Podcasts about balf

Balfácánt vacsorára, Beleznay Endre és Faragó András - Valódi Nők 2025. 01. 22. - 9 Óra by MannaFM

Ez itt a Paraméter napi hírösszefoglalója, a LÉNYEG. A nap legfontosabb eseményeit szemlézzük, így garantáltan nem marad le semmiről.

Simicska Lajos bukása után egyből bedőlt bizalmasa ingatag bankja, a Széchenyi. Az ottani stiklik kerültek a vádiratba egy korábban adriai kikötőket birtokló milliárdos, Vitézy Tamás ellen is, miután az megvádolta az ügyészséget, hogy az államra fonódott maffia részeként segítettek őt kisemmizni.

04/26/23: Dr. Gabriela Balf is a psychiatrist from Bismarck, and joins our guest host, Jim Shaw, on "News and Views." They talk about her occupation and how the anti-trans legislation out of the ND state legislature is affecting our youth. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Pierre Richard francia színészlegenda, akinek karrierje az 1950-es évek végén kezdődött, de igazán nagy népszerűségre csak a hetvenes és nyolcvanas években tett szert. Hazájában a mai napig őt tartják az egyik legnagyobb nevettetőnek, de a magyar nézők is imádják, hiszen számos filmes klasszikusban láthatta a magyar közönség is, olyanokban, mint a Magas szőke férfi felemás cipőben, az Ahová lépek, ott fű nem terem, A magas szőke férfi visszatér, A hajsza, A játékszer, a Balfácán vagy Az iker. Pierre Richard bár jelenleg már 88 éves, de idős kora ellenére a mai napig is aktív, a tavaly bemutatott új Asterix és Obelix filmben például ő alakította Csodaturmixot. 1996-ban A Friderikusz Show-ban még hajlandó volt dalra is fakadni. Hogyan támogathatja a munkánkat? Legyen a patronálónk, és a támogatása mértékétől függően egyre több előnyhöz juthat: https://www.patreon.com/FriderikuszPodcast Egyszeri vagy rendszeres banki átutalással is segíthet. Ehhez a legfontosabb adatok: Név: TV Pictures Számlaszám: OTP Bank 11707062-21446081 Közlemény: Podcast-támogatás Ha külföldről utalna, nemzetközi számlaszámunk (IBAN - International Bank Account Number): HU68 1170 7062 2144 6081 0000 0000 BIC/SWIFT-kód: OTPVHUHB Akármilyen formában támogatja munkánkat, köszönjük! Kövessenek, kövessetek itt is: youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/FriderikuszPodcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FriderikuszPodcast Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/friderikuszpodcast Anchor: https://anchor.fm/friderikuszpodcast Spotify: https://spoti.fi/3blRo2g Google Podcasts: https://bit.ly/3fc7A7t Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/3hm2vfi #FriderikuszPodcast

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.22.521499v1?rss=1 Authors: Burgy, O., Mayr, C. H., Ballester Llobell, B., Sengupta, A., Schenesse, D., Coughlan, C., Parimon, T., Chen, P., Lindner, M., Hilgendorff, A., Mann, M., Yildirim, A. O., Eickelberg, O., Lehmann, M., Schiller, H. B., Burgstaller, G., Königshoff, M. Abstract: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal and chronic lung disease characterized by aberrant intercellular communication, increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and destruction of functional lung tissue. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) accumulate within the lung in IPF, but their cargo and biological effects remain unclear. Here, we provide the entire the proteome of EV and non-EV fraction during pulmonary fibrosis, and functionally characterize their contribution to fibrosis. EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collected from mice challenged with bleomycin (or PBS as control) or culture supernatants from primary mouse lung fibroblasts. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western Blotting, and quantitative mass spectrometry to define their proteome. EVs accumulation peaked at 14 days post-bleomycin instillation and correlated with decreased lung function. Label-free proteomics identified 107 proteins specific to fibrotic BALF-EVs. This signature was associated with wound healing, extracellular matrix organization, and cell motility. BALF-EVs from fibrotic lungs promoted fibrogenesis, including induction of ECM proteins in precision cut lung slices ex vivo and impaired alveolar epithelial cell stem cell function. Deconvolution using single cell RNA sequencing datasets revealed that fibroblasts are the major cellular source of BALF-EVs. EVs from fibroblasts were significantly enriched in Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 (SFRP1). In the lungs of patients with IPF, SFRP1 was significantly increased in mesenchymal cells. Sfrp1 deficiency reduced the ability of fibroblast-derived EVs to potentiate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in vivo and led to a reduction in fibrosis marker gene expression. In sum, EVs carry specific protein cargos, such as SFRP1, to contribute to organ remodeling during fibrosis. Our data identified EVs transporting SFRP1 as a potential therapeutic target for IPF. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Abby is a Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator for Sanitary District No.5 of Marin County in California. Abby went from being in sales to her sanitary position and she says that "curiosity and confidence" will help someone enter in her line of work smoothly. We chat about about the importance of asking questions and leveraging mentors and her future plans. Give the show a listen and remember to thank your local Public Works Professionals.This show is Sponsored by Vitendo Training Solutions: The Leader in Public Works Workforce Development

Drawing on examples from the Israel-Palestine conflict, this lecture explores contrasting approaches, theories and practices for interpreting the relationship between religion and violence. It argues that understanding that religion can both incite violence and promote peace - is vital for building peace in the Middle East. It will explore the Myth of Redemptive Violence theory; the Mimetic Violence and Scapegoat theory; and the Myth of Religious Violence theory.A lecture by Jolyon MitchellThe transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/israel-palestineGresham College has offered free public lectures for over 400 years, thanks to the generosity of our supporters. There are currently over 2,500 lectures free to access. We believe that everyone should have the opportunity to learn from some of the greatest minds. To support Gresham's mission, please consider making a donation: https://gresham.ac.uk/support/Website:  https://gresham.ac.ukTwitter:  https://twitter.com/greshamcollegeFacebook: https://facebook.com/greshamcollegeInstagram: https://instagram.com/greshamcollege

Raksta autors - Mārtiņš Ķibilds. Lasa aktrise Guna Zariņa Latvijas dzimšanas mirklis 1918. gada 18. novembrī bija īss. Tik īss, ka no lielās dienas palicis tikai viens foto. Tomēr mēs svinam daudz vairāk, jo ceļš uz šo brīdi izvērtās garš. Un vēl garāka – cīņa par izdzīvošanu. Latvijas valsts netapa vienā dienā. Valsts dzimšanas dienas balle nebija lielākā mūsu tautas vēstures atslēga. Arī Meierovics 18. novembri nesvinēja. Rezidenci viņš bija pārcēlis uz lētāku vietu – īrētu dzīvokli – un todien strādāja: rakstīja ielūgumus Londonas latviešiem uz pasākumu pēc nedēļas, kurā ziņošot par Latvijas nākotnes izredzēm un uzdevumiem. Izredzes joprojām bija niecīgas, bet uzdevumu – ai, cik daudz! Nākamajā rītā pēc 18. novembra latvieši saprata, ka nekāda brīvība nav iegūta. Cīņa par brīvību vēl bija priekšā. Ne tikai ierakumos, bet arī diplomātu salonos. 1919. gada janvārī, kad Latvijas Pagaidu valdība Liepājā glābās no boļševikiem, Londonā pie Meierovica, nu jau ārlietu ministra, ieradās Čakste. Abi devās uz Parīzi. Tur sākās Parīzes Miera konference – latviešu lielā cerība panākt de iure starptautisku atzīšanu. Tobrīd viņi nenojauta, ka cīņas Parīzē būs vēl daudz ilgākas par Brīvības cīņām dzimtenē. Izņemot britu doto de facto atzīšanu, nevienam citam pasaulē tāda Latvija lāga nerūpēja. Vēl ļaunāk, bija nomainījies britu ārlietu ministrs, un jaunais – grāfs Džordžs Kerzons, nikns Balfūra oponents, – nožēloja britu labvēlību pret latviešiem. Pasaule vēl cerēja uz Krievijas atbrīvošanos no Ļeņina. Bija sācies Krievijas pilsoņu karš, un Parīzē visi turēja īkšķus par baltgvardiem. Visi, izņemot tautas, kuras bēga no cariskās Krievijas jūga. Lielvarām bija katrai sava ieinteresētība Krievijas impērijas atdzimšanā: briti cerēja uz pretspēku kreisajai Vācijai, amerikāņi – agresīvajai Japānai, bet Francija vēlējās atgūt milzīgos cara kredītus, ko Ļeņins, loģiski, netaisījās atdot. Visi nosprieda, ka par līdzšinējās Krievijas mazo tautu likteni jālemj Krievijas parlamentam, kad tāds atkal taps. Parīzes Miera konference ilga gadu – līdz 1920. gada janvārim. Latvija jau bija izcīnījusi savu zemi, ievēlējusi parlamentu, noslēgusi miera līgumu ar Krieviju, bet pat tas nelīdzēja. Visi gaidīja, kā beigsies Krievijas karš. Latviju neatzina de iure, jo tā nebija uzņemta Tautu Savienībā, kas tika dibināta Miera konferencē Versaļas līguma rezultātā. Bet to neuzņēma Tautu Savienībā, jo tā nebija atzīta de iure. Latvijā sāka protestēt, ka mēs, maza tauta, bez tādas savienības varam arī iztikt. Meierovics to necieta: "Pasaules kartē nav lielu un mazu tautu! Tautas lielumu nosaka nacionālā pašapziņa un gara apvāršņi!" Diemžēl mazām tautām to nosaka arī pasaules kārtība. Tikai 1920. gada beigās pasaules kārtība sāka iegrozīties mums par labu. Kļuva skaidrs, ka Krievijas pilsoņu karā uzvar Ļeņins un cariskā Krievija neatdzims. Antantes sabiedrotie kļuva pielaidīgāki. Meierovicam bija izdevies iekarot Itālijas un Francijas labvēlību, un tas nostrādāja. 1921. gada janvārī Parīzē notika Antantes Augstākās padomes sēde, itāļi rosināja lemt par Latvijas un Igaunijas atzīšanu. Briti to bloķēja, bet padomes prezidents franču premjers Aristids Briāns uz savu galvu tomēr iekļāva lemjamo jautājumu listē. Pretiniekiem vairs nebija ko iebilst, un 26. janvārī Latvija beidzot tika atzīta de iure. Rīgā – milzu svētki. Bet Meierovics nesvinēja arī tos. Aristids Briāns viens no pirmajiem 20. gadsimta 20. gados proponēja vienotas Eiropas ideju, pat saņēma Nobela prēmiju, taču nerada atbalstu, un Eiropu 30. gados sāka plosīt jauns karš. Savukārt Meierovics, kļuvis par Latvijas premjeru, proponēja Baltijas savienības ideju. Arī tā izgāzās, un Meierovics neslēpa sarūgtinājumu: "Ja mums vieniem pašiem būs doti 20 gadi neatkarības, tad uzskatiet, ka mēs esam ilgi dzīvojuši." Pravietiski! Bija 1922. gads. Pēc 18 gadiem Latvija tika okupēta. No 38 Tautas padomes locekļiem, kas piedalījās valsts proklamēšanā, padomju okupāciju piedzīvoja 26. No tiem pusi – 13 – okupanti represēja. 10 nogalināja, trīs izdzīvoja. Vēl astoņi devās trimdā. Latvijas valsts bija pastāvējusi nepilnus 22 gadus – mazāk nekā mūsdienās kopš neatkarības atjaunošanas. Tāpat kā 1918. gada 18. novembris, arī 1990. gada 4. maijs bija tikai viena īsa diena pa vidu garai cīņai. Paturēsim prātā, ka ne jau to vienu dienu mēs svinam un pat ne 100 gadus. Mēs svinam arī ceļu uz tiem un ceļu tālāk.

The Darkest Jungle tells the harrowing story of America's first ship canal exploration across a narrow piece of land in Central America called the Darién, a place that loomed large in the minds of the world's most courageous adventurers in the nineteenth century. With rival warships and explorers from England and France days behind, the 27-member U.S. Darién Exploring Expedition landed on the Atlantic shore at Caledonia Bay in eastern Panama to begin their mad dash up the coast-hugging mountains of the Darién wilderness. The whole world watched as this party attempted to be the first to traverse the 40-mile isthmus, the narrowest spot between the Atlantic and Pacific in all the Americas.

Art & Sport are a form of expression… On this episode, Celia Balf dives into what it means to be a female coach on the field, how art & sport are more alike than most think, and why it is so important to focus on the mental aspect of the game.

Balfék; gondolkodó megfigyelő figyeljetek csak!?

Show biz baby! This week on Dustin, The Wind podcast we sit down with Ana Balf-Taylor, aka Roxy Tornado. Anna is a professional dancer and performer. Anna grew up in New Zealand, taking up ballet at the age of 3. She made a life for herself through dancing; performing all over the world. Anna spent 15 years dancing in Crazy Horse Paris, where she performed a world famous solo called "I'm a Good Girl". Eventually Anna would end up on the Las Vegas Strip performing in Cirque du Soleil's Zumanity, where she also performed a solo. Anna peeled back the curtains to share a glimpse into the life of show business; she shares her experiences working the most renowned stages in entertainment in the world.

Show biz baby! This week on Dustin, The Wind podcast we sit down with Ana Balf-Taylor, aka Roxy Tornado. Anna is a professional dancer and performer. Anna grew up in New Zealand, taking up ballet at the age of 3. She made a life for herself through dancing; performing all over the world. Anna spent 15 years dancing in Crazy Horse Paris, where she performed a world famous solo called "I'm a Good Girl". Eventually Anna would end up on the Las Vegas Strip performing in Cirque du Soleil's Zumanity, where she also performed a solo. Anna peeled back the curtains to share a glimpse into the life of show business; she shares her experiences working the most renowned stages in entertainment in the world.

  Wir trinken Blaufränkisch 2018 Kékfrankos Balf 2018 und  Kirchholz Blaufränkisch 2017. Alle drei Weine kommen von Weniger – was witzigerweise auch genau das ist, was Holgi nach seiner Covid-Erkrankung vom Wein noch riecht. Dafür spürt er mehr als sonst. Und weil Christophs Blog gerade kaputt ist, gibt’s Details nur in der Sendung und die Bezugsquelle hier. […]

  Wir trinken Blaufränkisch 2018 Kékfrankos Balf 2018 und  Kirchholz Blaufränkisch 2017. Alle drei Weine kommen von Weninger – was witzigerweise auch genau das ist, was Holgi nach seiner Covid-Erkrankung vom Wein noch riecht. Dafür spürt er mehr als sonst. Und weil Christophs Blog gerade kaputt ist, gibt’s Details nur in der Sendung und die Bezugsquelle hier. […]

Évek óta tartó félremenedzselés eredményét láthatjuk a Schalkénál, amely simán kieshet a Bundesligából. Főképp erről beszéltünk mai adásunkban, de az angol bajnoki versenyfutásra, illetve a barcelonai elnökválasztásra is jutott idő.

What's up guys! Joining See You On The Court Podcast this week is Jared Balf who was named to the top 100 influencers in the grassroots business and Coach Ryan Owens, who is the assistant men's basketball coach for our Indy Heat EYBL 17u team. In this episode, we discuss Saturday's Sneakers For Santa event at Brownsburg High School, the meaning behind Sneakers for Santa, and the teams that will be participating at the showcase and much more! Gym Rats Social Media Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQX21zxX-cO-mVFR2htO9GA Twitter: https://twitter.com/indyheatgymrats Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/indyheatgymrats/ Facebook: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gymratsbasketball/ Visit our website: https://www.gymratsbasketball.com

1918. gada 11. novembrī toreizējais Latviešu Pagaidu nacionālās padomes (LPNP) pārstāvis Londonā Zigfrīda Anna Meierovica saņēma Lielbritānijas ārlietu ministra lorda Balfūra rakstisku apliecinājumu, ka britu valdība atzīst padomi kā de facto neatkarīgu latviešu nāciju pārstāvošu institūciju. Tiesa gan, latviešu politiķu aprindās Rīgā šo ziņu tobrīd nebūt neuzņēma ar nedalītu entuziasmu. Šodien mēs varam tikai priekšstatīt, kādas izjūtas piedzīvoja tobrīd 31 gadu vecais Latviešu Pagaidu nacionālās padomes emisārs Londonā Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics (attēlā), kad 1918. gada 11. novembrī saņēma sūtījumu no britu ārlietu ministrijas. Milzīgā pilsēta tobrīd šalkoja gavilēs: no kontinenta bija pienākusi sengaidītā ziņā, ka vairāk nekā četrus gadus ilgušais, nežēlīgais un mokošais karš ir noslēdzies ar uzvaru. Savukārt Meierovicam tieši šai dienā Lielbritānijas ārlietu resora galva lords Arturs Džeimss Balfūrs paziņoja, ka Viņa majestātes valdība ir gatava atzīt padomi, kā bija teikts vēstulē, „par de facto neatkarīgu institūciju” un viņu pašu – kā Latviešu Pagaidu valdības neoficiālu pārstāvi. Šo ziņu varēja traktēt kā Latvijas neatkarības atzīšanu de facto. Tagad nu vajadzēja steigt paziņot vēsti uz Stokholmu, no kurienes tā tālāk sasniegs Rīgu. Jau kopš 1918. gada oktobra, kad Vācijā sāka izvērsties revolūcijas procesi un vācu okupācijas vara Latvijā atslāba, dzimtenē sāka atgriezties tie Latviešu Pagaidu nacionālās padomes darbinieki, kuri līdz tam bija atradušies Padomju Krievijā, uzturot sakarus ar Antantes valstu diplomātiem un Krievijā joprojām lielā skaitā esošajiem latviešu bēgļiem. Tomēr, atgriežoties, viņi priekšā neatrada gluži tukšu vietu. Praktiski visu vācu okupācijas laiku Rīgā bija darbojusies politisko partiju apvienība Demokrātiskais bloks. Okupācijas varas apstākļos bija iespējama tika nelegāla darbība, tomēr bloka politiķiem bija izdevies iedibināt kontaktus ar atsevišķām vācu sociālistu aprindām un caur tām iespēju robežās pretdarboties Vācijas aneksijas plāniem Latvijā. Oktobra vidū divi Demokrātiskā bloka pārstāvji – zemsavietis Miķelis Valters un sociālists revolucionārs Eduards Traubergs – caur Stokholmu devās uz Berlīni. Gan presē Stokholmā, gan notā, kas Berlīnē tika iesniegta nesen ieceltajam Vācijas parlamentārās valdības vadītājam Bādenes princim Maksimiliānam, abi pārstāvji kā latviešu nācijas pašnoteikšanās tiesību īstenotāju pieteica kādu „Latviešu nacionālo komiteju”. Praksē gan šāda institūcija nepastāvēja, taču kā tās dalīborganizācijas abi minēja Demokrātisko bloku veidojošās politiskās partijas. Savu deklarāciju Vācijas valdībai nosūtīja arī Latviešu Pagaidu nacionālā padome, kad Rīgā oktobra nogalē ieradās Reihstāga loceklis Šulcs-Gevernics. Nebija tā, ka Demokrātiskais bloks un Latviešu pagaidu nacionālā padome viens par otra darbību neko nezinātu. Abas organizācijas daļēji veidoja vienu un to pašu politisko partiju pārstāvji, un ir liecības, ka abu institūciju dalībnieki vismaz kopš novembra sākuma regulāri pulcējušies kopīgās apspriedēs. Tomēr galīgā apvienošanās tobrīd vēl nenotika, un vainīgas pie tā bija ne tikdaudz kādas individuālas ambīcijas, bet gan konceptuāli jautājumi. Proti, Demokrātiskā bloka politiķi uzskatīja, ka institūciju, kas pasludinātu Latvijas neatkarību un izveidotu pagaidu valdību, jāveido tikai politisko partiju pārstāvjiem. Tam negribēja piekrist vadošie Latviešu pagaidu nacionālās padomes darbinieki – tobrīd bezpartejiskie Arveds Bergs un Voldemārs Zāmuels, ciktāl padomi bija dibinājušas arī sabiedriskās organizācijas. 1918. gada 12. novembrī, kad Meierovica no Londonas sūtītā ziņa par de facto atzīšanu sasniedza Rīgu, kompromiss vēl nebija rasts. Nacionālās padomes Finanšu nodaļas priekšnieks Ādolfs Klīve, šai dienā sastapis savu partijas biedru un vienu no Demokrātiskā bloka līderiem Kārli Ulmani, un steidzies pasniegt viņam šo „karsto” jaunumu, uzklausījis visai skābu reakciju: Latviešu Pagaidu nacionālā padome un Meierovics ar visu viņa atzīšanas rakstu esot vien „gadījuma faktori”.   Stāstījums sagatavots, izmantojot Jāņa Tomaševska darbu „Neatkarības čuksti: Latviešu pagaidu nacionālās padomes vēsture”.

A mai epizódban ismét itt van velünk Márton, akit anno a Nokia 5G-s és AI-os problémáiról faggattunk. Mint kiderült Márton és Misi közös hobbin osztoznak, ami pedig nem más, mint a repülés, így úgy gondoltuk felveszünk Nektek erről is egy beszélgetést - a csapongó Balfül-stílusba simán belefér. Ha szeretnétek kipróbálni a repülésnek ezt a formáját, dobjatok egy üzit, és a COVID elvonultával Misi leszervez nektek egy sétarepülést Farkashegyen ;)

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.02.232645v1?rss=1 Authors: Moolamalla, S. T. R., Chauhan, R., Priyakumar, U. D., Vinod, P. K. Abstract: Understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is important for developing effective treatment strategies. Viruses hijack the host metabolism to redirect the resources for their replication and survival. How SARS-CoV-2 influences the host metabolism is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data obtained from different human respiratory cell lines and patient samples (Swab, PBMC, lung biopsy, BALF) to understand the metabolic alterations in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. For this purpose, the expression pattern of metabolic genes in the human genome-scale metabolic network model Recon3D was explored. We identified metabolic genes and pathways and reporter metabolites under each SARS-CoV-2-infected condition and compared them to identify common and unique changes in the metabolism. Our analysis revealed host-dependent dysregulation of glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, polyamine synthesis, and lipid metabolism. We observed different metabolic changes that are pro- and antiviral in nature. We generated hypotheses on how antiviral metabolism can be targeted/enhanced for reducing viral titers. These warrant further exploration with more samples and in vitro studies to test predictions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Ezen a héten meglehetősen távol evezünk a megszokott témáktól és egy fogorvossal beszélgetünk a praxisáról, valamint mindenféléről, aminek ehhez semmi köze. A régi időket idéző eklektikus Balfül epizód lett ebből, amihez jó szórakozást kívánunk!

Jared Balf the Director of the Indy Heat Gym Rats sits down with Jeff to talk about the Indy Heat Gym Rats AAU program. He discusses how he got started with the program and how they grew the program to prep and produce some of the top talent in the nation.

Jared Balf the Director of the Indy Heat Gym Rats sits down with Jeff to talk about the Indy Heat Gym Rats AAU program. He discusses how he got started with the program and how they grew the program to prep and produce some of the top talent in the nation.

Episode 2, Jared Balf (Director of Gym Rats Basketball) and Mark Burks (Indy Heat Red Director) joins the podcast and discuss their roles and how they crossed paths for the Gym Rats Basketball program. We also discuss how Social Media has been a big influence for the Gym Rats culture, and why this podcast, "See You On The Court" was created, and their experience with the Elite Youth Basketball League and much more! Be sure to look at our Youtube Channel under "Indy Heat Gym Rats" to see the full discussion. Hope you all enjoy this episode!   Follow us on Social Media for our latest updates! Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQX21zxX-cO-mVFR2htO9GA Twitter: https://twitter.com/indyheatgymrats Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/indyheatgymrats/ Visit our website https://www.gymratsbasketball.com

Üdv mindenkinek a Balfül podcast első remote adásában! Folytatjuk azon adások sorát, amik témáját Ti dobtátok be javaslatként: az okos város koncepcióról, vagy ún. smart city-kről lesz szó. Mik ezek, mi tartozik az okos város definíciója alá és milyen kihasznált vagy kihasználatlan lehetőségek vannak még a technológiában. Vannak-e városok, ahol sikerrel valósultak meg okos város programok, ami megkönnyítik a városlakók életét. A hang olyan amilyen, de a karanténból erre futja (a következő adásra megígérjük javítunk rajta).

2019-et egy se nem technológiai, se nem pénzügyi adással zárjuk: Pétert már ismerhetitek a SalesForce-os epizódból, aki Japánban járt, és mindenféle bizarr, innen nézve sci-fibe illő dologról mesélt nekünk: kolbásztilalom, 400 km/h-ás vonatozások, magányos sushizások és high tech szaniterek. Szóval jöjjön ezúttal egy rendhagyó, évzáró Balfül "travel special", a felkelő nap házából. Vagy hazájából. Mindegy. Fogadjátok szeretettel!

Fenemód fragmentált és eklektikus Balfül epizód következik. Hollandiában kezdünk, ahol a kanálisok mentén Van Gogh Napraforgói és azok 17.500 eurós kópiái sárgállnak. A füvezésről valakinek eszébe jutnak az ETF-ek, úgyhogy gyorsan meg is beszéljük, hogy mik azok. Egy kis kanyar a tőzsdei hírek irányába, illetve, hogy ki hogyan informálódik, hogy aztán kikössünk egy PannErgy közgyűlésen. Ja, és ha érdekel, hogy miért hívjuk sárgaháznak a bolondok házát, akkor mindenképp hallgasd végig az adást!

Pista, aki amúgy Taki mesél nekünk kenyai kalandjairól, ahová a Vodafone-on keresztül jutott ki expatként. Megtudhatjuk, hogy magyar fiatalként mi az első benyomás úgy általában Afrikáról. Bankrendszer és (jó minőségű) csavar például nincs, de mobil fizetés van. És egy árvaház, ahol mindig van mit csinálni. Végül kiderül az is, hogy mit tud egy ilyen misszió adni egy nyugati embernek. Ha úgy gondoljátok megfogott titeket a sztori, és szeretnétek segíteni, a Taita Alapítványon keresztül megtehetitek: https://www.taita.info

[English version below] Tá An Fuadach le Robert Louis Stevenson ar cheann de na húrscéalta is mó cáil riamh. Seo é scéal scleondrach corraitheach an dílleachta Dáibhí Balfúr, fear óg a bhfuil a uncail Eibinéasar ag iarraidh é a mharú agus a oidhreacht a thógáil dó féin. Is é a chairdeas leis an claimhteoir Seacaibíteach Ailean Breac Stíobhaird a thugann slán é - ach is fear é siúd a bhfuil an tóir amuigh ag na Sasanaigh air agus, ina chuideachta, caithfidh Dáibhí dul i mbaol a bháis i nGaeltacht na hAlban agus na Cótaí Dearga sna sála orthu. Aithnítear An Fuadach go forleathan mar an t-úrscéal is fearr de chuid Stevenson, leabhar ar ar thug Henry James ‘coróin agus príomhbhua an ealaíontóra'. San aistriúchán seo le Darach Ó Scolaí, tá an t-úrscéal a scríobhadh in 1886 curtha in oiriúint do léitheoirí an lae inniu, agus é maisithe le pictiúir ó eagrán 1913 den leabhar le N.C. Wyeth. Láithreoir: Róisín Adams Aíonna: Caoimhe Nic Lochlainn agus Eoin P. Ó Murchú [Leagan Gaeilge thuas] Although Biddy Jenkinson is known primarily for her poetry, there is no doubt but that she is an artful short story writer. Though the eighteen stories in this collection, An Grá Riabhach, span a wide range of subjects and themes - old age, mythology, the copulation of fish, religion, gardening - there are two elements that feature in every single story within the collection: humour and excellent characterisation. Presenter: Róisín Adams Guests: Caoimhe Nic Lochlainn agus Eoin P. Ó Murchú

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are severe chronic lung diseases characterized by an increased deposition of extracellular matrix in the lung interstitial space, leading to a thickening of the alveolar walls and impairment of the gas exchange. One of the most common entities in this category is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with a mean survival time of 2 to 3 years from diagnosis. Until now, there is no curative therapy available and the symptomatic anti- inflammatory treatment and oxygen supplementation cannot prevent the development of the end stage pulmonary fibrosis. The chemokine receptor CCR2 is important for leukocyte recruitment to inflamed tissues through interaction with CCL2 (MCP-1). The blockade of the CCR2/CCL2 pathway attenuated the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models. However, CCR2+ T-lymphocytes acquired regulatory functions in experimental arthritis during the course of disease. Therefore, it is unknown whether CCR2+ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of IPF or, on the contrary, represent an unsuccessful effort of the immune system to limit the disease. Observations in paediatric patients with different forms of ILDs suggested a role for CCR2+ T cells in pulmonary fibrosis. To characterize these T cells, flow cytometric studies were performed using the bleomycin mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. The kinetic of CCR2+ T cells in BALF, lung tissue, and spleen following intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM) was assessed at time points between day 3 and day 21. To determine, if the constellation of naïve, central memory and effector memory T cells changes after BLM treatment, and to which of these subtypes CCR2+ T cells belong to, the cells were additionally stained for CD62L and CD44. For further characterization of CCR2+ T cells, chemokine receptor co-expression with CCR2 was investigated at the time point of the maximal presence of CCR2+ T cells. Total T cell numbers increased in BAL and lung tissue but not in spleen. Percentages of CD62LlowCD44hi effector memory T cells increased in lung tissue in the early phase of BLM induced fibrosis, while the CD62LhiCD44low naïve T cell population decreased. The percentage of CCR2+ T cells increased following BLM treatment with a maximum on day 12. The majority of CCR2+CD4+ T cells showed a Tem phenotype. CCR3, CCR4, CCR6, CXCR4, and CXCR5 expressing cells increased within the pulmonary CD4+ T cell population following bleomycin treatment. Among CD8+ T cells from treated mice, CCR5, CCR6, and CXCR5 positive cells were increased. CCR7 was highly co-expressed with CCR2 in saline and bleomycin treated mice, whereas co-expression of CCR3, CCR4, CCR6 and CXCR5 increased significantly in treated mice. The results indicate an activation of pulmonary T cell populations following bleomycin treatment. CCR2+CD4+ T cells probably take part on this T cell response as they exhibit an effector memory phenotype and increase following BLM treatment. In contrast, the stable percentages of the different T cell subtypes in spleens gave no hint for a systemic T cell reaction. The pattern of chemokine receptor expression argues against a Th1 polarization and towards a Th2, Th17 or TFH polarization of CCR2+ T cells.

Etiology of feline bronchial disease remains unknown so far. However, in human medicine, Mycoplasma spp. infections have been made responsible for the exacerbation of asthmatic lung disease for a long time. Aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of Mycoplasma spp. infections for the development of chronic bronchitis/feline asthma. For this purpose, lavage samples of lungs and nose and nasal swabs where taken from cats with chronic bronchitis/feline asthma and from cats without respiratory disease serving as a control group. Seventeen cats with clinical signs and 14 cats without respiratory disease were included in the study. The samples of both groups were cultured with a special Mycoplasma enhancement media. DNA was isolated, followed by a PCR to detect possible Mycoplasma infections and sequencing of positive samples. In this study, a significantly higher number of Mycoplasma-spp. -positive samples in the BALF were detected by PCR than by bacterial culture. In the BALF of the patients with clinical signs, 35.3 % Mycoplasma-positive results were obtained by PCR, while in the control group, 50.0 % of samples were positive for Mycoplasma species. There was no significant difference when results of both groups were compared. Nasal flush samples of the patient group were negative for Mycoplasma organisms in PCR as well as in culture. In contrast to that, five positive samples were found within the control group. There was a significant difference regarding the Mycoplasma status of nasal samples between groups. Sequencing of all Mycoplasma-positive samples revealed Mycoplasma felis. In this study, both cats with feline asthma/chronic bronchitis and healthy cats were tested positive for Mycoplasma spp. Mycoplasma organisms, therefore, seem to represent normal commensales of the respiratory tract in cats. Based upon these results they do not seem to be relevant for the development of feline asthma.

Background: Inflammatory lung diseases are a major morbidity factor in children. Therefore, novel strategies for early detection of inflammatory lung diseases are of high interest. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized via Toll-like receptors and CD14. CD14 exists as a soluble (sCD14) and membrane-associated (mCD14) protein, present on the surface of leukocytes. Previous studies suggest sCD14 as potential marker for inflammatory diseases, but their potential role in pediatric lung diseases remained elusive. Therefore, we examined the expression, regulation and significance of sCD14 and mCD14 in pediatric lung diseases. Methods: sCD14 levels were quantified in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with infective (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, CF) and non-infective (asthma) inflammatory lung diseases and healthy control subjects by ELISA. Membrane CD14 expression levels on monocytes in peripheral blood and on alveolar macrophages in BALF were quantified by flow cytometry. In vitro studies were performed to investigate which factors regulate sCD14 release and mCD14 expression. Results: sCD14 serum levels were specifically increased in serum of children with pneumonia compared to CF, asthma and control subjects. In vitro, CpG induced the release of sCD14 levels in a protease-independent manner, whereas LPS-mediated mCD14 shedding was prevented by serine protease inhibition. Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time the expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases and suggests sCD14 as potential marker for pneumonia in children.

Investigations into the diagnosis of the polyserositis complex in swine The aim of this study was to evaluate the PCR test results from collective swab samples of serous membranes for genomic fragments of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis regarding their associations and correlations with the pretreatment, clinical and pathological findings as well as the detection of PRRSV EU strain and PCV-2. For the classification of the method in reference to H. parasuis the PCR results were compared with the results of the bacteriological examination of the BALF. Furthermore the association between PRRSV and PCV-2 as well as the correlations between the weight of the animals and the detection of the agents, the clinical score and the detection of the agents and between PCV-2 and H. parasuis, M. hyorhinis as well as PRRSV EU strain were determined. After the admission of the preliminary report, in which particularly the state of treatment and vaccination regarding H. parasuis was inquired, 143 pigs were clinically examined. The results were evaluated on the basis of a score system. From 117 pigs under neuroleptanalgesia bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was taken and examined bacteriologically for H. parasuis. The animals were euthanized afterwards and subjected to a gross pathological and histopathological examination. In the course of the necropsy collective swabs of the serous membranes were taken from the surfaces of pleura, pericard and peritoneum and analysed via PCR for genomic fragments of H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis. Additionally lung tissue samples were taken from 102 animals for the molecular biological proof of genomic fragments and tissue samples from lungs and lymph nodes were taken from 105 animals for in-situ hybridisation. The results show that the detection of the H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis in the PCR was not associated significantly with a previous treatment. No significant relation was found between the analysing methods, PCR from the collective serosal swab and bacteriological examination of the BALF. The detection of genomic fragments of H. parasuis showed a significant association with the findings of the auscultation. Furthermore the evidence of the agent in the PCR significantly correlated with the presence of CNS symptoms. The evaluation of the state of nutrition and the filling degree of the tarsal joints did not correlate significantly with the PCR proof of H. parasuis. In contrast significant relations were shown between the proof of genomic fragments of M. hyorhinis and the occurence of kyphosis, the findings of the auscultation and the evaluation of the state of nutrition, but the proof of genomic fragments of M. hyorhinis did not significantly correlate with the filling degree of the tarsal joints as well as the presence of CNS symptoms. The results of the pathological investigation showed a significant association of M. hyorhinis with the diagnosis of a catarrhal-suppurative bronchopneumonia as well as a significant association of both agents with the diagnosis of a serositis without differenciation of the site and for the singular diagnosis of a pleuritis and pericarditis. The proof of M. hyorhinis and H. parasuis in the PCR was not significantly associated with peritonitis and additionally that of H. parasuis was not significantly associated with the diagnosis of a catarrhal-suppurative bronchopneumonia. Significant associations were calculated between the detection of the following agents: H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis, H. parasuis and PRRSV EU strain as well as M. hyorhinis and PRRSV EU strain. In contrast the association between the detection of H. parasuis and PCV-2, M. hyorhinis and PCV-2 as well as PRRSV EU strain and PCV-2 was not significant. Furthermore associations were significant for the weight of the animals and the proof of PCV-2 respectively PRRSV EU strain, for the clinical score und the proof of H. parasuis respectively PCV-2 as well as for PCV-2 und PRRSV EU strain. In conclusion the sampling by collective dry swabs of the serous skins and the following PCR examination for genomic fragments is a meaningful method for the diagnosis of diseases, which are accompanied by polyserositis. With this procedure the proof of the agents can be carried out successfully in animals with clinical signs as well as in animals which are already pretreated with antibiotics. For H. parasuis and M. hyorhinis, both causal agents of polyserositis, a significant association was calculated. Both agents are capable of causing clinical signs and pathological findings associated with polyserositis. The disease induced by H. parasuis is called Glaesser´s disease, in reference to M. hyorhinis as Mycoplasma Polyserositis. Due to the existing association of both agents and the accompanied clinical and pathological signs it is reasonable to use the term “Polyserositis Complex”.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde bronchoalveolären Lavage Flüssigkeit (BALF) von Patienten mit interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen (23 Patienten) auf Chemokinkonzentrationen und Chemokinrezeptorexressionsmuster der Lymphozyten analysiert und die Ergebnisse mit Patienten, die an chronischer Bronchitis (6 Patienten) oder malignen Erkrankungen (9 Patienten) der Lunge erkrankt waren verglichen. Mittels ELISA wurden die Chemokinkonzentrationen und mittels Durchflusszytometrie der Anteil an Chemokinrezeptor-exprimierenden T-Zellen in der BALF bestimmt. Hierbei wurden die Chemokinkonzentrationen von MCP 1, TARC, MDC und RANTES und die Häufigkeit CCR2+, CCR5+, CCR4+ und CXCR3+ Zellen innerhalb der CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellpopulationen gemessen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollgruppen die MCP-1 Konzentration knapp signifikant (p = 0,055) und die CCR2+CD4+T-Zellen signifikant erhöht waren. Im Zusammenhang mit Daten aus Kinder- und Erwachsenenstudien, in denen in der bronchoalveolären Lavageflüssigkeit erhöhte MCP-1 Werte und vermehrt CCR2+ T-Zellen nachgewiesen wurden, legen diese Ergebnisse eine wichtige Rolle der MCP 1/CCR2-Achse in der Pathogenese der interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen nahe. Ebenso fanden sich bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen signifikant mehr der TH2-assoziierten CCR4+ T-Zellen; bei dem TH1-assoziierten Rezeptor CXCR3+ ergab sich kein Unterschied. Gemeinsam mit ähnlichen Ergebnissen einiger Studien in Mausmodellen und humanen Studien weisen sie auf eine TH2-Polarisierung der T Zellen bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen hin, welche hierbei einen profibrotischen Effekt haben sollen. Gleichzeitig konnten bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen signifikant mehr CCR5+CD4+ und CCR5+CD8+ Zellen als in den Kontrollgruppen nachgewiesen werden. Da auch bei gesunden Menschen CCR5+ T-Zellen nachgewiesen werden konnten, postulieren wir, dass CCR5+ T-Zellen auch unabhängig von der Polarisierung der T-Zellen ein regulärer Bestandteil des bronchoalveolären Raumes im Rahmen einer normalen Immunreaktion sind. Insgesamt hat diese explorative Analyse aufgezeigt, dass sowohl die MCP 1/CCR2-Achse, als auch TH2-polarisierte T-Zellen ein potentielles Angriffsziel in der Behandlung interstitieller Lungenerkrankungen darstellen könnten. Die Ergebnisse sollten den Anstoß für ausführlichere Untersuchungen mit einem wesentlich größeren Patientenkollektiv geben.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden alle von 1997 bis 2002 durchgeführten brochoalveolären Lavagen (BAL) im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital ausgewertet. Es wurde ein Überblick über die Patienten gewonnen, die eine BAL bekommen hatten und Unterschiede in der Zytologie bei verschiedenen Krankheitsgruppen herausgearbeitet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass anhand der Anzahl der Makrophagen keine Unterscheidung zwischen den Unterkategorien möglich ist. Unterschiede im relativen Anteils der eosinophilen, neutrophilen Granulozyten und der Lymphozyten fanden sich zwischen verschiedenen Unterkategorien. Die Neutrophilen und Eosinophilen weisen eine positive Korrelation zueinander auf. Unabhängig hiervon sind die Lymphozyten. Die neutrophilen Granulozyten sind sowohl absolut als auch relativ bei einem Teil der Patienten im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe deutlich erhöht. Die Unterkategorie Pneumonie weist die höchsten Werte an Granulozyten auf. Obwohl dieser Befund primär plausibel ist, gibt es keine Vergleichswerte in der Literatur, da die Zellprofile von Kindern mit Pneumonie bisher noch nicht beschrieben wurden. Die Prozentzahl der Lymphozyten ist in der Unterkategorie chronische Bronchitis gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe erhöht. Aufgrund des marginalen Unterschieds erscheint dies aber klinisch wenig relevant. In den Unterkategorien Asthma und chronische Bronchitis sind in der 1. Fraktion tendenziell höhere Werte für Neutrophile als im Pool der Lavage vorhanden. Inwieweit Eosinophile bei Asthmatikern erhöht sind, ist nicht unumstritten. In dieser Untersuchung sind die Eosinophilen in den Unterkategorien Asthma und chronische Bronchitis nur gering, aber statistisch signifikant erhöht. Die Unterkategorien Asthma und chronische Bronchitis unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Zellprofile in der BAL nicht signifikant voneinander. In dieser Gruppe ist ein Anstieg der Eosinophilen mit dem Alter auffällig. Die Weiterverarbeitung der BALF kann einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse der Zytologie haben. Daher sollte die BAL und auch die Aufarbeitung und Auswertung standardisiert nach den Richtlinien der ERS Task force durchgeführt werden, um vergleichbare Werte zu erhalten. Obwohl mit der BAL selektiv Erreger aus der Lunge isoliert werden können, ist in der Pädiatrie der Stellenwert bei Infiltraten nicht klar. Eine frühzeitigere Indikationsstellung könnte mehr Informationen liefern, eine quantitative mikrobiologische Analyse ist essentiell. Bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen stellt die BAL ein wichtiges diagnostisches Werkzeug dar. Die Bedeutung ist im Einzelfall unterschiedlich. Dies wurde an einigen ausgewählten Patienten mit selteneren pulmonologischen Erkrankungen exemplarisch gezeigt.

The objective of this study was to evaluate mutual influence of different pathogens in the development of pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in pigs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 91 clinically unsuspected and 197 pigs with respiratory problems, were examined. A postmortal examination was done in 128 pigs. In the analysis, M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, PRRSV (US-Type), PRRSV (EU-Type), PCV-2, Influenzavirus Type A, α-hämolytic Streptococcus, β-hämolytic Streptococcus, P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica, H. parasuis and A. pleuropneumoniae, were taken into consideration. The pathological-anatomical examination was evaluated with the prospect of the existence of an interstitial, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia and pleuritis. All examined pathogens were found more often in the clinically suspected animals than in the group of clinically unsuspected animals. This difference was significant for α-hämolytic Streptococcus, H. parasuis, M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis. PCV-2 and α-hämolytic Streptococcus were isolated most frequently in BAL. The pathogen A. pleuropneumoniae was isolated culturally in two cases from BALF. A comparison of detection frequency in different weight groups showed that M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica occurred more often in heavier, older animals. H. parasuis occurred most frequently in animals with a body weight of ≤ 7,5 kg. Causal agent associations could be ascertained more frequently in the group of clinically suspected animals than in the group of clinically unsuspected pigs. Remarkably noticeable was that both α-hämolytic Streptococcus as well as M. hyopneumoniae were associated with M. hyorhinis, PRRSV (EU-Type), P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica. These pathogens seemed to favour infections with the above mentioned four causal agents, or that α-hämolytic Streptococcus occurs more when pigs are infection with other pathogens. P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica were both associated significantly with M. hyopneumoniae, α-hämolytic Streptococcus, PRRSV (EU-Type) and PRRSV (US-Type) respectively. Furthermore a correlation of clinical and pathological examinations scores could be seen for M. hyopneumoniae and α-hämolytic Streptococcus. These two agents were isolated more frequently and semi quantitatively more often in BALF, with increasing severity of clinical and pathological-anatomical changes. The importance of multiple infections with different causal agents for the disease picture of pneumonia and bronchopneumonia was analysed. A multiple infection with five or more agents was detected significantly more often in the group of clinically suspected animals than in the group of unsuspected pigs. The number of animals, where two or less than two pathogens were detected in the BALF, was significantly higher in the group of clinically unsuspected pigs than in the group of clinically suspected pigs. The higher the clinical examination score was, the higher were the number of animals, where 5 or more different pathogens could be detected. A similar connection could be seen in the pathological-anatomical examination score. The more different agents were isolated in BALF in one animal, the higher was the average pathological-anatomical examination score. The results of the analysis in weight groups, showed that with an increase in weight, the number of animals with ≥ 5 and ≤ 2 different agents increased. This could be due to the different husbandry systems which could cause an infection with various pathogens. Infections with different pathogens are more likely in exploratations with continuous occupation of animals from different origins. A multiple infection is more unlikely in closed exploratations. BAL can be seen as suitable to diagnose pneumonia or bronchopneumonia in pigs. A cultural and molecular biological evaluation of several samples should be done to enable the initiation of suitable prophylactic and therapeutic measures. A serological examination is given priority, for the detection of A. pleuropneumoniae. Furthermore, taking the semi quantitative evaluation into consideration it is assumed that α-hämolytic Streptococcus have a pathogen meaning. The clinical relevance of the bacteriological enrichment of BALF is useless.

Background: Lymphocytes are recruited to sites of inflammation by chemokines. Accordingly, a number of chemokine receptors are differentially expressed on effector T cells. We hypothesized that selected T cells accumulate in inflammatory lung diseases involving different pulmonary compartments. To test this hypothesis the frequencies of chemokine receptor expressing T cells were compared in peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with chronic bronchitis and interstitial lung diseases. Methods: BAL was performed in 70 children. According to clinical, macroscopic and cytological findings 37 children were selected for the study and classified as chronic bronchitis (CB, n=17, m=7, mean age 6.6 yrs.) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD, n=20, m=13, mean age 7.0 yrs.). Patients (n=33) with other diagnoses or without cells in BALF were excluded. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were analyzed in PB (n=30) and BALF (n=37) by flow cytometry. The percentages of CCR5+and CXCR3+ cells were determined within each T cell subset. Results are expressed as medians. For statistical analyses non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U) were applied. Results: In peripheral blood, the percentage of CXCR3+ T cells (16.4%, range: 0-35.2%) was higher than the percentage of CCR5+ T cells (3.9%, range: 0-19.1%; p

In der von der Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung geförderten Studie „Pathogenetische Bedeutung von Störungen des Oxidantien/ Antioxidantien-Gleichgewichtes bei Lungengerüsterkrankungen“, sollten die pathogenetisch relevanten oxidativen Faktoren für die Entstehung fibrotischer Lungenveränderungen identifiziert und ihr Zusammenspiel näher untersucht werden. In diesem Rahmen entstand auch diese Arbeit, die zum Ziel hatte, eine Methode zu etablieren, die extrazelluläre biologische Wirksamkeit der Sauerstoffradikale von ex vivo kultivierten Alveolarmakrophagen zu erfassen. Zudem sollte das Ausmaß der Radikalbildung von Alveolarmakrophagen bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen als möglicher funktioneller Beitrag zur Fibroseentstehung gemessen werden sowie eine neue, spezifischere Methode zur Aktivitätsbeurteilung bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen evaluiert werden. Es wurden insgesamt 16 Kontrollpersonen, fünf gesunde Raucher, 24 Patienten mit fibrosierender und vier Patienten mit subklinischer Alveolitis sowie sieben Patienten mit Sarkoidose, sieben Patienten mit EAA und acht Patienten nach LTx/HLTx untersucht. Lavagezellen wurden auf Plastikplatten ausgesät, AM konnten so adhärieren, die übrigen Zellen wurden abgespült und die Platten mit einer 50 µM Glutathionlösung inkubiert. Der Abfall des reduzierten Glutathions in der Testlösung wurde durch Zugabe von Ellmanns Reagenz gemessen. Zusätzlich wurden andere Parameter des Oxidantien/ Antioxidantienhaushaltes, die Zellzahl und Zelldifferenzierung in der BALF und der zelluläre Glutathionstoffwechsel, untersucht. Anhand der gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden die aufgeworfenen Fragen wie folgt beantwortet: • Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die den biologisch tatsächlich wirksamen Effekt der Oxidantienproduktion von Alveolarmakrophagen anhand der Oxidation des biologisch relevanten Antioxidans Glutathion mißt und somit ex vivo die extrazelluläreWirksamkeit der Oxidantienproduktion erfaßt. • Das Ausmaß der Oxidantienproduktion der Alveolarmakrophagen weist in der Zusammenschau mit den übrigen Parametern, dem Methioninsulfoxidgehalt der BALF-Proteine und der Konzentration an Glutathion in der BALF sowie der BALF-Zytologie, auf eine relevante Rolle der oxidativen Aktivität der Alveolarmakrophagen zumindest für oxidative Läsionen im Kompartiment der ELF hin. • Die oxidative Aktivität von Alveolarmakrophagen bei der ILD, der EAA und nach LTx/HLTx sind sowohl vor, als auch nach Stimulation im Vergleich zum Kontrollkollektiv signifikant erhöht. Bei gesunden Rauchern liegt eine erhöhte Stimulierbarkeit der oxidativen Aktivität der AM vor. • Die Gesamtzellzahl in der BALF, die Verminderung des AMAnteiles und die Erhöhung des PMN-Anteiles in der BALFZelldifferenzierung, die bisher zur Verlaufsbeurteilung fibrosierender Lungenerkrankungen herangezogen wurden, sind hinsichtlich oxidativer Phänomene vergleichsweise unspezifische Parameter. Mit Hilfe der Messung der oxidativen Aktivität pulmonaler Entzündungszellen kann ein Aspekt des tatsächlich wirksamen zellvermittelten Beitrags zum aktuellen Entzündungsgeschehen quantifiziert werden. • Die Befundkombination einer erhöhten spontanen und stimulierten oxidativen Aktivität kultivierter AM mit einer verminderten GSHred-Konzentration in der BALF war mit einer erhöhten Met(O)-Bildung als Ausdruck oxidativer Proteinläsionen assoziiert und fand sich bei Krankheitsbildern, die gewöhnlich mit einer progressiven Fibrose und Destruktion peripherer bronchopulmonaler Strukturen einhergehen. Dies könnte als wichtiger Hinweis auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen oxidativer Belastung und Fibrose gedeutet werden. Um die tatsächliche klinische Bedeutung oxidativer Lungenparenchymschäden zu analysieren, könnten antioxidative Therapiestrategien bei Patienten mit fibrosierenden Lungenerkrankungen eingesetzt werden. Eine entsprechende Pilotstudie mit N-acetylcytein als Glutathion-Precursor wurde bereits erfolgreich abgeschlossen (Behr et al., 1997; Behr et al., zur Publikation angenommen Oktober 2001). Seit März 2000 läuft eine entsprechende europäische Multicenterstudie (IFIGENIA).e