n7/mode/2up Cibber, Colley. “An Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber.” Chiswick Press, London. 1889. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/44064/pg44064.txt “Dan Leno: A Victim to Overwork.” The People (London.) June 7, 1903. https://www.newspapers.com/image/811209994/?match=1&terms=dan%20leno “Dan Leno Dead.” New York Times. Nov. 1, 1904. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1904/11/01/101241446.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Dickson, Andrew. “Inside the world's most haunted theatre.” The Guardian. Oct. 29, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/oct/29/most-haunted-theatre-ghosts-superstitions-theatre-royal-drury-lane The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Colley Cibber". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Dec. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Colley-Cibber The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dan Leno". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Dec. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dan-Leno The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Drury Lane Theatre". Encyclopedia Britannica, 27 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Drury-Lane-Theatre The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Thomas Killigrew". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Mar. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Killigrew “Ghost of Dan Leno.” The Register. (Adelaide, SA.) Dec. 15, 1923. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/65060035 Hoge, Warren. “A Major New Role As Theater Mogul For Lloyd Webber.” New York Times. Jan. 10, 2000. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/10/arts/a-major-new-role-as-theater-mogul-for-lloyd-webber.html "The humorous lieutenant, or, Generous enemies a comedy as it is now acted by His Majesties servants, at the Theatre-Royal in Drury-Lane." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A39804.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. “Interregnum (1649-1660).” The Royal Family. https://www.royal.uk/interregnum-1649-1660 “Leno, Dan, 1860-1904.” University of Sheffield Archives. https://archives.sheffield.ac.uk/agents/people/308?&filter_fields[]=subjects&filter_values[]=Wild+west Lloyd, Arthur. “The Theatre Royal Drury Lane - Main Entrance situated on Catherine Street, Westminster, London.” Arthur Lloyd’s Music Hall. http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/DruryLane.htm#1 Maitland, Hayley. “Murder, Musicals, and Royal Romance: The History of Drury Lane, London’s Oldest—And Most Haunted—Theater.” Vogue. Sept. 14, 2023. https://www.vogue.com/article/the-history-of-drury-lane-londons-oldest-and-most-haunted-theater Milhous, Judith, and Robert D. Hume. “The Drury Lane Actors' Rebellion of 1743.” Theatre Journal , Mar., 1990, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 57-80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207558 Morley, Sheridan. “Theatre's Strangest Acts.” Robson Books. 2014. Mullan, Kevin. “Charles Macklin (McLaughlin/MacLochlainn): The Donegal theatre radical and playwright who revolutionised Covent Garden in the 1700s.” Derry Journal. Sept. 24, 2024. https://www.derryjournal.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/charles-macklin-mclaughlinmaclochlainn-the-donegal-theatre-radical-and-playwright-who-revolutionised-covent-garden-in-the-1700s-4795038 “The Newly Renovated Theatre Royal Drury Lane Wins At The Stage Awards.” Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals. https://www.andrewlloydwebber.com/news/the-newly-renovated-theatre-royal-drury-lane-wins-at-the-stage-awards Planer, Nigel. “The Ghosts of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane.” Huffpost. Feb. 10, 2014. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/nigel-planer/nigel-planer-drury-lane-ghosts_b_4426092.html Simon, Ed. “Here We Are Again!—How Joseph Grimaldi Invented the Creepy Clown.” JSTOR. May 4, 2022. https://daily.jstor.org/here-we-are-again-how-joseph-grimaldi-invented-the-creepy-clown/ Shand, John. “Drury Lane: London’s Oldest Theater. A Tercentenary?” The Guardian. July 8, 1939. https://www.newspapers.com/image/259462987/?match=1&terms=drury%20theatre%20ghost Shipp, L. “Charles Fleetwood, the 1744 Drury Lane Riots, and Pricing Practices in Eighteenth-Century British Theatre.” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 47: 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12956. “The Story So Far.” LW Theatres. https://lwtheatres.co.uk/theatres/theatre-royal-drury-lane/about-theatre-royal-drury-lane/ “The Story So Far …” Theatre Royal Drury lane. https://thelane.co.uk/the-history Wyatt, Benjamin Dean. “Observations on the design for the Theatre royal, Drury lane, as executed in 1812: accompanied by plans, elevation, & sections, of the same.” London, printed for J. Taylor. 1813. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=o58NAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-o58NAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1 Zagha, Muriel. “The Puritan Paradox.” The Guardian. Feb. 15, 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/feb/16/artsandhumanities.highereducation See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
We're speaking with UConn Associate Professor of History Andy Horowitz, who also serves as the Connecticut State Historian. We talk about Andy's first book, Katrina: A History, 1915-2015 (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674271074) (Harvard University Press, 2020) which won a 2021 Bancroft Prize in American History, and was named the 2021 Humanities Book of the Year by the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, and a 2020 Best Nonfiction Book of the Year by Publishers Weekly. He has also written for The Atlantic, Time, the Boston Globe, the Washington Post, Rolling Stone, and the New York Times. We talk about what it means to write about disasters and about the place where you live; writing about people who are currently alive; being a presentist historian; and what it means to write “important books.” Don't forget to rate and review our show and follow us on all social media platforms here: https://linktr.ee/writingitpodcast Contact us with questions, possible future topics/guests, or comments here: https://writingit.fireside.fm/contact
“Some time ago, I realized that there was such a thing for me as experiencing my patients as being friends, but they were psychoanalytic friends. It was a psychoanalytic friendship that was quite unique and unlike any other friendship. I think that's what people are talking about when they write about psychoanalytic love. It's not love like any other kind of relationship, because the psychoanalytic relationship is so unique. And I feel the same way about psychoanalytic parenting. It's like it's close to mentoring, but it's different because the structure of the relationship is different than from a mentor or an esteemed and loved teacher. It really is helping somebody with the whole process of development and helping them grow, mature, and become more comfortable with themselves and to know themselves better. That seems to me the essence of parenting, and I don't think we should feel defensive about thinking about it that way. That doesn't seem to me that it's my counter-transference in needing to be a good mother, a good father, a good parent to my patients.” Episode Description: We discuss the challenge of transmitting the experiential knowledge of the dynamic therapies to new generations. David's book on therapeutic aphorisms demonstrates a number of key elements of this unique relationship - symbolic meanings in symptoms, 'psychotherapeutic parenting', the simultaneous use of medications and working with the unlikable patient to name but a few of the topics he brings forward. He describes the challenges of the negative therapeutic reaction, how "transference reactions are the creative soul of the patient's story" and what it was like for him to admit to a patient that he lied to her. We close with his reflecting on the meaning to him of retiring from full time practice, noting "I haven't retired my psychoanalytic mind." Our Guest: David Joseph, MD is a supervising and training analyst at the Washington Baltimore Center for Psychoanalysis where he served as chair of the board and director of the Institute Council (education committee). For many years he was the Director of Residency Training at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC. He has a long-standing interest in ethics and has written and spoken about a number of ethical issues in the practice of psychoanalysis. He closed his clinical practice several years ago, at the age of 82. In June 2025, his book: Listening for a Lifetime: The Artful Science of Psychotherapy, was published by Mission Point Press. Recommended Readings: Freud's technique papers. Greenson, R. (1952) The Mother Tongue and the Mother. JAPA, 1 Zetzel. E. (1956) Anxiety and the Capacity to Bear It. Schafer, R. (1976) A New Language for Psychoanalysis. Yale University Press. New Haven Wachtel, P. L.(1977) Psychoanalysis and Behavior Therapy. Basic Books, NY. Greenberg, J. and Mitchell, S. A. (1983) Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Harvard University Press. Arlow, J. (1995) Stilted Listening: Psychoanalysis as Discourse. PQ, 215-233. Schafer, R. (1999) Disappointment and Disappointedness. IJP, 80: 1093-1104. Pine, F. (2011) Beyond Pluralism: Psychoanalysis and the Working of Mind. PQ: 80, 823-856. Poland, W. (2018) Intimacy and Separateness in Psychoanalysis. Routledge, NY. Holmes, D, (2022). Neutrality is not Neutral. JAPA, 70: 317-322
Students have varied levels of preparation for traditional types of classes and assessments used in colleges. In this episode, David Gooblar joins us to discuss a variety of instructional strategies that we can adopt to help all students succeed. David is an Associate Professor of English at the University of Iowa, a regular contributor to the Chronicle of Higher Education, the creator of Pedagogy Unbound, and the author of The Missing Course: Everything They Never Taught You About College Teaching. His most recent book, One Classroom at a Time: How Better Teaching Can Make College More Equitable, was released in August 2025 by Harvard University Press. A transcript of this episode and show notes may be found at http://teaforteaching.com.
Welcome to Season 5, Episode 41! Today's guest is award-winning author Beth Lew-Williams. She's a Professor of History and the Director of the Program in Asian American Studies at Princeton University. She's best known for her work on migration, violence, and ethnic studies. She's also a 2025 winner of the Dan David Prize that honors innovative research on the human past. It's the largest history prize in the world, and only nine people were awarded it in 2025! Her latest book is John Doe Chinaman: A Forgotten History of Chinese Life under American Racial Law is published by Harvard University Press and was released on September 16 of this year (so it's available now)! We love the angle she takes by examining the laws, policies, and various regulations created by Federal, State, and Local leaders that impacted the Chinese in America. She uncovered thousands of laws and policies across the nation that targeted Chinese migrants. She also tells the stories of the Chinese Americans who refused to accept a conditional place in U.S. life. Lew-Williams previous book was The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America published in 2018 (also by Harvard University Press). In it, she maps the tangled relationships between local racial violence, federal immigration policy, and U.S. imperial ambitions in Asia. The Chinese Must Go won the Ray Allen Billington Prize and the Ellis W. Halley Prize from the Organization of American Historians. John Doe Chinaman isn't just for academia. It's for all those who are interested in reading about a part of America that hasn't been talked about as much. So it's great for all! If you like what we do, please share, follow, and like us in your podcast directory of choice or on Instagram @AAHistory101. For previous episodes and resources, please visit our site at https://asianamericanhistory101.libsyn.com or our links at http://castpie.com/AAHistory101. If you have any questions, comments or suggestions, email us at info@aahistory101.com.
Across the South, asylums were built with the promise of healing — but inside their walls, countless lives were marked by fear, neglect, and cruelty. In this episode of Southern Mysteries, explore the haunting history of institutions like Broughton Hospital, Cherry Hospital, Central State, and Bryce. From mysterious deaths and forced sterilizations to the tragedy of the Eller twins and the lifetime confinement of Junius Wilson, these are the real horrors that gave rise to Southern asylum ghost stories — and the suffering that still echoes through their halls. Join the Community on Patreon: Want more Southern Mysteries? You can hear the Southern Mysteries show archive of 60+ episodes along with Patron exclusive podcast, Audacious: Tales of American Crime and more when you become a patron of the show. You can immediately access exclusive content now at patreon.com/southernmysteries
This is Part 6 in a series noting that 2025 is the 40th Anniversary of Harvard University Press' 1985 publication of Richard A. Epstein's "Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain." We continue our celebration of this anniversary with a fair use and transformative reading, continuing and now finishing chapter 3 in what Richard calls "Philosophical Preliminaries." He titles chapter 3 "The Integrity of the Constitutional Text" because he's taking a look at political philosophy and the American constitutional order, how these things interact. The sections in that chapter we cover in this episode are called "Historical Sources" and "Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism,' as well as the short final section called "The Agenda." Excellent stuff here. Excellent. Every college student should read this book. It's a superb introduction to the political philosophy of the American regime. Praise the Lord. We'd like to thank Harvard University Press for making this material available and Richard Epstein for writing it. Make sure you buy the book and follow along. It's very important for you to have your own copy on your own bookshelf, and to begin to master this material. Support your local book dealer. See if they have a copy of it, or if they'd mind keeping an eye out for you. I always encourage buying physical books, objects you can have, hold, cherish, learn from, display on your bookshelf as a topic of conversation, things you can pass on to the next generation with your notes in them, things that do not depend upon electricity. Toward that end: Go to Harvard University Press for more selections available for purchase. Please support the publisher and your local booksellers. This special episode includes readings from "Streams in the Desert" January 7th (Cowman Publications, Los Angeles Los Feliz Station, 1925) and Psalm 63. The Republican Professor is a pro-correctly-contemplating-property-rights podcast. The Republican Professor is produced and hosted by Dr. Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. Warmly, Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. The Republican Professor Podcast The Republican Professor Newsletter on Substack https://therepublicanprofessor.substack.com/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/podcast/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/articles/ YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheRepublicanProfessor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheRepublicanProfessor Twitter: @RepublicanProf Instagram: @the_republican_professor
We are together in South Bend and teach a class to PhD students in the Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame. Our joint teaching experience makes us wonder: What should all doctoral students learn or what should we all teach the next generation of IS students? We come up with Nick's rules for a good PhD education: First, understand what knowledge and inferences are. Second, learn different methods and then deep dive into a primary method. Third, pick a domain and learn its foundations and history. Fourth, develop a mindset of mastery to become the world's expert on your topic. And finally, develop and hone your writing skills. Episode reading list Bacon, F. (1620/2019). Novum Organum. Anodos. Hume, D. (1748/1998). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. In J. Perry & M. E. Bratman (Eds.), Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings (3rd ed., pp. 190-220). Oxford University Press. Popper, K. R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Basic Books. Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications. Berente, N., Ivanov, D., & Vandenbosch, B. (2007). Process Compliance and Enterprise Systems Implementation. In: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Waikoloa, Hawaii, pp. 222-231. Castelo, N., Bos, M. W., & Lehmann, D. R. (2019). Task-Dependent Algorithmic Aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 56(5), 809-825. Recker, J. (2021). Scientific Research in Information Systems: A Beginner's Guide (2nd ed.). Springer. Mackie, J. L. (1965). Causes and Conditions. American Philosophical Quarterly, 2(4), 245-264. Gable, G. G. (1994). Integrating Case Study and Survey Research Methods: An Example in Information Systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 3(2), 112-126. Chalmers, A. F. (2013). What Is This Thing Called Science? (4th ed.). Hackett. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. Taylor, F. W. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper and Bros. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. John Wiley & Sons. Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press.
Germany's Protestant churches, longtime strongholds of nationalism and militarism, largely backed the Nazi dictatorship that took power in 1933. For many Protestant leaders, pastors, and activists, national and religious revival were one and the same. Even those who opposed the regime tended toward antidemocratic attitudes. By the 1950s, however, Church leaders in West Germany had repositioned themselves as prominent advocates for constitutional democracy and human rights. Brandon Bloch reveals how this remarkable ideological shift came to pass, following the cohort of theologians, pastors, and lay intellectuals who spearheaded the postwar transformation of their church. Born around the turn of the twentieth century, these individuals came of age amid the turbulence of the Weimar Republic and were easily swayed to complicity with the Third Reich. They accommodated the state in hopes of protecting the Church's independence from it, but they also embraced the Nazi regime's antisemitic and anticommunist platform. After the war, under the pressures of Allied occupation, these Protestant intellectuals and their heirs creatively reimagined their tradition as a fount of democratic and humanitarian values. But while they campaigned for family law reform, conscientious objection to military service, and the protection of basic rights, they also promoted a narrative of Christian anti-Nazi resistance that whitewashed the Church's complicity in dictatorship and genocide. Examining the sources and limits of democratic transformation, Reinventing Protestant Germany: Religious Nationalists and the Contest for Post-Nazi Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2025) sheds new light on the development of postwar European politics and the power of national myths. Guest: Brandon Bloch (he/him) is a historian of modern Europe, with an emphasis on Germany and its global entanglements. His research and teaching foreground themes of democracy, human rights, memory politics, and social thought. Brandon is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Host: Jenna Pittman (she/her), a Ph.D. student in the Department of History at Duke University. She studies modern European history, political economy, and Germany from 1945-1990. Scholars@Duke: https://scholars.duke.edu/pers... Linktree: https://linktr.ee/jennapittman Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history
What do ancient Greek medicine and Korean skincare have in common? One slippery, surprisingly powerful ingredient: snail slime. From historical remedies to modern-day serums, in this episode we trace the unexpected journey of mucin through time. Is it miracle goo or just clever marketing? Are. You. Ready?****************Sources & References:Pliny the Elder. Natural History, Book 30. Translated by H. Rackham. LoebClassical Library, Harvard University Press, 1938.Rothfels, Nigel. A Cultural History of Animals in Antiquity. Berg Publishers,2007.Walker, Susan. “Would You Smear Snail Slime on Your Face?” The Guardian, 11 September2016.Matsumoto, Nancy. “Beauty Secrets From Korea.” The New York Times, 28 September2011.BBC News. “Beauty Secrets: The Weirdest Ingredients.” BBC News, 23 June2014.Glazer, Emily. “The Weird History of Snail Slime in Beauty.” Allure, 5 OctoberFigueroa, J. A., et al. “Efficacy of a Snail Secretion Filtrate in the Treatment ofPhotodamaged Skin.” Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, vol. 12, no. 4,2013, pp. 453–457.Tsoutsos, D., et al. “Wound Healing and the Use of Snail Secretion: Experimental andClinical Evidence.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2013, Article ID 496328.Yoon, H. Y., et al. “Anti-Aging Effects of Snail Secretion Filtrate on Human Skin.” Cosmetics,vol. 2, no. 3, 2015, pp. 144–152.Dr. Hadley King, Dermatologist. Quoted in Byrdie and Allure, 2017–2020.Perry Romanowski, Cosmetic Chemist. Quoted in Allure, April 2014.Ethical Consumer Magazine. “Is Snail Slime Cruelty-Free?” Issue No. 170, March/April2019.****************Leave Us a 5* Rating, it helps the show!Apple Podcast:https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/beauty-unlocked-the-podcast/id1522636282Spotify Podcast:https://open.spotify.com/show/37MLxC8eRob1D0ZcgcCorA****************Follow Us on Social Media & Subscribe to our YouTube Channel!TikTok:tiktok.com/@beautyunlockedthepodYouTube:@beautyunlockedspodcasthour****************Intro/Outro Music:Music by Savvier from Fugue FAME INC
In this episode, James, Cory, and Marinus continue their series reading and discussing Herman Bavinck's Philosophy of Revelation. This week, they discuss the first chapter on “The Idea of a Philosophy of Revelation. Read along with us as we walk through the chapters of this significant work.Works mentioned:Herman Bavinck, Philosophy of Revelation: A New Annotated Edition Adapted and Expanded from the 1908 Stone Lectures: Presented at Princeton Theological Seminary, A new annotated edition, ed. Cory Brock and Nathaniel Gray Sutanto, with Princeton Theological Seminary (Hendrickson Publishers, 2018).https://www.amazon.com/Philosophy-Revelation-Annotated-Herman-Bavinck/dp/1683071360J. H. Bavinck, Personality and Worldview, ed. James Perman Eglinton, with Timothy Keller (Crossway, 2023).Tom Holland, Dominion: How the Christian Revolution Remade the World, First US edition (Basic Books, 2019).Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West: Form and Actuality, Vol. I, (London Allen & Unwin, 1918)Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West: Pespectives of World Hisotyr, Vol. II, (London Allen & Unwin, 1922) Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).Carl R. Trueman, The Rise and Triumph of the Modern Self: Cultural Amnesia, Expressive Individualism, and the Road to Sexual Revolution (Crossway, 2020).Reach us at graceincommonpodcast@gmail.com. If you want to make a donation, please visit https://donorbox.org/graceincommonOur theme music is Molly Molly by Blue Dot Sessions (www.sessions.blue) CC BY-NC 4.0
A Casa de Sabedoria, epicentro do saber no Império Abássida, nos ensina que a civilização é o mosaico de um tapete tecido por vozes diversas, desafiando a noção de que o progresso seja um privilégio ocidental-europeu, e nos convida a recriar seu espírito de tradução, escutar e colaborar em um mundo fragmentado, onde o futuro depende de nossa capacidade de unir línguas, lógicas e sonhos, como fizeram os sábios de Bagdá há mais de mil anos. Venha conosco numa jornada incrível pela história! Patronato do SciCast: 1. Patreon SciCast 2. Apoia.se/Scicast 3. Nos ajude via Pix também, chave: contato@scicast.com.br ou acesse o QRcode: Sua pequena contribuição ajuda o Portal Deviante a continuar divulgando Ciência! Contatos: contato@scicast.com.br https://twitter.com/scicastpodcast https://www.facebook.com/scicastpodcast https://instagram.com/scicastpodcast Fale conosco! E não esqueça de deixar o seu comentário na postagem desse episódio! Expediente: Produção Geral: Tarik Fernandes e André Trapani Equipe de Gravação: Citação ABNT: Imagem de capa: Freepik Para apoiar o Pirulla, use o Pix abaixo: pirula1408@gmail.com Em nome de Marcos Siqueira (primo do Pirulla) [caption id="attachment_65160" align="aligncenter" width="300"] QR code PIX[/caption] Site: https://www.pirulla.com.br/ Expotea: https://expotea.com.br/https://www.instagram.com/expoteabrasil/ Referências e Indicações Sugestões de literatura: Gutas, Dimitri. Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society. Routledge, 1998. Al-Khalili, Jim. The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. Penguin Books, 2011. Kennedy, Hugh. When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty. Da Capo Press, 2005. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, “Abbasids,” Brill, 2012. Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge, 2016. O’Leary, De Lacy. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. Routledge, 1949. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Science and Civilization in Islam. Harvard University Press, 1968. Fahd, Toufic. “Botany and Agriculture.” In Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, edited by Roshdi Rashed. Routledge, 1996. Morgan, Michael Hamilton. Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists. National Geographic, 2007. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. Penguin Books, 1978 (para crítica ao eurocentrismo). Saliba, George. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. MIT Press, 2007. Sugestões de filmes: Documentário: "Science and Islam" (BBC, 2009 mas disponível em plataformas como YouTube (com legendas em inglês) apresentada pelo físico Jim Al-Khalili cujo trabalho serviu de fonte, ver acima) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_1RSVo3dLg&ab_channel=BanijayScience O Físico (2013) tem na Amazon Prime, filme segue um jovem cristão europeu que viaja ao mundo islâmico no século XI para estudar medicina com Ibn Sina (Avicena) em Isfahan (Irã). Sugestões de vídeos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxJ2OC7iXo0 1001 Inventions and the Library of Secrets Sugestões de links: Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Abbasid Caliphate,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abbasid-caliphate. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Bayt al-Ḥekma,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-hekma. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Mathematics in Islam,” “Astronomy,” e “Cartography,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Dinawari,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dinawari. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Baghdad,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Bayt al-Ḥekma,” disponível em: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bayt-al-hekma. Sugestões de games: Assassin´s Creed: Mirage Prince of Persia Age of Empires 2 Crusader Kings 2/3 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Tetanus has probably been around for most of human history, or even longer. But it’s preventable today thanks to vaccines. Research: "Emil von Behring." Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present, edited by Brigham Narins, Gale, 2008. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1619001490/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=464250e5. Accessed 17 Apr. 2025. Breasted, J.H., translator. “OIP 3. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, Volume 1: Hieroglyphic Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary.” Oxford University Press. 1930. Chalian, William. “An Essay on the History of Lockjaw.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, FEBRUARY, 1940, Vol. 8, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44446242 Emil von Behring: The founder of serum therapy. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach 2025. Thu. 17 Apr 2025. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/article/ Galassi, Francesco Maria et al. “Tetanus: historical and palaeopathological aspects considering its current health impact.” Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene vol. 65,4 E580-E585. 31 Jan. 2025, doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2024.65.4.3376 George, Elizabeth K. “Tetanus (Clostridium tetani Infection).” StatPearls. January 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482484/ Hippocrates. “VI. Diseases, Internal Affections.” Harvard University Press. 1988. Jean-Marc Cavaillon, Historical links between toxinology and immunology, Pathogens and Disease, Volume 76, Issue 3, April 2018, fty019, https://doi.org/10.1093/femspd/fty019 Jones CE, Yusuf N, Ahmed B, Kassogue M, Wasley A, Kanu FA. Progress Toward Achieving and Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:614–621. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7328a1 Kaufmann, Stefan H E. “Remembering Emil von Behring: from Tetanus Treatment to Antibody Cooperation with Phagocytes.” mBio vol. 8,1 e00117-17. 28 Feb. 2017, doi:10.1128/mBio.00117-17 Kreston, Rebecca. “Tetanus, the Grinning Death.” Discover. 9/29/2015. https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/tetanus-the-grinning-death Milto, Lori De, and Leslie Mertz, PhD. "Tetanus." The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, edited by Brigham Narins, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2020, pp. 1074-1076. Gale In Context: Environmental Studies, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7947900274/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a44bc544. Accessed 14 Apr. 2025. Milto, Lori De, and Leslie Mertz, PhD. "Tetanus." The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, edited by Brigham Narins, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2020, pp. 1074-1076. Gale In Context: Environmental Studies, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX7947900274/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=a44bc544. Accessed 15 Apr. 2025. National Institutes of Health. “Tetanus.” https://history.nih.gov/display/history/Tetanus Ni, Maoshing. “The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine: A New Translation of the Neijing Suwen with Commentary.” Shambhala. 1995. Smithsonian. “The Antibody Initiative: Battling Tetanus.” https://www.si.edu/spotlight/antibody-initiative/battling-tetanus Sundwall, John. “Man and Microbes.” Illustrated lecture given under the auspices of the Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, January 12, 1917. https://archive.org/details/jstor-3624335/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach 2025. Thu. 17 Apr 2025. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/summary/ Tiwari, Tejpratap S.P. et al. “Chapter 21: Tetanus.” CDC Pink Book. https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-21-tetanus.html Von Behring, Emil and Kitasato Shibasaburo. “The Mechanism of Immunity in Animals to Diphtheria and Tetanus.” Immunology. 1890. http://raolab.org/upfile/file/20200612164743_201234_56288.pdf War Office Committee for the Study of Tetanus. “Memorandum on Tetanus.” Fourth Edition. 1919. https://archive.org/details/b32171201/ World Health Organization. “Tetanus.” 7/12/2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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