Podcasts about national biography

John Graunt was a shopkeeper in 17th-century London who followed his own curiosity to a rather grand result. His work gave rise to the fields of demography and epidemiology. Research: Berke, Olaf, et al. “Celebration day: 400th birthday of John Graunt, citizen scientist of London.” Environmental Health Review. 63(3): 67-69. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5864/d2020-018 Britannica Editors. "John Graunt". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Apr. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graunt Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir William Petty." Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2026, https://www.britannica.com/money/William-Petty Clark, Andrew. “Aubrey’s ‘Brief Lives.’” Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1898. https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft/briefliveschiefl01aubruoft.pdf Connor, Henry. “John Graunt F.R.S. (1620-74): The founding father of human demography, epidemiology and vital statistics.” Journal of medical biography 32,1 (2024): 57-69. doi:10.1177/09677720221079826 Eschner, Kat. “People Have Been Using Big Data Since the 1600s.” Smithsonian. April 24, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-using-big-data-1600s-180962949/ Glass, D.V., et al. “John Graunt and His Natural and Political Observations [and Discussion].” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 159, No. 974, A Discussion on Demography (Dec. 10, 1963), pp. 2-37 Published by: The Royal Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/90480 Graunt, John. “Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the Bills of mortality.” Oxford : Printed by William Hall, for John Martyn, and James Allestry, printers to the Royal Society MDCLXV [1665]. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2356017R KARGON, ROBERT. “John Graunt, Francis Bacon, and the Royal Society: The Reception of Statistics.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4, 1963, pp. 337–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24621352 Kelsey, Holly. “Sovereign and the Sick City in 1603.” Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Aug. 23, 2016. https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/sovereign-and-sick-city-1603/ Lewin, C. G. "Graunt, John (1620–1674), statistician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11306 Pepys, Samuel. “The Diary of Samuel Pepys.” GEORGE BELL & SONS. London. 1893. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4200/pg4200.txt Smith, R.M. (2008). “Graunt, John (1620–1674).” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_758-2 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Thanks to our producer Kenny Hill, we have a very special treat for ANZAC Day. Renouned Australian stage and international cinema actor Richard Roxburgh reads the poem; ‘The Fallen”. Richard Roxburgh is one of Australia's most accomplished and versatile actors, celebrated for his work across acclaimed international film, television and stage productions. His standout film credits include Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge! and Elvis, Mel Gibson's Oscar-winning Hacksaw Ridge, James Cameron's Sanctum, and Force of Nature: The Dry 2, which earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the 2025 AACTA Awards. Most recently, Richard portrayed journalist Robert Greste in The Correspondent, controversial political figure Joh Bjelke-Petersen in Joh: Last King of Queensland and is featured in the animated film Lesbian Space Princess, which won the Teddy Award for Best Feature Film at the 2025 Berlinale. On television, Richard is best known for his iconic portrayal of Cleaver Greene in the multi-award-winning ABC series Rake, a role that earned him a Silver Logie and AACTA Award for Best Actor. Other significant screen work includes Hawke, Blue Murder, Bali 2002 opposite Rachel Griffiths, Stan's drama series Prosper, and international series such as Netflix's The Crown and HBO's Catherine the Great alongside Helen Mirren. A highly respected stage performer, Richard headlined productions for the Sydney Theatre Company and Company B, including Uncle Vanya, The Present, Waiting for Godot, Hamlet, and The Seagull. *** We have included a brief biography of the English poet, Laurence Binyon, who wrote the famed poem, ‘The Fallen'. Because of the cultural importance Binyon has on ANZAC Day, and Armistice (Remembrance) Day and how War Memorials are commemorated in the West. Binyon was a prolific English poet and scholar of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, whose career spanned 50 years. During this time, he authored numerous poetry collections and plays, two historical biographies, and several art history volumes, including books on the works of Asian artists, English watercolourists, and William Blake's drawings and engravings. He is perhaps best remembered for his World War I poem, “For the Fallen”, and his translation of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, which he translated in its original terza rima, Dante's original rhyming scheme, which was much lauded by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other poets of the time. Poetry and visual arts shaped his career, the majority of which was spent with the British Museum, where he began in the department of printed books in 1895 before moving to department of prints and drawings, from which he retired in 1933. His first book of poetry, Lyric Poems (1894), was quickly followed by two books on painting, Dutch Etchers of the Seventeenth Century (1895) and John Crone and John Sell Cotman (1897). Later books such as Painting in the Far East (1908) and The Flight of the Dragon (1911) reflect this interest in Chinese, Japanese, and Indian arts and cultures. Ezra Pound praised The Flight of the Dragon and thought of Binyon as a pioneer in the Western appreciation of Asian art. Binyon served as an orderly in the Red Cross during World War I, and his experiences would become an important part of his poetry. From 1915 to 1916 he worked in a military hospital in France, an experience reflected in his war poem “Fetching the Wounded.” His collections The Winnowing Fan (1914), The Anvil (1916), The Cause (1917), and The New World (1918) deal with the war as a noble cause. One reviewer from Literature Digest contended that WWI as a subject brought a new vitality to the poet's work: “Laurence Binyon's poetry once was somewhat coldly ‘literary'—aloof from common human experience, but the war has given him new vigor and new humanity.” His best-known war poem, “For the Fallen,” has been frequently anthologized was widely embraced by the British public. “As the casualty lists grew,” notes John Hatcher in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, “the poem became the focal expression of national grief, both alone and in Sir Edward Elgar’s choral work The Spirit of England (1916–17). Its central quatrain was carved on cenotaphs and tombstones worldwide and is still recited at annual Remembrance Day commemorations: “They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old / Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn / At the going down of the sun and in the morning / We will remember them.” Some of Binyon's greatest poetry was produced during the final decade of his life, “greater perhaps than that of any of his generation except [W.B.] Yeats,” according to John Hatcher. Among this exceptional later work are such volumes as The North Star and other Poems (1941), The Burning of the Leaves (1944), and the unfinished “The Madness of Merlin” (1947). During this time, Binyon was also at work on his much-admired and well-received terza rima translation of Dante's Inferno (1933), Purgatorio (1938), and Paradiso (1943). Mere days after completing final revisions on his Paradiso translation, Laurence Binyon died of bronchopneumonia on March 10, 1943. Upon Binyon's death, English author and literary critic Cyril Connolly honoured the poet in New Statesman and Nation as someone who understood “how to be both warm and detached, in fact, a sage.” Binyon biography and photo courtesy of: Poetryfoundation.org ‘The Last Post’ performed by the RAAF Band (Royal Australian Air Force) The post ANZAC Day 2026: Richard Roxburgh, Famed Australian Actor, Reads: ‘For The Fallen’. appeared first on Saturday Magazine.

Elizabeth Fulhame’s biography is largely a mystery, but in 1794 she wrote a book on chemistry that was way ahead of its time. Research: Steinmark, Ida Emilie. “Elizabeth Fulhame: The Scientist the World Forgot.” Royal Society of Chemistry. 10/10/2017. https://edu.rsc.org/opinion/elizabeth-fulhame-the-scientist-the-world-forgot/3008111.article Shah, Irfan. “Rivers of Silver, Cities of Gold.” History Today. Volume 69 Issue 11 November 2019. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/rivers-silver-cities-gold Lewes, Darby. “Fulhame, Elizabeth.” The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature. Wiley Online Library. 4/12/2012. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118300916.wberlf007 Booth, Catherine. “Elizabeth Fulhame: Chemist.” Minerva Scientifica. https://minervascientifica.co.uk/elizabeth-fulhame/ Mills, Virginia. “Worthy of Public Attention.” Royal Society. 7/4/2025. https://royalsociety.org/blog/2025/07/worthy-of-public-attention/ Jarvis, Claire. “Elizabeth Fulhame, a forgotten chemistry pioneer.” Physics Today. 6/17/2020. https://physicstoday.aip.org/news/elizabeth-fulhame-a-forgotten-chemistry-pioneer Brazil, Rachel. “Elizabeth Fulhame, the 18th century chemistry pioneer who faded from history.” Chemistry World. 6/6/2022. https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/elizabeth-fulhame-the-18th-century-chemistry-pioneer-who-faded-from-history/4015638.article Smith, Thomas P. “A Sketch of the Revolutions in Chemistry.” Philadelphia : Printed by Samuel H. Smith. 1798. https://archive.org/details/b32885726/ Linker, Jessica C. “The Pride of Science: Women and the Politics of Inclusion in 19th-Century Pennsylvania.” Pennsylvania Legacies , Vol. 15, No. 1 (Spring 2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5215/pennlega.15.1.0006 Pancaldi, Giuliano. “On Hybrid Objects and their Trajectories: Beddoes, Davy and the Battery.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 20 September 2009, Vol. 63, No.3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647277 Davenport, Derek A. "Fulhame, Elizabeth [known as Mrs Fulhame] (fl. 1780–1794), chemist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Mar. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39778 Palmer, Bill. “Elizabeth Fulhame: The Invisible Chemist.” Teaching Science. Volume 54, Number 4. December 2008. Laidler, Keith J. “The Development of Theories of Catalysis.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1986, Vol. 35, No. 4 (1986). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133790 Davenport, Derek A. and Kathleen M. Ireland. “The Ingenious, Lively and Celebrated Mrs. Fulhame and the Dyer’s Hand.” Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 1989. The Gentleman's Magazine. Review of New Publications. “An Essay on Combustion …”. Vol. 65, Issue 6. June 1795. Beddoes, Thomas. “Mrs. Fulhame’s Essay on Combustion, &c.” The Monthly Review. Vol. 20. July 1796. https://archive.org/details/sim_the-monthly-review_1796-07_20/page/303/ Anderson, R. G. W. "Black, Joseph (1728–1799), chemist and physician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 03, 2013. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Mar. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-2495 Cameron, Anne. “THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL REGISTRATION IN SCOTLAND.” Historical journal (Cambridge, England) vol. 50,2 (2007): 377-395. doi:10.1017/S0018246X07006115 McCloughlin, Thomas J.J. “Lost and found: The Nooth apparatus.” Endeavour. Volume 45, Issues 1–2. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763. Lim, XiaoZhi. "The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts." Nature, vol. 537, no. 7619, 8 Sept. 2016. Gale Academic OneFile, dx.doi.org/10.1038/537156a. Accessed 9 Mar. 2026. Gale Document Number: GALE|A462784622 MacPherson, Hamish. "The mysterious case of Elizabeth Fulhame, a chemist and true pioneer of science." National [Glasgow, Scotland], 31 Jan. 2023. Gale OneFile: News, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A735208005/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=896de822. Accessed 9 Mar. 2026. Benjamin Count of Rumford. “An Inquiry concerning the Chemical Properties That Have Been Attributed to Light.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1798. Wheeler, T.S. “The life and work of William Higgins, chemist, 1763-1825, including reprints of ‘A comparative view of the phlogistic and antiphlogistic theories’ and ‘Observations on the atomic theory and electrical phenomena’.” New York, Pergamon Press. 1960. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

What a pleasure it was to talk to Ruth Scurr, author of John Aubrey: My Own Life, about the great man himself, who was born four hundred years ago this month. Aubrey is best know for his splendid Brief Lives but he preserved a huge amount of knowledge which historians still rely on. There are many things we only know because of Aubrey—things about people Hobbes and Hooke, Stonehenge, architectural history. We also talked about Janet Malcom, the genre of biography, and modern fiction.HENRY OLIVER: Today I'm talking to Ruth Scurr. Ruth is a fellow of Gonville and Caius College in the University of Cambridge, where she specializes in the history of political thought. But more importantly, she is the biographer of John Aubrey, one of my favorite writers, who is celebrating 400 years of his birth this year. Ruth, hello.RUTH SCURR: Hi, Henry.OLIVER: Can you begin by giving us a brief life of John Aubrey?SCURR: So born in 1626, 17th-century antiquarian, collector, early fellow at the Royal Society. Well connected to scientific and the literary circles of his day. Someone who sees himself more as a whetstone: a person who could help sharpen other people's ideas. As a recorder, someone who treasured the details, the minutiae of the lives he encountered, and pass those details on to posterity.He's nonjudgmental, witty, kind, inventive. Very, very sociable. Very good friend. But he's hopeless at self-advancement. Begins his life as a gentleman, but he inherits debts from his father and he can never really achieve financial stability.Never marries, ends up homeless and worried about being arrested for his debts. And he has to sell his precious collection of books periodically through his life to raise some much-needed cash, but he keeps his manuscripts safe. And he does this at the end of his life by putting them into the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, afterwards known as the Bodleian, and where they still are today.OLIVER: So how many manuscripts did he save for us?SCURR: Of his own manuscripts or other people's manuscripts?OLIVER: Other people's. Because he was collecting all sorts of precious things.SCURR: Oh, absolutely. He was the person who, when someone died, would go round if he could to their house and ask what was happening about the manuscripts. He's particularly concerned, obviously, with his friends. So he had a close relationship with Robert Hooke and he wanted to make sure that Hooke's many inventions and scientific contributions were recorded.And he has this wonderful line in the life of Hooke where he says, “It's so hard to get people to do right by themselves.” And in his childhood, he had seen the fallout from the dissolution of the monasteries. He'd become very troubled by the habit of using manuscript pages which had been displaced in the dissolution. He saw them being used in schools to cover textbooks. He saw them being used to—or he heard about them at least being used—to wrap up gloves or to create stoppers in bottles. And this really troubled him from, from a very early age.And I think he has another beautiful line where he says after the dissolution of the monasteries, whereas these manuscripts had been kept safe, they flew around like butterflies. And he wanted to catch them and preserve them and to stop people letting the papers and the precious manuscripts of their relatives do the same. So he was very instrumental in rescuing manuscripts, other people's manuscripts. And then fortunately with his own, he knew Ashmole and they had the shared astrology interest.Ashmole was a very different sort of person who basically said to Oxford, look, I'll give you my collections, but there has to be a museum for them. And luckily Aubrey was able to use that museum as a safe place for his own manuscripts.OLIVER: So we know things about Robert Hooke and Thomas Hobbes and all these other luminaries of the 17th century, thanks to Aubrey. What else do we know, thanks to him?SCURR: We know what Stonehenge looked like in his day because he was a very good draftsman. He drew pictures of Stonehenge. He'd grown up in Wiltshire, he'd known those stones from childhood. He understood that Avebury nearby was a comparable monument, and he took Charles II to see it, and persuaded the king to get the locals to stop breaking up the stones, to reuse the stones, which was the practice.He also made drawings of windows because he was possibly the first person as a historian of architecture to realize that you could date buildings by the style of their windows. So we have those drawings. He was also interested in the history of costume. He did a survey of Surrey, of Wiltshire.So these are all sort of focuses in his manuscripts and people who've used them come to really appreciate how pioneering Aubrey was. But of course he doesn't finish them. He doesn't publish those manuscripts. So it's very easy really to overlook the innovation and the contribution and the wonderful imagination that he had.OLIVER: You mean if he'd published a book, he would have a much bigger reputation?SCURR: Well, I think there's two things. Yes, but in a sense, you know, the Brief Lives have been published after his death in various forms. But I think one of the most engaging things about Aubrey is that he's a modest and self-effacing person. And I already mentioned the idea he had of himself as a whetstone to other people's talents.There aren't that many people—certainly not in my life, maybe there are in yours—but who would effortlessly describe themselves as a whetstone to other people's talents. Most people want to be at the center. They're happy to have clever and literary friends, but they want a place there at the table as well.And Aubrey really was very, very invested in helping other people to do right by themselves, as he said about Hooke. And he very movingly—this is one of the inspirations really for my book that I wrote about him—he spent all that time collating the information about other people's lives. And for his own life, he puts down a few lines, a couple of facts and everything.He says, well, this could be used as the binding of a book. You know, it's sort of waste paper really. So he doesn't write his own life. Other people's lives he's going to convey to posterity. He doesn't see his own life as really being at that level of needing the attention that he gave, for example, to Milton or to Harvey or Hobbes, as you mentioned.OLIVER: He's born the year after Charles I comes to the throne. So he obviously lives through a fairly terrible period of history and very tumultuous, changeable in lots of different ways. The new world, the new learning, new religion, new politics, everything is changing. And he's obsessed with the old ways. How did these historical events—is he reacting against his time? Is he just born in a lucky time in a way?SCURR: So he was a student in Oxford during the Civil War. And you are right. The upheaval is very disturbing for his generation. It means he gets called back from Oxford by his father because it's dangerous to be there. And he's really, really upset by that because, it's like us, when we were students or our students today. You finally get away from your family and there you are in this place with all these exciting peers and access to books that you've never had before or at least to that extent, libraries, et cetera.And suddenly there's a war on and you've got to go home. So there's that disturbance. Then there is the fact that actually he was close to Hobbes. Hobbes actually was a Malmesbury man, so Wiltshire, very near Aubrey. And had come back to visit the school where Hobbes had been, which was where Aubrey was at school. And so they had met in Aubrey's childhood, and then he would've been aware of Hobbes having to go into exile. And then Hobbes coming back, of course. And that's a very important time in his life.And it's not an accident that Hobbes asks Aubrey to write his life because Hobbes knows how careful Aubrey is. And he knows that Aubrey has information that he can convey in the life. So that is really the first life that he writes. And it's different from the others. There's a different sort of origin. And it's after he's done that, that he starts to think, well, actually, you know, I can think of at least 50, 55 other people's lives. And now I've got my hand in, I might start on those as well.So in that period of upheaval there are wonderful stories. Maybe we'll look at some of the Brief Lives, but there's this amazing story that he captures in the life of William Harvey, which is a description of Harvey having been at the battlefield in Edgehill and recording one of the people who had been fighting and wounded, surviving by having the good sense to pull a dead body on top of himself, to keep himself warm on the battlefield. Things like that, which make the war very much alive. This is brutal, this civil war. It's a long time ago and we think we passed over it, but the really brutal reality of war is captured in the Brief Lives through the anecdotes and the stories of that generation that Aubrey preserves.OLIVER: How English is he?SCURR: Well, as opposed to what?OLIVER: Welsh.SCURR: Okay. Well he goes to Wales often and is very interested in Wales. I think he sees himself as English. I think he's very invested in English customs and stories and people. He's not nationalistic in any sense like that. What he's interested in is the inherited ways of living.And he's very interested in language and different dialects. That's one of the other things; he starts to collect different words. He was very aware of the Cornish dialect, for example. So I'd say it's a very decentered England that's rooted in customs, traditions, inherited stories.And there's a big place there for both the future and the past. Huge excitement about The Royal Society, English science, what can be achieved through the sharing of knowledge. But again, Aubrey's not an insular person in that respect. So, he wished he could go on the Grand Tour when he was a student. He would really have loved to have done that. It's one of the things that he actually talked to Harvey about, going and traveling as his contemporaries, for example, John Evelyn did.But Aubrey actually says—this is very typical of Aubrey—that his mother persuaded him out of it. His mother didn't want him going off on the Grand Tour. She was afraid for him. And he regretted it later in life. But it's so typical of Aubrey that he would pay attention to his mother and her anxieties.OLIVER: This interest in the present and the past—so he loves all the history, but he's in the Royal Society. One thing I like in your book is the way he talks about, oh, my grandfather still dresses in the old ways, like he's an Elizabethan, but at the same time he's doing a very sort of Baconian project. He's influenced by Bacon. Is Aubrey a sort of paradox? Does this make sense in a way?SCURR: Only in so far as lots of other people are as well. I was just looking at the Harvey life, and there's a story there about how when Harvey was a student he was meant to be setting sail with some friends. And he's stopped and told, “No, you can't get on this boat. You have to wait.” And he says, “Well, what have I done wrong? Why can't I get on this boat?” He said, “No, honestly, we need to have a word with you. You are not going on the boat.” And then the boat sinks, everyone dies. And this is apparently because the guy who stopped him had a dream that he needed to stop Harvey going. Harvey told Aubrey that story.Harvey also is—as Aubrey sort of slightly inaccurately puts it, is the inventor of the circulation of the blood. And you think, well, that's going a little bit far, perhaps not actually the inventor, but certainly the first person to discover, to understand about circulating blood.So there's another example of someone's life includes, I wouldn't be alive unless somebody had had this premonition and dream that I was about to die. Which is from a completely different world, from the rational, scientific understanding of the body or the other scientific advances that are going on at the time.OLIVER: And Aubrey's happy to just sort of coexist with both of those because of his interest in astrology?SCURR: And not just astrology. He's very interested in astrology and nativities, as he called it. In some of the Brief Lives, you see the sort of recording of the information that would be needed to cast an astrological shape for the life.But he is also interested in the fact that people believe in fairies and ghosts. He doesn't look down on those beliefs. Nor does he say that he necessarily believes in the presence of fairies or the interventions of the supernatural. But he's got a very open mind in relation to that. And certainly being simultaneously interested in early astronomy and astrology together is, to us, very striking. But then I think it was much more normal.OLIVER: Why do you think he resisted ordination?SCURR: Because he said the cassock stinks. He considered ordination several times because he knew it would be a living, it would be a way of being able to have some income, probably not very onerous duties. Some of his friends say to him, “Come on, Aubrey, it really won't be that much work. You'll just get a curate who'll do it all, and you'll get the living, and then you won't have to be worrying all the time about your paycheck. You haven't got a paycheck. It would be a living coming to you.”And on one occasion, one of the reasons he gives for not doing that is he thinks well, what if there's another religious upheaval and I have to change sides again? What if Roman Catholicism comes back and I ended up on the wrong side of it?And, again, would it really have been that difficult to go with the flow? But I think, in his own way, he had found his way of living, which was intensely sociable. And perhaps he didn't want that constraint of being a member of the clergy around him.OLIVER: Do you think he was a nonbeliever?SCURR: Well. I don't know the answer to that. I don't think so at all. I think he probably was a straightforward Christian believer. I think perhaps he'd seen enough of the religious conflicts and wars to be afraid of fanaticism on both sides. And that would fit certainly with his relationship with Hobbes.I don't have any reason to think he's an atheist. He's got a beautiful way of writing about death and there's this wonderful line he has when he says, “God bless you and me in our in and out world.” So the fact that we refer to his works as the Brief Lives because they're short, but everybody's life is brief.And even those who live, as he did, into his 70s, it feels brief. And there's these very moving descriptions of him at funerals. I was thinking about this the other day because he often records where someone's buried. And I recently wrote my first entry for the Dictionary of National Biography. I did the one for Hilary Mantel, which was a great honor and extremely interesting.And when I came back to the Brief Lives, I thought, gosh, I wish I'd put at the end of that DNB entry where she's actually buried, that would've made sense to do that. And I didn't do it because the DNB is quite formalized; they've got their formula and you need to stick to it.But maybe I'll add it in. Because it seems to me very moving to record where people are actually buried. That would fit I think with her religious sensibility, with a regard for the afterlife, and with the rites of passage at the end of life.OLIVER: What is it that makes Aubrey such a good biographer?SCURR: So I think the modesty that is in his spirit, the noticing, the minutiae that he both notices and values and his wit. He has a sensitivity to these funny and revealing quirky stories about the people that he knows. Or he finds them in the stories he's told by people who did know them.There's an eyewitness account aspect to it as well. Or at least it's an oral history. “I was told this by . . .” He's extremely precise. He'll try to assemble the facts so far as he can, and then he'll tell you what people's close friends said about them, and he will do so very, very carefully so that you know this is a story that he's been told that he's passing on.And then he doesn't pass moral judgment. He doesn't adjudicate. And finally, he thinks of himself as doing all of this for posterity and that posterity, i.e. us or the people who come after us, will find things there and he's not going to tell them what to find. He's not going to shape the life and say, this is what you should think about it.He will give you the raw materials, he'll give you the stories, he'll give you a flavor of the details of the life, and then posterity can look there and can see, for example, the disagreements between Hobbes and Isaac Newton. There are people who've written lives of Hooke and Newton. And there are people who've written lives and you can be team Newton or team Hooke. Interestingly, Aubrey is team Hooke. He doesn't write a life of Newton. And he wants, as I said, to do well by Hooke. But his way of doing that isn't to say Mr.Hooke was fantastic and Newton robbed him of lots of his ideas. He says, let me show you, let me assemble and make a catalog, if I can, of all these hundreds of contributions that Hooke made.OLIVER: When did you discover Aubrey?SCURR: So I discovered Aubrey because I was reviewing for the LRB, The Biographer's Tale, and I had come across a really interesting—and it's still in the introduction to my book—a really interesting reflection on the difference between Aubrey and Lytton Strachey, a reflection made by Anthony Powell, and I had quoted it or alluded to it in my review. And I had gone and started to read Aubrey as a result of that. So I was led to it through reviewing, via Anthony Powell, and then into the Brief Lives.But then another very strange thing happened, which is I met for the very first time, Janet Malcolm, who is someone who became very important in my life. And because she knew or had been told that I'd written this review, she read the review before we met. And she said to me, she said, “Ruth, I read your review”—and I doubt Janet Malcolm was a massive fan of A.S. Byatt, to be absolutely honest. We never really discussed that further, but she said, “I read your review and I was really interested in this Aubrey. I was so interested in what you quoted about Aubrey and the difference between his biographical approach and Lytton Strachey.”And then it sort of stuck in my mind and suddenly as I was coming toward the end of my first book, which was a totally different book on Robespierre and the French Revolution, I just knew I wanted to write about Aubrey. And I think at the time my then-husband really thought I'd gone mad actually, because you're not supposed to do that, are you?I mean, you're supposed to stick in your period and certainly build on it. So, you know, a book on Marra or even Napoleon would've been okay, that would've made sense. But to circle back to the 17th century and write about Aubrey seemed extremely eccentric.OLIVER: Well, what was Janet Malcolm like?SCURR: Oh, Janet was absolutely wonderful. She has this reputation of being sort of terrifying. And, of course, I was extremely interested in her forensic examination of biography which we had very interesting conversations about. She was a deeply kind person, extremely nurturing of younger writers, and extremely funny as well.That's the other thing that you don't associate with her sometimes from this sort of public image of a very austere interviewer, The Journalist and the Murderer, In the Freud Archives, et cetera. Actually, she was a really warm and extremely witty person.OLIVER: A lot of historians don't think biography is real history. Why do you take biography seriously?SCURR: Well, Michael Holroyd writes Works on Paper—and I love Michael Holroyd so much. And he has this wonderful line—I won't remember it exactly—but it's about biography being the b*****d offspring of history and the novel, and both are ashamed of it.And I think some of those distinctions actually have broken down. I know lots of historians who are very interested in biographical writing. I think it depends. There are certain historical schools that maybe are not so interested in lives.And to be fair, the history of ideas is—which I belong to, and in a sense I'm a rebel from—is one of those. I remember there coming a point where I had spent so much time thinking about the constitutional ideas for the representative republic in the middle of the French Revolution, that actually the French Revolution could have been happening on Mars for all it mattered about the actual sequence of events. What mattered was the structure of the ideas.And it's difficult because the school I belong to in Cambridge wants to put the ideas into context all the time. But again, by context you don't really mean people's lives; more the discourses and the conversations and the ideas of the time that are the landscape, the intellectual landscape, if you like.So I rebelled at a certain point and I was like, well, you know, I'm actually going to go through the revolution day by day because that period is short. And I think it really matters, the lived experience there. I think many, many history books quote Aubrey with enormous respect and say, “as Aubrey says,” or, “according to Aubrey,” and pull those details forwards.I suppose some history is quite instrumental in its use of biography, so it wants to draw the reader in with a few anecdotes and a little bit of what does somebody wear on their head? And who was their first love, that kind of thing. But it's perhaps not very engaged with the real work of trying to capture the shape or the feel of a life.OLIVER: And of a temperament, right? I think one thing biography gives us is that sense that a lot of these big decisions or events in history are quite temperamental. As well as being based in ideas and events.SCURR: Oh, yeah. Absolutely.OLIVER: Your life of Aubrey, at one point you tried to write as a novel.SCURR: Yeah. I had to stop that quite fast.OLIVER: Why?SCURR: Because Aubrey is too important. I didn't want to make up things for him. As someone who's come right up to that line of the history and the novel, I do think it's very clear to be on one side or the other. And again, going back to Hilary Mantel, she wrote those wonderful Reith Lectures on historical fiction.And, like her, I think that it's not about ignoring the facts or embellishing the facts. It is about the gaps. It's about imagining what isn't in the record and should have been, and trying to reconstruct that inside the novel. But at the time, I felt that the gaps with Aubrey didn't actually matter that much.There was so much there that I could pull together to give a sense of him and his sensibility. Now actually, scholars in this field will all be very, very keen to advance our knowledge of those gaps. And that's wonderful. You know, what exactly was Aubrey doing when he visited France? You know, at the time I wrote my book that seemed very unclear.I think my colleague in Oxford, Kate Bennett, knows that now and will write her own biography. And she will fill in many of these gaps that I sort of happily included in the form that I'd found for his life because giving him that first person voice, I was able to focus on the evidence that I thought had been very underused at that point.OLIVER: Now Kate Bennett did a wonderful edition of the Brief Lives with lots of excellent footnotes and investigations. And you wrote that it gave us a new understanding of Aubrey.SCURR: Absolutely. And of the lives themselves. And Kate and I got to know each other and became friends while we were both writing our books. And people we knew before we met were very keen to sort of set us against each other. So they would wind us up. I would meet someone and they'd say, “Ruth, there you are. You've written a book about the French Revolution and now you are going to write a book about Aubrey. But don't you know there is a scholar in Oxford who spent her entire academic life working on Aubrey?” And it built up a picture of fear that you shouldn't trespass on somebody else's ground.And then people would do a sort of reverse thing to her that they would say, “Oh, Kate, gosh, you've been working a long time on Aubrey and where is your Clarendon edition after all? And did you know there's somebody in Cambridge who's going to write this popular book about Aubrey?”Anyway, finally we met at a conference and we really actually just liked each other and we decided it's fine. I was doing my thing. She's doing something very different. And we became friends, and I see that as a triumph over a sort of more traditional, maybe even dare I say, male and territorial approach to academic life and to knowledge in general actually.OLIVER: Yeah. Because the two books are great complements to each other. They're not rivalrous in that sense.SCURR: Absolutely not. Kate's book, it's not just an addition. It's as much as you can ever do. It's a reconstruction of the manuscript as Aubrey left it and intended it with all the gaps and the notes to himself to fill this in. And his changes of mind and his deletions and all of that. And so it's an astonishing thing. Because it's not just a copy of it. It takes you in, it helps you understand what he was intending with those collections, as you called them, my pretty collections.And so that edition that she had been working on for a very long time came out in 2015, the same year as my book came out. And it felt like an amazing year for Aubrey. And now, we'll be celebrating the 400th anniversary of his birth. But that year, 2015, was a very special, obviously for us, but I think for Aubrey more broadly.OLIVER: How much of an influence has Aubrey had on English biography?SCURR: As we know, there's the huge influence in terms of “Aubrey says.” Open any book on the 17th century, and it will be “Aubrey says,” “according to Aubrey,” et cetera. So a huge influence in that respect. With regard to the actual form, I think it's very, very pervasive and important, and we have to look at it very carefully.I mentioned earlier the very important difference between what Aubrey does and what Lytton Strachey did. There are some similarities in so far as Strachey will go for the vivid detail. He give you these powerful anecdotes. But actually he spins them as well.And that's what Anthony Powell so brilliantly showed. And the example was of Francis Bacon, the life of Francis Bacon who Aubrey has a description of Bacon right at the end of his life, the circumstances leading up to Bacon's death where he is on Highgate Hill and he decides to conduct an experiment to see if snow will preserve a chicken or a hen as well as salt. So he is stuffing this carcass of the hen with snow. Catches a cold, ends up having to stay with a friend, sleeps in a bed that hasn't been aired for a long time, and dies. And that's the end of Lord Bacon.So Aubrey gives us all this, and then along comes Lytton Strachey. And he takes it, and he says an old man disgraced, shattered, alone on Highgate Hill, stuffing a dead foul with snow, which makes it sound like he's lost his mind at the end of his life. And then Anthony Powell examined that and he said, look, the story of stuffing the hen with snow is Aubrey's.Bacon was certainly an old man at the time of the incident. He was disgraced. He may have been shattered. No doubt at times he was alone. But Aubrey's story of stuffing the foul on Highgate Hill shows Bacon accompanied by the king's physician, conducting a serious experiment to test the preservative properties of snow and, on becoming indisposed, finding accommodation in the house of the Earl of Arundel.And so you take that same story and, as Anthony Powell says, you combine the story, the fragment preserved by Aubrey with some epithets, and you convey an oblique point. It's a biographical method for actually building up a picture of the person. And it really matters what you do with those fragments.So I think the fact that Aubrey is pretty pure about this, he gives you the fragments and another biographer might come along and think, okay, what's going on here with Venetia Stanley and dying in her bed after drinking Viper wine? Let's build up a story about that. And there was a rumor at the time that her husband had murdered her, et cetera. Aubrey doesn't comment. He just gives you the fragment. And I think afterwards, people have not only used the fragments in their own work, but they've also developed a technique of working up those fragments into whatever picture you decide as a biographer you are going to draw.OLIVER: Now as well as a historian, you are a literary critic. You review novels. You are a Hilary Mantel admirer. Who else among the modern fiction writers do you admire?SCURR: Amongst the modern fiction writers? I'm getting quite old, Henry. Lots of my people are dead now. Alice Monroe is someone I'm extremely interested in. Hilary Manel, obviously, Beryl Bainbridge, Penelope Fitzgerald. And I love the fact Penelope Fitzgerald was a biographer simultaneously with becoming a novelist.And I was thinking back to this actually, that Charlotte Mew and Her Friends—that's the title. And then the Anthony Powell is John Aubrey and His Friends. And I was thinking, is there something about these people who have a lot of friends and the biographical genre? It's interesting.In terms of younger people writing, I just read a wonderful short story by Gwendoline Riley in the latest Paris Review. “A–Z” it's called—very disturbing. Very, very good story. And Gwendoline has a novel coming out later this year, which I shall read with enormous interest. It's going to be called Palm House. I absolutely revered George Saunders, although I haven't yet read Vigil. I'm only on Substack for George Saunders and you Henry. That's it, basically.OLIVER: That shows very good taste.SCURR: Very good taste. Yeah. And a couple of others. My friend Danielle Allen's The Renovator, I also subscribe to, but very few. But George Saunders wrote a wonderful post on his Substack about maybe a year and a half, maybe more even ago, about how he found the solution to the beginning of Lincoln in the Bardo. And he wanted to find a way to tell the story of the death of Lincoln's son. It's so typical of him—and I love this—he said he didn't want the ghosts. He knew it was going to be narrated by the ghosts in the morgue. And he couldn't have them coming home one evening saying, “Oh, you know, I just popped over the wall and had a look in through the White House window. And guess what I saw?” So how was he going to get the voices in?And then he said he'd got these extracts from the letters and from the literature that he needed. And he ended up putting them all on the floor and thinking, what order shall I put them in? And that reminded me of when I was struggling to find a way to write about Aubrey. I suddenly had the idea that I could just put them as diary entries without comment.I would sort of curate these entries and things like that. So, that was a very interesting moment for me about sort of the construction and the choices that go in both to writing a novel and to writing, in my case, a sort of experimental biography.OLIVER: So Hilary Mantel, Lincoln in the Bardo, Penelope Fitzgerald, Beryl Bainbridge—there's a lot of historical fiction here. This is the genre you most enjoy. It's been a sort of golden age for historical fiction.SCURR: But those people aren't just historical fiction writers. It's very important. They have all written historical fiction, but actually they write other novels as well. It doesn't matter the order in their careers, they go in and out of it. So I would say that actually it's those people as writers and sensibilities that attract me.Anita Brookner is another example. I love Anita Brookner's novels. I also love her book on David, the revolutionary painter, that she wrote—Jacques-Louis David—that's a fantastic book. So there's a sense in which I see them as writers and the genre of historical fiction, you are right, it does cut across, but I don't think that's what I'm following. I think I'm following what I find on the page from a particular sensibility and of course a command of language, which is in all of those cases, absolutely extraordinary.OLIVER: Because they're all quite innovative as historical novelists as well. And it's not the main part of what is recognized as their achievement in a way.SCURR: No, no.OLIVER: It's been quietly a second great period of the historical novel. It seems crazy to say Hilary Mantel is our Walter Scott, but that is quite high praise.SCURR: So I think you deal much more definitely than I do with these sort of epoch-defining ideas. I think I'm just more intermittently focused on particular things that I like. I used to do an enormous amount of reviewing. I've had to stop it because—talk about being the whetstone.I was constantly reviewing when I was in my 30s and much of my 40s actually. And I don't regret it in the least. And one of the reasons I don't regret it, especially with novels, was because I would never have read all those novels if I hadn't been reviewing them.And even some of the nonfiction, I wouldn't. But here's an example: Because I'd been reviewing so much, I ended up quite early 2007, becoming a Booker judge. And part of that process is that anyone who's been on the list before they automatically get entered by the publisher—McEwen and Barnes, et cetera. Fine.And then the publisher can put forward two books they choose and they can be anything. And then they assemble a list of so-called call-ins. And those are the books where the publisher says, “Oh, please, please call this in. I mean, we didn't make it one of our two, but we think it's absolutely amazing and you must read it.” And you think, well, if it's so amazing, what were you doing not making it one of your two. But anyway, whatever, we call it in. And on that call-in list there was actually, Anne Enright's novel, The Gathering, and that ended up winning the year I was a judge.And I knew Anne Enright's writing because I had reviewed several of her earlier books, especially one called What Are You Like?, which is quite obscure. It's not the book people think of when they think about Anne Enright. But I knew because I'd done all that time in the reviewing trenches, as it were, how extraordinary Anne Enright is as a writer. And we were able to say, well, absolutely go ahead and call this in. And then sure enough it won.OLIVER: What about biography? Modern biography? You like Michael Holroyd?SCURR: Well, we've already talked about Janet Malcolm. She's a sort of anti-biographer in some respect, sort of subversive of the entire genre. I very much like and respect Antonia Fraser's historical biographies and especially her one of Marie Antoinette which, again, came out very close to when my Robespierre book came out. And it's like seeing the other side of the story and that was absolutely extraordinary.And one of the biographies I go back to over and over again I'm extremely interested in Virginia Woolf. You are obviously a fan with The Common Reader. I was looking at it, preparing for this, that she's got this absolutely hilarious short biography of John Evelyn, and it is called Rambling Round Evelyn. Do you know it?OLIVER: Yes.SCURR: It's so beautifully constructed. It's got the butterflies landing on the dahlias pretty much throughout the actual text of the short biography. But then it's got this brilliant bit where she sort of makes fun of John Evelyn. And she says, the difference between then and now is, if we saw a red admiral, we would admire it, but we wouldn't—and this is very mean of her—we wouldn't rush into the kitchen and get a kitchen knife in order to dissect the red admiral's head. Right? It's so ridiculous and it so makes fun of Evelyn.I was listening to the podcast you made with Hermione Lee. And Hermione was saying that she thought what made Woolf such a good critic was that she was very empathetic. But I also think she's capable of that kind of sharp, wicked distance as well, where she goes, I see you, John Evelyn, you are so proud of your garden, and you're actually—looked at from my point of view—a bit of an idiot in some respects as well.OLIVER: I like her because she's so judgmental, which is not a very popular thing to say, but she is. She is really capable of saying that, you know, as long as prose will be read, Addison will be read. But on the other hand, he's boring and rambling and not very good in many ways. Absolutely cutting.SCURR: No, totally, totally. Yeah.OLIVER: What about some of the sort of big names: Richard Holmes, Claire Tomalin?SCURR: Yeah. Oh, Claire, absolutely. I mean, goodness, they've been such influences on me, both of them. Absolutely Richard and his Footsteps and then of course, and those other books, The Ratters of Lightning Ridge and then The Age of Wonder. That's so important, so wonderful.Claire, I revere, I loved and still recommend to my students her book on Mary Wollstonecraft. I also, by the way, love Virginia Woolf's essay on Mary Wollstonecraft. I think that's a different sort of thing where Woolf describes Mary Wollstonecraft pursuing her lover like a dolphin. She won't let him go. He thought he'd hooked a minnow. He wasn't expecting a dolphin to come after him. It was Mary Wollstonecraft. So, Claire Tomalin, her Peyps, Hardy, absolutely hugely important books and deeply, deeply humane actually.And that's the other thing, I think biography, by definition, you do get the sharpness of Woolf or Strachey, but I think to put someone else's life at the center of your book, that's a humane act. It's to say, no, I'm going to spend this number years of my life preserving and communicating this other person's life. And that's a very wonderful thing to do.OLIVER: What do you think of the sort of standard criticism of biography, that it's just not accurate enough? So, for example, Austen Scholars will point to various things in the Tomalin biography where she's deleted the facts or said things to make the narrative flow, but it's just not really accurate enough. The novelistic tendency overwhelms the historical one or whatever. You've obviously avoided that with various decisions you made in the Aubrey book, but as a genre.SCURR: I'd never say that. That would be a real hostage to fortune, wouldn't it?OLIVER: Well, you know what I mean?SCURR: And saying, look at, look at this—OLIVER: Page 28.SCURR: —at this piece of nonsense you introduced. Well, accuracy is extremely important. What I think about that is it all contributes to knowledge. If someone comes along and finds a mistake or wants to bring in some other evidence—And actually Kate Bennett, she does this with Aubrey as well. She says that, oh, Aubrey's really got this wrong, or he's gotten in a muddle about that. She's not saying, and therefore let's just chuck it out because it's inaccurate. You need to see this as well as that. So I think of it more as a collaborative relationship about adding to knowledge and if somebody corrects a previous book or previous claim or something, or point something, then that's fine actually.Again, going back to Holroyd, he thought that that biography was an art form constrained by the facts. So he's got a place for art in it. And I know what he means by that. And I think ultimately that's probably why I couldn't write a novel about a biographical subject because of being constrained by the facts. And yet Hilary Mantel has written many historical novels that are absolutely constrained by the facts. It's just what they're doing besides the facts, alongside the facts. So perhaps some people are going to come along and contribute other information and other people will come along and contribute some imaginative answer to the whole. And both are fine. I think we should be liberal broad church here.OLIVER: Is the genre dying?SCURR: Not so far as I'm aware. We are always doing this about genres dying, aren't we? Those things are always dying.OLIVER: People talk about biography dying a lot.SCURR: Well, perhaps they do. I haven't been listening to that. Why do they say it's dying?OLIVER: Because you can't sell these 700-page lives of people.SCURR: We can't sell most books. I mean, if we're going to go buy sales . . .OLIVER: This, yeah. Well, this story in The Times recently as well, that all the nonfiction that sells now is trash and that the serious books aren't there. And the whole civilization's dying routine.SCURR: Well if it is, we just have to carry on doing what we are doing.OLIVER: Yeah. What do you think is going to be the future of biography? Because I think more than a lot of other nonfiction genres, it's so changeable, it's so flexible. If you look at any decade, you see so much variety in structure and form. What do you think is coming next?SCURR: I'm like Aubrey; I think that's going to be for posterity to decide. As long as there are human beings, we will tell stories and we will want to tell stories about ourselves, and we will want to tell stories about the people we have loved and or hated, or the people who we think matter, for whatever reason, in science, in art, in literature. There will always be a need for the story of the human life.I think it will inevitably change enormously in ways that we couldn't possibly imagine. Just as Aubrey knew that he couldn't possibly imagine what posterity was going to make of the information that he had collected, and he didn't think that was something that he should be constrained by. He thought it was about passing it on.OLIVER: And what will Ruth Scurr do next?SCURR: I'll ask her. I think she's supposed to be writing about Rousseau and is very excited about that, but has been massively distracted by the Royal Society of Literature and becoming chair of that. So, I'm trying to pull myself back into my project. And I was very excited actually, because again, when I was looking at The Common Reader I saw Woolf refer to the Montaigne, Pepys, and Rousseau as people who had provided these spectacular portraits of themselves. And I was very excited by that. So I'm going to write a book about Rousseau and his time in England.OLIVER: Very exciting. I look forward to it. Ruth Scurr, author of John Aubrey: My Own Life, thank you very much.SCURR: Thank you, Henry. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.commonreader.co.uk

Season 38 examines one of Victorian England's most infamous murderers: William Palmer, the Rugeley Poisoner. This four-part series traces his crimes from gambling addiction to serial murder—and the groundbreaking forensic investigation that brought him to justice.The Fatal WagerNovember 1855. A man lies dying in Room 10 of the Talbot Arms inn. His back arches off the mattress. His jaw locks. Every muscle seizes at once.John Parsons Cook had won big at the Shrewsbury races just days earlier. His horse Polestar crossed the finish line first, putting nearly a thousand pounds in his pocket. He should have been celebrating.Instead, he's being murdered—slowly, methodically—by his own friend and physician.Dr. William Palmer stands beside the bed, taking Cook's pulse. He doesn't call for help. He waits.The VictimJohn Parsons Cook was twenty-eight years old in 1855. Born into comfortable circumstances, he inherited enough money from his father to live without working. He trained for the law but never practiced—the racing circuit called to him instead.Cook followed the horse racing meets across England: Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, Chester. He owned horses. He wagered heavily. He lived for the thundering hooves and the roaring crowds.But Cook suffered from chronic poor health. Stomach troubles plagued him. This made him dependent on physicians—a dependency that would prove fatal when his racing companion William Palmer decided he needed to die.The CrimeWilliam Palmer was a surgeon, a family man, and a serial killer.By November 1855, Palmer owed more than twenty thousand pounds to moneylenders. His gambling addiction had consumed him. He had already murdered for money—his wife Anne (insurance payout: thirteen thousand pounds), his brother Walter (insurance claim pending), possibly his mother-in-law, and at least four of his own infant children.When Cook won at Shrewsbury, Palmer saw an opportunity. The two men traveled together back to Palmer's hometown of Rugeley. Cook took his usual room at the Talbot Arms—directly across the street from Palmer's house.Palmer began visiting Cook immediately, administering "treatments" for his illness. Each time Cook improved, another dose sent him back to agony.Cook suspected. He told friends: "I believe that damn Palmer has been dosing me." But suspicion wasn't proof, and Palmer was a doctor. Doctors could be trusted.The InvestigationWhat followed Cook's death would transform British forensic science and create new legal precedent.Dr. Alfred Swaine Taylor, England's foremost toxicologist, examined Cook's remains. He found no strychnine in the body—the poison metabolized too quickly. But the symptoms were unmistakable: tetanic convulsions, locked jaw, arched back.Taylor's testimony established a critical principle: absence of poison does not equal absence of poisoning. Clinical symptoms and circumstantial evidence could establish murder even when the weapon couldn't be found.Palmer's trial became so notorious that Parliament passed special legislation—the Central Criminal Court Act 1856, forever known as "Palmer's Act"—to move the case from Staffordshire to London's Old Bailey.Thirty-two medical experts testified. The jury deliberated eighty-two minutes.Verdict: Guilty.Historical ContextThe Palmer case exposed the vulnerability of Victorian society to medical murderers. Physicians held almost unquestioned authority. Patients trusted them with their lives—literally.Palmer exploited this trust systematically. His medical knowledge allowed him to choose poisons that were difficult to detect, calculate doses that would kill without immediate suspicion, and explain away symptoms as natural illness.The case accelerated the development of forensic toxicology across Europe. Scientists raced to develop more sensitive tests for alkaloid poisons like strychnine.Sources consulted: Old Bailey Online trial transcripts (May 1856); The Times contemporary coverage; British Newspaper Archive; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; forensic toxicology historical analysis.ResourcesPrimary Sources:Old Bailey Online: Trial of William Palmer (May 1856) — oldbaileyonline.orgBritish Newspaper Archive coverage of Rugeley poisoner caseFurther Reading:Katherine Watson, "Poisoned Lives: English Poisoners and Their Victims" (2004)Robert Graves, "They Hanged My Saintly Billy" (1957) — literary treatmentCrisis Resources:For concerns about elder financial abuse or medical exploitation: Adult Protective ServicesSupport the ShowIf Foul Play brings you into history's darkest corners, consider leaving a review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. Reviews help new listeners discover the show—and every share helps us continue telling these stories.Our Sponsors:* Check out BetterHelp: https://www.betterhelp.comSupport this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/foul-play-crime-series/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

"Fumifugium" was a treatise on air pollution written in 1661. In addition to warning about the dangers of coal smoke, John Evelyn wrote this work to improve the reputation of King Charles II. Research: Chambers, Douglas D. C. "Evelyn, John (1620–1706), diarist and writer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 13 Jan. 2026, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8996 "Evelyn, John (1620-1706)." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A148426050/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ab356add. Accessed 13 Jan. 2026. Borunda, Alejandra. “The EPA is changing how it considers the costs and benefits of air pollution rules.” NPR. 1/13/2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/01/13/nx-s1-5675307/epa-air-regulations-health-benefits DeWispelare, Daniel. “’Heavy Fumes of Charcoal Creep into the Brain.’” The 18th-century Common. 5/14/2018. https://www.18thcenturycommon.org/evelyn/ Hovde, Sarah. “A solution for pollution?” Folger Shakespeare Library. 4/21/2017. https://www.folger.edu/blogs/shakespeare-and-beyond/air-pollution-london-fumifugium/ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “Pamphlet Collection: Fumifugium, by John Evelyn.” Library, Archive & Open Research Services Blog. 7/11/2022. https://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/library/2022/11/07/pamphlet-collection-fumifugium-by-john-evelyn/ Jenner, Mark. (1995) The politics of London air : John Evelyn's 'Fumifugium' and the Restoration. The Historical Journal. pp. 535-551. ISSN: 1469-5103. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/1550/1/jennerm1.pdf Heidorn, K.C. “A Chronology of Important Events in the History of Air Pollution Meteorology to 1970.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, December 1978, Vol. 59, No. 12 (December 1978). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26219252 Foster, John Bellamy. “Introduction to John Evelyn’s ‘Fumifugium.’” Organization & Environment, June 1999, Vol. 12, No. 2 (June 1999). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26161864 Brimblecombe, Peter. “Interest in Air Pollution among Early Fellows of the Royal Society.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Mar., 1978, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Mar., 1978). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/531723 Cavert, William M. “The Environmental Policy of Charles I: Coal Smoke and the English Monarchy, 1624–40.” Journal of British Studies, APRIL 2014, Vol. 53, No. 2 (APRIL 2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24701865 Darley, Gillian. “John Evelyn: Britain's First Environmentalist.” Gresham College. 11/12/2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOik751LhHk Surrey Heritage. “John Evelyn (1620 – 1706).” https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/people/writers/john_evelyn/ Evelyn, John. “Fumifugium.” 1661. https://archive.org/details/fumifugium00eveluoft/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In 1853, a high-profile London dinner party was held inside a life-sized mold of an iguanodon. Research: Cain, Joe. “New Year’s Eve Dinner in the Iguanodon at Crystal Palace 31 December 1853.” https://profjoecain.net/dinner-iguanodon-crystal-palace-dinosaurs/ Cain, Joe. “Top Questions About New Year’s Eve Dinner in Iguanodon at Crystal Palace.” https://profjoecain.net/top-questions-about-new-years-eve-dinner-iguanodon-crystal-palace-mould-sculpture/ Carlson, Laura. “Episode 5: A Victorian Dinosaur Dinner.” The Feast. https://www.thefeastpodcast.org/episode-5-a-victorian-dinosaur-dinner Friends of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. “Dinner in the Iguanodon.” 7/21/2013. https://cpdinosaurs.org/blog/post/dinner-in-the-iguanodon Friends of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. “How were the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs made?” 5/13/2016. https://cpdinosaurs.org/blog/post/how-were-the-crystal-palace-dinosaurs-made Routledge & Co., publishers. “Routledge's guide to the Crystal Palace and park at Sydenham.” Crystal Palace. 1854. https://archive.org/details/routledgesguidet00grou/ Geological Society of London Blog. “The First Dinosaurs’ Dinner.” 4/15/2021. https://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2021/04/15/the-first-dinosaurs-dinner/ Hawkins, B. Waterhouse. “On Visual Education, As Applied to Geology.” Journal of the Society of Arts. Vol. II No. 78. 5/19/1854. Illustrated London News. “The Crystal Palace, at Sydenham.” 1/7/1854. https://archive.org/details/sim_illustrated-london-news_1854-01-07_24_662/page/21/mode/1up McCarthy, Steve. “The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs: The Story of the World’s First Prehistoric Sculptures.” The Crystal Palace Foundation. 1994. McCarthy, Steve. "Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse (1807–1894), natural history artist and sculptor." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 5 Dec. 2025, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-54370 Osterloff, Emily. “The world's first dinosaur park: what the Victorians got right and wrong.” Natural History Museum. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/crystal-palace-dinosaurs.html Owen, Richard. “Geology and inhabitants of the ancient world.” Crystal Palace Company. 1854. https://archive.org/details/geologyinhabitan00owen Peck, Robert McCracken. "The art of bones: British artist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, who sparked dinosaur mania in the nineteenth century, still influences how natural history museums represent prehistoric life today." Natural History, vol. 117, no. 10, Dec. 2008, pp. 24+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A189832561/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f6c80589. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025. Phillips, Samuel. “Guide to the Crystal Palace and Park.” Crystal Palace Library. 1854. https://archive.org/details/guidetocrystalpa00phil_0 Rack, Yannic. “How a Victorian Dinosaur Park Became a Time Capsule of Early Paleontology.” Smithsonian. 8/29/2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-a-victorian-dinosaur-park-became-a-time-capsule-of-early-paleontology-180982799/ The History Press. “The Victorian dinner inside a dinosaur.” https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/the-victorian-dinner-inside-a-dinosaur/ Witton, Mark and Ellinor Michel. “Crystal Palace dinosaurs: how we rediscovered five missing sculptures from the famous park.” The Conversation. 5/20/2022. https://theconversation.com/crystal-palace-dinosaurs-how-we-rediscovered-five-missing-sculptures-from-the-famous-park-182573 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

William Sandys was an antiquarian who published a collection of Christmas carols in the 19th century that turned out to be really influential. Research: Archambo, Shelley Batt. “The Development of the English Carol Through the Fifteenth Century.” The Choral Journal, OCTOBER 1986, Vol. 27, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23547224REFERENCES Brain, Jessica. “History of Christmas Carols.” Historic UK. 12/13/2024. https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/History-Christmas-Carols/ “Carol, N.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1684298837. Carter, Michael. “The origins of Christmas carols.” English Heritage. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/origins-of-christmas-carols/ Cartwright, Mark. "The History of Christmas Carols." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 05 Dec 2023, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2339/the-history-of-christmas-carols/. Web. 03 Dec 2025. Davey, Henry, and Elizabeth Baigent. "Sandys, William (1792–1874), writer on music and antiquary." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 3 Dec. 2025, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-24654 Ditchfield, Peter Hampson. “Old English customs extant at the present time; an account of local observances.” London, G. Redway. 1896. https://archive.org/details/studentshistoryo00gardrich Dreamer, Percy R. et al. “The Oxford Book Of Carols.” Oxford University Press. 1928. English Heritage. “A Brief History of Christmas Carols.” https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/members-area/members-magazine/podcast-extras/history-of-carols/ Sandys, William. “Christmas carols, ancient and modern; including the most popular in the west of England, and the airs to which they are sung. Also specimens of French provincial carols. With an introduction and notes.” London, R. Beckley. 1833. https://archive.org/details/christmascarolsa00sandrich/mode/1up Sandys, William. “Christmastide: Its History, Festivities and Carols.” London: John Russell Smith. 1860. https://archive.org/details/christmastideits00sandrich/ The Law Bod Blog. “Heading towards Christmas.” 12/2/2013. https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/lawbod/2013/12/02/heading-towards-christmas/ Huxtable, Sally-Anne. “Wassailing: ritual and revelry.” National Trust. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/art-collections/wassailing-ritual-and-revelry See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Episode 10 of 15 | Series 36: Serial Killers in HistoryFinland's first documented serial killer terrorized two continents across three decades. This episode traces Matti Haapoja's brutal journey from famine-ravaged Finland to Siberian exile and back—a life defined by escape, violence, and ultimately, one final act of defiance.Victim HumanizationHeikki Impponen was forty-two years old when he walked along that frozen road in December 1867. A farmer with a wife named Kaisa and three children waiting at home, he had known young Matti since childhood—their fathers had worked neighboring fields, they had been boys together in the harsh Finnish countryside. He carried what little money he had, perhaps hoping to buy food during Finland's devastating Great Famine. Maria Jemina Salo was in her early twenties, trying to survive in Helsinki's rougher districts, wearing a silver necklace her mother had given her. Guard Juho Rosted had worked at Kakola Prison for eleven years, with a pregnant wife expecting their fourth child—a daughter who would never know her father.Why This Case MattersMatti Haapoja's crimes fundamentally reshaped Finland's approach to criminal justice and prison security. His four successful escapes from Kakola Prison exposed critical weaknesses in the nation's penal system, earning the facility the mocking nickname "Pakola"—the escape prison. His case prompted a complete overhaul of prison architecture and security protocols throughout Finland. The investigation techniques developed to track him helped establish the framework for modern Finnish police procedures, while the case demonstrated how the Great Famine of 1866-1868, which killed 270,000 Finns, created conditions where desperate violence flourished.Content WarningThis episode contains descriptions of violent murders and suicide. Listener discretion advised.Key Case DetailsHaapoja's criminal career spanned three decades across two continents, leaving eight confirmed victims dead and exposing the limitations of 19th-century criminal justice systems across Finland and Siberia.• Timeline: First murder December 6, 1867, during Finland's Great Famine; sentenced to Siberian exile in 1880; returned to Finland September 1890; final escape attempt October 10, 1894; death by suicide January 8, 1895• Investigation: Haapoja's escapes revealed major security flaws in Finnish prisons; his capture after Maria Salo's murder came when his notorious reputation led to his recognition in Porvoo just days after the crime• Resolution: Sentenced to death in 1891 (automatically commuted to life imprisonment as Finland had abolished capital punishment in 1826); died by his own hand while awaiting trial for murdering Guard Juho Rosted• Historical Context: The puukkojunkkari (knife-fighter) culture of Southern Ostrobothnia shaped Haapoja's violent identity; his skeleton was displayed in the Finnish Museum of Crime for 99 years before burial in 1995Historical Context & SourcesThis episode draws on records from the National Museum of Finland, the National Biography of Finland, and the BiographySampo database. Prison museum collections preserve the tools of Haapoja's escapes—rope, wooden slats, and a floorboard with a drilled hole. Contemporary newspaper accounts from the 1890s, which sensationally compared his crimes to Jack the Ripper's London murders, provide crucial details about his final trial and death. The Circuit Court records of Hausjärvi from 1891 document his arrogant confession and the commutation of his death sentence.Resources & Further ReadingFor listeners interested in exploring this case and era further, these historically significant sources provide additional context:• The National Museum of Finland maintains archival materials on 19th-century Finnish criminal justice and the puukkojunkkari phenomenon• The Finnish National Biography database (Biografiakeskus) contains verified biographical details on Haapoja and his contemporaries• Academic research on the Great Famine of 1866-1868 illuminates the devastating conditions that shaped Haapoja's early crimesCall-to-ActionNext week on Foul Play: Francisco Guerrero Pérez terrorized Mexico City for decades, targeting women the newspapers refused to mourn. Subscribe now to follow Season 36: Serial Killers in History to its conclusion.Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/foul-play-crime-series/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands

Maria Dickin wanted to raise the status of animals in society and bring more awareness to the work they were doing during World War II. The Dickin Medal was created to honor military working animals. This episode covers six of those recipients. Research: “Cats and Dogs.” Sabretache: The Official Journal of the Calgary Military Historical Society. August Extra #1. 2022. http://cmhs.ca/sabretache/Sabretache_2022_08_1.pdf Classic Warbirds. “Pigeons at War - The RAF and the National Pigeon Service.” https://www.classicwarbirds.co.uk/articles/pigeons-at-war-the-raf-and-the-national-pigeon-service.php Elidemir, Gulistan. “Maria Dickin and the history of the People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals.” The Slice Whitechapel. 2/20/2022. https://whitechapellondon.co.uk/maria-dickin-pdsa-animal-charity-history/ Gardiner, Andrew. “The 'Dangerous' Women of Animal Welfare: How British Veterinary Medicine Went to the Dogs.” Social History of MedianeVol. 27, No. 3 pp. 466-487. https://archive.org/details/pubmed-PMC4109695/mode/1up Harrison, Brian. “Dickin, Maria Elisabeth.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 11/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/53789 Historic England. “Heroic War Animals: The History of the PDSA Dickin Medal.” 12/21/2023. https://heritagecalling.com/2023/12/21/heroic-animals-at-war-the-history-of-the-pdsa-dickin-medal/ Imperial War Museums. “What Was The Yangtze Incident?” https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-yangtze-incident Kennedy, Maev. “Pet heroes honoured as cemetery reopens.” The Guardian. 12/14/2007. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/dec/14/art Long, David. “The animals' VC : for gallantry and devotion : the PDSA Dickin Medal - inspiring stories of bravery and courage.” Preface. 2012. Ministry of Defense. “Judy: The Dog who became a prisoner of war.” 7/24/2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/judy-the-dog-who-became-a-prisoner-of-war National Archives. “Judy, the only dog registered as a prisoner of war.” https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/judy-the-only-dog-registered-as-a-prisoner-of-war/ National Archives. “Judy, the only dog registered as a prisoner of war.” https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/judy-the-only-dog-registered-as-a-prisoner-of-war/ Naval History. “HMS AMETHYST INCIDENT, YANGTSE RIVER, April to May 1949.” https://www.naval-history.net/WXLG-Amethyst1949.htm “Rip.” https://www.pdsa.org.uk/media/5494/47646_dm-75_recipient-book_27_rip_digital.pdf “Sergeant Reckless – PDSA Dickin Medal 68.” https://www.pdsa.org.uk/what-we-do/animal-awards-programme/pdsa-dickin-medal/sergeant-reckless “Simon - PDSA Dickin Medal 54.” https://www.pdsa.org.uk/what-we-do/animal-awards-programme/pdsa-dickin-medal/simon “Story of Maria Dickin and PDSA.” Via YouTube. 10/8/2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3A1mMVDL4oo “White Vision.” https://www.pdsa.org.uk/what-we-do/animal-awards-programme/pdsa-dickin-medal/white-vision “Winkie: DM 1.” https://www.pdsa.org.uk/media/5491/47646_dm-75_recipient-book_01_winkie_digital.pdf Royal Pigeon Racing Association. “Pigeons In War.” https://www.rpra.org/pigeons-in-war/ S. Marine Corps Museum. “Sgt. Reckless - Marine War Horse.” https://www.usmcmuseum.com/uploads/6/0/3/6/60364049/sgt._reckless.pdf Wooster, Martin Morse. “Dickin Medal awards, a great philanthropic initiative.” Philanthropy Daily. https://philanthropydaily.com/dickin-medal-awards-a-great-philanthropic-initiative/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This week we're traveling back to 1970s Britain with Joy! Join us as we learn about the real people who invented IVF, including Patrick Steptoe, Jean Purdy, and Matron Muriel, as well as how papers like the Daily Mirror covered the whole thing.  Sources https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/nov/10/screenwriter-jack-thorne-ivf-joy-film-netflix https://deadline.com/2024/10/joy-movie-thomasin-mckenzie-shines-as-test-tube-baby-pioneer-in-joy-1236115393/ https://time.com/7178799/joy-true-story-jean-purdy-netflix/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(2024_film) Litynski GS. Patrick C. Steptoe: laparoscopy, sterilization, the test-tube baby, and mass media. JSLS. 1998 Jan-Mar;2(1):99-101. PMID: 9876723; PMCID: PMC3015256. Edwards Robert Geoffrey 1996Patrick Christopher Steptoe, C. B. E., 9 June 1913 - 22 March 1988Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.42433–452 Daily Mirror articles from 21 January 1960 to 14 December 1979, accessed through the British Newspaper Archive Bourn Hall Fertility Clinic: https://www.bournhall.co.uk/fertilityblog/international-nurses-day-12-may-recognising-the-dedication-of-fertility-nurses/ John Webster, "Muriel Harris: Nursing IVF to Success," Science Museum Blog, available at https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/muriel-harris-nursing-ivf-to-success/ https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7101718324  Web of Science Josh Halliday, "Female nurse who played crucial role in IVF ignored on plaque," The Guardian (2019), https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/10/jean-purdy-female-nurse-who-played-crucial-role-in-ivf-ignored-on-plaque  Johnson, Martin H. "Edwards, Sir Robert Geoffrey (Bob) (1925–2013), physiologist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Wilfred Owen is considered one of the most important English-language poets of World War I. His work also part of a shift in how many British poets were writing about war. Research: Bonellie, Janet. “A Portrait of Robert Ross.” Canada’s History. 6/12/2019. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/arts-culture-society/a-portrait-of-robert-ross British Broadcasting Corporation. “Wilfred Owen: A Remembrance Tale.” 2007. Cannon, Jean. “Censorship in Surprising Places: Uncovering the Letters of Wilfred Owen.” Not Even Past. Ransom Center. 4/21/2014. https://notevenpast.org/censorship/ Crossman, AM. “THE HYDRA, Captain AJ Brock and the Treatment of Shell-shocked in Edinburgh.” J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2003; 33:119–123. Earlam, R. “Shell-shock: A history of the changing attitude to war neurosis.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) vol. 316,7145 (1998): 1683A. doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7145.1683a Hibberd, Dominic. “Wilfred Owen.” Weidenfeld & Nicholson. 2002. Imperial War Museums. “British Field Service Postcard, First World War.” https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205131476 Jones, Edgar. “Shell Shocked.” American Psychological Association. Vol. 43, No. 6. June 2012. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/06/shell-shocked Jones, Nigel. "Anthem for groomed youth: Wilfred Owen's troubling obsession." Spectator, vol. 336, no. 9880, 6 Jan. 2018, p. 12. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A524739265/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=62e62ece. Accessed 11 June 2025. Lee, Stuart. “The Last Days of Wilfred Owen.” Oxford News Blog. 10/23/2018. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/arts-blog/last-days-wilfred-owen Onion, Amanda. “Poet Wilfred Owen killed in action.” History.com. 1/30/2025. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/november-4/poet-wilfred-owen-killed-in-action Poetry Foundation. “Wilfred Owen.” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/wilfred-owen Stallworthy, Jon. "Owen, Wilfred Edward Salter (1893–1918), poet." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 01, 2017. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Jun. 2025, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37828 Van Mierlo, Wim. “Wilfred Owen 100 years on: poet gave voice to a generation of doomed youth.” The Conversation. 11/4/2018. https://theconversation.com/wilfred-owen-100-years-on-poet-gave-voice-to-a-generation-of-doomed-youth-106014 Webb, Thomas E F. “'Dottyville'--Craiglockhart War Hospital and shell-shock treatment in the First World War.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine vol. 99,7 (2006): 342-6. doi:10.1177/014107680609900716 "Wilfred Owen." Poetry Criticism, edited by Michelle Lee, vol. 102, Gale, 2010. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CYPYNF967921623/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=cb1d6e7f. Accessed 27 May 2025. "Wilfred Owen." World War I Reference Library, edited by Sara Pendergast, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2002, pp. 111-117. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3411700047/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c3bea6b3. Accessed 27 May 2025. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Once Rosina Bulwer-Lytton and her husband Edward separated, his life seemed to become more and more successful while she struggled with finances. The estranged couple then spent years battling very publicly until Edward had Rosina committed. Research: “A Scene at the Hertfordshire Election.” The Tiverton Gazette. 6/29/1858. https://www.newspapers.com/image/803824054/ Blain, Virginia. “Rosina Bulwer Lytton and the Rage of the Unheard.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Summer, 1990, Vol. 53, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3817439 Brown, Andrew. "Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer [formerly Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer], first Baron Lytton (1803–1873), writer and politician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 4 Jun. 2025, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17314 Bulwer-Lytton, Rosina. “Lady Bulwer Lytton's Appeal to the Justice and Charity of the English Public.” By and For the Author. 1857. Devey, Louisa, editor. “Letters of the late Edward Bulwer, lord Lytton, to his wife.” New York : G. W. Dillingham. 1889. Devey, Louisa. “Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton: With Numerous Extracts from Her Ms. Autobiography and Other Original Documents.” London, Swan Sonnschein, Lowery & Co. 1887. Flynn, Michael J. “Dickens, Rosina Bulwer Lytton, and the ‘Guilt’ of Literature and Art.” Dickens Quarterly, March 2012, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45292582 King, Cornelia. “Getting Even: The Mighty Pen of Lady Bulwer Lytton.” The Library Company of Philadelphia. 5/10/2022. https://librarycompany.org/2022/05/10/getting-even/ Latané, D.E. “Edward Bulwer Lytton’s committal of his wife Rosina to a private mental asylum in 1858.” Victorian Web. https://victorianweb.org/authors/bulwer/latane.html McFadden, Margaret. “Anna Doyle Wheeler (1785-1848): Philosopher, Socialist, Feminist.” Hypatia, vol. 4, no. 1, 1989, pp. 91–101. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3809936. Accessed 3 June 2025. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. "Fame, notoriety and madness: Edward Bulwer-Lytton paying the price of greatness." Critical Survey, vol. 13, no. 2, May 2001, pp. 115+. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A80191856/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=2669a158. Accessed 27 May 2025. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. "Lytton, Rosina Anne Doyle Bulwer [née Rosina Anne Doyle Wheeler], Lady Lytton (1802–1882), novelist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 28 May. 2025, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17316 Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. “‘The Very Worst Woman I Ever Heard of’: Rosina Bulwer Lytton and Biography as Vindication.” Women's Writing, 25:2, 253-267, DOI: 10.1080/09699082.2017.1387338 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After a difficult childhood, Rosina Bulwer-Lytton landed in a marriage that quickly turned chaotic and stressful, and then became abusive. Part one covers the period of her life up to their separation. Research: “A Scene at the Hertfordshire Election.” The Tiverton Gazette. 6/29/1858. https://www.newspapers.com/image/803824054/ Blain, Virginia. “Rosina Bulwer Lytton and the Rage of the Unheard.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Summer, 1990, Vol. 53, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3817439 Brown, Andrew. "Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer [formerly Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer], first Baron Lytton (1803–1873), writer and politician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 4 Jun. 2025, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17314 Bulwer-Lytton, Rosina. “Lady Bulwer Lytton's Appeal to the Justice and Charity of the English Public.” By and For the Author. 1857. Devey, Louisa, editor. “Letters of the late Edward Bulwer, lord Lytton, to his wife.” New York : G. W. Dillingham. 1889. Devey, Louisa. “Life of Rosina, Lady Lytton: With Numerous Extracts from Her Ms. Autobiography and Other Original Documents.” London, Swan Sonnschein, Lowery & Co. 1887. Flynn, Michael J. “Dickens, Rosina Bulwer Lytton, and the ‘Guilt’ of Literature and Art.” Dickens Quarterly, March 2012, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45292582 King, Cornelia. “Getting Even: The Mighty Pen of Lady Bulwer Lytton.” The Library Company of Philadelphia. 5/10/2022. https://librarycompany.org/2022/05/10/getting-even/ Latané, D.E. “Edward Bulwer Lytton’s committal of his wife Rosina to a private mental asylum in 1858.” Victorian Web. https://victorianweb.org/authors/bulwer/latane.html McFadden, Margaret. “Anna Doyle Wheeler (1785-1848): Philosopher, Socialist, Feminist.” Hypatia, vol. 4, no. 1, 1989, pp. 91–101. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3809936. Accessed 3 June 2025. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. "Fame, notoriety and madness: Edward Bulwer-Lytton paying the price of greatness." Critical Survey, vol. 13, no. 2, May 2001, pp. 115+. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A80191856/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=2669a158. Accessed 27 May 2025. Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. "Lytton, Rosina Anne Doyle Bulwer [née Rosina Anne Doyle Wheeler], Lady Lytton (1802–1882), novelist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 28 May. 2025, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17316 Mulvey-Roberts, Marie. “‘The Very Worst Woman I Ever Heard of’: Rosina Bulwer Lytton and Biography as Vindication.” Women's Writing, 25:2, 253-267, DOI: 10.1080/09699082.2017.1387338 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mes chers camarades, bien le bonjour ! Dans la liste des morts absurdes mais célèbres, notre prochaine victime est probablement l'un des plus courageux roi d'Écosse, un homme qui a grandi et régné dans un environnement mortel, et qui a toujours triomphé. Enfin… ça l'a pas empêché de partir en fumée à la fin !Bonne écoute !

Want to support the podcast? Join our Patreon or buy us a coffee. As an independent podcast, Shakespeare Anyone? is supported by listeners like you. In this week's episode, we are exploring the historical record to better understand the difference between the facts of the historical record and the history-making and myths in Shakespeare's King Henry V. We will share brief biographies of the historical figures presented in Shakespeare's play and discuss how understanding where Shakespeare embellished or elided history can help us understand the values of the audiences of his day and how this understanding can potentially inform performances and readings of Shakespeare's play today.  Shakespeare Anyone? is created and produced by Kourtney Smith and Elyse Sharp. Music is "Neverending Minute" by Sounds Like Sander. For updates: join our email list, follow us on Instagram at @shakespeareanyonepod or visit our website at shakespeareanyone.com You can support the podcast by becoming a patron at patreon.com/shakespeareanyone, sending us a virtual tip via our tipjar, or by shopping our bookshelves at bookshop.org/shop/shakespeareanyonepod. Are you a teacher who teaches upper grades (US 9-12 or equivalent) and teaches Shakespeare or wants to teach Shakespeare? We want to hear from you: https://www.shakespeareanyone.com/teachersurvey Works referenced: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Charles VI". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Nov. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VI-king-of-France. Accessed 26 January 2025. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Edward of Norwich, 2nd duke of York". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Oct. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-of-Norwich-2nd-duke-of-York. Accessed 26 January 2025. Carpenter, Christine. "Beauchamp, Richard, thirteenth earl of Warwick (1382–1439), magnate." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  October 03, 2013. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Catto, Jeremy. "Chichele, Henry (c. 1362–1443), administrator and archbishop of Canterbury." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Griffiths, R. A. "Holland [Holand], John, first duke of Exeter (1395–1447), soldier and magnate." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Harriss, G. L. "Beaufort, Thomas, duke of Exeter (1377?–1426), magnate and soldier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Harriss, G. L. "Humphrey [Humfrey or Humphrey of Lancaster], duke of Gloucester [called Good Duke Humphrey] (1390–1447), prince, soldier, and literary patron." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  June 11, 2020. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Harriss, G. L. "Richard [Richard of Conisbrough], earl of Cambridge (1385–1415), magnate." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 14, 2023. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Hughes, Jonathan. "Arundel [Fitzalan], Thomas (1353–1414), administrator and archbishop of Canterbury." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  May 24, 2007. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Jones, Dan. Henry V: The Astonishing Triumph of England's Greatest Warrior King. Viking, 2024. Pollard, A. J. "Neville, Richard, fifth earl of Salisbury (1400–1460), magnate." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Stratford, Jenny. "John [John of Lancaster], duke of Bedford (1389–1435), regent of France and prince." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 22, 2011. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Tuck, Anthony. "Edmund [Edmund of Langley], first duke of York (1341–1402), prince." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 14, 2023. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Tuck, Anthony. "Neville, Ralph, first earl of Westmorland (c. 1364–1425), magnate." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Vale, Brigette. "Scrope, Henry, third Baron Scrope of Masham (c. 1376–1415), soldier and administrator." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Walker, Simon. "Erpingham, Sir Thomas (c. 1355–1428), soldier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. Date of access 27 Jan. 2025 Wikipedia contributors. "Charles II, Duke of Lorraine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Jan. 2025. Web. 27 Jan. 2025. Wikipedia contributors. "Isabeau of Bavaria." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 Jan. 2025. Web. 27 Jan. 2025. Wikipedia contributors. "Louis, Duke of Guyenne." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Nov. 2024. Web. 27 Jan. 2025.

Humans have been writing in abbreviated ways as long as writing has existed. In the 19th century, Isaac Pitman developed – and marketed – a system of shorthand that became widely adopted. Research: Baker, Alfred. “The Life of Sir Isaac Pitman.” London. Pitman. 1919. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/centenlifeofsiri00bakeuoft/page/34/mode/2up Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir Isaac Pitman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Pitman Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pitman shorthand". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Apr. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pitman-shorthand Miller, Genesie. “A Brief on Shorthand.” Utah Division of Archives and Records. April 11, 2023. https://archives.utah.gov/2023/04/11/a-brief-on-shorthand/ “Sir Isaac Pitman.” The Vegetarian. 1895. https://archive.org/details/vegetarianmonthl00unse_0/page/122/mode/2up?q=sir+isaac Pitman, Benn. “Sir Isaac Pitman, His Life and Labors.” Cincinnati. C.J. Krehbiel. 1902. https://archive.org/details/sirisaacpitmanhi00pitmuoft/page/48/mode/2up Pitman, Isaac. “Phonotypic Journal, for the Year 1845.” Vol. 4. Phonographic Institution. 1845. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=K-gOAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PP7&hl=en Russon, Allien R.. "shorthand". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/shorthand Triggs, T. (2009, October 08). Pitman, Sir Isaac (1813–1897), deviser of a system of shorthand writing. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22322 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode includes six stories requested by listeners that wouldn't quite work as standalone episodes. The topics include: Nellie Cashman, Ela of Salisbury, Charles "Teenie" Harris, Jane Gaugain, Edward A. Carter Jr., and Alice Ball. Research: ·       National Parks Service. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/nellie-cashman.htm Arizona Women's Hall of Fame. “Nellie Cashman.” https://www.azwhf.org/copy-of-pauline-bates-brown-2 ·       Backhouse, Frances. “Angel of the Cassiar.” British Columbia Magazine. Winter 2014. ·       Hawley, Charles C. and Thomas K. Bundtzen. “Ellen (Nellie) Cashman.” Alaska Mining Hall of Fame Foundation. https://alaskamininghalloffame.org/inductees/cashman.php ·       Clum, John P. “Nellie Cashman.” Arizona Historical Review. Vol. 3, No. 4. January 1931. ·       Porsild, Charlene. “Cashman, Ellen.” Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XV (1921-1930). https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cashman_ellen_15E.html ·       Ward, Jennifer C. "Ela, suo jure countess of Salisbury (b. in or after 1190, d. 1261), magnate and abbess." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 08, 2009. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-47205 ·       McConnell, Ally. “The life of Ela, Countess of Salisbury.” Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre. https://wshc.org.uk/the-life-of-ela-countess-of-salisbury/ Order fo Medieval Women. “Ela, Countess of Sudbury.” https://www.medievalwomen.org/ela-countess-of-salisbury.html. Charles “Teenie” Harris Archive. Carnegie Museum of Art. https://carnegieart.org/art/charles-teenie-harris-archive/ ·       National Museum of African American History and Culture. “Photojournalist, Charles “Teenie” Harris.” https://nmaahc.si.edu/photojournalist-charles-teenie-harris ·       O'Driscoll, Bill. “Historical marker honors famed Pittsburgh photographer Teenie Harris.” WESA. 9/30/2024. https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2024-09-30/historical-charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh-photography ·       Kinzer, Stephen. “Black Life, In Black And White; Court Ruling Frees the Legacy Of a Tireless News Photographer.” New York Times. 2/7/2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/arts/black-life-black-white-court-ruling-frees-legacy-tireless-photographer.html ·       Hulse, Lynn. "Gaugain [née Alison], Jane [Jean] (1804–1860), author, knitter, and fancy needleworker." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. August 08, 2024. Oxford University Press. Date of access 30 Oct. 2024, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000382575 ·       "Edward A. Carter, Jr." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 104, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606005739/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=77e0beae. Accessed 30 Oct. 2024. ·       National WWII Museum. “Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter Jr's Medal of Honor.” 2/15/2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/staff-sergeant-edward-carter-jr-medal-of-honor ·       Lange, Katie. “Medal of Honor Monday: Army Sgt. 1st Class Edward Carter Jr.” U.S. Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/3347931/medal-of-honor-monday-army-sgt-1st-class-edward-carter-jr/ ·       National Parks Service. “Edward Carter Jr.” Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/people/edwardcarterjr.htm ·       Dwyer, Mitchell K. “A Woman Who Changed the World.” University of Hawaii Foundation. https://www.uhfoundation.org/impact/students/woman-who-changed-world ·       University of Washington School of Pharmacy. “UWSOP alumni legend Alice Ball, Class of 1914, solved leprosy therapy riddle.” https://sop.washington.edu/uwsop-alumni-legend-alice-ball-class-of-1914-solved-leprosy-riddle/ ·       Ricks, Delthia. “Overlooked No More: Alice Ball, Chemist Who Created a Treatment for Leprosy.” 5/8/2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/obituaries/alice-ball-overlooked.html  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On this week's episode of Local Legends, Martin is chatting about Cambridgeshire, paganism and much, much more with one of the nation's most prominent and celebrated folklorists, author and historian Dr Francis Young.In case you're unfamiliar with his work, such as his frequent appearances on BBC radio, as well as his writing for magazines including History Today and BBC History Magazine, Francis specialises in the history of religion and belief. He is the author, editor, or co-author of over 20 books, including the award-winning Pagans in the Early Modern Baltic, as well as Twilight of the Godlings and Magic in Merlin's Realm. His new book, just out, is called Paganism Persisting: A History of European Paganisms since Antiquity, which he co-authored with Robin C. Douglas. Born in Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk – the same place as Eleanor – Francis studied Philosophy at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and Classics at University of Wales, Lampeter, before receiving his doctorate in History from Cambridge University. He is a well-known authority on the religious history of Britain and the Baltic region, and is a contributor to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as well as numerous textbooks and anthologies. We first encountered Francis in relation to his scholarship about witchcraft, magic, and paganism, but for our purposes today he's gathering round the Three Ravens campfire to chat about the history and folklore of Cambridgeshire, a county about which he is a bit of an expert. As a Cambridge-based academic who has written books about the county's folklore, and that of neighbouring counties, he is the perfect person to guide us through its murky earthy fenlands on the one hand, and its world-famous university town on the other.So, settle in for a chat which encompasses fairies, wild hunts, ghostly knights, fenland drainage, some very nice cathedrals, and anecdotes about Isaac Newton, M.R. James, Edith Porter and much else too!To learn more about Francis, his work, and his books, do check out his website at drfrancisyoung.com, and we'll be back on Monday with an episode all about the history and folklore of Worcestershire!The Three Ravens is an English Myth and Folklore podcast hosted by award-winning writers Martin Vaux and Eleanor Conlon.Released on Mondays, each weekly episode focuses on one of England's 39 historic counties, exploring the history, folklore and traditions of the area, from ghosts and mermaids to mythical monsters, half-forgotten heroes, bloody legends, and much, much more. Then, and most importantly, the pair take turns to tell a new version of an ancient story from that county - all before discussing what that tale might mean, where it might have come from, and the truths it reveals about England's hidden past...Bonus Episodes are released on Thursdays (Magic and Medicines about folk remedies and arcane spells, Three Ravens Bestiary about cryptids and mythical creatures, Dying Arts about endangered heritage crafts, and Something Wicked about folkloric true crime from across history) plus Local Legends episodes on Saturdays - interviews with acclaimed authors, folklorists, podcasters and historians with unique perspectives on that week's county.With a range of exclusive content on Patreon, too, including audio ghost tours, the Three Ravens Newsletter, and monthly Three Ravens Film Club episodes about folk horror films from across the decades, why not join us around the campfire and listen in?Learn more at www.threeravenspodcast.com, join our Patreon at www.patreon.com/threeravenspodcast, and find links to our social media channels here: https://linktr.ee/threeravenspodcast Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Join our expert panel at RSA House and online to explore the extraordinary life of Dame Caroline Haslett and her inspirational legacy trailblazing a path for women in innovation and industry.  A suffragette and women's equality campaigner, Dame Caroline Haslett championed the role of women in mainstream employment and their release from domestic drudgery through education, training, and the application of new technologies.   A woman of many pioneering firsts, Dame Caroline was the founder and first director of the Electrical Association for Women in 1924. She was also a member of the Central Electricity Authority, formed to run the industry under national ownership. From 1941-1957, she served as the first female member of the RSA Council and as Vice-President.In 1941, she delivered a paper to the RSA entitled 'Women in Industry', addressing the increasing contribution of women in national industrial life, and appealing for a revision of social attitudes and the removal of obstacles to women in employment."I see in this new world a great opportunity for women to free themselves from the shackles of the past and to enter into a new heritage made possible by the gifts of nature which science has opened up to us."  Dame Caroline HaslettChairHenrietta Heald is the author of Magnificent Women and their Revolutionary Machines.SpeakersDawn Bonfield is Professor of Practice in Engineering for Sustainable Development at King's College London and Founder of Towards Vision.Yasmin Ali is a chemical engineer, dedicated to developing renewable energy projects and author of Power Up: An Engineer's Adventures into Sustainable Energy.Anne Locker is the library and archives manager at the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) who has worked with engineering archives for more than 25 years. She has written about the history of women in engineering and contributed to Wikipedia and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.#RSAInnovationBecome an RSA Events sponsor: https://utm.guru/ueemb Follow RSA Events on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thersaorg/ Follow the RSA on Twitter: https://twitter.com/theRSAorg Donate to the RSA: https://thersa.co/3XPiI1k Like RSA Events on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theRSAorg/ Listen to RSA Events podcasts: https://bit.ly/35EyQYU Join our Fellowship: https://www.thersa.org/fellowship/join

Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a tennis player who set records during her lifetime that remained unbroken for almost a century. One of them still stands. Research: Yang, Heewon, and Kelly Chandler. "Tennis." Encyclopedia of Recreation and Leisure in America, edited by Gary S. Cross, vol. 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, pp. 351-354. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3434800256/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=64f7cfa9. Accessed 15 July 2024. com. “The Oldest' Ladies Champions.” 9/29/2017. https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2017-09-29/2017-09-29_2017-09-29_the_oldest_ladies_singles_champions.html Bennett, Courtney. "Wimbledon." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Online, Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/PUXWIE130945815/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=8c49dec7. Accessed 15 July 2024. Reilley, Lucas. “Tennis: The Sport that Loves to Kill Royalty.” 10/12/2018. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/560200/tennis-related-royal-deaths "Tennis." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Mar. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2Ftennis%2F108495&ebboatid=9265899. Accessed 15 Jul. 2024. Fabry, Merrill. “Why Is Tennis Scored So Weirdly?” Time. 7/14/2023. https://time.com/5040182/tennis-scoring-system-history/ “Wingfield and the birth of lawn tennis.” 5/15/2024. https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2024-05-15/wingfield_and_the_birth_of_lawn_tennis.html Smyth, J. G. "Sterry [née Cooper], Charlotte Reinagle (1870–1966), tennis player." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 04, 2012. Oxford University Press. Date of access 15 Jul. 2024, https://www-oxforddnb-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36284 Chambers, Mrs. Lambert. “Lawn Tennis for Ladies.” New York. Outing Publishing Company. 1910. https://archive.org/details/lawntennisforla00chamgoog/ Team GB. “Charlotte Cooper: The original trailblazer of women's tennis.” 3/7/2021. https://www.teamgb.com/article/charlotte-cooper-the-original-trailblazer-of-womens-tennis/PFWDdf3Zq306yiPqsw6VA1 Little, Alan. “Wimbledon Ladies : a centenary record 1884-1984 : the Single champions.” London : Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum. 1984. https://archive.org/details/wimbledonladiesc0000litt/ Myers, Arthur Wallis. “Lawn Tennis at Home and Abroad.” Scribner's. 1903. https://archive.org/details/lawntennisathom00myergoog/ Hillyard, George Whiteside. “Forty Years of First-class Lawn Tennis.” Williams & Norgate. 1924. https://books.google.com/books?id=lHtYAAAAYAAJ Weaver, Harry. “'Chattie' the Champion.” The London Observer. 6/27/1965. https://www.newspapers.com/image/258000462/ Robyns, Gwen. “Wimbledon; the hidden drama.” Newton Abbot, David & Charles. 1973. Troy Lennon History Editor. "First woman Olympic tennis champ was deaf". The Daily Telegraph (Australia), September 22, 2020 Tuesday. advance-lexis-com.proxy.bostonathenaeum.org/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:60WR-RPC1-F0JP-W1PJ-00000-00&context=1519360. Accessed July 16, 2024. Robertson, Max. “Wimbledon 1877-1977.” London : Barker. 1977. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This pirate lived in the 13th century and was connected to some major events in British and French history. During his lifetime he was so notorious that people would tell kids that if they were bad Eustice the Monk would come to take them away. Research: "Battle of Sandwich." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 Feb. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Freferencecenter%2Farticle%2FBattle-of-Sandwich%2F641336&ebboatid=9265899. Accessed 15 Aug. 2024. Burgess, Glyn. “Two Medieval Outlaws: Eustice the Monk and Fouke Fitz Waryn.” D.S. Brewer. St. Edmundsbury Press. 1997. Cannon, Henry Lewin. “The Battle of Sandwich and Eustace the Monk.” The English Historical Review , Oct., 1912, Vol. 27, No. 108 (Oct., 1912). Via JSOTR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/550984 Carpenter, D.A. “Eustice the Monk.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 9/23/2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/37400 Isaac, Steven. “The Battle of Sandwich.” Medieval Warfare , SEP / OCT 2017, Vol. 7. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48578184 Kelly, Thomas E., Stephen Knight and Thomas H. Ohlgren. “Eustache the Monk: Introduction.” from: Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales TEAMS Middle English Texts Series.  https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/eustache-the-monk-introduction Lehr, Peter. “Eustace the Monk: Banditry, Piracy and the Limits of State Authority in the High Middle Ages.” Historical Sociology. Vol. 34, Issue 3. September 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/johs.12347 McGlynn, Sean. “Scourge of the Seas.” Medieval Warfare , 2012, Vol. 2, No. 6. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48578143 Wright, Thomas. “Essays on subjects connected with the literature, popular superstitions, and history of England in the Middle Ages.” London : J.R. Smith. 1846. https://archive.org/details/essaysonsubjects02wrig/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Gertrude Jekyll was born into a 19th-century English family of means, but her life took an unconventional path for a woman in her circumstances, and she became an iconic and legendary horticulturist. Research: Tooley, Michael. "Jekyll, Gertrude (1843–1932), artist and garden designer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. June 08, 2023. Oxford University Press. Date of access 13 May. 2024, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37597 "Gertrude Jekyll." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, vol. 38, Gale, 2018. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631010801/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=56c7d137. Accessed 13 May 2024. Gertrude Jekyll: The Official Website of the Jekyll Estate https://gertrudejekyll.co.uk/ Edwards, Ambra. “Gertrude Jekyll: discover the life of the remarkable garden designer and writer.” Gardens Illustrated. 5/31/2023. https://www.gardensillustrated.com/gardens/gardeners/gertrude-jekyll-life Historic England. “A Brief Introduction to the Remarkable Garden Designer, Gertrude Jekyll.” 11/29/2018. https://heritagecalling.com/2018/11/29/a-brief-introduction-to-the-remarkable-gertrude-jekyll/ Van Valkenburgh, Michael R. “The Flower Gardens of Gertrude Jekyll and Their Twentieth-Century Transformations.” Design Quarterly , 1987, No. 137, The Flower Gardens of Gertrude Jekyll and Their Twentieth-Century Transformations. Via JSTOR. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4091178 Kehler, Grace. “Gertrude Jekyll and the Late-Victorian Garden Book: Representing Nature-Culture Relations.” Victorian Literature and Culture , 2007, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2007). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347178 Arnander, Primrose. “Gertrude Jekyll.” Historic Gardens Review , Autumn 1999, No. 4 (Autumn 1999). https://www.jstor.org/stable/44791169 Festing, Sally. “Gertrude Jekyll.” London : Penguin. 1993. Jekyll, Francis. “Getrude Jekyll: A Memoir.” Bishop Round Table. Northampton, MA. 1934.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Back in London, Oliver Cromwell loses patience with the Rump Parliament. The New Model Army is getting restless, and Parliament appears to be prioritising its own power over the reforms its soldiers fought for. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World, 2023. Anna Keay, The Restless Republic, 2022. John Morrill, The Letters, Writings, and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Vol 2: 1 February 1649 to 12 December 1653, 2023 Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Davy's career after his work in nitrous oxide included the invention of a miner's lamp designed to make mining safer. This invention came with a bit of controversy.  Research: "Britons take laughing gas merrily. Tories take it more seriously." The Economist, 27 Sept. 2023, p. NA. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A766770794/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c0888abb. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. "Erroneous element." Muse, vol. 20, no. 7, Sept. 2016, p. 7. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A466296806/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=795a6d0c. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. “Sir Humphrey Davy's Harmful Emissions – November 2015.” Newcastle University Special Collections. 11/30/2015. https://blogs.ncl.ac.uk/speccoll/2015/11/30/sir-humphrey-davys-harmful-emissions/ Adams, Max. "Humphry Davy and the murder lamp: Max Adams investigates the truth behind the introduction of a key invention of the early Industrial Revolution." History Today, vol. 55, no. 8, Aug. 2005, pp. 4+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A135180355/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=2d163818. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. Buslov, Alexander BSc; Carroll, Matthew BSc; Desai, Manisha S. MD. Frozen in Time: A History of the Synthesis of Nitrous Oxide and How the Process Remained Unchanged for Over 2 Centuries. Anesthesia & Analgesia 127(1):p 65-70, July 2018. | DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003423 Cantor, Geoffrey. “Humphry Davy: a study in narcissism?” The Royal Society. 4/11/2018. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0055#FN95R Cartwright, F.F. “Humphry Davy's Researches on Nitrous Oxide.” British Journal of Anesthesia. Vol. 44. 1972. Davy, Humprhy. “Researches, chemical and philosophical : chiefly concerning nitrous oxide, or diphlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration.” London : printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church-Yard, by Biggs and Cottle, Bristol. 1800. Eveleth, Rose. “Here's What It Was Like to Discover Laughing Gas.” Smithsonian. 3/27/2014. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-what-it-was-discover-laughing-gas-180950289/ Gibbs, Frederick William. "Sir Humphry Davy". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet. Accessed 3 April 2024. Gregory, Joshua C. “The Life and Work of Sir Humphry Davy.” Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933), Vol. 24, No. 95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43428894 Hunt, Lynn and Margaret Jacob. “The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain.” Eighteenth-Century Studies , Summer, 2001, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Summer, 2001). https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054227 j Jacob, Margaret C. and Michael J. Sauter. “Why Did Humphry Davy and Associates Not Pursue the Pain-Alleviating Effects of Nitrous Oxide?” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , APRIL 2002, Vol. 57, No. 2. Via https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623678 James, Frank A. J. L. "Davy, Humphry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 20, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 249-252. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830905611/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c68d87c2. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. James, Louis. “'Now Inhale the Gas': Interactive Readership in Two Victorian Boys' Periodicals, 1855–1870.” Victorian Periodicals Review, Volume 42, Number 1, Spring 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/vpr.0.0062 Jay, Mike. “‘O, Excellent Air Bag': Humphry Davy and Nitrous Oxide.” 8/6/2014. Public Domain Review. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/o-excellent-air-bag-humphry-davy-and-nitrous-oxide/ Jay, Mike. “The Atmosphere of Heaven: The 1799 Nitrous Oxide Researches Reconsidered.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London , 20 September 2009, Vol. 63, No. 3, Thomas Beddoes, 1760-1808 (20 September 2009). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647280 Knight, David. "Davy, Sir Humphry, baronet (1778–1829), chemist and inventor." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. February 10, 2022. Oxford University Press. Date of access 3 Apr. 2024, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7314 Lacey, Andrew. “Humphry Davy and the ‘safety lamp controversy'.” 7/22/2015. https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/jul/22/humphry-davy-lamp-controversy-history-science Neve, Michael. "Beddoes, Thomas (1760–1808), chemist and physician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 03, 2013. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Apr. 2024, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1919 Polwhele, Richard. “Poems; Chiefly, The Local Attachment; The Unsex'd Females; The Old English Gentleman; the Pneumatic Revellers; and The Family Picture, Etc: Volume 5.” 1810. Roberts, Jacob. “High Times: When does self-experimentation cross the line?” Science History Institute Museum and Library. 2/2/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/high-times/ Slosson, Edwin E. “A New Path to Oblivion.” The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Sep., 1923). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693060 Thomas, John Meurig. “Sir Humphry Davy and the coal miners of the world: a commentary on Davy (1816) ‘An account of an invention for giving light in explosive mixtures of fire-damp in coal mines'.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 4/13/2015. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0288 Thomas, John Meurig. “Sir Humphry Davy: Natural Philosopher, Discoverer, Inventor, Poet, and Man of Action.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , JUNE 2013, Vol. 157, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24640238 West, John B. “Humphry Davy, nitrous oxide, the Pneumatic Institution, and the Royal Institution.” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Volume 307, Issue 9. Nov 2014. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/epdf/10.1152/ajplung.00206.2014 Woods, Gordon. "Sir Humphry Davy." Chemistry Review, vol. 14, no. 4, Apr. 2005, pp. 31+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A131857918/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=4d341a27. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Chemist Sir Humphry Davy is known for his work with nitrous oxide, or laughing gas. That early part of his career is the focus of part one of this two-parter. Research: "Britons take laughing gas merrily. Tories take it more seriously." The Economist, 27 Sept. 2023, p. NA. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A766770794/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c0888abb. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. "Erroneous element." Muse, vol. 20, no. 7, Sept. 2016, p. 7. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A466296806/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=795a6d0c. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. “Sir Humphrey Davy's Harmful Emissions – November 2015.” Newcastle University Special Collections. 11/30/2015. https://blogs.ncl.ac.uk/speccoll/2015/11/30/sir-humphrey-davys-harmful-emissions/ Adams, Max. "Humphry Davy and the murder lamp: Max Adams investigates the truth behind the introduction of a key invention of the early Industrial Revolution." History Today, vol. 55, no. 8, Aug. 2005, pp. 4+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A135180355/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=2d163818. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. Buslov, Alexander BSc; Carroll, Matthew BSc; Desai, Manisha S. MD. Frozen in Time: A History of the Synthesis of Nitrous Oxide and How the Process Remained Unchanged for Over 2 Centuries. Anesthesia & Analgesia 127(1):p 65-70, July 2018. | DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003423 Cantor, Geoffrey. “Humphry Davy: a study in narcissism?” The Royal Society. 4/11/2018. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0055#FN95R Cartwright, F.F. “Humphry Davy's Researches on Nitrous Oxide.” British Journal of Anesthesia. Vol. 44. 1972. Davy, Humprhy. “Researches, chemical and philosophical : chiefly concerning nitrous oxide, or diphlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration.” London : printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church-Yard, by Biggs and Cottle, Bristol. 1800. Eveleth, Rose. “Here's What It Was Like to Discover Laughing Gas.” Smithsonian. 3/27/2014. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/heres-what-it-was-discover-laughing-gas-180950289/ Gibbs, Frederick William. "Sir Humphry Davy". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet. Accessed 3 April 2024. Gregory, Joshua C. “The Life and Work of Sir Humphry Davy.” Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933), Vol. 24, No. 95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43428894 Hunt, Lynn and Margaret Jacob. “The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain.” Eighteenth-Century Studies , Summer, 2001, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Summer, 2001). https://www.jstor.org/stable/30054227 j Jacob, Margaret C. and Michael J. Sauter. “Why Did Humphry Davy and Associates Not Pursue the Pain-Alleviating Effects of Nitrous Oxide?” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , APRIL 2002, Vol. 57, No. 2. Via https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623678 James, Frank A. J. L. "Davy, Humphry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 20, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 249-252. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830905611/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=c68d87c2. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. James, Louis. “'Now Inhale the Gas': Interactive Readership in Two Victorian Boys' Periodicals, 1855–1870.” Victorian Periodicals Review, Volume 42, Number 1, Spring 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/vpr.0.0062 Jay, Mike. “‘O, Excellent Air Bag': Humphry Davy and Nitrous Oxide.” 8/6/2014. Public Domain Review. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/o-excellent-air-bag-humphry-davy-and-nitrous-oxide/ Jay, Mike. “The Atmosphere of Heaven: The 1799 Nitrous Oxide Researches Reconsidered.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London , 20 September 2009, Vol. 63, No. 3, Thomas Beddoes, 1760-1808 (20 September 2009). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647280 Knight, David. "Davy, Sir Humphry, baronet (1778–1829), chemist and inventor." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. February 10, 2022. Oxford University Press. Date of access 3 Apr. 2024, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7314 Lacey, Andrew. “Humphry Davy and the ‘safety lamp controversy'.” 7/22/2015. https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/jul/22/humphry-davy-lamp-controversy-history-science Neve, Michael. "Beddoes, Thomas (1760–1808), chemist and physician." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. October 03, 2013. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Apr. 2024, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1919 Polwhele, Richard. “Poems; Chiefly, The Local Attachment; The Unsex'd Females; The Old English Gentleman; the Pneumatic Revellers; and The Family Picture, Etc: Volume 5.” 1810. Roberts, Jacob. “High Times: When does self-experimentation cross the line?” Science History Institute Museum and Library. 2/2/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/high-times/ Slosson, Edwin E. “A New Path to Oblivion.” The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Sep., 1923). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693060 Thomas, John Meurig. “Sir Humphry Davy and the coal miners of the world: a commentary on Davy (1816) ‘An account of an invention for giving light in explosive mixtures of fire-damp in coal mines'.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 4/13/2015. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0288 Thomas, John Meurig. “Sir Humphry Davy: Natural Philosopher, Discoverer, Inventor, Poet, and Man of Action.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , JUNE 2013, Vol. 157, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24640238 West, John B. “Humphry Davy, nitrous oxide, the Pneumatic Institution, and the Royal Institution.” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Volume 307, Issue 9. Nov 2014. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/epdf/10.1152/ajplung.00206.2014 Woods, Gordon. "Sir Humphry Davy." Chemistry Review, vol. 14, no. 4, Apr. 2005, pp. 31+. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A131857918/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=4d341a27. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The English defeat the Dutch, and Tromp faces his last battle. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

After the Battle of Kentish Knock, the English navy is over confident. At the Battle of Dungeness, the Dutch hit back, led by the resurgent Admiral Tromp. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Two of the greatest naval commanders of the 17th century - Robert Blake and Maarten Tromp - face off in the English Channel. After months of growing hostilities, a refusal to salute English ships is enough to spark a shooting war between the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Have you ever had a friend or someone you know recommend a movie that you've never heard of, and they “swear it's unbelievable”, and it really is terrific?  What if someone told you that the coolest person that ever lived, passed away before America even became a country?  Many would say, “no chance”, but they may not have heard the story of John Law.  Law was like a 17-century gambler and economist who pretty much invented the idea of centralized banking and at one point may have been the richest man in the world.  How do you think this guy was cool? What caused his downfall?  If this guy is so cool, how come I've never heard of him? We'll dive into these questions and more in this episode of AHC Podcast.         Intro Music Credits: Future [No Copyright Sound] [ FREE USE MUSIC ] - Leonell Cassio - A Magical Journey Through Space YouTube:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPzI18H-Nl4 License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Download:  https://soundcloud.com/leonellcassio/amjts     Citations: Dictionary of national biography, 1885-1900/law, John (1671-1729). (2010, March 13). Wikisource.org; Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Law,_John_(1671-1729)  Gleeson, J. (2021). Millionaire: The philanderer, gambler, and duelist who invented modern finance.  Goldstein, J., & Childs, M. (2020, September 4). The murderer, the boy king, and the invention of modern finance. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/09/04/909876702/the-murderer-the-boy-king-and-the-invention-of-modern-finance  Hughes-Hallett, L. (2018, August 29). John Law: the 18th-century Scot who became richer than the king of France. New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2018/08/john-law-18th-century-scot-who-became-richer-king-france  Murphy, A. E. (1997). John law: Economic theorist and policy-maker. Oxford University Press. Wikipedia contributors. (2023, March 15). Livre tournois. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livre_tournois&oldid=1144676475  Wikipedia contributors. (2024a, February 28). Goldsmith. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldsmith&oldid=1210871992  Wikipedia contributors. (2024b, March 6). John Law (economist). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Law_(economist)&oldid=1212170722  (N.d.). Owlcation.com. Retrieved March 9, 2024, from https://owlcation.com/humanities/John-Law-an-Economist-Who-Was-Far-from-Dull 

On the surface the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Commonwealth of England should have been firm allies: both Protestant, both Republics, both naval powers. And yet the first of the Anglo-Dutch Wars was fought between them. Was this just commercial rivalry, or were there other reasons for this global naval conflict? Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Prince Rupert fights his naval war with the English Republic, to devastating personal cost. We also cover the Navigation Act, and why England's neighbours might not like it. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Atlantic in the Age of Revolution, 2007. Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Conquest of Jamaica: Oliver Cromwell's Bid for Empire, 2017. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Charles Spencer, Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier, 2007. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Regicide of Charles I prompts Royalist reactions in the English colonies. Virginia, Bermuda, Barbados, Antigua, Newfoundland, and Maryland all proclaimed Charles II as their king. Some of these were forced by popular uprisings, others were political coups, and one was a Deputy Governor taking advantage of his boss being away. The Commonwealth, though distracted by the wars with England and Scotland, was not about to let this rebellion stand. Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Sarah Barber, ‘Settlement, Transplantation and Expulsion: A Comparative Study of the Placement of Peoples', in British Interventions in Early Modern Ireland, ed. by Ciaran Brady and Jane Ohlmeyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Carla Gardina Pestana, 'Atlantic Mobilities and the Defiance of the Early Quakers', Journal of Early Modern History, 2023. Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Atlantic in the Age of Revolution, 2007. Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Conquest of Jamaica: Oliver Cromwell's Bid for Empire, 2017. Hilary Beckles, A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market, 2006. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Anthony van Dyck was a commercially successful painter in Antwerp and Italy, but he may have had the most influence in England when he served as court painter to King Charles I. Research: Blake, Robin. “Anthony Van Dyck.”  Ivan R. Dee. 2009. “Anthony Van Dyck.” The Art Story. https://www.theartstory.org/artist/van-dyck-anthony/ Maddicott, Hilary. “‘Qualis vita, finis ita': The life and death of Margaret Lemon, mistress of Van Dyck.” The Burlington Magazine. February 2018. https://www.burlington.org.uk/media/_file/generic/article-42279.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2dE5AscipktnTy4QDCc0CN_cYOlVYCPkNerrHsR0oi0V4zCUdiOpEz2to Solly, Meilan. “Digital Art Detectives Identify Original van Dyck Portrait.” Smithsonian. Oct. 10, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/digital-art-detectives-identify-original-van-dyck-portrait-spanish-royal-180973308/ Liedtke, Walter. “Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) and Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641): Paintings.” The Met. October 2003. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rvd_p/hd_rvd_p.htm Vance, Heidi. “15 Facts About Anthony van Dyck: A Man Who Knew Many Faces.” The Collector. Aug. 16, 2020. https://www.thecollector.com/anthony-van-dyck-painter/ “In focus: Sir Anthony van Dyck.” National Portrait Gallery. https://www.npg.org.uk/assets/files/pdf/learning/NPG_VanDyck_14.pdf “The Iconographie and Other Early Portrait Prints after Van Dyck.” The Frick Collection. https://www.frick.org/exhibitions/van_dyck/iconographie White, Christopher. “Anthony van Dyck and the Art of Portraiture.” Modern Art Press. 2021. Wood, Jeremy. “Dyck, Sir Anthony [formerlyAntoon] Van.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Sept. 23, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/28081 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

William Weare's murder was brutal, gruesome, and a source of complete fascination for the public, and it set the stage for illustrated crime reporting. Research: Cunningham, Alice. “Radlett: The horrifying 19th century murder that put Hertfordshire's most affluent town on the map.” Hertfordshire Mercury. 11/18/2020. https://www.hertfordshiremercury.co.uk/news/hertfordshire-news/radlett-horrifying-19th-century-murder-4708130 Smith, Daniel. “'Murder jug' from 19th Century sells for big money.” Leicester Mercury. 8/20/2022. https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/murder-jug-19th-century-sells-7487222 Muir, John. “Seven Men Sentenced to Die.” From Rare Books Collections, National Library of Scotland.” https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/view/?id=14718 “A narrative of the mysterious and dreadful murder of Mr. W. Weare : containing the examination before the magistrates, the Coroner's Inquest, the confession of Hunt, and other particulars previous to the trial, collected from the best sources of intelligence, with anecdotes of Weare, Thurtell, Hunt, Probert, and others, and a full report of the trial, and subsequent execution at Hertford.” London. 1824. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Kq5XAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA1 “The horrid effects of gambling, exemplified in the atrocious murder of Mr. William Weare, who was first treacherously inveigled to and then cruelly butchered by his associates, in Gill's Lane, Herts : together with The remarkable trial and conviction of John Thurtell and Joseph Hunt, for the murder : including Thurtell's eloquent defence, his demeanor previous to and throughout the trial, and a particular account of his c.” Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.32830888 Fraser, Angus. "Thurtell, John (1794–1824), murderer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 11 Sep. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-27414 Wheeler, Susan. “Medicine in Art: The Lancett Club at a Thurtell Feast', by Thomas Rowlandson.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. July 2002. Vol. 57, No. 3. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24623701 Digby, Everard. “Somme Inns of Chancery.” From “The Commonwealth Law Review.” C. F. Maxwell. January 1906. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=pQBCAQAAMAAJ Borowitz, Albert. “The Thurtell-Hunt Murder Case: Dark Mirror to Regency England.” Louisiana State University Press. 1987. "Inns of Court." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 27 May. 1999. Accessed 13 Sep. 2023. Rider, Clare. “The Inns Of Court And Inns Of Chancery And Their Records.” The Inner Temple. https://www.innertemple.org.uk/who-we-are/history/historical-articles/the-inns-of-court-and-inns-of-chancery-and-their-records/  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Joseph Grimaldi was one of England's most famous Regency-era entertainers. Sometimes he's described as the first modern clown, because he established a lot of the hallmarks of clowning that still exist today.  Research: Boyle, Laura. “Joseph Grimaldi, King of Clowns.” Jane Austen Centre. 4/14/2014. https://janeausten.co.uk/blogs/uncategorized/joseph-grimaldi-king-clowns Grimaldi, Joseph. “Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” Edited by Charles Dickens (“Boz”), illustrated by George Cruikshank. London, George Routledge and Sons. 1838. Kaplan, Charles. “The Only Native British Art Form.” The Antioch Review , Summer, 1984, Vol. 42, No. 3, "Divine Goalie" Sport and Religion (Summer, 1984). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/461136 Moody, Jane. "Grimaldi, Joseph [Joe] (1778–1837), actor and pantomimist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. May 29, 2014. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Sep. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11630 Read, Leslie du S. "Grimaldi, Joseph [Giuseppe] (1709x16?–1788), dancer and dentist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Sep. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-64341 Simon, Ed. “Here We Are Again!—How Joseph Grimaldi Invented the Creepy Clown.” JSTOR Daily. 5/4/2022. https://daily.jstor.org/here-we-are-again-how-joseph-grimaldi-invented-the-creepy-clown/ Stott, Andrew McConnell. “Clowns on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown: Dickens, Coulrophobia, and the Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Fall 2012). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26899534 Stott, Andrew McConnell. “The Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi.” The Public Domain Review. 11/14/2011. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-memoirs-of-joseph-grimaldi/ Stott, Andrew McConnell. “The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi: Laughter, Madness and the Story of Britain's Greatest Comedian.” Canongate. 2010. Woods, Leigh. “The Curse of Performance: Inscripting the ‘Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi' into the Life of Charles Dickens.” Biography , Spring 1991, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Spring 1991). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539893 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Dean Mahomed sailed to Cork in January of 1784, he continued to work for Godfrey Evan Baker. But after Baker's death, Mahomed became an entrepreneur. Research: Bartlett, James. “Dean Mahomet: travel writer, curry entrepreneur and shampooer to the king.” History Ireland. Issue 5. September/October 2007. https://www.historyireland.com/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-curry-entrepreneur-and-shampooer-to-the-king/ Carpenter, Gerald. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet, The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a Native of Patna in Bengal, through Several Parts of India, while in the Service of the Honourable The East India Company. Written by Himself, in a Series of Letters to a Friend.” The Literature of Autobiographical Vol. 2. Diaries and Letters. Dharwadker, Vinay. “English in India and Indian Literature in English: The Early History, 1579-1834.” Comparative Literature Studies , 2002, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40247335 Fisher, Michael H. "Mahomed, Deen [formerly Deen Mahomet] (1759–1851), shampooing surgeon and restaurateur." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 01, 2017. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Aug. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53351 Fisher, Michael H. “From India to England and Back: Early Indian Travel Narratives for Indian Readers.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 70, No. 1 (March 2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hlq.2007.70.1.153 Fisher, Michael H. “Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain.” Modern Asian Studies , Oct., 1998, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1998). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/313054 Mahomet, Dean. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet: An Eighteenth-Century Journey through India.” Edited with an introduction and biographical essay by Michael H. Fisher. Berkeley: University of California Press,  http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4h4nb20n/ Mahomet, Sake Deen. “Shampooing, or, Benefits resulting from the use of the Indian medicated vapour bath, as introduced into this country, by S.D. Mahomed, (a native of India) : containing a brief but comprehensive view of the effects produced by the use of the warm bath, in comparison with steam or vapour bathing : also a detailed account of the various cases to which this healing remedy may be applied, its general efficacy in peculiar diseases, and its success in innumerable instances, when all other remedies had been ineffectual : to which is subjoined an alphabetical list of names (many of the very first consequence,) subscribed in testimony of the important use & general approval of the Indian method of shampooing.” Brighton, Casey & Baker. 1826. https://archive.org/details/b22374632/ Mixed Museum. “Sake Dean Mahomed and Jane Daly.” https://mixedmuseum.org.uk/amri-exhibition/sake-dean-mahomed-and-jane-daly/ Narain, Mona. “Dean Mahomet's Travels , Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity.” SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Volume 49, Number 3, Summer 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/sel.0.0070 O'Connell, Ronan. “Sake Dean Mahomed: the Muslim trailblazer who opened London's first curry house.” National News. 2/6/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/destinations/2022/02/06/sake-dean-mahomet-the-muslim-trailblazer-who-opened-londons-first-curry-house/ Panigrahi, Tanutrushna. “Revisiting the Narrative Powers of the Global South through The Travels of Dean Mahomet.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n3.25 Satapathy, Amrita. “The Idea of England in Eighteenth-Century Indian Travel Writing.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. Purdue University. Vol. 14, Issue 2, June 2012. Singh, Amardeep. “A Closer Look at Dean Mahomet (1759-1850).” Lehigh University. 9/6/2006. https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/09/closer-look-at-dean-mahomet-1759-1850.html Wills, Matthew. “Dean Mahomet: Travel Writer, Border Crosser.” JSTOR Daily. 5/16/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-border-crosser/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Dean Mahomed sailed to Cork in January of 1784, he continued to work for Godfrey Evan Baker. But after Baker's death, Mahomed became an entrepreneur. Research: Bartlett, James. “Dean Mahomet: travel writer, curry entrepreneur and shampooer to the king.” History Ireland. Issue 5. September/October 2007. https://www.historyireland.com/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-curry-entrepreneur-and-shampooer-to-the-king/ Carpenter, Gerald. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet, The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a Native of Patna in Bengal, through Several Parts of India, while in the Service of the Honourable The East India Company. Written by Himself, in a Series of Letters to a Friend.” The Literature of Autobiographical Vol. 2. Diaries and Letters. Dharwadker, Vinay. “English in India and Indian Literature in English: The Early History, 1579-1834.” Comparative Literature Studies , 2002, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40247335 Fisher, Michael H. "Mahomed, Deen [formerly Deen Mahomet] (1759–1851), shampooing surgeon and restaurateur." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. September 01, 2017. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Aug. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53351 Fisher, Michael H. “From India to England and Back: Early Indian Travel Narratives for Indian Readers.” Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 70, No. 1 (March 2007). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hlq.2007.70.1.153 Fisher, Michael H. “Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain.” Modern Asian Studies , Oct., 1998, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct., 1998). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/313054 Mahomet, Dean. “The Travels of Dean Mahomet: An Eighteenth-Century Journey through India.” Edited with an introduction and biographical essay by Michael H. Fisher. Berkeley: University of California Press,  http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4h4nb20n/ Mahomet, Sake Deen. “Shampooing, or, Benefits resulting from the use of the Indian medicated vapour bath, as introduced into this country, by S.D. Mahomed, (a native of India) : containing a brief but comprehensive view of the effects produced by the use of the warm bath, in comparison with steam or vapour bathing : also a detailed account of the various cases to which this healing remedy may be applied, its general efficacy in peculiar diseases, and its success in innumerable instances, when all other remedies had been ineffectual : to which is subjoined an alphabetical list of names (many of the very first consequence,) subscribed in testimony of the important use & general approval of the Indian method of shampooing.” Brighton, Casey & Baker. 1826. https://archive.org/details/b22374632/ Mixed Museum. “Sake Dean Mahomed and Jane Daly.” https://mixedmuseum.org.uk/amri-exhibition/sake-dean-mahomed-and-jane-daly/ Narain, Mona. “Dean Mahomet's Travels , Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity.” SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Volume 49, Number 3, Summer 2009. https://doi.org/10.1353/sel.0.0070 O'Connell, Ronan. “Sake Dean Mahomed: the Muslim trailblazer who opened London's first curry house.” National News. 2/6/2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/destinations/2022/02/06/sake-dean-mahomet-the-muslim-trailblazer-who-opened-londons-first-curry-house/ Panigrahi, Tanutrushna. “Revisiting the Narrative Powers of the Global South through The Travels of Dean Mahomet.” Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n3.25 Satapathy, Amrita. “The Idea of England in Eighteenth-Century Indian Travel Writing.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. Purdue University. Vol. 14, Issue 2, June 2012. Singh, Amardeep. “A Closer Look at Dean Mahomet (1759-1850).” Lehigh University. 9/6/2006. https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/09/closer-look-at-dean-mahomet-1759-1850.html Wills, Matthew. “Dean Mahomet: Travel Writer, Border Crosser.” JSTOR Daily. 5/16/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/dean-mahomet-travel-writer-border-crosser/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Licoricia of Winchester was a Jewish woman who was a major financier in medieval England. There were Jewish settlements in England for only a brief window during the Middle Ages, marked with anti-Semitic violence and hostility. Research: Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Jewish Heritage in Southern England. Jewish Renaissance. Via YouTube. 6/8/2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wC6hitEgiEc Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England.” 2022. Brown, Reva Berman and Sean McCartney. “David of Oxford and Licoricia of Winchester: glimpses into a Jewish family in thirteenth-century England.” Jewish Historical Studies , 2004, Vol. 39 (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780068 Butler, Sara M. “Who killed Licoricia of Winchester? A Medieval Murder Mystery.” Legal History Miscellany. 2/10/2023. https://legalhistorymiscellany.com/2023/02/10/who-killed-licoricia-of-winchester-a-medieval-murder-mystery/ Carver, William. “A 13thC Jewish woman: Licoricia of Winchester.” One Big History Department. 9/14/2022. https://onebighistorydepartment.com/2022/09/14/a-13thc-jewish-woman-licoricia-of-winchester/ Cohen, Sarah. “The Oxford Jewry in the Thirteenth Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1932-1935, Vol. 13. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777813 Goldy, Charlotte Newman. “Prosopography and Proximity.” Medieval Prosopography , 2018, Vol. 33. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26630013 Licoricia of Winchester Appeal. https://licoricia.org/ Lipman, Vivian D. “Jews and castles in medieval England.” Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1981-1982. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778916 Lubrich, Naomi. “The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap.” Jewish History , December 2015, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (December 2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777 Meyer, Hannah. "Licoricia of Winchester (d. 1277), financier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. July 08, 2021. Oxford University Press. Date of access 16 Aug. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.369088 Meyer, Hannah. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Delivered at Winchester Open Days. 9/15/2018. https://licoricia.org/2018/09/18/hannah-meyers-talk-a-great-success/ Rokéaḥ, Zefira Entin. “Crime and Jews in Late Thirteenth-Century England: Some Cases and Comments.” Hebrew Union College Annual , 1984, Vol. 55 (1984). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507612 Roth, Pinchas. “Jewish Courts in Medieval England.” Jewish History, December 2017, Vol. 31, No. 1/2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48698359 Snappy Dragon Studios. “This Jewish medieval woman just got a statue : Analyzing the Licoricia of Winchester statue's clothes.” https://www.snappydragonstudios.com/blog/licoricia-statue Stacey, Robert C. “Royal Taxation and the Social Structure of Medieval Anglo-Jewry: The Tallages of 1239-1242.” Hebrew Union College Annual, 1985, Vol. 56 (1985). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507653 Stokes, Canon H.P. “A Jewish Family in Oxford in the 13th Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England), Vol. 10 (1921-1923). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777709 Tallan, Cheryl and Suzanne Bartlet. “Licoricia of Winchester.” The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/licoricia-of-winchester Tallan, Cheryl. “Structures of Power Available to Two Jewish Women in Thirteenth-Century England.” Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1997. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23535849 Uscinski, Kristin. “Who Murdered Licoricia of Winchester?” Footnoting History Podcast. 10/8/2022. https://www.footnotinghistory.com/home/who-murdered-licoricia-of-winchester van Court, Elisa Narin. “Invisible in Oxford: Medieval Jewish History in Modern England.” Shofar , Spring 2008, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Spring 2008). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42944746 Waterman, Hillary. “Licoricia of Winchester, Jewish Widow and Medieval Financier.” JSTOR Daily. 10/28/2015. https://daily.jstor.org/licoricia-jewish-medieval-women-moneylenders/ See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In Early Modern England, there was a rash of abductions of boys, who were being forced to work as actors. Then a child was taken whose father was in a position to actually do something about it.  Research: Soth, Amelia. “Her Majesty's Kidnappers.” JSTOR Daily. 12/17/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/kidnapping-for-the-queens-choir/ Early Modern London Theaters. “Viewing Event Record: Star Chamber, Clifton v Robinson et al: Clifton States His Case.” https://emlot.library.utoronto.ca/db/record/event/93/ Reynolds, Patricia. “Kidnapped to order: child actors in Shakespeare's day.” The National Archives. 5/12/2016. https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/kidnapped-order-child-actors-shakespeares-day/ Map of Early London. “Blackfriars Theatre.” https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLAC6.htm Shapiro, Michael. “Children of the Revels: The Boy Companies of Shakespeare's Time and Their Plays.” New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. Fleay, Frederick Gard. “A Chronicle History of the London Stage 1559-1642.” New York. G.E. Stechert & Co. 1909. Benet, William Rose. "Blackfriars." Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, 1987, p. 103. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18034327/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fefb4932. Accessed 21 June 2023. Munro, Lucy. "Living by Others' Pleasure: Marston, The Dutch Courtesan, and Theatrical Profit." Early Theatre, vol. 23, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 109+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A638900245/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ce5c9645. Accessed 21 June 2023. Dutton, Richard. “The Revels Office and the Boy Companies, 1600-1613: New Perspectives.” English Literary Renaissance , SPRING 2002, Vol. 32, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43447637 Wridgway, Neville. "Giles, Nathaniel (c. 1558–1634), choirmaster and composer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Jun. 2023, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10724   Barrie, Robert. “Elizabethan Play-Boys in the Adult London Companies.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 , Spring, 2008, Vol. 48, No. 2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071333 Mamujee, Shehzana. “'To serve us in that behalf when our pleasure is to call for them': performing boys in Renaissance England.” Renaissance Studies , NOVEMBER 2014, Vol. 28, No. 5. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24423452 Jones, Roger T. “The Role of the Junior English Schools in the Development of the Drama.” A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Loyola University September, 1944. Bradbrook, M.C. “'Silk? Satin? Kersey? Rags?' The Choristers' Theater under Elizabeth and James.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 , Spring, 1961. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/449339 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Noah Webster Jr. and Joseph Emerson Worcester were both born in New England, both went to Yale, and both compiled multiple dictionaries during their lifetimes. But they were very different men, and those differences led to a lot of conflict.  Research: "Joseph Emerson Worcester." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310000221/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=28ed0fad. Accessed 13 June 2023. "Joseph Emerson Worcester." Oxford Reference. . . Date of access 13 Jun. 2023, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803124726182 Amherst College Library. “An Exhibit Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of Noah Webster's Birth October 16, 1758.” Archives and Special Collections Department. https://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/exhibitions/webster Bartels, Paul S. "Webster, Noah." American Governance, edited by Stephen Schechter, et al., vol. 5, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 291-293. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629100736/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3724fc61. Accessed 13 June 2023. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Emerson Worcester". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Emerson-Worcester. Accessed 13 June 2023. Cassedy, Tim. “'A Dictionary Which We Do Not Want': Defining America against Noah Webster, 1783–1810.” The William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.71.2.0229 Cmiel, Kenneth. "Dictionaries." Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed., vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003, pp. 22-23. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3401801214/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b1842afb. Accessed 13 June 2023. Dobbs, Christopher. “Noah Webster and the Dream of a Common Language.” Connecticut History. 5/28/2021. https://connecticuthistory.org/noah-webster-and-the-dream-of-a-common-language/ Garner, Bryan A. "Under an Orthographic Spell: Part I." National Review, vol. 75, no. 2, 6 Feb. 2023, p. 50. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A734881576/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=705eb3a3. Accessed 13 June 2023. Garner, Bryan A. "Under an Orthographic Spell: Part II." National Review, vol. 75, no. 4, 6 Mar. 2023, p. 46. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A737639557/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=59f8ff8f. Accessed 13 June 2023. McDavid, Raven I.. "Noah Webster". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Noah-Webster-American-lexicographer. Accessed 14 June 2023. McHugh, Jess. “The Nationalist Roots of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary.” The Paris Review. 3/30/2018. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/03/30/noah-websters-american-english/ Merriam-Webster. “Noah Webster and America's First Dictionary.” https://www.merriam-webster.com/about-us/americas-first-dictionary Micklethwait, David. “Ghost-hunting?: The Search for Henry Bohn's First Worcester Dictionary.” Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America, Volume 38, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2017.0001 Noah Webster House and West Hartford Historical Society. “Noah Webster History.” https://noahwebsterhouse.org/noahwebsterhistory/ Skinner, David. “Noah Webster, Chronicler of Disease.” HUMANITIES, Spring 2021, Volume 42, Number 2. https://www.neh.gov/article/noah-webster-chronicler-disease Yazawa, Melvin. “Webster, Noah.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/68670 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The conflict between Noah Webster and Joseph Emerson Worcester, and their dictionaries came to be known as the Dictionary Wars. To set the scene, part one covers the biographies of the two men. Research: "Joseph Emerson Worcester." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310000221/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=28ed0fad. Accessed 13 June 2023. "Joseph Emerson Worcester." Oxford Reference. . . Date of access 13 Jun. 2023, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803124726182 Amherst College Library. “An Exhibit Commemorating the 250th Anniversary of Noah Webster's Birth October 16, 1758.” Archives and Special Collections Department. https://www.amherst.edu/library/archives/exhibitions/webster Bartels, Paul S. "Webster, Noah." American Governance, edited by Stephen Schechter, et al., vol. 5, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 291-293. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629100736/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=3724fc61. Accessed 13 June 2023. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Joseph Emerson Worcester". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Emerson-Worcester. Accessed 13 June 2023. Cassedy, Tim. “'A Dictionary Which We Do Not Want': Defining America against Noah Webster, 1783–1810.” The William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 2014). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.71.2.0229 Cmiel, Kenneth. "Dictionaries." Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed., vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003, pp. 22-23. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3401801214/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=b1842afb. Accessed 13 June 2023. Dobbs, Christopher. “Noah Webster and the Dream of a Common Language.” Connecticut History. 5/28/2021. https://connecticuthistory.org/noah-webster-and-the-dream-of-a-common-language/ Garner, Bryan A. "Under an Orthographic Spell: Part I." National Review, vol. 75, no. 2, 6 Feb. 2023, p. 50. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A734881576/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=705eb3a3. Accessed 13 June 2023. Garner, Bryan A. "Under an Orthographic Spell: Part II." National Review, vol. 75, no. 4, 6 Mar. 2023, p. 46. Gale OneFile: Business, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A737639557/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=59f8ff8f. Accessed 13 June 2023. McDavid, Raven I.. "Noah Webster". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Noah-Webster-American-lexicographer. Accessed 14 June 2023. McHugh, Jess. “The Nationalist Roots of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary.” The Paris Review. 3/30/2018. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/03/30/noah-websters-american-english/ Merriam-Webster. “Noah Webster and America's First Dictionary.” https://www.merriam-webster.com/about-us/americas-first-dictionary Micklethwait, David. “Ghost-hunting?: The Search for Henry Bohn's First Worcester Dictionary.” Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America, Volume 38, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2017.0001 Noah Webster House and West Hartford Historical Society. “Noah Webster History.” https://noahwebsterhouse.org/noahwebsterhistory/ Skinner, David. “Noah Webster, Chronicler of Disease.” HUMANITIES, Spring 2021, Volume 42, Number 2. https://www.neh.gov/article/noah-webster-chronicler-disease Yazawa, Melvin. “Webster, Noah.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/68670 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mrs. Patrick Campbell was a hugely famous actress in the early 20th century, though she hasn't really retained her iconic status. She quickly had a reputation as a stage diva with a sharp tongue, and originated one of the most beloved characters of the stage and screen. Research: Campbell, Mrs. Patrick. “My Life and Some Letters.” New York. Dodd, Mead. 1922. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/mylifesomeletter00camp Sudermann, Hermann. “Magda.” Lamson, Wolffe and Company. New York. 1895. Accessed online: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34184/pg34184-images.html Woods, Leigh. “'The Golden Calf': Noted English Actresses in American Vaudeville, 1904-1916.” Journal of American Culture. 1992. https://www.academia.edu/47469417/The_Golden_Calf_Noted_English_Actresses_in_American_Vaudeville_1904_1916 Aston, Elaine. “Campbell [née Tanner], Beatrice Stella [performing name Mrs Patrick Campbell].” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Jan. 3, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32261 Whitaker, Alma. “Personal Reminiscences of Mrs. Patrick Campbell.” Los Angeles Sunday Times. Nov. 3, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/380204798/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 Peters, Margot. “Mrs. Pat: The Life of Mrs. Patrick Campbell.” Bodley Head. 1984. “Famous Actress at Death's Door.” Salt Lake Tribune. Sept. 19, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/76001747/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 “Mrs. Patrick Campbell Ill.” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Sept. 20, 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/image/54225938/?terms=Mrs.%20Patrick%20Campbell&match=1 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "problem play". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/art/problem-play Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mrs. Patrick Campbell". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mrs-Patrick-Campbell “Mrs. Campbell, 75, Famous Actress.” New York Times. April 11, 1940. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/04/11/92937919.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 Shaw, George Bernard. “Pygmalion.” 1912. Digitized March 1, 2003. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3825/3825-h/3825-h.htm Atkinson, J. Brooks. “Mrs. Campbell Returns.” New York Times. Feb. 8, 1927. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/02/08/110039988.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mary Dyer endured religious persecution and personal tragedy. Then, she was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious activities.  Research: Bremer, Francis J. "Dissenting Puritans: Anne Hutchinson and Mary Dyer." Historical Journal of Massachusetts, vol. 46, no. 1, winter 2018, pp. 22+. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A530009148/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fe325ce2. Accessed 4 Apr. 2023. Burns, Jesse. “The Antinomian Disputations.” Lutheran Reformation.org. 10/23/2017. https://lutheranreformation.org/history/the-antinomian-disputations/ Burrough, Edward and Royster, Paul , editor, "A Declaration of the Sad and Great Persecution and Martyrdom of the People of God, called Quakers, in New-England, for the Worshipping of God (1661)" (1661). Electronic Texts in American Studies. 23. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/23 Canavan, Michael J. “Where Were The Quakers Hanged in Boston? A Paper Read Before the Bostonian Society, May 17, 1910.” Boston. Reprinted from the Proceedings. 1911. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086361060 "Dyer, Mary." Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, vol. 3: Biographies: Volume 1, UXL, 2000, pp. 88-93. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3425300060/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d1836273. Accessed 4 Apr. 2023. Gill, Catie. "Dyer [née Barrett], Mary (d. 1660), Quaker martyr in America." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 7 Apr. 2023, https://proxy.bostonathenaeum.org:2261/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-69098 Myles, Anne G. “From Monster to Martyr: Re-Presenting Mary Dyer.” Early American Literature , 2001, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2001). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057215 Pestana, Carla Gardina. “The Quaker Executions as Myth and History.” The Journal of American History , Sep., 1993, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Sep., 1993), pp.441-469. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079866 Sconyers, Jake. Twitter conversation 4/8/2023. https://twitter.com/HUBhistory/status/1644847372285931532 Winsser, Johan. “Mary Dyer and the ‘Monster' Story.” Quaker History , Spring 1990, Vol. 79, No. 1 (Spring 1990). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41947156 Winsser, Johan. “Quieting Mary Dyer: Edward Burrough and Dyer's Letter to the Massachusetts General Court, 26 October 1659.” Quaker History , Spring 2016, Vol. 105, No. 1 (Spring 2016). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24896279 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

After Caroline Sheridan Norton's husband once again tried to destroy her life, she lobbied for another change in English law. This time, she worked to gain equal legal treatment for women in divorces. Research:   Reynolds, K. D. "Norton [née Sheridan], Caroline Elizabeth Sarah [other married name Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Stirling Maxwell, Lady Stirling Maxwell] (1808–1877), author and law reform campaigner." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  25. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Mar. 2023,

Caroline Sheridan Norton's left an abusive marriage in 1835. She then turned her skill as a writer into a lobby for legislation that would enable mothers in England to get custody of their young children. Research: Reynolds, K. D. "Norton [née Sheridan], Caroline Elizabeth Sarah [other married name Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Stirling Maxwell, Lady Stirling Maxwell] (1808–1877), author and law reform campaigner." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  25. Oxford University Press. Date of access 20 Mar. 2023,

G.K. Chesterton was a prolific writer across many genres, including fiction, poetry, journalism, literary criticism, biography, social criticism, theology, and Christian apologetics. He was also a vocal critic of eugenics. Research: "Chesterton, G.K." Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, Merriam-Webster, 1995. Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/RN1480001897/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=d75f28d6. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Schwartz, Adam. "Conceiving a culture of life in a century of bones: G. K. Chesterton and Malcolm Muggeridge as social critics." Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, vol. 11, no. 2, spring 2008, pp. 50+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A370214476/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=f9d4a07a. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Eden, Dawn. "Thursday's Father; The cosmos in the mind of G.K. Chesterton." The Weekly Standard, vol. 15, no. 47, 30 Aug. 2010. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A236124464/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9747e015. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023. Douglas, J.D. “G.K. Chesterton, the Eccentric Prince of Paradox.” Christianity Today. 5/24/1974, republished 8/1/2001. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/augustweb-only/8-27-52.0.html?paging=off#bmb=1 "The Inklings." Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, edited by Kathy D. Darrow, vol. 258, Gale, 2012. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/GEDIQJ153565504/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=52d0152e. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Bergonzi, Bernard. "Chesterton, Gilbert Keith [G. K. C.] (1874–1936), writer." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Date of access 22 Feb. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32392          McDonagh, Melanie. "No saint: G.K. Chesterton was a great journalist, not an angel." Spectator, vol. 322, no. 9652, 24 Aug. 2013, pp. 22+. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A340576384/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=2c4fc00f. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors, Gale, 2004. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000017634/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=6ef03f18. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Douglas, James. “Personality in Literature.” The Bookman. July 1903. Kenney, W. P. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century British Literary Biographers, edited by Steven Serafin, Gale, 1995. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 149. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200006044/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=8bdae33c. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Leitch, Thomas M. "G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton." British Mystery Writers, 1860-1919, edited by Bernard Benstock and Thomas F. Staley, Gale, 1988. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 70. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200002585/LitRC?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=5e778e84. Accessed 22 Feb. 2023. Schwartz, Adam. “G.K. Chesterton's Jewish Problem.” VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center , 2017, Vol. 34 (2017). : https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48600516 Fraga, Brian. “Group promoting author GK Chesterton faces turmoil over right-wing connections.” National Catholic Reporter. 2/20/2023. https://www.ncronline.org/news/group-promoting-author-gk-chesterton-faces-turmoil-over-right-wing-connections Kimball, Roger. “G. K. Chesterton: master of rejuvenation.” The New Criterion September 2011. Chesterton, G.K. “Eugenics and Other Evils.” Cassell and Company, Limited London, New York, Toronto & Melbourne 1922. Sparkes, Russell. “The Enemy of Eugenics.” https://archive.secondspring.co.uk/articles/sparkes.htm See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.