Podcasts about receptors

In this episode, Dr. Rena Malik, MD is with Dr. Alexandra Sowa to explore the transformative nature of GLP-1 receptor agonist medications. They discuss how these synthetic hormones work by influencing various parts of the body, particularly the brain, to reduce hunger, food cravings, and addictive behaviors. Dr. Sowa elaborates on the benefits of these medications in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, while also highlighting their potential future applications in treating other conditions. Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content: renamalik.supercast.com Schedule an appointment with me: https://www.renamalikmd.com/appointments ▶️Chapters: 00:00 GLP-1 Medications 03:47 GLP-1 Receptors in the Brain 06:18 Side Effects 10:33 Ozempic 15:17 Hyperpalatable Foods Stay connected with Dr. Sowa on social media for daily insights and updates. Don't miss out—follow her now and check out these links! Dr. Sowa's Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/alexandrasowamd/?hl=en Get So Well by Dr. Sowa - https://www.instagram.com/getsowell/?hl=en The Ozempic Revolution by Dr. Sowa - https://www.amazon.com/Ozempic-Revolution-Doctors-Success-Yourself/dp/0063417006 Let's Connect!: WEBSITE: http://www.renamalikmd.com YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/@RenaMalikMD INSTAGRAM: http://www.instagram.com/RenaMalikMD TWITTER: http://twitter.com/RenaMalikMD FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/RenaMalikMD/ LINKEDIN: https://www.linkedin.com/in/renadmalik PINTEREST: https://www.pinterest.com/renamalikmd/ TIKTOK: https://www.tiktok.com/RenaMalikMD ------------------------------------------------------ DISCLAIMER: This podcast is purely educational and does not constitute medical advice. The content of this podcast is my personal opinion, and not that of my employer(s). Use of this information is at your own risk. Rena Malik, M.D. will not assume any liability for any direct or indirect losses or damages that may result from the use of information contained in this podcast including but not limited to economic loss, injury, illness or death. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Diane Kazer rejoins the program to explain the problems with the obesity drugs on the market. She describes what is really going on in our bodies that is causing massive weight gain or the inability to shed pounds even though people are exercising and dieting faithfully. We also discuss how heavy metals and other toxins are coating the lining of our digestive system, blocking absorption of essential vitamins and minerals and causing many other health issues.

The Chief Scientific Advisor at Novo Nordisk, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, was the key force who pushed hard to develop GLP-1 drugs for treating obesity and subsequently for Alzheimer's. She was recently recognized by the 2024 Lasker Medical Research Award, and the 2024 AAAS Bhaumik Breakthrough of the Year Award. That recognition is richly deserved, since it is unclear if the GLP-1 drug path to obesity treatment, and all of the associated benefits, would have been seen at this time without her influence. That's especially true given the mystery for why people with Type 2 diabetes (for which these drugs were used for many years) did not exhibit much in the way of weight loss. We discussed that and the future of these drugs, including their potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. And about dressing up in pink!The Ground Truths podcasts are also available on Apple and Spotify.Our entire conversation can also be seen by video at YouTube along with all of the Ground Truths podcasts. If you like the video format, please subscribe to this channel. Even if you prefer video, please take a look at the transcript with graphics and useful links to citations.A Video Clip below on the barriers of a woman scientist to push Novo Nordisk to develop GLP-1 for obesity. “I was always just been a nerdy little scientist who kind of found home here in this company for 35 years.”—Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, 60 MinutesTranscript with Links to audio and external referencesEric Topol (00:06):Well, hello, it's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I have with me a special guest. She's the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk and it's Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, and we're delighted to have her. She's a recent recipient of the Lasker Award, which I think is considered like the pre-Nobel Award here in the United States. And I was involved with her in terms of researching who was the principal person who brought the GLP-1 drugs to the forefront for obesity, and it turned out to be Lotte. So welcome, Lotte.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (00:48):Thank you very much. And also very, very happy to be here. I'm not the Chief Science Officer for Novo Nordisk, I'm the Chief Scientific Advisor of working for the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk, but maybe too many people, not so different, right?From Laundry Detergents to GLP-1 DrugsEric Topol (01:06):Yes. Thank you, I actually meant to say advisor, but yes, I'm glad you cleared that up. I know from speaking to some of your colleagues, I actually spoke to Robin yesterday that you are looked to very highly, the most highly regarded person in science there, so not surprisingly. What I want to do is first talk about the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that got its legs back in, I guess 1984. So we're going way back. And what's also interesting is that you go way back at Novo Nordisk to 35 years in 1989. And so, there had been this work with this extraordinary hormone and neurotransmitter with a very short half-life that you knew about. But when you first started in Novo Nordisk, you weren't working on this. As I understand it, you're working on laundry detergent enzymes. How did you make this pivot from the laundry enzymes to getting into the GLP-1 world?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (02:16):Yeah, thank you for that question. I'm from the technical University of Denmark, so I'm trained in biotechnology, and we're a small country, so not that many companies to work for. And I always had my mind set on, I wanted to work for Novo as it was called back then, and it just happened to be in the industrial enzyme part that I got my foot in first. And then I had a very interesting boss at the time. Unfortunately, he's not alive anymore, but he was both a medical doctor as well as a chemist. So he was actually put in charge of actually, let's see if we can do something new in diabetes. And then since he hired me and I had not been there that long, I simply tagged along as the youngest scientist on the team, and then suddenly I became a diabetes researcher. Around the same time, I think you remember that all of pharma was interested in obesity in the early 90s, everyone wanted to do diabetes as well as obesity, but they were separate teams and they all wanted to do small molecules, but it just happens to be so that the best idea we could find at that time was actually GLP-1, because we actually had clinical data relatively early that GLP-1 was a really good candidate as a treatment for diabetes because of the glucose sensitivity of the actions.(03:43):So you'd have efficient lowering of glucose through a dual mechanism with increasing insulin, lowering glucagon, and then it was safe because there wasn't this hypoglycemia you get from insulin. But then I had other colleagues who were working on obesity, and I was just kind of listening, right, what's going on there? And then also a colleague that I had, we had, I don't know if you remember the old Hagedorn Research Institute, but Novo actually had kind of like an academic research institute that was affiliated with us. And there was this group that were working on this glucagon tumor model that produced high levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and PYY. And these rats, they starved themselves to death. And I knew about that from 1994. So that actually inspired my thinking. So when Stephen Bloom's paper came out in January of 1996, and he was the first one to call GLP-1 a neurotransmitter, I think, but I was already way into actually screening these kind of molecules that later then became liraglutide.No One Else Thought About This [Obesity](04:54):And then I thought, why on earth should we not actually do both things at the same time? If we have an idea that can both work in diabetes in a much safer way than in insulin, and then also at the same time work in obesity. But the reality is that no one else thought about this, or if they thought about it, they didn't really think that it would a good idea. But I think I had the luxury of being in a biotech company, so everyone was working with peptides and proteins. So I don't think I got the same challenge that the other people in the other pharma's got when they all wanted small molecules.Eric Topol (05:36):Well, also just to set the foundation here, which you alluded to, there had been so many attempts to come up with a drug that would work, not just of course in diabetes where there are many classes of drugs, but moreover, to treat the condition of obesity. Actually, I was involved with one of them, Rimonabant and did the large trial, which as you know, led to having to stop the drug, discontinue it because it was associated with suicidal ideation and actual some suicide. So there had been such a long history of checkered inability to come up with a drug. But what was striking is the challenge, and this is one of the first important questions about, when you had the extended half-life of the first GLP-1 drug, that instead of having to take multiple times a day, you could actually, with liraglutide get to a point where you were starting to get to an extended half-life. This is now going back to 1997 with approval in 2010, still 14 years ago. But when you came up with this drug, because this was certainly one of your great contributions, this drug was just a step along the way in this kind of iterative process, wouldn't you say? It wasn't the long half-life and the potency that eventually got us to where we are today. Is that true?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (07:15):Yeah, it was a stepwise process. And what's super interesting about this class of medicines is that they're actually so different. If you talk about a class of medicine where small molecules, they can be different, but they're usually more alike than they're different. And when it comes to this class with these medium-sized peptides, people tried a whole bunch of different things. So they're actually really, really different. Some are simple peptides. So the idea that I came up with was to use this fatty acid isolation principle, and that's then a subclass in the class. And then the first, once weekly, for example, was an antibody-based molecule liraglutide. So they're much, much, much larger molecule compared to the small peptides. So they're very different. And neither the simple peptides nor the really big antibody derived molecules, they don't give a lot of weight loss. So we actually get more weight loss with these kinds of molecules, which is also why you can now see that it has actually kind of inspired a whole industry to kind of try and go and make similar kinds of molecules.Eric Topol (08:27):Well, inspired a whole industry is an understatement. It's become the most extraordinary class of drugs, I think in medical history, having been a student of various, I mean obviously statins have been a major contribution, but this seems to have transcended that already. We're going to talk about more about where things are headed, but this fatty acid acetylation was a major step forward in extending the half-life of the drug, whereby today you can give semaglutide once a week. And this, I think, of course, there are many ways that you might've been able to extend the half-life, but you were starting with a hormone, a natural hormone neurotransmitter that had such an exquisitely short half-life of basically second or minutes rather than that you could give for a week. So I know there were many different ways you could have protected or extended the half-life one way or another, but this seemed to be a breakthrough of many along the chain of breakthroughs. But the question I have is when you were giving this to the diabetics, which was the precedent, that was really what these drugs were first intended, they didn't lose that much weight, and they never, still today when it's looked at for obese non-diabetics versus diabetics, there's a gap in weight loss. Why is that at the exact same dose, with the exact same peptide that the weight loss differs for people with type 2 diabetes as compared to those who have pure obesity?The Mystery of Why People With Type 2 Diabetes Don't Lose Weight Like Those With Obesity Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (10:09):Yeah, I can't give you a molecular answer to that, right. But I think the notion, I think it's the same for example with metformin, even though it gives less weight loss because that has also been tried in both people with diabetes and people without diabetes. So I think it's just for somehow people with diabetes are more resistant to weight loss. I think it's a really good question that I'm hoping maybe we could get through, for example, with proteomics and actually comparing people with diabetes and people without diabetes and looking at people who have the similar kind of weight loss. That could be really interesting. But I really don't have a good molecular answer for you, but it's just a really, really strong fact. But it also leads me to wanting to say it's interesting, because if that had been our motivation to actually say, oh, there's weight loss in diabetes, let's pursue it in people with obesity, I don't think we would've done that because the weight loss in people with diabetes wasn't that impressive. So it was very important for our chain of thought and decision early on that we actually knew that GLP-1 had these separate effects and that they could work in the brain and have a separate effect on well-known pathways in the brain. And that was more our motivation to actually continue to invest in obesity.Eric Topol (11:42):Yeah, no, I think this is when we did the research on the committee for the American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) award, the Mani L. Bhaumik Award, that you were recognized for the breakthrough of the year, this year. We tried to scour all the work and we actually had to hit Danish translations and all sorts of other papers they reviewed. And we learned through that process working on this committee that you were the one to be the champion of pushing this towards obesity, and it would've easily been missed because as we've been discussing, the weight loss in people with diabetes was small, but you push for it. And this was an extraordinarily important push because what it has resulted in, of course, has been spectacular. And obviously as we're going to get into much more than just obesity and obesity related conditions. But before we get to those other conditions, and as you've been known in the medical community as “the mother of GLP-1”, you were dubbed that term. The GLP-1 receptor is expressed in many parts of the body. Maybe you could just tell us about the distribution because this, I think is tied into these central nervous system effects that are not just related to the gut hormone type of axis.GLP-1 Receptors and the BrainLotte Bjerre Knudsen (13:17):So I spent a lot of time on that together with my amazing colleague, Charles Pyke, who's an histology expert because it turned out to be so very important. In general, when you're trying to make new medicines, understanding the mechanism, sometimes people say, yeah, who cares? But actually, it should matter, I think because where it becomes really important can be an understanding what they do not do. We've had to do a lot of proving the negatives for GLP-1. We went through these issues with thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, pancreas cancer. In all of that work, it was actually really important that we could show where the GLP-1 receptor was not expressed. So in the pancreas, we know that it's primarily on the insulin producing cells, and then we also have them in the intestine where they're probably involved in regulating inflammation and really creating a much healthier gut.(14:15):And then we have a lot of receptors in the brain. They're typically expressed on neurons, but they're also on astrocytes, they're also on smooth muscle cells. We have them on the heart and the sinus node. That's why there's a small increase in heart rate. We have them in the kidney, on again some smooth muscle cells that are renin positive. So there we can start thinking blood pressure and other things. So it turns out that you can go around the body and there are all of these specific GLP-1 receptor population, that you can see how they tie into the pharmacology. But obviously in physiology, they're not as important as they have turned out to be in pharmacology when we suddenly come with 24 hours a day exposure for a day or a week or for as long as the administration interval is. So, but specifically for obesity, I think it's in the vein, it's hard to, you should always be careful.(15:18):That's something I've learned to never say never. Of course, there could be a contribution from the peripheral nervous system as well to the effects in obesity. But I do think there are so many important and well described neuronal populations that have the GLP-1 receptor and which are accessible from the periphery. So just to mention, maybe one of the most, well-known is a POMC/CART neuron in the hypothalamus. They have the GLP-1 receptor, they're activated, but there also is an inhibitory tone on the AgRP and NPY neurons, and it fits very well with that. We know that people report that they feel more sated, they feel less hungry. But then there are also effects in the hindbrain and in some of the reward centers also have GLP-1 receptors. And we know that also now, we have really good actually clinical studies that show that there is a change in food choice and people can control their food intake better. So I think that fits very well with effects on the reward system. So it's a whole myriad, or maybe you could say that GLP-1 orchestrates a number of different neuronal populations to have these overall effects that reduce energy intake.Eric Topol (16:42):Yeah, it's pretty striking. It's almost like we're all walking around with GLP-1 deficiency, that if we had this present at higher levels around the clock, and of course eventually we'll see things that are well beyond obesity, how well this has an impact. Now, there was an extraordinary review in Cell Metabolism on the brain and GLP-1, and not just the brain, but the essential nervous system, the neurovascular, it's called the “GLP-1 programs and neurovascular landscape.”(17:20):And in this review, it got into the brain effects that were well beyond, I think what are generally appreciated. Not only the protection of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, this whole neuroglial vascular unit, the myelin sheath protection, reducing inflammation within the brain, improving the glymphatic flow, which is of course critical for clearing waste and promoting cerebral vascular remodeling and more, so the brain effects here is what it seems to be. You mentioned the reward circuit, of course, but the brain effects here seem to be diverse, quite a bit of breath and extraordinary. And as we've seen in the clinic now with the work that's been done, we're seeing things about addiction, even gambling, alcohol, drugs, I mean neuropsychiatric impact, it's pretty profound. Maybe you could comment about that.On to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's DiseasesLotte Bjerre Knudsen (18:23):Yeah. I haven't read that paper yet, but I just saw it earlier. And I have been following this for about actually more than 10 years because when I was kind of over the big work of actually getting the approval for diabetes and obesity. I thought I had a little bit of capacity to actually look at Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease because I just thought there's such an insane unmet need and what if GLP-1 could actually make a difference? And the first big paper that talked about this was actually in Nature Medicine in 2003, and it was originally, I think I should credit Nigel Greig. Greig, he's from NIH or from NIA, I can't remember, right. But he was actually the first one, I think to say if GLP-1 has all of these important effects in the pancreas and to protect cells, and there are all these GLP-1 receptors in the brain, maybe it also protects neurons.(19:25):So that was the first hypothesis. And the paper on Nature Medicine in 2003 describes how the GLP-1 receptor in the hippocampus is involved in cognition. And then we did a couple of studies in different animal models, and I was, to be honest, really confused. But then there was a new paper in Nature Medicine in 2018 that started to focus in on neuroinflammation. And by that time, I knew much more about inflammation and knew GLP-1 actually lower CRP by about 50% in the different trials. So I was really tuned into the potential importance of that in cardiovascular and kidney disease. But I was like, oh, what if that's also something that is important in the brain? Then it made more sense to me to try and build some evidence for that. So that was how we actually started looking at a hypothesis for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.(20:21):And we now have a really large phase three study ongoing, but of course, it's a hypothesis, right? And no one has yet, I think, proven that GLP-1 has really important effects on these indications, but we are testing it in 4,000 people with Alzheimer's disease. So our hypothesis is around neuroinflammation, but defined in a way where you could say it's both peripheral inflammation and the effect it has on the vasculature, it's the effect on the blood-brain barrier. It's the astrocytes and the microglia, and there are probably also some T cells that have the GLP-1 receptor that could be important. And then couple that up also with some of the new information from neurons, because there are two papers to think in the last year that has highlighted neurons either in the hindbrain or a little bit further on. Both of them are probably hindbrain populations that actually seem to be really important in regulating both peripheral as well as central information.(21:27):So what if neurons are actually also an overlooked mechanism here, and both of these neuronal populations have the GLP-1 receptor and are accessible from the periphery, even though the child super paper in Nature doesn't mention that, but they do have the GLP-1 receptor. So there are all these different mechanisms that GLP-1 can have an impact on the broad definition maybe of neuroinflammation. And maybe the way one should start thinking about it is to say it's not an anti-inflammatory agent, but maybe it induces homeostasis in these systems. I think that could maybe be a good way to think about it, because I think saying that GLP-1 is anti-inflammatory, I think that that's wrong because that's more for agents that have a really strong effect on one particular inflammatory pathway.Eric Topol (22:22):That's a very important point you're making because I think we conceive of these drugs as anti-inflammatory agents from these more diverse actions that we've just been reviewing. But I like this restoring homeostasis. It's an interesting way to put it. This brings us, you mentioned about the Parkinson's, and when I reviewed the three randomized Parkinson's trials, they're all small, but it appears to be the first disease modifying drug ever in Parkinson's. Of course, these were done with different drugs that were older drugs. We haven't seen the ones that yet to be with semaglutide or other agents. And I wondered if you pushed, just like you did for obesity within Novo Nordisk, you pushed to go into obesity. Did you also force to push for Alzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (23:19):Yes. So that is also me who had to argue for that. I'm happy to do these things. I was born brave. I am happy to do these things.Eric Topol (23:31):That's wonderful. Without you, we would be way behind, and it took decades to get to this point. But look where we are now, especially with all the rigorous trials, the large clinical trials. You're into one right now of some 20,000 participants to see whether not just people with prior heart disease, but people without known heart disease to see whether or not this will have an effect. And there's so much data now, of course, already a completed trial with reduction of heart attacks and strokes. But now to extend this to people who are not such high risk, but these large trials, we keep learning more. Like for example, the reduction of inflammatory markers is occurring even before the weight loss that starts to manifest. So we learned a lot from the trials that are just even beyond some of the major primary outcomes. Would you agree about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (24:34):So I'm not sure we can say that it comes before the weight loss because the energy intake reduction happens instantly. The glycemic response happens instantly. And all of these improvements will of course also have an effect to dampen inflammation. We do not have data that supports that it comes before because we haven't sampled that much in the beginning.Eric Topol (25:04):Okay.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (25:05):I wouldn't be able to say that, and I don't think there are any, well, it's hard to keep up that the entire literature on GLP-1 these days, but I don't think anyone has actually shown that there is a separation because it's super hard to separate when things are occurring at the same time.Eric Topol (25:24):Yeah, I'm just citing the heart disease trial where in the New England Journal that point was made. But I think your point also that there was already a change in energy intake immediately is apropos for sure. Now, when we get into this new paper of yours, the proteomics, can you tell us about that because that's really exciting. We're in a high throughput proteomics era right now that we can analyze thousands of plasma proteins in any given individual. What are you learning about proteomics with the GLP-1 drug?The GLP-1 Drug Impact on ProteomicsLotte Bjerre Knudsen (26:07):Yeah, yeah. So I'm also the super excited about omics, right? Because I have worked in a wonderful organization of people who can do these large scale clinical trials, and we used to not collect a lot of samples for future use, but we've done that for some years now. So now we have this amazing collection of samples we can learn from and actually both inform the patients and the physicians, but also inform future research. So we have been doing that in our semaglutide trials, and we've just published the proteomics data from the step one and step two trials. So the phase 3a trials that supported the approval of semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. So one of them in people with obesity and one in people with obesity and diabetes, and those data are now published in Nature Medicine. [3 January 2025]. And we were learning a lot of things because you can compare the proteome effects to what has been done in the decode cohort.(27:11):So they have all these disease signature. So that's one thing that you can for sure see, and you can see a lot of things there with hints towards addiction. And then also you can take more predefined signatures also to look into what actually might be driving the cardiovascular risk. So I think there are so many things that you can learn from this, and of course it can also inform when you look at what's actually mediating the effect and probably something around inflammation is important. We have already also shown a more standard mediation analysis that shows that actually the most explainable factor for the effect on MACE [major adverse cardiovascular events] in the select trial is inflammation. It doesn't explain everything, but it actually looks like it's more important than BMI and weight loss. So that's really interesting how much we can learn from there. We're making the data are available at the summary statistic level so people can go and play with them ourselves.(28:23):And I think as we have more different kinds of medicines available in obesity, it's also a way to kind of compare how these different medicines work. And as we get more and more better at maybe also characterizing people with obesity, because I think that's a great thing that's going to happen now is there's going to be more funding for obesity research. Because I think that's what the attention that we are seeing right now is also giving. Then we can better start to understand. We always, we've been saying that people probably have different kinds of obesity, but we don't really know. So now we can actually start to understand that much better and maybe also understand how these different classes of medicines will work if we have the proteome data from different trials.Eric Topol (29:10):No, I'm absolutely fascinated about the proteomics. I call it a quiet revolution because many people don't know about it. [My recent post on this topic here.](29:18):The ability to assess thousands of proteins in each individual, and it's giving us new insights about cause and effect as you alluded to, the relationship with as you said, MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) and the actions of this drug class. I mean, there's just so much we can learn here from the proteomics. Another thing that's fascinating about the GLP-1 is its effect on epigenetic clocks. And recently at one of the meetings it was presented, this is Steven Horvath that we had on Ground Truths not long ago. He talked about at this talk that for the first time to see that you could basically slow the epigenetic clock with a GLP-1. Is there any further information about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:16):Yeah, no. We've never had enough of a sample size to actually be able to look at it, so unfortunately, no. But there is something else, right, because there is this group at the Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray or something.Eric Topol (30:33):Yes, Tony Wyss-Coray.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:35):Now he published a paper, is it two years ago? Where he did it using proteomics. He defined an anti-aging signature for various different organs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:46):We are in the process of trying to see if we could take those signatures and apply them on to our data.Eric Topol (30:55):Well, what's interesting is we're pretty close friends, and he, not only that paper you mentioned on organ clocks, which is a phenomenal contribution, but he has a paper coming out soon in Nature Medicine, the preprint is up, and what he showed was that the brain and the immune system was the main organ clocks that were associated with longevity. And so, it takes another step further and it's looking at 11,000 plasma proteins. So it's really interesting how this field is evolving because the omics, as you put it, whether it's proteomics, and now we're learning also about the epigenome and what brings us to the potential that this class of drugs would have an impact on health span in all people, not just those who are obese. Would you project that's going to be possible in the years ahead?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (32:02):I don't know about health span, but because certainly there's been so many studies with metformin and there's been a lot of wonderful data showing an effect on the epigenetic clocks, but not really an effect on lifespan because that metformin is so widely used. If that was the case, it would be easy to dig those data out of different registries. But certainly a healthier aging is the most obvious one because when you have one class of medicine that actually has so many different effects. Right now we are looking at them at a one by one case, but we really should be looking at them so you are getting the benefits on the heart and the vasculature on the brain and the kidneys and the diabetes and the knees. You're getting all of that at the same time, and that certainly should lead to much, much healthier lives. And then of course, we just need to get people to eat healthier. Also, maybe we should talk a little bit about the food industry. I heard you did that in some of your podcast, right?Eric Topol (33:17):Yes. That is the big food, if you will. It's a big problem, a very big problem, and the ultra-processed foods. And so, lifestyle is not good and trying to compensate for that with a drug intervention strategy is like chasing your tail. So you're absolutely right about that. I mean, I guess what I'm getting into here is that whereas today we keep seeing the effects, whether it's the liver, the kidney, the heart, obesity, and people with diabetes. But for example, in the Alzheimer's trial, do you have to be obese to be enrolled in the Alzheimer's trial, or is it just people who are at risk for developingAlzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:01):Yeah, no, you do not have to be obese. It's a standard Alzheimer's trial.GLP-1 PillsEric Topol (34:07):So this will be one of the really important trials to get a readout in people who are not having an obesity background. Now, the future, of course, gets us to oral GLP-1 drugs, which obviously you have there at Novo Nordisk. And it seems to me once that happens, if it can simulate the effects we see with the injectables, that would be another big step forward. What do you think about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:39):Yeah. Isn't it interesting, what we've learned is that people actually don't mind the injections, right? Also, because I think it's simple, once a week injection and the needles are so small, obviously there are people who really have needle phobia, but take those aside, it's relatively few. I would argue if you close your eyes and somebody else used this needle on you, you would not be able to feel where it was inserted, right? They're so small. So it becomes maybe a personal preference. Would you like to have once a day or maybe twice a day tablets, or are you fine with once a week injection? And I think there probably will be quite a few once they've tried it. And now so many have tried it and they actually, maybe it gives us a simple lifestyle. You don't have to do it every day, right? You can just have a weekly reminder.Eric Topol (35:46):Yeah, no, I think that's really interesting what you're bringing up. I never thought we would evolve to a point where injectables were becoming some common, and I even have some physician colleagues that are taking three different injectable drugs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (36:00):That's also just mentioned Richard DiMarchi, who I shared the Breakthrough Prize with, and also Svetlana Mojsov, who I was one of the other two recipients for the Lasker prize because they both been at Rockefeller, and they both have worked a lot with peptides, and they both say the same thing. They were told so many times, this is not medicines, these kinds of molecules just they're not medicines. Forget about it. It turns out people were wrong. And peptides can be medicines, and they can even be produced also in a sustainable manner with fermentation, which is not a bad way of producing medicines. And people actually don't mind. Maybe some people actually even like it because it's once a week and then it's done.Confronting BarriersEric Topol (36:58):Yeah, no, that's a very important point. And the quest for the oral, which have more issues with bioavailability versus the peptides that are having such pronounced impact is really interesting to ponder. Well, before we wrap up, it's very clear the impact you've had has been profound, not just obviously at Novo Nordisk, but for the world of advancing health and medicine. And you've mentioned some of the key other people who have made seminal contributions, but I think you stand out because when we went deep into who took this field forward into obesity and who might also wind up being credited for Alzheimer's, it was you. And as a woman in science, especially in an era that you've been at Novo now for three and a half decades, there weren't many women in science leaders. And for one to be, as you said, you're brave for the good old boys to listen to the woman in science. Tell us about that challenge. Was this ever an issue in your career? Because obviously we want to have this whole landscape change. It is in the midst of change, but it's certainly still a ways to go. So maybe you can give us insight about that.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (38:27):Yeah. Well, it for sure was a thing. It was a very male dominated world, and in a way, it might have prevented other people from doing it. But then, as I said, I was born brave for some reason. I'm not really sure why. It actually motivated me to kind of like, yeah, I'm going to show them. I'm going to show them. So it never really got to me that people, not everyone was nice to say. There was the first 10 years of my career, I think they were quite lonely, but then I was really inspired. I was so happy to be allowed to work on this. I thought it was super fun. And I did find people who wanted to play with me. And I also have to say that the CSO back then, Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen, he always supported me. So maybe I didn't get everything I wanted, but I always got what I needed in order to progress.(39:29):So on the women's side, and I think that yes, and there's still a change to be made, and I'm actually a little bit on behalf of my generation, maybe not too proud of the change we made because we didn't do a lot of change. It was all the women coming from the arts and the culture. They were the ones who actually make the big change here like 5 or 10 years ago. So I've also started to be more open about sharing my journey and advocating for women in science. So that's why I show up in pink to some of these award sessions just to be a little bit different and to maybe also just show that you don't have to be a certain type in order to fit into a certain job. But there is still a change to be made where people should be better at listening to what a person say and what ideas they say.(40:28):And they should be mindful about not always labeling women as passionate. When people call me passionate, I say like, no, thank you. I'm actually not too happy about the mother of either, because men always are being told. They're being told that they're brave and ambitious and courageous and strategic, whereas we we're, oh, you're so passionate. No, thank you. I'm also brave and strategic and ambitious and all of that. So we simply put different vocabulary on. I don't think people don't do it on purpose. I think we need to be better at actually giving people at work the same kind of vocabulary for their contributions. And I think that would mean that we get listened to in the same way. And that would be important. And then I also have to say that science, whether it comes from men or women, doesn't really matter.(41:32):Successful science is always the work of many. And I hope that some of you will actually listen to my last speech because that's what I speak about, how it's always the work of the many. And also, how if you want to do something novel, then you actually have to do it at a time when no one else is doing it, and you should believe in your ideas. So believe in it, listen to the critique, but believe in it, and then come back with new arguments or give up if you can't come up with any new arguments, right?Eric Topol (42:05):Well, we'll definitely put a link to the Lasker Awards speech that you gave. And I just want to say that the parallels here, for example, with Kati Karikó , my friend who had the Nobel Award for mRNA, she spent three decades trying to get people to listen to her and never got a grant from the NIH or other places [our conversation here]. And it was a really tough battle. And as you already touched on Svetlana Mojsov, who did some of the seminal work at Rockefeller to isolate the portion of GLP-1, that really was the key part peptide, and it was overlooked for years. And so, it's a tough fight, but you're paving the way here. And I think the contributions you've made are just so extraordinary. And I hope that over the years we will continue to see this momentum because people like what you've done, deserve this extraordinary recognition. I'm glad to see. And the Lasker Award is really capping off some of that great recognition that is so well deserved. We've covered a lot of ground today, and I want to make sure if I missed anything that you wanted to get into before we wrap up.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (43:30):I think we've been around all the exciting biology of GLP-1, both in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, kidney, potential in Alzheimer's and addiction. We'll see, we need the clinical data and we've put out a message to inspire people to do new science. There's still a lot of unmet need out there. There's a lot of diseases that don't have good treatments. Even in the diseases we've talked about there's a lot of money for diabetes. There are no disease modifying therapies for diabetes. It's not really changing the course of the disease. So there's a lot of things that needs great scientists.Eric Topol (44:17):And I guess just in finishing the discovery of this class of drugs and what it's led to, tells us something about that, there's so much more to learn that is, this has taken on perhaps the greatest obstacle in medicine, which was could you safely treat obesity and have a marked effect. Which decades, many decades were devoted to that and gotten nowhere. It's like a breakthrough in another way is that here you have an ability to triumph over such a frustrating target, just like we've seen with Alzheimer's, of course, which may actually intersect with Alzheimer's, with a graveyard of failed drugs. And the ones that it were approved so far in certain countries, like the US are so questionable as to the safety and efficacy. But it gives us an inspiration about what is natural that can be built on the basic science that can lead to with people like you who push within the right direction, give the right nudges and get the support you need, who knows what else is out there that we're going to be discovering in the years ahead. It's a broad type of lesson for us.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (45:38):Yeah, there is another hormone that's also in phase three clinical development, right? The amylin hormone. We've had pramlintide on the market for years, but we have this long-acting version that is in phase three clinical development. That could be the same kind of story because there's also additional biology on that one.Eric Topol (45:58):Yeah, this is what grabs me Lotte, because these gut hormone, we've known about them, and there's several more out there, of course. And look what they're having. They're not just gut hormones, like you said, they're neurotransmitters and they're body-wide receptors waiting to be activated, so it's wild. It's just wild. And I'm so glad to have had this conversation with you. Now, congratulations on all that you've done, and I know the Nature Medicine paper that just came out is going to be just one of many more to come in your career. So what a joy to have the chance to visit with you, and we'll be following the work that you and your colleagues are doing with great interest.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (46:45):And thank you very much, and thank you for your wonderful podcast. They're really great to listen to on the go. Very easy listening.*****************************************Please complete the quick poll question above.Thank you for reading, listening and subscribing to Ground Truths.If you found this podcast informative please share it!All content on Ground Truths—its newsletters, analyses, and podcasts, are free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and of course appreciated. All proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. I welcome all comments from paid subscribers and will do my best to respond to each of them and any questions.Thanks to my producer Jessica Nguyen and to Sinjun Balabanoff for audio and video support at Scripps Research.Ground Truths now has subscribers in 203 countries! Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

Dying to Be Thin: Ozempic & Obesity, Shedding Massive Weight Safely Using GLP-1 Receptors, Dr. Kazer - SarahWestall.com

Listen in as performers Fareeda Pasha & Dylan Lesch, and Hana Fatima Dehradunwala, playwright of The Last Word, along with Amani Meliyah, director, and Aliyah Curry, playwright of Receptors, both plays in The Science in Theatre Festival, discuss responsibility, “doing … Continue reading →

This activity was supported by an educational grant from Travere Therapeutics. Please go to ⁠https://academiccme.com/CKDCE3/⁠ and complete the evaluation to receive your CE/CME Credit. Credit is available through November 21, 2025.

Dr James Stewart is Australia's leading clinician in Medicinal Cannabis and he brakes down who's it for, how it effects the body, stigma, who can prescribe it, different forms, the Aus market, diet, legalities, advocacy and education. Timestamps added below if you want to skip to your juice.Want to become a Keep Rolling Patron and help further support the channel, hit the Patreon link below and Roll with the Squad!https://www.patreon.com/street_rolling_cheetahAdd, Follow or Contact Dr James Stewart:Website: https://www.drjamesstewart.com.au/ Add, Follow or Contact me: Email: streetrollingcheetah@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/street_rolling_cheetah/?hl=enX (formally Twitter): https://x.com/St_RollCheetahFace book: https://www.facebook.com/StreetRollingCheetah/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jake-briggs-77b867100/Timestamps(00:00:00) Journey and Chosen Field(00:08:00) Who can Prescribe it?(00:11:00) Cannabis Clinic and Negative Press(00:15:00) Endocannabinoid System and Receptors(00:22:00) Stigma, R&D and Policy Change(00:28:45) CBD, THC, and Different Forms(00:40:00) It's all about Balance(00:47:00) Accessibility and Cost(00:54:00) Aus Grown vs Imports(00:57:00) Regulated Market(01:02:50) Specific Conditions and Reduction of Pharmaceuticals(01:12:00) What to be Cautious of and Awareness(01:20:00) Diet and Gut Biome(01:24:00) Legal Systems and Government(01:28:30) Are there Subsidies or Discounts?(01:30:00) Advocacy and Education

In today's episode, we dive into the critical role of phospholipids in maintaining brain health, examining how these molecules contribute to neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. We'll explore the biochemical structure and function of key phospholipids like phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine within neuronal membranes, where they play indispensable roles. We discuss associations and impacts of environmental toxins, aging, and neurodegenerative conditions. Finally, we discuss dietary tools to support phospholipid levels and promote cognitive health. Topics: 1. Introduction to Phospholipids and Cognitive Health 2. Brain Cell Structure and Composition - Neurons, glial cells. 3. Detailed Anatomy of Neurons - Soma contains organelles, dendrites receive signals, axon sends impulses. - Myelin sheath insulates axon, speeding signal transmission. - Myelin is rich in phospholipids. 4. Roles of Glial Cells in Brain Health - Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia support neurons. - Glial cells regulate the brain's environment, form myelin, and provide immune defense. - Phospholipid-rich membranes are essential for glial function. 5. Biochemistry: Phospholipids - Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group. - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts form bilayers. - Key phospholipids: PC, PE, PS, PI 6. Phospholipid Bilayer's Role in Neuronal Communication - Ion channels, receptors, and transporters in the bilayer enable cell functions. - Ion channels allow ions to flow, creating signals for neuron communication. - Receptors detect neurotransmitters, initiating responses. 7. Neuronal Activation and Electrochemical Gradients - Resting neurons have ion concentration differences inside and outside the cell. - Ion channel activity during activation creates an action potential. - The phospholipid membrane enables controlled ion flow for signal transmission. 8. Neurotransmitter Release - Action potential at axon terminal triggers calcium entry. - Calcium causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters. - Released neurotransmitters bind to receptors, continuing the signal. 9. Diversity of Phospholipids in Neuronal Membranes - Different phospholipids (PC, PE, PS, PI) are essential for membrane integrity. 10. Summary: Phospholipids in Brain Function and Cognitive Health - Phospholipids support neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. - Synaptic plasticity - essential for learning and memory. 11. Phospholipid Disruption and Cognitive Decline - Oxidative stress, aging, and inflammation disrupt phospholipid composition. - Lipid peroxidation damages membranes, affecting neuron signaling. - Phospholipid damage contributes to cognitive decline. 12. Importance of Phospholipids in Aging and Brain Health - Lipid levels decrease with age, impacting brain function. 13. Environmental Toxins and the Brain - Heavy metals like mercury cause oxidative damage to phospholipids. - Damaged phospholipids and impaired neuron function. 14. Consequences of Suboptimal Phospholipids - Cognitive symptoms. - Low levels seen in neurodegenerative conditions. 15. Tools for Supporting Phospholipid Levels - Foods with PS and PC, such as fatty fish and eggs. - Phospholipid supplements. Thanks for tuning in! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

Have you every wondered how exactly drugs are designed to access the brain? The answer usually revolves around one very important part of the central nervous system. The blood brain barrier is the layer of cells that protects the brain from pathogens while still allowing for the removal of toxins. From pain medications to ozempic, several drugs have been designed to get across this barrier in one way or another. In this episode, we are joined by an expert in the field and cover how the blood brain barrier works, how common drugs act on it, what can go wrong, and how you can leverage your own blood brain barrier. Dr. Sebastian Furness is from Adelaide and received his BSc(Hons) and PhD. from the University of Adelaide, in the biochemistry of gene regulation. He then did postdoctoral research on how blood stem cells regenerate all the different types of blood cells at the University of British Columbia in beautiful Vancouver before returning to Australia (this time in Melbourne) to work on the molecular functioning of an important class of drug targets called G protein-coupled Receptors. Sebastian won an ARC Future Fellowship, the most prestigious early-mid career fellowship for discovery scientists in Australia. This allowed him to develop his own research program where he moved to the University of Queensland, in sunny Brisbane. Sebastian runs a small lab that focusses on trying to understand the molecular-level details of how communication occurs between the gastrointestinal tract and brain. He teaches into undergraduate Biomedical Science and Pharmacy and enjoys communicating science in various forums, including “Pint of Science” and “The Conversation”. For more information on what the lab does see: RTClab.org AND https://biomedical-sciences.uq.edu.au/research/groups/receptor-transducer-coupling Author: Elena Koning Email: thinktwicepodcast@outlook.com Instagram: @thinktwice_podcast LinkedIN: Think Twice Podcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ThinkTwicePodcast Disclaimer: Think Twice is a podcast for general information and entertainment purposes only. The content discussed in the episodes does not reflect the views of the podcast committee members or any institution they are affiliated with. The use of the information presented in this podcast is at the user's own risk and is not intended to replace professional healthcare services.

In this episode, we explore serotonin synthesis within enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, detailing how tryptophan is converted into serotonin through enzymatic processes. We examine the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in modulating the synthesis of serotonin including impacting tryptophan hydroxylase activity. We explore serotonin's interactions with receptors on enteric neurons and vagal afferent fibers, analyzing how these signaling pathways influence gut motility. Finally, we uncover conditions and symptoms associated with low serotonin production and the importance of the intestinal microbiome. Topics: 1. Introduction to Gut-Produced Serotonin - Serotonin production within the gut. - Serotonin's role beyond mood. - Synthesis, causes of low serotonin, related GI symptoms. 2. Gut Lining Structure and Cell Types - Layers of the gut lining, focusing on the mucosa. - Description of epithelial cells, including enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells. - Role of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in serotonin production. 3. Serotonin Synthesis in EC Cells - Location and function of EC cells. - How EC cells synthesize serotonin from tryptophan. 4. Biochemical Pathway of Serotonin Production - Step-by-step process: conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. - Enzymes involved, including TPH1 and AADC. - Importance of tryptophan availability in serotonin synthesis. 5. Storage and Release of Serotonin in EC Cells - Role of VMAT1 in serotonin storage within vesicles. - Controlled release. 6. Triggers for Serotonin Release - Physical triggers: mechanical stretch, pressure from food intake. - Chemical triggers: microbial metabolites, bile acids. - Receptors involved (GPCRs, TGR5) and signaling pathways. 7. Release of Serotonin into Intestinal Lining Layers - Serotonin exocytosis and interaction with nearby cells. - Release of serotonin on both luminal and basolateral sides of EC cells. - How luminal and basolateral release affects gut motility and barrier function. 8. Serotonin's Role in Gut Motility - Interaction with 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors on enterocytes and enteric neurons. - Activation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. - Coordination with pacemaker cells for peristaltic movement. 9. Immune Function and Serotonin in the Gut - Effect on immune cells. 10. Gut-Brain Communication via Serotonin and the Vagus Nerve - Activation of vagal afferent fibers by serotonin. 11. Contributing Factors to Low Serotonin Production - Impact of dysbiosis and reduced SCFA production. - SIBO specifically. - Intestinal inflammation in general. - Imbalanced microbiota and inflammation can disrupt EC cell function. 12. Manifestations of Low Serotonin in the Gut - Effects on motility: constipation, dysmotility... - Common GI symptoms, including bloating, discomfort, and fullness. - Association with conditions like IBS. 13. Supporting Serotonin Production in the Gut - Painting a full picture and identifying root causes. - Strategies to foster a healthy gut microbiome. - Role of sunlight and tryptophan-rich foods in serotonin production. - Stool testing for microbiome imbalances. Thanks for tuning in! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

In today's episode, we're unpacking a little-known issue affecting hormone health: numbed-out hormone receptors. This is an issue that most hormonal problems seem to have as a common denominator, impacting how well our cells receive and respond to hormones, yet very few people talk about it!We'll have a special focus on thyroid function today.If you've been dealing with hormonal issues but your blood work looks perfect, there may be more going on beneath the surface. We'll dive into the root causes—from stress and diet to liver health, supplementation, and even parasites—and touch on epigenetics!Let's decode why your body might be missing these critical messages and create better circumstances for your hormonal system to start functioning again.SHOW NOTES:01:20 – Thyroid issues01:50 – Why you might feel bad even if your blood work looks “perfect”02:00 – Introduction to thyroid function and health03:30 – How to create better conditions for optimal hormone function04:00 – The impact of stress and low-calorie diets on thyroid health04:40 – Importance of selenium and zinc05:00 – How high-carb diets and stress deplete zinc quickly05:50 – Poor liver function's role in thyroid issues06:20 – Epigenetics and frequency: Helping genes express positively09:00 – Why liver health is essential for hormone conversion10:00 – Link between leaky gut and thyroid imbalance11:30 – Overlooked hormone level checks most practitioners miss12:00 – How dysfunctional cells block hormone receptors14:20 – Why both hormones and cell communication must work in sync15:00 – The myth of a single solution for optimal hormone health18:00 – Why are our cells not responding? Exploring the root causesSend us a textIf you LOVED this episode, please LEAVE A REVIEW and help us grow!How to connect with Michaela?Website Food Changes Lives: Fb: Food Changes Lives : Youtube Instagram Fb Group: DISCLAIMER: Welcome to BodyHacking - Build a Better You podcast! Please note that the content provided on this channel is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. The information shared here is based on personal experiences, research, and general knowledge. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Additionally, some of the products and services mentioned on this channel may be affiliate links. This means I may earn a commission if you purchase through these links. Rest assured, I only recommend products and services that I personally use and trust in my daily life. Things I have spent countless hours researching and feel are the best of the best! Your support helps me continue to create content to educate and inspire you....

From wound healing to cell growth to bone formation, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are responsible for a diverse range of biological processes. This episode begins with the basics: the functions of FGFs and FGFRs. We will then move on to an indepth dive into the structure of FGFRs and how they work with FGFs to initiate the desired cellular response. Finally, we will end the episode by exploring the three main pathways used by FGFs and their corresponding receptors.  FGFR Model: https://images.app.goo.gl/FaZjvuh5H1QnTgfa8

Join us for the second episode of our Schizophrenia series. Today, we will be discussing the pathophysiology and some of the receptors of interest in this disorder. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/psychrounds/support

Did you know that there'res way more to how estrogen acts in your body than just the amount of estrogen you have?  Most people don't.Whether you know yet what you want to do when your estrogen levels start to dramatically decline around the time of menopause or not, you will age better if you understand estrogen receptors.  How differently estrogen acts in your body depends on the types of estrogen receptors that are most prevalent in your body.  And there's something you can do about it!  Come find out how.www.healthcouragecollective.comTake my udemy course about bioidentical hormone replacement therapy!

the social codes found in the yoga tradition are designed to facilitate ease in self-discipline and higher thoughts / the only requirement to be in this club is an affection for Krishna / followers of the Veda claim that it is apaurusheya, "not created by any person" / in meditative trance, sages became living receptors of the vibrating knowledge of the cosmos / reading minds & controlling the minds of others - it's all real! / days-rasa - the genuine affection felt for a teacher or master / hypocrisy creates skepticism a healthy type of submission / when Western people portray a healthy form of submission they commonly look toward the East SB: 7.12.1-3 ****************************************************************************************** LOVE THE PODCAST? WE ARE COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AND WOULD LOVE FOR YOU TO JOIN! Go to https://www.wisdomofthesages.com WATCH ON YOUTUBE: https://youtube.com/@wisdomofthesages LISTEN ON ITUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/wisdom-of-the-sages/id1493055485 CONNECT ON FACEBOOK: https://facebook.com/wisdomofthesages108 CONNECT ON INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/wisdom_of_the_sages  

the social codes found in the yoga tradition are designed to facilitate ease in self-discipline and higher thoughts / the only requirement to be in this club is an affection for Krishna / followers of the Veda claim that it is apaurusheya, "not created by any person" / in meditative trance, sages became living receptors of the vibrating knowledge of the cosmos / reading minds & controlling the minds of others - it's all real! / days-rasa - the genuine affection felt for a teacher or master / hypocrisy creates skepticism a healthy type of submission / when Western people portray a healthy form of submission they commonly look toward the East SB: 7.12.1-3 ****************************************************************************************** LOVE THE PODCAST? WE ARE COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AND WOULD LOVE FOR YOU TO JOIN! Go to https://www.wisdomofthesages.com WATCH ON YOUTUBE: https://youtube.com/@wisdomofthesages LISTEN ON ITUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/wisdom-of-the-sages/id1493055485 CONNECT ON FACEBOOK: https://facebook.com/wisdomofthesages108 CONNECT ON INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/wisdom_of_the_sages  

About the guest: Christoffer Clemmensen, PhD is scientist running the Metabolism & Molecular Pharmacology group at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. His lab studies the biological basis of obesity & other metabolic disorders.Episode summary: Nick and Dr. Clemmensen discuss: GLP-1 & gut hormones; obesity & metabolic disease; GLP-1 agonists and weight loss drugs (e.g. Ozempic); novel, dual-action weight loss drugs his lab has created; and more.Previous discussion: Metabolism, Obesity & Psychedelics for Metabolic Disease | Christoffer Clemmensen | #105*This content is never meant to serve as medical advice.Support the Show.All episodes (audio & video), show notes, transcripts, and more at the M&M Substack Try Athletic Greens: Comprehensive & convenient daily nutrition. Free 1-year supply of vitamin D with purchase.Try SiPhox Health—Affordable, at-home bloodwork w/ a comprehensive set of key health marker. Use code TRIKOMES for a 10% discount.Try the Lumen device to optimize your metabolism for weight loss or athletic performance. Use code MIND for $50 off.Learn all the ways you can support my efforts

in this episode, we discuss the role of various receptors and describe the terms - partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonists.

GPCRs are challenging to understand but crucial to truly knowing how the drugs we use in the ICU and in the anesthesia world work. In this episode we break down this foundational concept, and you can grab the accompanying cheat sheet below! [FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE RN OR SRNA: GPCR CHEAT SHEET[FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE SRNA: GRAB YOUR FREE SEE/NCE STUDY PLAN HERE [FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE RN: GRAB YOUR FREE ICU DRUG CHART HERE

In this episode, we discuss various opioid receptors, their characteristics, distribution and activation process.

Dr. James Allison is the Regental Professor and Chair of the Department of Immunology, Olga Keith Wiess Distinguished University Chair for Cancer Research, Director of the Parker Institute for Cancer Research, Executive Director of the Immunotherapy Platform, and Director of the James P. Allison Institute at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Dr. Allison has spent a distinguished career studying the regulation of T cell responses and developing strategies for cancer immunotherapy. He earned the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with Dr. Tasuku Honjo, "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation." His current work seeks to improve immune checkpoint blockade therapies currently used by clinicians and identify new targets to unleash the immune system in order to eradicate cancer. He talks about the hunt for the T cell receptor and working to bring CTLA-4 blockade into the clinic. He also discusses what's next for immunotherapy, including future investigations into myeloid cells, and playing the harmonica in a band.

“The titular Cthulhu!” / “It's fun and it's fine.” / “Nobody ever said what if that?!” / “The cinematic equivalent of a Kardashian.” / “The AC/DC of podcasting.” All this can be found in this episode along with the following topics: Marvel and the Jonathan Majors fiasco More Josh Brolin in the MCU Potential updates […]

Do You Fail MENTALLY Before You Fail PHYSICALLY? A GOOD bodybuilding trainer's tips to push you further. Why and how are young bodybuilders fooled into thinking they can take the easy route? Expert analysis by Jason Arntz on water retention, liver, and sex drive concerns. Stay to the end to hear who's coming on the show! #johnmeadows #joséramónlópezbeltrán #cbum #chrisbumstead #shawnray #andrewjacked #Nicktrigili #nickwalker #dereklunsford #npc #anadrol #samsulek #dht #Winstrol

We've talked about what thyroid tests to do and its ranges, now it's time to understand the WHY. In this episode Dr. Rebecca walks you through the breakdown she has taught to thousands of women through the years that have worked with her because she knows how important it is to know what's going on in your body.   She provides a comprehensive overview of how the thyroid gland functions and the intricacies of thyroid hormone regulation. She explains how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate TSH to stimulate thyroid hormone production, and why optimal TSH levels are individual. Dr. Warren stresses the importance of testing T3, T4, reverse T3 and not relying solely on TSH to understand thyroid status. Even with normal lab results, symptoms must not be ignored. She emphasizes addressing overall health factors like sleep, stress and conversion issues to properly balance hormones long-term. This episode delivers a wealth of thyroid health knowledge that can empower listeners in their own healing journeys.   NEXT STEPS: - Ready to work with me? DOORS ARE OPEN! Join my amazing community where I educate, equip, and empower you! You get discounts, resets, free courses and MORE! The Thyroid Inner Circle - Get your free optimal thyroid ebook: Optimal Labs Ebook - Have you had a thyroidectomy? Join my Healing After Thyroidectomy Facebook Group -  Check out the basic and advance supplements I recommend for thyroid hormone health! Once you register, navigate to the "Shared Protocols" tab. Here you will find not only my thyroid protocols, but several others to support optimal health: Shop Supplements    MY FAVORITE THYROID, HORMONE, AND ADRENAL TESTING:  - Do you suffer from adrenal fatigue? Check out the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) test for detailed insight into your cortisol and cortisol levels throughout the day: Cortisol Testing - Do you have hormonal imbalance? Whether you are cycling or in peri- or menopause, consider taking a deep dive into your sex hormones and their metabolites: DUTCH Hormone Testing     Disclaimer: This podcast is for information purposes only. Statements and views expressed on this podcast are not medical advice. This podcast including Drs. Warren disclaim responsibility from any possible adverse effects from the use of information contained herein. Opinions of guests are their own, and this podcast does not accept responsibility of statements made by guests. This podcast does not make any representations or warranties about guests' qualifications or credibility. Individuals on this podcast may have a direct or non-direct interest in products or services referred to herein. If you think you have a medical problem, consult a licensed physician.

A New Series all about how to apply YOGA to your BODY! I'm teaching a new yoga school cohort and I'm so excited to share sessions here on Yoga Podcast! Let's get ready to digest yoga in a new way!

This episode is about the effect that alcohol has on the gut biome (bacteria). Alcohol is often said to have health benefits like antioxidants, but is it worth the cost? We're going to find out in this quick tip episode.   FREE STUFF: If you need help with your gut, I've created free programs for all sorts of conditions like IBD, IBS (C and D), SIBO, Acid Reflux, Fatty Liver and more: You can find them for free on my website: https://www.reversablepod.com/free   HAVE A QUESTION? Go to reversablepod.com/tips to submit your question.   SOCIAL MEDIA: Follow me on Instagram or Facebook @joshdech.health   STUDIES REFERECNED IN THIS EPISODE: How alcohol is absorbed into the body: https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-1-gender-matters/content/content-how-is-alcohol-absorbed-into-the-body/  A breif abstract on the alcohol-gut microbiome connection:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26695747/ How alcohol (in very specific conditions) may benefit some autoimmune conditions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34224314/  Alcohol inhibitng TLR-4 Receptors: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445009/ 

Drs Sandhya Srinivas and Tanya B. Dorff discuss metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, which patients are the best candidates for doublets vs triplets, and how we pick these patients. Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/988737). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals. Resources Prostate Cancer https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1967731-overview Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Toward an Era of Adaptive and Personalized Treatment https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37220335/ Triplet or Doublet Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Updated Network Meta-Analysis Stratified by Disease Volume https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37055323/ PSMA PET in Imaging Prostate Cancer https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155262/ Risks and Cancer Associations of Metachronous and Synchronous Multiple Primary Cancers: a 25-Year Retrospective Study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34556087/ The Promise of Metastasis-Directed Therapy for Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer: Going Beneath the Surface With Molecular Imaging https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35058322/ Gleason Score https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553178/ Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Receptor Agonists Vs Antagonists: a Matter of the Receptors? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418666/ The Role of CYP17A1 in Prostate Cancer Development: Structure, Function, Mechanism of Action, Genetic Variations and Its Inhibition https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29372682/ Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Survival Analysis of the Randomized Phase III E3805 CHAARTED Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29384722/ Abiraterone for Prostate Cancer Not Previously Treated With Hormone Therapy https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28578639/ Abiraterone Plus Prednisone in Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28578607/ Health-Related Quality of Life in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: ENZAMET (ANZUP 1304), an International, Randomized Phase III Trial Led by ANZUP https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34928708/ Darolutamide and Survival in Metastatic, Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179323/ Abiraterone Plus Prednisone Added to Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Docetaxel in De Novo Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (PEACE-1): a Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised, Phase 3 Study With a 2 × 2 Factorial Design https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35405085/

Learn about groundbreaking research being conducted by some of the most highly skilled and intelligent minds in the nation towards enhancing human health, in fields such as biomedical sciences, social sciences, and digital health. This program will talk about beta adrenergic receptors, which are key components of the body's cardiovascular system, playing a vital role in modulating heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel activity in response to various physiological and environmental stimuli. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 38983]

Learn about groundbreaking research being conducted by some of the most highly skilled and intelligent minds in the nation towards enhancing human health, in fields such as biomedical sciences, social sciences, and digital health. This program will talk about beta adrenergic receptors, which are key components of the body's cardiovascular system, playing a vital role in modulating heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel activity in response to various physiological and environmental stimuli. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 38983]

Learn about groundbreaking research being conducted by some of the most highly skilled and intelligent minds in the nation towards enhancing human health, in fields such as biomedical sciences, social sciences, and digital health. This program will talk about beta adrenergic receptors, which are key components of the body's cardiovascular system, playing a vital role in modulating heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel activity in response to various physiological and environmental stimuli. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 38983]

Learn about groundbreaking research being conducted by some of the most highly skilled and intelligent minds in the nation towards enhancing human health, in fields such as biomedical sciences, social sciences, and digital health. This program will talk about beta adrenergic receptors, which are key components of the body's cardiovascular system, playing a vital role in modulating heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel activity in response to various physiological and environmental stimuli. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 38983]

Learn about groundbreaking research being conducted by some of the most highly skilled and intelligent minds in the nation towards enhancing human health, in fields such as biomedical sciences, social sciences, and digital health. This program will talk about beta adrenergic receptors, which are key components of the body's cardiovascular system, playing a vital role in modulating heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel activity in response to various physiological and environmental stimuli. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 38983]

BUFFALO, NY- September 25, 2023 – A new research paper was published in Oncotarget's Volume 14 on September 22, 2023, entitled, “Transcriptomic analysis identifies four novel receptors potentially linking endometrial cancer with polycystic ovary syndrome and generates a transcriptomic atlas.” Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is associated with a 3 to 4-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer (EC), but molecular mechanisms are unclear. Upregulation of the IGF1 gene in PCOS endometrium may increase EC risk, but this is uncertain. In this new study, researchers Fatma Alqutami, Mahmood Hachim, Charlie Hodgman, and William Atiomo from the Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences and the University of Nottingham aimed to investigate links between EC and PCOS, by analyzing publicly available transcriptomic data. “The original aim of this study was to investigate the links between EC and PCOS, by analysing publicly available transcriptomic data and investigate IGF-1 and IGFBP gene expression in the endometrium of women with PCOS and EC compared with normal endometrium.” The NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus was used to identify relevant studies. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed using Metascape to identify pathways of interest. PCOS DEGs that encode proteins secreted into blood were identified using the Human Protein Atlas blood protein database. EC DEGs that are cellular receptors were identified using EcoTyper. These were intersected to identify which EC receptors interact with PCOS secreted proteins. Seven receptors were identified in EC but only PTPRF, ITGA2, ITGA3, and ITGB4 genes were expressed on epithelial cells. Pathway enrichment of these genes showed that the major and common pathway involved was that of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway which was consistent with a link between PCOS and EC. However, IGF1 was down regulated in PCOS and EC. “Our conclusions at this stage do not support a link between IGF-1 and IGFBP genes in PCOS and EC. However, we have identified four novel receptors which may underpin the risk of EC in PCOS, and we believe our findings provide sufficient evidence to form the basis for a transcriptomic atlas to underpin future research into the links between PCOS and EC and the molecular mechanisms underpinning both diseases.” DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28513 Correspondence to - William Atiomo - william.atiomo@mbru.ac.ae Sign up for free Altmetric alerts about this article - https://oncotarget.altmetric.com/details/email_updates?id=10.18632%2Foncotarget.28513 Subscribe for free publication alerts from Oncotarget - https://www.oncotarget.com/subscribe/ Keywords - cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, transcriptomics, IGF1, in-silico About Oncotarget Oncotarget (a primarily oncology-focused, peer-reviewed, open access journal) aims to maximize research impact through insightful peer-review; eliminate borders between specialties by linking different fields of oncology, cancer research and biomedical sciences; and foster application of basic and clinical science. To learn more about Oncotarget, please visit https://www.oncotarget.com and connect with us: SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/oncotarget Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/Oncotarget/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/oncotarget Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/oncotargetjrnl/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@OncotargetJournal LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/oncotarget Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/oncotarget/ Reddit - https://www.reddit.com/user/Oncotarget/ Media Contact MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM 18009220957

This week our host, Faith Salie, talks to NewYork-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine endocrinologist Dr. Rekha Kumar, about the effects of caffeine on the brain and body, considerations to take when pregnant, recommendations on caffeine consumption, and if caffeine can help us live longer. Click here for the episode transcript. 

Receptors that give our feline friends a craving for meat, and using combustion to propel insect-size robots   First up on this week's episode, Online News Editor David Grimm joins host Sarah Crespi to talk about why despite originating from a dry, desert environment cats seem to love to eat fish.   Next on the show, bugs such as ants are tiny while at the same time fast and strong, and small robots can't seem to match these insectile feats of speed and power. Cameron Aubin, a postdoc at Cornell University who will shortly join the University of Michigan, discusses using miniscule combustion reactions to bring small robots up to ant speed.   Finally in a sponsored segment from the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office, Jackie Oberst, associate editor for custom publishing, discusses with Bobby Soni, chief business officer at the BioInnovation Institute, an international life science incubator in Copenhagen, Denmark, what it takes to bring a product from lab to market and how to make the leap from scientist to entrepreneur. This segment is sponsored by the BioInnovation Institute.   This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy.   About the Science Podcast   Authors: Sarah Crespi, David Grimm   Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk8409 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In the 25th episode of our Immunology 101 series, Koshika and Jatin discuss Fc receptors and Antibody isotypes and relate them to specific effector functions.

In this episode we discuss the relationship between interoceptive processing, conscious and subconscious as well as how that relates to the polyvagal theory. We explore how interoception changes in the different states of the nervous system, such as ventral vagal, sympathetic, and dorsal vagal states. We also discuss the role of interoception in emotions and feelings, and how it can impact social interactions. Our conversation begins our discussion around the importance of understanding interoceptive processing in clinical practice and hopefully offers insights into how we can support individuals with different interoceptive needs.Check out DFX's learning journeys to build your clinical reasoning skills with Tracy: https://dfxlearningjourneys.thinkific.com/ Curious about Regulation 101, follow our link or email us for more information:https://seedot.thinkific.com/courses/regulation-101 Timestamps00:00:00 - Introduction to the episode and announcement of available training00:03:23 - Discussion on the relationship between interoception and polyvagal theory00:06:19 - Importance of understanding the receptors in interoceptive processing00:08:13 - Interception extends beyond visceral organs to include other receptors00:09:19 - Interception involves both physical sensations and emotional feelings00:12:01 - Context of sensation and social touch00:14:27 - Receptors becoming bristly when not open to receive touch00:21:13 - Neuroceptive function of comfort and safety00:23:26 - Tuning into social cues and internal/external focus00:26:42 - Relationship between state and receptor activation00:28:20 - Stretch receptors and their role in processing interoceptive information00:30:07 - Electrical and chemical changes in interoceptive processing00:31:44 - The role of mismatch and posterior insula in emotion00:33:59 - Shift from subconscious to awareness-based processing00:38:44 - Impact of interoception on mobilization00:41:53 - Tracy discusses the interaction between polyvagal system and interoception00:43:08 - Tracy explains how states impact interoceptive cues and choices00:48:42 - Discussion on the role of attention in interoceptive awareness00:49:52 - The anterior insula's role in drawing attention to interoceptive signals00:50:59 - Individual differences in valence tipping and interoceptive awareness00:54:40 - Treatment considerations for interoceptive cues and shame triggersKey Takeaways:Interoception involves the processing of internal bodily sensations and emotions.Interoceptive processing is influenced by the state of the nervous system, such as the ventral vagal state, sympathetic state, and dorsal vagal state.The quality and function of interoceptive receptors can change depending on the state of the nervous system.Interoceptive cues can signal safety or threat, leading to different physiological and emotional responses.Attentional processes play a role in interoceptive processing, with the ability to shift attention between internal and external cues.Our Favourite Quote from this episode:"The valence-based function of interoception tells us if something is good or bad, and if we want more or less of it." – Tracy M Stackhouse. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Hi Everyone! In Part II of the Receptor segment, we'll discuss RTKs, NR, and some way that things can go wrong. Hope you enjoy and learn something, and please feel free to reach out to me: medtogether26@gmail.com with comments or feedback!

References Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2021. volume13, Article number: 56. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2019. Volume 168 # --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

In this concluding podcast relating to the adrenergic receptors, I discuss the beta 2 and 3 receptors and how they are tested on the USMLE exams. Lots of helpful integrations here for easy points. I end with a short life lesson as well. Audio Download

In this podcast, we continue our detailed discussion of the adrenergic receptors with a deep dive into the beta 1 receptor and the many different contexts it’s tested in on the USMLE exams. Don’t sleep on this podcast. A lot of what I discuss here shows up routinely on all the USMLEs. Audio Download

https://www.instagram.com/thelightdiet/https://raoptics.com/products/the-light-diet-courseRaoptics.com use code ASHLEYTAYLORWELLNESS to savehttps://www.instagram.com/ra_optics/ 1:24 - Ashley and then Matt's story with light7:08 - Light is the foundational energy for all life on earth9:06 - The solar spectrum 13:37 - 4th phase water,  Dr. Gerald Pollack “Fourth Phase of Water” book14:19 - The excess blue light issue18:00 - Power of melatonin19:53 - Our natural rhythm of activity & repair21:12 - The effects of Ra Optics on Sleep - quantified by Oura 24:00 - How Ashley reduces blue light at night31:47 - What things can people do to improve their light wellness?33:45 - Core parts of the “light diet”35:17 - Tips on letting light into the eyes39:26 - D-minder app, and pay attention to the UV index41:21 - When Matt recommends wearing daylight blue blockers47:44 - Is flicker free important?49:22 - Why incandescent bulbs are great49:50 - Edison bulbs that have LED are not the solution52:22 - Matt's favorite way to add back near-infrared light - SaunaSpace: https://sauna.space/ashleytaylorwellness code: ashleytaylorwellness54:08 - Receptors on our skinhttps://www.instagram.com/ashleytaylorwellness/https://www.instagram.com/highmaintenancehippiepodcast/Check out 1:1 coaching here https://secure.gethealthie.com/appointments/embed_appt?dietitian_id=1270471&require_offering=true&offering_id=133465&hide_package_images=false

Alpha 2 receptors are tested in a surprisingly large number of contexts on all the USMLE exams. This podcast makes integrations that should help you nail these questions. I end with a short life lesson applicable to many people in medicine. Audio Download

Adrenergic receptors have a weird way of showing up in many different contexts on the USMLE exams. In this podcast, I spend time breaking down alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and the many different contexts/dimensions the NBMEs choose to take with them on the USMLE exams. Pretty HY stuff here. Audio Download

Today you'll learn about what really happens when we get a whiff of something, about the mechanism that allows dolphins to communicate with vocal fry, and the dark and windy history of body donation.Find episode transcripts here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/odor-receptors-whale-vocal-fry-body-donationOdor Receptors   “How do we smell? First 3D structure of human odour receptor offers clues.” by Miryam Naddaf. 2023https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00818-3“First 3D model of human odor receptor tells us how we smell.” by Nergis Firtina. 2023.https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-3d-model-of-human-odor-receptor“Making Sense of Scents.” by Robin Marks. 2023.https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/03/424956/making-sense-scents Whale Vocal Fry“Who's Using Vocal Fry in the Ocean? Dolphins and Whaaaaaales.” by Sam Jones. 2023.https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/02/science/dolphins-whales-vocal-fry.html“They're, Like, Way Ahead of the Linguistic Currrve.” by Douglas Quenqua. 2012.https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/science/young-women-often-trendsetters-in-vocal-patterns.html?_r=2&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=allBody Donation “From grave robbing to giving your own body to science - a short history of where medical schools get cadavers.” by Susan Lawrence & Susan E. Lederer. 2023.https://theconversation.com/from-grave-robbing-to-giving-your-own-body-to-science-a-short-history-of-where-medical-schools-get-cadavers-199947“The Body-Snatching Horror of John Scott Harrison.” by Livius Drusus. 2015.https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/64221/body-snatching-horror-john-scott-harrison“In Need of Cadavers, 19th-Century Medical Students Raided Baltimore's Graves.” by Antero Pietila. 2018.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/in-need-cadavers-19th-century-medical-students-raided-baltimores-graves-180970629/Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers.

S A U N A I E Presents Cold Showers Can Change Your Life Q u o t e s: Beautiful Things Come Out of Positive Thoughts. 2nd: Your Grow Through What You Go Through Stay Strong. S e g m e n t s: Cold Showers 1. Reduces Stress - Cold induces a Brief Period of Beneficial Stress. - It increases your Stress Tolerance in all Aspects of your Life. - It also Raises Levels of Glutathione, An important Antioxidant. - Glutathione lowers Oxidative Stress, a risk factor for Diabetes & Cancer. 2. Increases Alertness - Cold Showers Force you to take Deeper Breaths. - This is done by your body to increase oxygen intake & keep you warm. - This also raises your Heart Rate, Gives you More Energy, & Makes You More Alert. 3. Aids in Weight loss - Cold Showers Activate Brown Fat. - Brown Fat Generates Heat to keep the body temperature stable. - This Procedure degrades your Unhealthy White Fat Cells. - If you want to lose body fat quickly, this will help. 4. Increases Testosterone Levels - Your Testicles require temperatures that are lower than your body temperature. - Cold Showers refresh them & help them with: - Fertility - Sperm Health - Muscle Development - Testosterone Levels 5. Promotes Muscle Recovery - Cold Showers help with Delayed Onset Muscle Pain. - That is the Soreness you feel 1-2 days after working out - You don't need long-term ice baths like professional athletes. - A few mins. in a cold shower will provide similar results. 6. Increases Willpower - When you do something you don't want to do, your Willpower improves. - Make it a Habit to take a Cold Shower 1st thing in the Morning. - Don't Bargain with your mind. - Don't let it be a choice. - Simply Get Up & Just Do it. - Your Willpower will grow Stronger over time. 7. Antidepressant Properties - Cold Showers send Electrical Impulses through Your Brain. - This is due to the fact that your skin contains numerous Receptors that are Activated. - The unexpected rush has an anti-depressive effect, allowing you to begin feeling better. 8. Promotes Healthy Skin & Hair - Cold Showers help to Preserve the Natural Oils in your Hair & Skin. - This Tightens your pores, giving your skin a Healthier Appearance. - The Coldness also smooths the Follicles of your Hair. - This gives your hair a Shiner Appearance. H o u s e k e e p i n g Share. Subscribe. Review. o u t r o: Stop Saying "I Wish" & Start saying "I Will." --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/saunaie/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/saunaie/support

The gardens of Hale Manor hold old friends and old enemies alike for the gang's Pokémon. Let's see how they get on, David Attenborough style.Welcome special guest Aaron Willems, reprising his role as the great Wesley Hale (of the Celadon Hales)!www.twitter.com/roaringtrainerswww.patreon.com/roaringtrainerswww.etsy.com/shop/roaringtrainersSpecial thanks to the following for the use of their music:Poor Alexei for the use ofNostalgiaInteriorsFind more music by Poor Alexei here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Poor_AlexeiPlayer Two for the use ofKeep Sit RealFind more music by Player Two here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Player_Two/Receptors for the use ofDrill Baby DrillFind more music by Receptors here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Receptors/Rolemusic for the use ofThe Great MadejaDeath on the Battlefield Find more music by Rolemusic here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Rolemusic/Origami Repetika for the use of Medicine HeadFind more music by Origami Repetika here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Origami_Repetika/Covox for the use ofSwitchblade SquadronFind more music by Covox here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Covox/Chromix for the use of Dirt NapFind more music by Chromix here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Chromix/Lobo Loco for the use ofManhattan SkylineFind more music by Lobo Loco here!https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco

How are attitudes toward cannabis changing? Neil deGrasse Tyson, Chuck Nice, and Gary O'Reilly discuss marijuana's effects on mental health with former football pro turned cannabis professional, Ricky Williams, and Harvard neuroscientist, Dr. Staci Gruber.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/taking-a-hit-with-dr-staci-gruber-and-ricky-williams/Photo Credit: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Are we “wired for weed”? On this episode, Neil deGrasse Tyson and co-hosts Chuck Nice and Gary O'Reilly weed out the myth from the science behind marijuana with neuroscientist at Harvard Medical School and director of the MIND Program, Dr. Staci Gruber.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free.Thanks to our Patrons Zero Chill, Matthew Rozak, Matej Michňák, and Gino Colauto for supporting us this week.Photo Credit: Daniel Oberhaus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons