Podcasts about receptors

Dr. Abud Bakri, MD, is a board-certified internal medicine physician and expert in the science and clinical use of peptides. We discuss the history, uses, sourcing and safety of BPC-157, GHK-Cu, pinealon, epithalon, GLP-1s, retatrutide, melanotan and growth hormone-promoting peptides. We discuss the gap that exists between animal and human data and meaningful differences in the sources for different peptides. For those interested in peptides, Dr. Bakri provides a grounded look at the science, risks and uncertainties shaping the field today. Read the show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Lingo: https://hellolingo.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Abud Bakri (00:03:33) What are Peptides?, Receptors (00:06:26) BPC-157, Discovery, Animal Proteins (00:11:19) BPC-157, Animal Data, Regeneration (00:12:27) Sponsors: Eight Sleep & Lingo (00:14:51) BPC-157, Regeneration & Healing, Neurological Effects (00:19:27) Adverse Events, Clinical Trials & Legality of BPC-157 (00:29:41) GLPs & Compounding Pharmacy; Peptides & Gray Market (00:35:25) Manufacturing, Compounding Pharmacies, Gray Market, Black Market (00:41:32) Peptides & Tumor Growth?; Angiogenesis (00:45:17) Sponsor: AG1 (00:47:01) Pharmaceutical Patents, Clinical Trials for BPC-157, Potential Outcomes (00:54:19) BPC-157 Healing, Patient Experiences (01:01:22) Physician Counsel, FDA Legality, Malpractice (01:07:25) Pinealon, Epithalon, Discovery; Sleep & Cognitive Performance, Risks (01:18:17) Sponsor: Function (01:19:55) Pineal Age Deterioration, Epithalon, Eye Health (01:29:38) Thymus, Age Shrinkage; Thymosin Alpha-1, Immune Function (01:38:13) TB-500; Pet Health; Thymic Peptide Doses, Thymulin, Zinc (01:49:13) Sponsor: LMNT (01:50:33) GHK-Cu (Copper GHK), Collagen (01:55:32) Illness Recovery, Thymic Score, Tool: Blood Test & Immune Cell Counts (02:04:01) Growth Hormone Secretagogues, Age Decline, Cancer Risk, Insulin (02:15:36) GHK-Cu, Topical Cream, Red Light Therapy (02:20:25) GLPs, Discovery, Physical & Cognitive Long-Term Effects, Fertility (02:33:53) Retatrutide; Drug Patents & Nomenclature (02:39:03) Peptides: Women Reproductive Disorders; TBI, Neurologic Effect; Safe Sources (02:45:34) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to this week's Midlife Minute, where we're taking a closer look at sleep—one of the most frequently asked-about topics. Stay tuned as I walk through the science, the hormones, and the everyday habits that can make or break your sleep quality, especially in midlife. IN THIS EPISODE, YOU WILL LEARN: Various risk factors for poor sleep How consistently getting less than 5 hours of sleep increases the risk of obesity What actually happens in each stage of sleep How circadian receptors throughout the body influence sleep and metabolism How eating late at night disrupts melatonin, cortisol, and digestive circadian rhythms Why melatonin is far more than just a sleep hormone Reasons why sleep becomes more challenging for women in perimenopause and menopause Lifestyle, nutrition, and supplement strategies that can improve sleep quality Connect with Cynthia Thurlow   Follow on X, Instagram & LinkedIn Check out Cynthia's website. Submit your questions to support@cynthiathurlow.com Join other like-minded women in a supportive, nurturing community: The Midlife Pause/Cynthia Thurlow.  Cynthia's Menopause Gut Book is on presale now! Cynthia's Intermittent Fasting Transformation Book The Midlife Pause Supplement Line

In this episode, Dr. Gladden and nutrition expert Sarah Kennedy discuss Calocurb, a natural extract that uses evolutionary biology to suppress appetite. The discovery focuses on bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) located throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which historically served as a protective mechanism to slow the consumption of potentially toxic substances. By using a specific New Zealand hop extract, Calocurb triggers these receptors to signal the brain that the body is full. This process stimulates the natural release of satiety hormones—GLP-1, CCK, and PYY—effectively quieting "hunger noise" and reducing caloric intake without the need for synthetic pharmaceuticals.   For Audience Join the other 20,000+ high-performers getting weekly insights on biological reversal, exponential strategies, and Life Energy optimization→ https://start.gladdenlongevity.com/subscribe If you're ready to measure your 60+ biological ages and build a personalized reversal plan, apply for a discovery call here → https://start.gladdenlongevity.com/apply-now   Use code 'Podcast10' to get 10% OFF on any of our supplements at https://gladdenlongevityshop.com/!    Takeaways ·       Sarah Kennedy transitioned from veterinary medicine to nutrition. ·       Calocurb is based on the hypothesis of appetite suppression through bitter taste receptors. ·       Bitter taste receptors are present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. ·       The primary hormones involved in appetite suppression are CCK, GLP-1, and PYY. ·       Clinical studies showed an 18% reduction in calorie intake with Calocurb. ·       Calocurb has a duration of action of four to six hours. ·       5% of users may experience a laxative effect as a side effect. ·       The product can be used intermittently for weight management. ·       Future research will explore the effects of Calocurb on adolescents and gut health. ·       Calocurb is a natural alternative to synthetic appetite suppressants.   Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Calocurb and Sarah's Background 02:52 The Science Behind Appetite Suppression 05:56 Mechanisms of Action: Hormones and Receptors 08:55 Clinical Studies and Results of Calocurb 11:50 Long-term Effects and Usage Recommendations 14:57 Side Effects and Adaptation 17:57 Future Research and Development Plans 21:01 Conclusion and Where to Find Calocurb To learn more about Sarah Kennedy: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/calocurbGLOBAL/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/calocurb Website: www.calocurb.com   Reach out to us at:    Website: https://gladdenlongevity.com/     Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Gladdenlongevity/    Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/gladdenlongevity/?hl=en     LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/gladdenlongevity    YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5_q8nexY4K5ilgFnKm7naw    

Dr. Joseph Kim solved cryo-EM structures of mu and kappa opioid receptors bound to the same small molecule — and found it does something different at each one.In this conversation, Dr. Kim walks through his transition from cryo-electron tomography to GPCR structural biology in Ashish Manglik's lab at UCSF, the strategy behind solving inactive-state receptor structures, and why his favorite GPCR — the galanin receptor — has resisted every small-molecule screen thrown at it.Key takeaways:How one molecule acts as an antagonist at mu and an inverse agonist at kappaWhy the galanin receptor's peptide binding mode blocks conventional drug discoveryWhat it takes to switch fields with no prior biochemistry trainingHow building tools on "vanilla" GPCRs prepares you for exotic targets

It is increasingly understood that our brain health is dependent on our having healthy nutrient levels. But how do nutrients actually impact our neurotransmitters.We might assume that certain nutrient levels would cause certain symptoms or conditions. Instead, what we find are biotypes - one condition is often associated with a small handful of imbalances. For example, the biotypes of depression from the Walsh Research Institute, included undermethylation, overmethylation, pyrrole disorder, copper overload and metal toxicity. And reversely, one nutrient imbalance can contribute to a range of brain symptoms. Copper overload, for example, can be a factor in ADHD for one person, but for another contribute to panic or insomnia and still another rage or tantrums. There are some conditions, however, that have a very strong associations with specific nutrient imbalances. In this newsletter, I will address:* 5 Ways Nutrients Impact Neurotransmitter Functioning* Psychiatric Conditions That Can Almost Predict a Specific Nutrient ImbalanceThe data comes from the Walsh Research Institute. Nutrient Imbalances Can Be Due to Too Much or Too LittleI use the term nutrient imbalances, because it's not just about deficiencies of certain nutrients. Specific nutrient overloads can impact brain health as well. This biochemical diversity means we don't all have the same needs when it comes to diet and supplementation. Some of us, for example, can benefit from folate, but for others with excess folate, supplementation could worsen depression and anxiety. Those with copper overload can similarly have worsening of symptoms with copper supplementation, while others will have a need for copper.What Causes Nutrient ImbalancesWhile it might seem that this is all about our intake of nutrients, we can come by these imbalances genetically. We can also acquire deficiencies and even overloads through high oxidative stress. This is when our body (including our brain) is dealing with too many insults, resulting in a depletion of our inherent antioxidants leaving us vulnerable to DNA and thus cell damage, inflammation and their consequences). Copper zinc imbalances and elevated pyrroles, which results in relatively low zinc and B6, are signs of oxidative stress. Often an imbalance appears to have multiple causes. For example a woman with high copper causing high anxiety, could have a family history of high copper conditions (post partum depression, ADHD, angry outbursts) and thus have a likely genetic vulnerability. She may also, be taking a multivitamin with copper, eating a lot of chocolate (high in copper) dealing with high oxidative stress and not the least, be on an oral contraceptive (added estrogen can make copper go up).5 Ways Nutrients Can Impact Neurotransmitter FunctioningNutrients often function as co-factors, helping certain enzymes do their job. Specific nutrients are needed: * For production of neurotransmitters. Vitamin B6, for example is needed to make serotonin, dopamine and GABA. B6 can be low in pyrrole disorder and thus contribute to a range of symptoms.* To convert one neurotransmitter to another. Copper is needed to turn dopamine into norepinephrine (think adrenaline). If we are high in copper, we could have relatively low dopamine and high adrenaline states, which is what is seen in ADHD.* To support enzymes involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters. For example MAOA is an enzyme that needs Vitamin B2 to do its job breaking down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. If these aren't broken down, there could be problems with activation and anxiety.* To help receptors do their job. Receptors are what neurotransmitters bind to, resulting in a impulse being sent down the nerve cell. Zinc and magnesium help regulate the NMDA receptor. If not well regulated, there can be high activity, which can look like thoughts getting stuck - ruminations, obsessions in OCD, cravings in addiction, and even delusions in psychosis.* Regulate the expression of genes for serotonin reuptake receptors. Folate causes an increase in the expression of these genes (and thus production of these receptors). This results in more serotonin being picked up and less available between nerve cells. This could be a problem for someone who already has low serotonin symptoms. SAMe, on the other hand, does the opposite and it can function like an SSRI.Why One Diagnosis Isn't Always Associated With One Imbalance* Psychiatric conditions appear to have various causes. If someone comes to me with a diagnosis of depression, for example, that only tells me what type of symptoms they likely have. It doesn't tell me if those symptoms are related to high copper, a methylation imbalance, elevated pyrroles, candida, a misaligned upper cervical spine , mast cell activation, mold toxicity, metal toxicity, hormone imbalances or a combination of any of these…….or something else.* More often multiple factors appear to be aligning. It is not uncommon, for example, to have candida or mold causing high pyrroles causing low zinc, leading to high copper, and as an aside also be undermethylated.* One “root cause” can contribute to a range of conditions and symptoms. Some people with high copper are diagnosed with depression or anxiety and others with ADHD. Some people who are undermethylated have OCD, others depression and still other schizophrenia. Very often, people will be have multiple diagnoses fitting with an imbalance. “Comorbidities” in psychiatry are the norm, rather than the exception.Despite all of this, there are certain nutrient imbalances that occur so commonly in certain psychiatric conditions that they can almost be predicted . Data From Walsh Research InstituteSimply knowing someone has a mental health condition makes it more likely that they will have a methylation imbalance - more often undermethylation.The Walsh Research Institute has looked at the methylation status of 30,000 over 40 year and found that 70% of those with mental illness exhibit a methylation imbalance (undermethylation and overmethylation). This is relative to the general population, in which 30% had a methylation imbalance.Other Data From the Walsh Research Institute:* History of Postpartum Depression - 95% have copper overload* ADHD - 68% have a copper zinc imbalance* Autism Spectrum Disorder - 98% undermethylation, 98% low zinc* Antisocial Personality Disorder - 95% undermethylation, 95% pyrrole disorder, 95% low zinc* Oppositional Defiant Disorder - 85% undermethylation* Schizoaffective Disorder - 90% undermethylation* Anorexia - 82% undermethylation* Schizophrenia - 70% undermethylation* Violent behavior - 78% high copperEvaluation & Labs Are Still ImportantNone of these are 100%. And, again, there is rarely one contributing factor, so a comprehensive evaluation and lab testing are still important. Even if I am fairly confident that someone is low in zinc, I don't recommend starting zinc without checking zinc and copper levels. Starting zinc too rapidly can mobilize high copper and worsen symptoms. If copper is low, zinc can cause a further decrease.Also, there are occasions when it can be difficult to address an imbalance, without addressing another contributing issue first. For example, I see some patients who are unable to tolerate treatment of undermethylation until they begin treatment for candida or mold.There is always so much more data to share, when it comes to the Walsh Research Institute. I look forward to discussing biotypes of depression, ADHD and schizophrenia in a future episode.As always, I welcome your comments and questions.Until next time,CourtneyTo learn more about my discovery calls, non-patient consultations, and treatment practice, visit:CourtneySnyderMD.comMedical Disclaimer:This newsletter is for educational purposes and not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment for either yourself or others, including but not limited to patients that you are treating (if you are a practitioner). Consult your physician for any medical issues that you may be having. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit courtneysnydermd.substack.com/subscribe

What causes face drooping? Discover how stress affects the face, leading to loose skin under the chin, sagging skin, and face drooping. I'll share an easy droopy face solution to reverse a sagging face so you can start aging more gracefully. 0:00 Introduction: What causes a sagging face?1:06 Aging skin on the face2:23 The platysma muscle 3:10 Cortisol and your facial muscles 4:02 How to tighten skin naturally 5:06 Facial exercises for sagging skin

APR Health Solutions Peptides: www.aprhealthsolutions.comOptimize HRT Clinic: https://members.optimize-hp.com - code 'NYLE'Merch: https://www.aykons.com/nylePlease share this episode if you liked it. To support the podcast, the best cost-free way is to subscribe and please rate the podcast 5* wherever you find your podcasts. Thanks for watching.To be part of any Q&A, follow trensparentpodcast or nylenayga on instagram and watch for Q&A prompts on the story  https://www.instagram.com/trensparentpodcast/Huge Supplements (Protein, Pre, Defend Cycle Support, Utilize GDA, Vital, Astragalus, Citrus Bergamot): https://www.hugesupplements.com/discount/NYLESupport code 'NYLE' 10% off - proceeds go towards upgrading content productionYoungLA Clothes: https://www.youngla.com/discount/nyleCode ‘NYLE' to support the podcastLet's chat about the Podcast:Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/trensparentpodcast/TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@transparentpodcastPersonalized Bodybuilding Program:  https://www.nylenaygafitness.comRP Hypertrophy Training App: rpstrength.com/nyleTimestamps:00:00:00 Intro00:02:10 Building a Killer Team 00:04:29 Official Start: Reaching the New Gen 00:06:42 The Mindset of the Stage 00:08:15 Peptides & the Red Pill 00:10:52 Icons: The New Standard 00:11:50 10 Years of Transparency 00:13:58 The Stagnated Stalemate 00:16:28 Remapping after Heartbreak 00:20:42 The Opioid War at Home 00:24:44 The Yellow Sundress Vision 00:29:15 Meeting Hannah 00:33:06 Safety in the Corners 00:34:45 No Problems, Just Work 00:37:34 The Dark Place Strategy 00:41:20 Duty & Procreation 00:45:06 The Optimization Protocol 00:47:09 Move vs. Heal 00:52:06 Controlling House Energy 00:56:45 Meathead Roots: Joe Trapani 01:00:47 Art of the Sculpture 01:04:09 The Degenerate Side 01:06:17 Sweet Spots & Receptors 01:13:19 Superman Cycle Risks 01:18:08 Kai Greene: 7 Grams? 01:21:51 The Gut Health Aesthetic 01:24:06 Genetics vs. The Bottle 01:26:24 2009 Nationals: The Peak 01:33:14 RP: Tracking the Steel 01:38:04 Rivalries & Regrets 01:39:09 Consultant Career Paths 01:40:09 Why Larges Sell Out 01:42:09 Scaling Axe & Sledge 01:45:32 Purpose Over Profit 01:47:29 Levrone's Leg Day 01:49:08 Best Protein Flavors 01:51:11 The Olympia Guarantee? 01:52:15 The Training Playlist 01:54:05 Balancing Life & Family 01:55:46 The Superman Stack 01:59:07 Big Delts & Bone-in Ribeyes 02:02:25 Advice for Young Fathers 02:03:42 One Punch Man in Detroit 02:06:35 Low Risk Longevity 02:07:29 Underrated vs. Overrated 02:09:33 Educating the Kids 02:11:38 Overhead Press Worth 02:14:29 Accents & Wellness Girls 02:16:52 Volume vs. Muscle Cuts 02:18:17 New Podcast Facility 02:18:41 The Productivity Myth 02:19:45 Visualization & Truth 02:26:41 The HWMF Conclusion

Zoë and TJ are back from Italy and kicking off April with a packed episode. First up: coach Kyle Jones: a masters athlete and ultra running specialist with a focus on helping athletes who are all in on the long game, whether that's accumulating volume safely or solving the full puzzle of race-day logistics that go far beyond training.Then it's Hot or Nots. On the docket: incline stretch boards for calf and Achilles work (the evidence is real, but eccentric loading beats passive stretching for most underlying issues), packaged Rice Krispie Treats as race fuel (the macros check out — 27 to 30 grams of carbs, glucose plus fructose, low fiber — but the chewability at mile 50 is another story), Ziploc bags in ice bandanas (hard pass: the evaporation is the whole point), hybrid athletes as a category (the jury is out, but the coaches aren't your girls if high rocks is your thing), run clubs (yes, with a firm caveat on effort), and microdosing during ultras (the research case for decriminalization is strong; the research case for running 100 miles on psilocybin is still pending).The listener Q this week tackles one of the most common rules in running: you don't need to fuel for efforts under 90 minutes. Zoë and TJ break down why that's only half the story. There are actually two separate mechanisms at play — the metabolic pathway most runners know, and a neurological pathway most don't. Receptors in the mouth and upper GI tract signal the brain the moment carbohydrates are detected, easing the protective fatigue response before a single calorie has been absorbed. This has been demonstrated even when athletes swish a carb solution and spit it out. For high-intensity efforts like a hard half marathon, the case for fueling is stronger than the 90-minute rule suggests — and the practical takeaways are in the episode.The back half is a full race debrief on Chianti. Zoë ran an hour faster than last year and still came in 13th. TJ walks through how to approach a post-race analysis when the headline result doesn't tell the full story — and how Zoë's coach surfaced a key data point she almost missed entirely: cardiac drift. In 2025, Zoë's cardiac drift was 9.54% over the course of the race. In 2026, it was negative 1.39%, meaning she was actually able to access higher heart rates at the end of the race — a direct signal of aerobic durability built by keeping easy days genuinely easy, week after week. The conversation covers what cardiac drift actually measures, why gray zone training works against this adaptation, and what the terrain-specific limiter was that explains the placement gap.

On this Kaya Cast episode, host Tommy Truong sits down with Dr. Bonni Goldstein of Goldstein Wellness to unpack the science, medicine, and business of cannabis in epilepsy and beyond. Dr. Goldstein is the Chief Medical Advisor for Neurotech International, helping to develop effective cannabinoid-based formulations for autism and other pediatric neurologic conditions.From the endocannabinoid system to multimodal cannabinoids like CBD, CBDV, CBG and CBDA, they discuss how clinicians tailor regimens for pediatric and adult patients, why dosing is start low and go slow, and what the latest clinical data show about seizure reduction and quality of life. Bonni shares her journey from pediatric emergency medicine to medical cannabis, the Charlotte story that helped launch CBD in epilepsy, and practical dosing, safety, and drug interaction considerations. They also talk about the business side: educating clinicians, ensuring product quality, and Goldstein Wellness's free clinician education program with about 50 videos, plus a patient-facing network of vetted cannabis clinicians. If you're a dispensary executive, grower, or clinician, this episode offers actionable insights on education, regulation, and patient-centered cannabis care. Find out more about Goldstein Wellness at:https://goldsteinwellness.com/https://www.linkedin.com/in/bonnigoldsteinmd/https://www.linkedin.com/company/goldstein-wellness/ 00:00 CBD Seizure Success00:17 Meet Dr Bonni00:58 From ER to Cannabis02:00 Cancer Patient Turning Point04:30 ECS Explained Simply08:16 Receptors and Evolution11:44 Dysfunction and Conditions13:40 Research Barriers and COVID16:42 CBD for Intractable Epilepsy19:51 Charlotte Figi Breakthrough24:13 How CBD Calms Seizures26:47 Dosing and Other Cannabinoids29:54 Beyond Seizure Control31:08 Medical vs Recreational Divide31:50 Medical vs Adult Use32:39 Teaching Cannabis Literacy34:26 Beyond CBD and THC34:53 CBG Effects and Dosing38:53 CBG Biomarkers Research41:16 CBN and Sleep Evidence43:32 CBDA Raw Anti Inflammatory46:55 CBDA vs CBD Decisions50:41 Future Biomarker Guided Care52:23 THCV Metabolism and Caution57:06 Synthetic Cannabinoid Risks01:00:03 Wrap Up and Resourcesmedical cannabis, cannabis for epilepsy, CBD for seizures, CBDV research, CBG benefits, CBDA cannabinoids, endocannabinoid system explained, pediatric epilepsy treatment, adult epilepsy cannabis, seizure reduction data, cannabinoid dosing guidelines, start low go slow cannabis, cannabis drug interactions, CBD drug safety, medical cannabis for autism, pediatric neurologic conditions, cannabinoid formulations, evidence based cannabis medicine, clinical data cannabis epilepsy, quality of life seizure patients, Dr Bonni Goldstein, Goldstein Wellness, Neurotech International, cannabinoid clinical trials, CBD epilepsy Charlotte story, Epidiolex discussion, cannabis and seizure disorders, neurologist cannabis education, clinician cannabis training, cannabis CME education, vetted cannabis clinicians network, patient centered cannabis care, cannabis compliance and regulation, dispensary education strategy, cannabis product quality standards, GMP cannabis manufacturing, lab tested cannabinoids, full spectrum vs isolate CBD, multimodal cannabinoids, entourage effect science, cannabis pharmacology, cannabis titration strategy, pediatric dosing cannabis, cannabis safety in children, cannabis and antiepileptic drugs, clobazam CBD interaction, valproate CBD interaction, liver enzyme monitoring cannabis, seizure frequency reduction, refractory epilepsy cannabis, Lennox Gastaut syndrome CBD, Dravet syndrome CBD, autism spectrum disorder cannabis research, neuroinflammation and cannabinoids, CB1 and CB2 receptors, endocannabinoid deficiency theory, cannabis telemedicine clinicians, state medical marijuana laws, Schedule III cannabis implications, dispensary operator insights #kayacast #cannabis #tips #dispensaries #business #podcast

If you want to get leaner and live longer check out https://milliondollarbodylabs.com Are you tired of feeling like your energy and focus are slipping away because your "control panel" is out of whack? I explore the control panel of health: hormones. For this episode I pulled together expert insights from episodes I recorded before to build a roadmap for health. I talk with Ali Gilbert, who explains why cholesterol is the base for testosterone and estrogen production. She breaks down factors for health: brain, biochemistry, and blood flow. Dr. Alan Christianson describes how compounds in plants heal receptors and how stress causes famine mode. Patricia Zamora speaks on the testosterone drop and why sleep is the requirement for recovery. Jared St. Clair details how toxins block receptors like houseguests. We talk about clinics and how to navigate treatment. This roadmap helps you manage energy and fat loss through biology.   Key Takeaways Cholesterol is Essential: Approximately 50% of your hormones are manufactured from cholesterol; driving levels too low can starve hormone production. The Three B's of Sexual Health: Performance issues often stem from the Brain (stress), Biochemistry (hormones), or Blood Flow (arterial health). Plant Compounds Heal Receptors: Phytonutrients in foods like walnuts and soy can "plug up" bad receptors and help "good" receptors function better. Stress Triggers "Famine Mode": High stress levels signal the body to store fat and burn less fuel as a survival mechanism. The "Logjam" Theory: Environmental toxins act as "unwanted houseguests" in your receptors, blocking natural hormones from delivering their messages. Sleep is the Priority: Testosterone is primarily made overnight; chronic sleep deprivation is a leading cause of the current low-testosterone epidemic.   Resources Mentioned Experts: Ali Gilbert, Dr. Alan Christianson, Patricia Zamora, Jared St. Clair, Dr. Eric Serrano, Dr. Michael Twyman.   Nate Palmer: The founder of The Million Dollar Body and author of "The Million Dollar Body Method", Nate has been coaching for over 15 years and has worked personally with over 1,000 clients. Website: https://milliondollarbodylabs.com Book: The Million Dollar Body Method Lean Energy Stack: https://milliondollarbodylabs.com/pages/lean Instagram: @_milliondollarbody  

Do alpha and beta adrenergic receptors feel confusing or overly detailed? Understanding these receptors is essential for success on your exams, and once they click, so much of pharmacology starts to make sense.         In this episode, Alex and I walk through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors step by step, connecting receptor function to real medications and common board-style scenarios. You will leave with a clearer framework for answering pharmacology questions with confidence.             Get full show notes, transcript, and more information here: https://blog.npreviews.com/alpha-beta-adrenergic-receptors       Follow us on Instagram: instagram.com/smnpreviewsofficial        

Send a textWe break down the mechanism of action for GLP-1 receptor agonists like tirzepatide (Zepbound/Mounjaro) and semaglutide, explaining how these medications work in the body to regulate appetite and metabolism.• GLP-1 medications contain a C20 fatty diacid that binds to albumin, prolonging half-life• These drugs target both GIP and GLP-1 receptors to regulate appetite and caloric intake• Receptors are found in brain areas involved in appetite regulation and throughout the GI system• Pharmacodynamics include increased insulin sensitivity, reduced glucagon secretion, and delayed gastric emptying• Medications are absorbed subcutaneously with about 80% bioavailability • Distribution occurs throughout the body with 5-6 day half-life, explaining weekly dosing• Metabolism occurs primarily through the liver with excretion via urine• Common injection sites include arms, legs, stomach, or back (the "margarita" zones)Never do this on your own without real supervision. Everything has to be done safely, with a healthcare provider and someone that is aware of where you stand and how you are. Support the show Sponsor Affiliates Empowering Your Health https://www.atecam.com/ Get YOUR Own Joburg Protein Snacks Discount Code: Damaris15 Or Damaris18 Feeling need to Lose Weight & Become metabolically Healthy GET METABOLIC COURSE GLP 1 REseT This course is designed for individuals looking to optimize their metabolic health through integrative and functional medicine approaches. Whether you're on a GLP-1 medication or seeking natural ways to enhance your metabolic function, this course provides actionable steps, expert insights, and a personalized roadmap sustainable wellness. Are you feeling stressed, tired, or Metabolism imbalanced? Take advantage of our free mindful steps to help improve your well-being.ENJOY ONE OF our Books Mindful Ways Health Wealth & Life https://stan.store/Mindfullyintegrative Join Yearly membership ALL IN ONE FUNCTION HEALTH Ask Us for help...

  Genes. Glands. Vessels.

Pharmacology For Babies by Amanda Mullins https://www.amazon.com/Pharmacology-Babies-Amanda-Mullins/dp/B0BM3DD9LM Understanding basic pharmacology is important for the safe use of medicines. Receptors, agonists, and antagonists are all important parts of how medicines work in our bodies. Pharmacists go to school to learn about medicines and how they interact and change our body’s processes.

Watch the full episode with Bruce Lipton here: https://youtu.be/tBqlskhcyR8Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/inspiredevolution. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

David Schatz talks about his discovery of Rag genes that are critical for antigen receptor development and how that discovery depended on taking high risks and using approaches that everyone thought could never work. Host: Cindy Leifer Guest: David Schatz Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of Immune! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Server Transfer of recombinase activity in non-lymphoid cells (Cell 1988) Identification of the RAG-1 gene (Cell 1989) Evolution of a recombinase (Semin Immunol 2004) Time stamps by Jolene Ramsey. Thanks! Music by Tatami. Logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to immune@microbe.tv Information on this podcast should not be construed as medical advice.  

Part memoir, part science writing, part history, and a lot of blaming her neighbor for her empties. Drink Your Way Sober: The Science-Based Method to Break Free from Alcohol By: Katie Herzog Published: 2025 208 Pages Briefly, what is this book about? You may be familiar with Katie Herzog from Blocked and Reported, the podcast she hosts with Jesse Singal. Or you might have seen her byline on the Free Press. What I didn't know (at least before she started promoting this book) is that she's also a recovering alcoholic. I also didn't know about the Sinclair Method for "extinguishing" alcohol use disorder (AUD). Finally I didn't  know that we are now calling it alcohol use disorder. So you could say this is a book about a bunch of things I didn't know.  What's the author's angle? Herzog failed to get her drinking under control using any of the more common methods. Willpower, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), overwhelming shame, etc. The Sinclair Method was what finally worked for her. This method involves taking naltrexone before you drink. This blocks the reward circuit allowing you to train your body out of alcohol dependence. It's also something that not a lot of people have heard about, so her angle resembles that of a fiery recent convert, who believes that people trapped in similar despair need to hear the good word.  Who should read this book? As someone who's never had a drink, I'm loath to recommend anything in the sobriety space. In the same manner that a fish doesn't know about water, can I have anything meaningful to say about sobriety? That very large caveat aside, if you have AUD, and nothing else has worked, and you haven't tried the Sinclair Method (or if you know someone who fits this category) I would definitely recommend this book.  If you're thinking of reading it just as Herzog memoir, there's some pretty good stuff in here, but not enough to justify reading the entire book. But if you're on the fence I would push you towards getting the book. Specific thoughts: So why isn't the Sinclair Method better known?

Precise receptor mapping is reshaping how we understand incretin biology. David Hodson explains how GPCR-targeted chemical probes reveal where GLP-1 and GIP receptors actually signal across pancreas and brain—and what this means for metabolic drug design.Learn how these tools refine gpcr drug discovery, clarify receptor internalization, and guide next-gen therapeutics.

Is perimenopause really starting earlier than we thought? What's the truth about HRT and breast cancer risk? And does childhood trauma show up harder in menopause? In this special roundtable, I sit down with my menopause besties Karen Martel and Dr. Fiona Lovely to untangle some of the most confusing, and often controversial, topics in women's health today. Between the three of us, we've spent decades studying hormones, coaching women, and cutting through the myths that keep so many of us suffering in silence. We cover: Why perimenopause symptoms often start in the brain years before your periods change The real benefits of hormone replacement therapy (and why the risks have been overstated) How to optimize your HRT dosage and delivery for maximum results Groundbreaking research linking trauma and hormone receptor sensitivity Biohacking tools and supplements that may help smooth the menopause transition Karen Martel has a brilliant podcast called The Hormone Solution. She is a Certified Hormone Specialist and Transformational Nutrition Coach and has been working with women in this space with her online community and one to one for a decade now. She specializes in weight loss resistance. Fiona has one of the longest running menopause podcasts with over a million downloads now called Not Your Mother's Menopause. She is a women's health expert with specialties in functional medicine, neurology and restorative endocrinology and takes a holistic approach to healing, focusing on finding the root cause of a woman's issues, reaching all aspects of health and making space for wellness. Contact Karen Martel: Website: https://karenmartel.com Podcast: https://karenmartel.com/blogs/podcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/karenmartelhormones Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/karenmartelhormones/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfWWN_4IhMZJOXjvj8FDKIQ Group coaching: https://coaching.karenmartel.com/ - code ZORA50 for 50% off   Hormone Creams: https://karenmartel.com/collections/all-products code ZORA for 10% off   Contact Dr. Fiona Lovely: Website: https://drlovely.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drfionalovely TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@drfionalovely Podcast: Not Your Mother's Menopause: https://drlovely.com/#!/podcast   Give thanks to our sponsors: Try Vitali skincare. 20% off with code ZORA here https://vitaliskincare.com Get Primeadine spermidine by Oxford Healthspan. 15% discount with code ZORA ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Get Mitopure Urolithin A by Timeline. 20% discount with code ZORA at https://timeline.com/zora Try Suji to improve muscle 10% off with code ZORA at TrySuji.com https://trysuji.com Try OneSkin skincare with code ZORA for 15% off https://oneskin.pxf.io/c/3974954/2885171/31050 Join ⁠⁠⁠Biohacking Menopause⁠⁠⁠ before November 1, 2025 to win Theranordic's Daily Healthy Fiber and Optimized Enzymes! Or go to theranordic.com for 10% off: code ZORA   Join the Hack My Age community on: YouTube: https://youtube.com/@hackmyage Facebook Page: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@⁠Hack My Age⁠     Facebook Group: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@⁠Biohacking Menopause⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠  Private Women's Only Support Group: https://hackmyage.com/biohacking-menopause-membership/ Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@⁠HackMyAge⁠    Website: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠HackMyAge.com⁠    

If it were ONLY yoga pants and Invisalign interfering with our hormonal health, it might not be too hard to avoid them and move on. But there are many more products and protocols--including plastic, pesticides, and mammograms--that throw our health out of whack. Patricia Luccardi today exposes numerous sources of toxins, PFAs (forever chemicals), and radiation that disrupt healthy hormonal function.   Patricia also offers solutions and suggestions for avoiding these things in the first place and flushing them out once we've been exposed. She shares the benefits of going braless, the power of broccoli sprouts and seeds for clearing out hormonal interference, and practical tips for supporting the lymphatic system and overall well-being.   Visit Patricia's website: PatriciaLuccardi.com Become a member of the Weston A. Price Foundation (and use code pod10) Check out our sponsors: Optimal Carnivore and Lumiram  

What does the future hold for breast cancer treatment? Dr. Raz is here to talk about microwaving and freezing cancers, how staging works, and the role of artificial intelligence in finding new therapies and risks. In this episode, you’ll hear: What cancer staging really means and why it matters New ways doctors might treat breast cancer with less invasive methods How AI could shape breast cancer care and risk assessment Subscribe to Let’s Talk About Your Breasts on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeart, and wherever you get your podcasts. Key Questions Answered 1.What is cancer, and specifically, what is breast cancer? 2. What does 'staging' mean in breast cancer, and why does it matter? 3. How is the size of a breast tumor classified, and what does that imply for its stage? 4. What is DCIS and what does stage zero breast cancer mean? 5. What is the TNM staging system in breast cancer? 6. How do receptor statuses (ER, PR, HER2) affect breast cancer treatment and prognosis? 7. What questions should a patient ask their surgeon or oncologist about a breast cancer diagnosis? 8. What is targeted therapy in breast cancer, and how does it differ from traditional chemotherapy? 9. What advancements are emerging in breast cancer imaging and treatment? 10. How is AI (artificial intelligence) contributing to the future of breast cancer detection, risk assessment, and treatment? Timestamped Overview 00:00 Uncontrolled Cell Growth Explained 03:09 Understanding Breast Cancer Staging 08:20 Cancer Staging: Impact of Receptors 12:33 Gene Editing Targets Cancer Cells 16:13 "Non-Surgical Cancer Targeted Therapy" 19:55 AI in Healthcare History Management 21:25 AI Quantifies and Accelerates ResearchSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Francis "Monty" Hughes hosts a conversation with Lysanne Campeau (presenter abstract #27) and Julien Ratelade (presenter abstract #33) about their research presented at ICS 2024 Madrid. Recorded at the ICS Live Lounge on Wednesday 23rd October at ICS 2024 Madrid. Through its annual meeting and journal, the International Continence Society (ICS) has been advancing multidisciplinary continence research and education worldwide since 1971. Over 3,000 Urologists, Uro-gynaecologists, Physiotherapists, Nurses and Research Scientists make up ICS, a thriving society dedicated to incontinence and pelvic floor disorders. The Society is growing every day and welcomes you to join us. If you join today, you'll enjoy substantial discounts on ICS Annual Meeting registrations and free journal submissions. Joining ICS is like being welcomed into a big family. Get to know the members and become involved in a vibrant, supportive community of healthcare professionals, dedicated to making a real difference to the lives of people with incontinence.

Episode 77: Pediatric Obesity: The Role of GLP – 1 Receptors Evaluation and Credit:  https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/medchat77 Target Audience            This activity is targeted toward primary care physicians and advanced providers. Statement of Need This podcast will address the role of GLP – receptors in the treatment of pediatric obesity. As the prevalence of pediatric obesity is on the rise, the need for effective, evidence-based treatments is essential. This increase in pediatric obesity is associated with numerous health complications for the pediatric patient including type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Early intervention in the pediatric patient and management can prevent the progression of obesity with the goal of improving the long-term health of these individuals. Objectives  Define pediatric obesity. Discuss the key aspects of GLP – 1 receptors and their use of treatment of the pediatric patient. Explain the mechanisms and criteria for patient selection for GLP – 1 as a treatment option for obesity. Describe best practices integrating GLP-1 receptor agnostic into a broader treatment plan and appropriate monitoring and follow-up.   ModeratorMark McDonald, M.D., MHA, CPE System Vice President Pediatric Medical Affairs Medical Director, Norton Children's Louisville, Kentucky  Professor Department of Pediatrics Division of Critical Care UofL School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky SpeakerSara Watson, M.D. Pediatric Endocrinologist Medical Director of the Type 2 Diabetes Program and the Health Weight Program Norton Children's Endocrinology Louisville, Kentucky Moderator and Planner Disclosures  The planners, moderator and speaker of this activity do not have any relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose.   Speaker DisclosureThe speaker, Sara Watson, M.D. discloses a relevant financial relationship with the ineligible company Lilly as a principal investigator. All relevant financial relationships have been mitigated. Commercial Support  There was no commercial support for this activity.    Physician Credits Accreditation Norton Healthcare is accredited by the Kentucky Medical Association to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Designation Norton Healthcare designates this enduring material for a maximum of .75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nursing CreditsNorton Healthcare Institute for Education and Development is approved as a provider of nursing continuing professional development by the South Carolina Nurses Association, an accredited approver by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. This continuing professional development activity has been approved for 0.75 ANCC CE contact hours.  In order for nursing participants to obtain credits, they must claim attendance by attesting to the number of hours in attendance.  For more information related to nursing credits, contact Sally Sturgeon, DNP, RN, SANE-A, AFN-BC at (502) 446-5889 or sally.sturgeon@nortonhealthcare.org.   Resources for Additional Study/References  Characterizing GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Preadolescent and Adolescent Populations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39412809/ Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Pediatric Obesity: Benefits, Risks, and Approaches to Patient Selection https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33085056/   Date of Original Release | April 2025; Information is current as of the time of recording. Course Termination Date | April 2028 Contact Information | Center for Continuing Medical Education (502) 446-5955 or cme@nortonhealthcare.org   Also listen to Norton Healthcare's podcast Stronger After Stroke. This podcast, produced by the Norton Neuroscience Institute, discusses difficult topics, answers frequently asked questions and provides survivor stories that provide hope. Norton Healthcare, a not for profit health care system, is a leader in serving adult and pediatric patients throughout Greater Louisville, Southern Indiana, the commonwealth of Kentucky and beyond. More information about Norton Healthcare is available at NortonHealthcare.com.  

Who did #RVD look up to from a wrestling perspective? He names names! Plus, RVD calls out a very weird set of messages from some DAM stooges! Download the DraftKings Sportsbook app and use code RVD. New customers to get $200 in bonus bets when you bet just $5. Only on DraftKings - The Crown Is Yours. Try your first month of BlueChew FREE at BlueChew.com! Use promo code RVD for $5 OFF!

In this episode, Dr. Rena Malik, MD is with Dr. Alexandra Sowa to explore the transformative nature of GLP-1 receptor agonist medications. They discuss how these synthetic hormones work by influencing various parts of the body, particularly the brain, to reduce hunger, food cravings, and addictive behaviors. Dr. Sowa elaborates on the benefits of these medications in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, while also highlighting their potential future applications in treating other conditions. Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content: renamalik.supercast.com Schedule an appointment with me: https://www.renamalikmd.com/appointments ▶️Chapters: 00:00 GLP-1 Medications 03:47 GLP-1 Receptors in the Brain 06:18 Side Effects 10:33 Ozempic 15:17 Hyperpalatable Foods Stay connected with Dr. Sowa on social media for daily insights and updates. Don't miss out—follow her now and check out these links! Dr. Sowa's Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/alexandrasowamd/?hl=en Get So Well by Dr. Sowa - https://www.instagram.com/getsowell/?hl=en The Ozempic Revolution by Dr. Sowa - https://www.amazon.com/Ozempic-Revolution-Doctors-Success-Yourself/dp/0063417006 Let's Connect!: WEBSITE: http://www.renamalikmd.com YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/@RenaMalikMD INSTAGRAM: http://www.instagram.com/RenaMalikMD TWITTER: http://twitter.com/RenaMalikMD FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/RenaMalikMD/ LINKEDIN: https://www.linkedin.com/in/renadmalik PINTEREST: https://www.pinterest.com/renamalikmd/ TIKTOK: https://www.tiktok.com/RenaMalikMD ------------------------------------------------------ DISCLAIMER: This podcast is purely educational and does not constitute medical advice. The content of this podcast is my personal opinion, and not that of my employer(s). Use of this information is at your own risk. Rena Malik, M.D. will not assume any liability for any direct or indirect losses or damages that may result from the use of information contained in this podcast including but not limited to economic loss, injury, illness or death. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Diane Kazer rejoins the program to explain the problems with the obesity drugs on the market. She describes what is really going on in our bodies that is causing massive weight gain or the inability to shed pounds even though people are exercising and dieting faithfully. We also discuss how heavy metals and other toxins are coating the lining of our digestive system, blocking absorption of essential vitamins and minerals and causing many other health issues.

The Chief Scientific Advisor at Novo Nordisk, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, was the key force who pushed hard to develop GLP-1 drugs for treating obesity and subsequently for Alzheimer's. She was recently recognized by the 2024 Lasker Medical Research Award, and the 2024 AAAS Bhaumik Breakthrough of the Year Award. That recognition is richly deserved, since it is unclear if the GLP-1 drug path to obesity treatment, and all of the associated benefits, would have been seen at this time without her influence. That's especially true given the mystery for why people with Type 2 diabetes (for which these drugs were used for many years) did not exhibit much in the way of weight loss. We discussed that and the future of these drugs, including their potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. And about dressing up in pink!The Ground Truths podcasts are also available on Apple and Spotify.Our entire conversation can also be seen by video at YouTube along with all of the Ground Truths podcasts. If you like the video format, please subscribe to this channel. Even if you prefer video, please take a look at the transcript with graphics and useful links to citations.A Video Clip below on the barriers of a woman scientist to push Novo Nordisk to develop GLP-1 for obesity. “I was always just been a nerdy little scientist who kind of found home here in this company for 35 years.”—Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, 60 MinutesTranscript with Links to audio and external referencesEric Topol (00:06):Well, hello, it's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I have with me a special guest. She's the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk and it's Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, and we're delighted to have her. She's a recent recipient of the Lasker Award, which I think is considered like the pre-Nobel Award here in the United States. And I was involved with her in terms of researching who was the principal person who brought the GLP-1 drugs to the forefront for obesity, and it turned out to be Lotte. So welcome, Lotte.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (00:48):Thank you very much. And also very, very happy to be here. I'm not the Chief Science Officer for Novo Nordisk, I'm the Chief Scientific Advisor of working for the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk, but maybe too many people, not so different, right?From Laundry Detergents to GLP-1 DrugsEric Topol (01:06):Yes. Thank you, I actually meant to say advisor, but yes, I'm glad you cleared that up. I know from speaking to some of your colleagues, I actually spoke to Robin yesterday that you are looked to very highly, the most highly regarded person in science there, so not surprisingly. What I want to do is first talk about the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that got its legs back in, I guess 1984. So we're going way back. And what's also interesting is that you go way back at Novo Nordisk to 35 years in 1989. And so, there had been this work with this extraordinary hormone and neurotransmitter with a very short half-life that you knew about. But when you first started in Novo Nordisk, you weren't working on this. As I understand it, you're working on laundry detergent enzymes. How did you make this pivot from the laundry enzymes to getting into the GLP-1 world?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (02:16):Yeah, thank you for that question. I'm from the technical University of Denmark, so I'm trained in biotechnology, and we're a small country, so not that many companies to work for. And I always had my mind set on, I wanted to work for Novo as it was called back then, and it just happened to be in the industrial enzyme part that I got my foot in first. And then I had a very interesting boss at the time. Unfortunately, he's not alive anymore, but he was both a medical doctor as well as a chemist. So he was actually put in charge of actually, let's see if we can do something new in diabetes. And then since he hired me and I had not been there that long, I simply tagged along as the youngest scientist on the team, and then suddenly I became a diabetes researcher. Around the same time, I think you remember that all of pharma was interested in obesity in the early 90s, everyone wanted to do diabetes as well as obesity, but they were separate teams and they all wanted to do small molecules, but it just happens to be so that the best idea we could find at that time was actually GLP-1, because we actually had clinical data relatively early that GLP-1 was a really good candidate as a treatment for diabetes because of the glucose sensitivity of the actions.(03:43):So you'd have efficient lowering of glucose through a dual mechanism with increasing insulin, lowering glucagon, and then it was safe because there wasn't this hypoglycemia you get from insulin. But then I had other colleagues who were working on obesity, and I was just kind of listening, right, what's going on there? And then also a colleague that I had, we had, I don't know if you remember the old Hagedorn Research Institute, but Novo actually had kind of like an academic research institute that was affiliated with us. And there was this group that were working on this glucagon tumor model that produced high levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and PYY. And these rats, they starved themselves to death. And I knew about that from 1994. So that actually inspired my thinking. So when Stephen Bloom's paper came out in January of 1996, and he was the first one to call GLP-1 a neurotransmitter, I think, but I was already way into actually screening these kind of molecules that later then became liraglutide.No One Else Thought About This [Obesity](04:54):And then I thought, why on earth should we not actually do both things at the same time? If we have an idea that can both work in diabetes in a much safer way than in insulin, and then also at the same time work in obesity. But the reality is that no one else thought about this, or if they thought about it, they didn't really think that it would a good idea. But I think I had the luxury of being in a biotech company, so everyone was working with peptides and proteins. So I don't think I got the same challenge that the other people in the other pharma's got when they all wanted small molecules.Eric Topol (05:36):Well, also just to set the foundation here, which you alluded to, there had been so many attempts to come up with a drug that would work, not just of course in diabetes where there are many classes of drugs, but moreover, to treat the condition of obesity. Actually, I was involved with one of them, Rimonabant and did the large trial, which as you know, led to having to stop the drug, discontinue it because it was associated with suicidal ideation and actual some suicide. So there had been such a long history of checkered inability to come up with a drug. But what was striking is the challenge, and this is one of the first important questions about, when you had the extended half-life of the first GLP-1 drug, that instead of having to take multiple times a day, you could actually, with liraglutide get to a point where you were starting to get to an extended half-life. This is now going back to 1997 with approval in 2010, still 14 years ago. But when you came up with this drug, because this was certainly one of your great contributions, this drug was just a step along the way in this kind of iterative process, wouldn't you say? It wasn't the long half-life and the potency that eventually got us to where we are today. Is that true?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (07:15):Yeah, it was a stepwise process. And what's super interesting about this class of medicines is that they're actually so different. If you talk about a class of medicine where small molecules, they can be different, but they're usually more alike than they're different. And when it comes to this class with these medium-sized peptides, people tried a whole bunch of different things. So they're actually really, really different. Some are simple peptides. So the idea that I came up with was to use this fatty acid isolation principle, and that's then a subclass in the class. And then the first, once weekly, for example, was an antibody-based molecule liraglutide. So they're much, much, much larger molecule compared to the small peptides. So they're very different. And neither the simple peptides nor the really big antibody derived molecules, they don't give a lot of weight loss. So we actually get more weight loss with these kinds of molecules, which is also why you can now see that it has actually kind of inspired a whole industry to kind of try and go and make similar kinds of molecules.Eric Topol (08:27):Well, inspired a whole industry is an understatement. It's become the most extraordinary class of drugs, I think in medical history, having been a student of various, I mean obviously statins have been a major contribution, but this seems to have transcended that already. We're going to talk about more about where things are headed, but this fatty acid acetylation was a major step forward in extending the half-life of the drug, whereby today you can give semaglutide once a week. And this, I think, of course, there are many ways that you might've been able to extend the half-life, but you were starting with a hormone, a natural hormone neurotransmitter that had such an exquisitely short half-life of basically second or minutes rather than that you could give for a week. So I know there were many different ways you could have protected or extended the half-life one way or another, but this seemed to be a breakthrough of many along the chain of breakthroughs. But the question I have is when you were giving this to the diabetics, which was the precedent, that was really what these drugs were first intended, they didn't lose that much weight, and they never, still today when it's looked at for obese non-diabetics versus diabetics, there's a gap in weight loss. Why is that at the exact same dose, with the exact same peptide that the weight loss differs for people with type 2 diabetes as compared to those who have pure obesity?The Mystery of Why People With Type 2 Diabetes Don't Lose Weight Like Those With Obesity Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (10:09):Yeah, I can't give you a molecular answer to that, right. But I think the notion, I think it's the same for example with metformin, even though it gives less weight loss because that has also been tried in both people with diabetes and people without diabetes. So I think it's just for somehow people with diabetes are more resistant to weight loss. I think it's a really good question that I'm hoping maybe we could get through, for example, with proteomics and actually comparing people with diabetes and people without diabetes and looking at people who have the similar kind of weight loss. That could be really interesting. But I really don't have a good molecular answer for you, but it's just a really, really strong fact. But it also leads me to wanting to say it's interesting, because if that had been our motivation to actually say, oh, there's weight loss in diabetes, let's pursue it in people with obesity, I don't think we would've done that because the weight loss in people with diabetes wasn't that impressive. So it was very important for our chain of thought and decision early on that we actually knew that GLP-1 had these separate effects and that they could work in the brain and have a separate effect on well-known pathways in the brain. And that was more our motivation to actually continue to invest in obesity.Eric Topol (11:42):Yeah, no, I think this is when we did the research on the committee for the American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) award, the Mani L. Bhaumik Award, that you were recognized for the breakthrough of the year, this year. We tried to scour all the work and we actually had to hit Danish translations and all sorts of other papers they reviewed. And we learned through that process working on this committee that you were the one to be the champion of pushing this towards obesity, and it would've easily been missed because as we've been discussing, the weight loss in people with diabetes was small, but you push for it. And this was an extraordinarily important push because what it has resulted in, of course, has been spectacular. And obviously as we're going to get into much more than just obesity and obesity related conditions. But before we get to those other conditions, and as you've been known in the medical community as “the mother of GLP-1”, you were dubbed that term. The GLP-1 receptor is expressed in many parts of the body. Maybe you could just tell us about the distribution because this, I think is tied into these central nervous system effects that are not just related to the gut hormone type of axis.GLP-1 Receptors and the BrainLotte Bjerre Knudsen (13:17):So I spent a lot of time on that together with my amazing colleague, Charles Pyke, who's an histology expert because it turned out to be so very important. In general, when you're trying to make new medicines, understanding the mechanism, sometimes people say, yeah, who cares? But actually, it should matter, I think because where it becomes really important can be an understanding what they do not do. We've had to do a lot of proving the negatives for GLP-1. We went through these issues with thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, pancreas cancer. In all of that work, it was actually really important that we could show where the GLP-1 receptor was not expressed. So in the pancreas, we know that it's primarily on the insulin producing cells, and then we also have them in the intestine where they're probably involved in regulating inflammation and really creating a much healthier gut.(14:15):And then we have a lot of receptors in the brain. They're typically expressed on neurons, but they're also on astrocytes, they're also on smooth muscle cells. We have them on the heart and the sinus node. That's why there's a small increase in heart rate. We have them in the kidney, on again some smooth muscle cells that are renin positive. So there we can start thinking blood pressure and other things. So it turns out that you can go around the body and there are all of these specific GLP-1 receptor population, that you can see how they tie into the pharmacology. But obviously in physiology, they're not as important as they have turned out to be in pharmacology when we suddenly come with 24 hours a day exposure for a day or a week or for as long as the administration interval is. So, but specifically for obesity, I think it's in the vein, it's hard to, you should always be careful.(15:18):That's something I've learned to never say never. Of course, there could be a contribution from the peripheral nervous system as well to the effects in obesity. But I do think there are so many important and well described neuronal populations that have the GLP-1 receptor and which are accessible from the periphery. So just to mention, maybe one of the most, well-known is a POMC/CART neuron in the hypothalamus. They have the GLP-1 receptor, they're activated, but there also is an inhibitory tone on the AgRP and NPY neurons, and it fits very well with that. We know that people report that they feel more sated, they feel less hungry. But then there are also effects in the hindbrain and in some of the reward centers also have GLP-1 receptors. And we know that also now, we have really good actually clinical studies that show that there is a change in food choice and people can control their food intake better. So I think that fits very well with effects on the reward system. So it's a whole myriad, or maybe you could say that GLP-1 orchestrates a number of different neuronal populations to have these overall effects that reduce energy intake.Eric Topol (16:42):Yeah, it's pretty striking. It's almost like we're all walking around with GLP-1 deficiency, that if we had this present at higher levels around the clock, and of course eventually we'll see things that are well beyond obesity, how well this has an impact. Now, there was an extraordinary review in Cell Metabolism on the brain and GLP-1, and not just the brain, but the essential nervous system, the neurovascular, it's called the “GLP-1 programs and neurovascular landscape.”(17:20):And in this review, it got into the brain effects that were well beyond, I think what are generally appreciated. Not only the protection of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, this whole neuroglial vascular unit, the myelin sheath protection, reducing inflammation within the brain, improving the glymphatic flow, which is of course critical for clearing waste and promoting cerebral vascular remodeling and more, so the brain effects here is what it seems to be. You mentioned the reward circuit, of course, but the brain effects here seem to be diverse, quite a bit of breath and extraordinary. And as we've seen in the clinic now with the work that's been done, we're seeing things about addiction, even gambling, alcohol, drugs, I mean neuropsychiatric impact, it's pretty profound. Maybe you could comment about that.On to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's DiseasesLotte Bjerre Knudsen (18:23):Yeah. I haven't read that paper yet, but I just saw it earlier. And I have been following this for about actually more than 10 years because when I was kind of over the big work of actually getting the approval for diabetes and obesity. I thought I had a little bit of capacity to actually look at Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease because I just thought there's such an insane unmet need and what if GLP-1 could actually make a difference? And the first big paper that talked about this was actually in Nature Medicine in 2003, and it was originally, I think I should credit Nigel Greig. Greig, he's from NIH or from NIA, I can't remember, right. But he was actually the first one, I think to say if GLP-1 has all of these important effects in the pancreas and to protect cells, and there are all these GLP-1 receptors in the brain, maybe it also protects neurons.(19:25):So that was the first hypothesis. And the paper on Nature Medicine in 2003 describes how the GLP-1 receptor in the hippocampus is involved in cognition. And then we did a couple of studies in different animal models, and I was, to be honest, really confused. But then there was a new paper in Nature Medicine in 2018 that started to focus in on neuroinflammation. And by that time, I knew much more about inflammation and knew GLP-1 actually lower CRP by about 50% in the different trials. So I was really tuned into the potential importance of that in cardiovascular and kidney disease. But I was like, oh, what if that's also something that is important in the brain? Then it made more sense to me to try and build some evidence for that. So that was how we actually started looking at a hypothesis for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.(20:21):And we now have a really large phase three study ongoing, but of course, it's a hypothesis, right? And no one has yet, I think, proven that GLP-1 has really important effects on these indications, but we are testing it in 4,000 people with Alzheimer's disease. So our hypothesis is around neuroinflammation, but defined in a way where you could say it's both peripheral inflammation and the effect it has on the vasculature, it's the effect on the blood-brain barrier. It's the astrocytes and the microglia, and there are probably also some T cells that have the GLP-1 receptor that could be important. And then couple that up also with some of the new information from neurons, because there are two papers to think in the last year that has highlighted neurons either in the hindbrain or a little bit further on. Both of them are probably hindbrain populations that actually seem to be really important in regulating both peripheral as well as central information.(21:27):So what if neurons are actually also an overlooked mechanism here, and both of these neuronal populations have the GLP-1 receptor and are accessible from the periphery, even though the child super paper in Nature doesn't mention that, but they do have the GLP-1 receptor. So there are all these different mechanisms that GLP-1 can have an impact on the broad definition maybe of neuroinflammation. And maybe the way one should start thinking about it is to say it's not an anti-inflammatory agent, but maybe it induces homeostasis in these systems. I think that could maybe be a good way to think about it, because I think saying that GLP-1 is anti-inflammatory, I think that that's wrong because that's more for agents that have a really strong effect on one particular inflammatory pathway.Eric Topol (22:22):That's a very important point you're making because I think we conceive of these drugs as anti-inflammatory agents from these more diverse actions that we've just been reviewing. But I like this restoring homeostasis. It's an interesting way to put it. This brings us, you mentioned about the Parkinson's, and when I reviewed the three randomized Parkinson's trials, they're all small, but it appears to be the first disease modifying drug ever in Parkinson's. Of course, these were done with different drugs that were older drugs. We haven't seen the ones that yet to be with semaglutide or other agents. And I wondered if you pushed, just like you did for obesity within Novo Nordisk, you pushed to go into obesity. Did you also force to push for Alzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (23:19):Yes. So that is also me who had to argue for that. I'm happy to do these things. I was born brave. I am happy to do these things.Eric Topol (23:31):That's wonderful. Without you, we would be way behind, and it took decades to get to this point. But look where we are now, especially with all the rigorous trials, the large clinical trials. You're into one right now of some 20,000 participants to see whether not just people with prior heart disease, but people without known heart disease to see whether or not this will have an effect. And there's so much data now, of course, already a completed trial with reduction of heart attacks and strokes. But now to extend this to people who are not such high risk, but these large trials, we keep learning more. Like for example, the reduction of inflammatory markers is occurring even before the weight loss that starts to manifest. So we learned a lot from the trials that are just even beyond some of the major primary outcomes. Would you agree about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (24:34):So I'm not sure we can say that it comes before the weight loss because the energy intake reduction happens instantly. The glycemic response happens instantly. And all of these improvements will of course also have an effect to dampen inflammation. We do not have data that supports that it comes before because we haven't sampled that much in the beginning.Eric Topol (25:04):Okay.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (25:05):I wouldn't be able to say that, and I don't think there are any, well, it's hard to keep up that the entire literature on GLP-1 these days, but I don't think anyone has actually shown that there is a separation because it's super hard to separate when things are occurring at the same time.Eric Topol (25:24):Yeah, I'm just citing the heart disease trial where in the New England Journal that point was made. But I think your point also that there was already a change in energy intake immediately is apropos for sure. Now, when we get into this new paper of yours, the proteomics, can you tell us about that because that's really exciting. We're in a high throughput proteomics era right now that we can analyze thousands of plasma proteins in any given individual. What are you learning about proteomics with the GLP-1 drug?The GLP-1 Drug Impact on ProteomicsLotte Bjerre Knudsen (26:07):Yeah, yeah. So I'm also the super excited about omics, right? Because I have worked in a wonderful organization of people who can do these large scale clinical trials, and we used to not collect a lot of samples for future use, but we've done that for some years now. So now we have this amazing collection of samples we can learn from and actually both inform the patients and the physicians, but also inform future research. So we have been doing that in our semaglutide trials, and we've just published the proteomics data from the step one and step two trials. So the phase 3a trials that supported the approval of semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. So one of them in people with obesity and one in people with obesity and diabetes, and those data are now published in Nature Medicine. [3 January 2025]. And we were learning a lot of things because you can compare the proteome effects to what has been done in the decode cohort.(27:11):So they have all these disease signature. So that's one thing that you can for sure see, and you can see a lot of things there with hints towards addiction. And then also you can take more predefined signatures also to look into what actually might be driving the cardiovascular risk. So I think there are so many things that you can learn from this, and of course it can also inform when you look at what's actually mediating the effect and probably something around inflammation is important. We have already also shown a more standard mediation analysis that shows that actually the most explainable factor for the effect on MACE [major adverse cardiovascular events] in the select trial is inflammation. It doesn't explain everything, but it actually looks like it's more important than BMI and weight loss. So that's really interesting how much we can learn from there. We're making the data are available at the summary statistic level so people can go and play with them ourselves.(28:23):And I think as we have more different kinds of medicines available in obesity, it's also a way to kind of compare how these different medicines work. And as we get more and more better at maybe also characterizing people with obesity, because I think that's a great thing that's going to happen now is there's going to be more funding for obesity research. Because I think that's what the attention that we are seeing right now is also giving. Then we can better start to understand. We always, we've been saying that people probably have different kinds of obesity, but we don't really know. So now we can actually start to understand that much better and maybe also understand how these different classes of medicines will work if we have the proteome data from different trials.Eric Topol (29:10):No, I'm absolutely fascinated about the proteomics. I call it a quiet revolution because many people don't know about it. [My recent post on this topic here.](29:18):The ability to assess thousands of proteins in each individual, and it's giving us new insights about cause and effect as you alluded to, the relationship with as you said, MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) and the actions of this drug class. I mean, there's just so much we can learn here from the proteomics. Another thing that's fascinating about the GLP-1 is its effect on epigenetic clocks. And recently at one of the meetings it was presented, this is Steven Horvath that we had on Ground Truths not long ago. He talked about at this talk that for the first time to see that you could basically slow the epigenetic clock with a GLP-1. Is there any further information about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:16):Yeah, no. We've never had enough of a sample size to actually be able to look at it, so unfortunately, no. But there is something else, right, because there is this group at the Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray or something.Eric Topol (30:33):Yes, Tony Wyss-Coray.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:35):Now he published a paper, is it two years ago? Where he did it using proteomics. He defined an anti-aging signature for various different organs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:46):We are in the process of trying to see if we could take those signatures and apply them on to our data.Eric Topol (30:55):Well, what's interesting is we're pretty close friends, and he, not only that paper you mentioned on organ clocks, which is a phenomenal contribution, but he has a paper coming out soon in Nature Medicine, the preprint is up, and what he showed was that the brain and the immune system was the main organ clocks that were associated with longevity. And so, it takes another step further and it's looking at 11,000 plasma proteins. So it's really interesting how this field is evolving because the omics, as you put it, whether it's proteomics, and now we're learning also about the epigenome and what brings us to the potential that this class of drugs would have an impact on health span in all people, not just those who are obese. Would you project that's going to be possible in the years ahead?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (32:02):I don't know about health span, but because certainly there's been so many studies with metformin and there's been a lot of wonderful data showing an effect on the epigenetic clocks, but not really an effect on lifespan because that metformin is so widely used. If that was the case, it would be easy to dig those data out of different registries. But certainly a healthier aging is the most obvious one because when you have one class of medicine that actually has so many different effects. Right now we are looking at them at a one by one case, but we really should be looking at them so you are getting the benefits on the heart and the vasculature on the brain and the kidneys and the diabetes and the knees. You're getting all of that at the same time, and that certainly should lead to much, much healthier lives. And then of course, we just need to get people to eat healthier. Also, maybe we should talk a little bit about the food industry. I heard you did that in some of your podcast, right?Eric Topol (33:17):Yes. That is the big food, if you will. It's a big problem, a very big problem, and the ultra-processed foods. And so, lifestyle is not good and trying to compensate for that with a drug intervention strategy is like chasing your tail. So you're absolutely right about that. I mean, I guess what I'm getting into here is that whereas today we keep seeing the effects, whether it's the liver, the kidney, the heart, obesity, and people with diabetes. But for example, in the Alzheimer's trial, do you have to be obese to be enrolled in the Alzheimer's trial, or is it just people who are at risk for developingAlzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:01):Yeah, no, you do not have to be obese. It's a standard Alzheimer's trial.GLP-1 PillsEric Topol (34:07):So this will be one of the really important trials to get a readout in people who are not having an obesity background. Now, the future, of course, gets us to oral GLP-1 drugs, which obviously you have there at Novo Nordisk. And it seems to me once that happens, if it can simulate the effects we see with the injectables, that would be another big step forward. What do you think about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:39):Yeah. Isn't it interesting, what we've learned is that people actually don't mind the injections, right? Also, because I think it's simple, once a week injection and the needles are so small, obviously there are people who really have needle phobia, but take those aside, it's relatively few. I would argue if you close your eyes and somebody else used this needle on you, you would not be able to feel where it was inserted, right? They're so small. So it becomes maybe a personal preference. Would you like to have once a day or maybe twice a day tablets, or are you fine with once a week injection? And I think there probably will be quite a few once they've tried it. And now so many have tried it and they actually, maybe it gives us a simple lifestyle. You don't have to do it every day, right? You can just have a weekly reminder.Eric Topol (35:46):Yeah, no, I think that's really interesting what you're bringing up. I never thought we would evolve to a point where injectables were becoming some common, and I even have some physician colleagues that are taking three different injectable drugs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (36:00):That's also just mentioned Richard DiMarchi, who I shared the Breakthrough Prize with, and also Svetlana Mojsov, who I was one of the other two recipients for the Lasker prize because they both been at Rockefeller, and they both have worked a lot with peptides, and they both say the same thing. They were told so many times, this is not medicines, these kinds of molecules just they're not medicines. Forget about it. It turns out people were wrong. And peptides can be medicines, and they can even be produced also in a sustainable manner with fermentation, which is not a bad way of producing medicines. And people actually don't mind. Maybe some people actually even like it because it's once a week and then it's done.Confronting BarriersEric Topol (36:58):Yeah, no, that's a very important point. And the quest for the oral, which have more issues with bioavailability versus the peptides that are having such pronounced impact is really interesting to ponder. Well, before we wrap up, it's very clear the impact you've had has been profound, not just obviously at Novo Nordisk, but for the world of advancing health and medicine. And you've mentioned some of the key other people who have made seminal contributions, but I think you stand out because when we went deep into who took this field forward into obesity and who might also wind up being credited for Alzheimer's, it was you. And as a woman in science, especially in an era that you've been at Novo now for three and a half decades, there weren't many women in science leaders. And for one to be, as you said, you're brave for the good old boys to listen to the woman in science. Tell us about that challenge. Was this ever an issue in your career? Because obviously we want to have this whole landscape change. It is in the midst of change, but it's certainly still a ways to go. So maybe you can give us insight about that.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (38:27):Yeah. Well, it for sure was a thing. It was a very male dominated world, and in a way, it might have prevented other people from doing it. But then, as I said, I was born brave for some reason. I'm not really sure why. It actually motivated me to kind of like, yeah, I'm going to show them. I'm going to show them. So it never really got to me that people, not everyone was nice to say. There was the first 10 years of my career, I think they were quite lonely, but then I was really inspired. I was so happy to be allowed to work on this. I thought it was super fun. And I did find people who wanted to play with me. And I also have to say that the CSO back then, Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen, he always supported me. So maybe I didn't get everything I wanted, but I always got what I needed in order to progress.(39:29):So on the women's side, and I think that yes, and there's still a change to be made, and I'm actually a little bit on behalf of my generation, maybe not too proud of the change we made because we didn't do a lot of change. It was all the women coming from the arts and the culture. They were the ones who actually make the big change here like 5 or 10 years ago. So I've also started to be more open about sharing my journey and advocating for women in science. So that's why I show up in pink to some of these award sessions just to be a little bit different and to maybe also just show that you don't have to be a certain type in order to fit into a certain job. But there is still a change to be made where people should be better at listening to what a person say and what ideas they say.(40:28):And they should be mindful about not always labeling women as passionate. When people call me passionate, I say like, no, thank you. I'm actually not too happy about the mother of either, because men always are being told. They're being told that they're brave and ambitious and courageous and strategic, whereas we we're, oh, you're so passionate. No, thank you. I'm also brave and strategic and ambitious and all of that. So we simply put different vocabulary on. I don't think people don't do it on purpose. I think we need to be better at actually giving people at work the same kind of vocabulary for their contributions. And I think that would mean that we get listened to in the same way. And that would be important. And then I also have to say that science, whether it comes from men or women, doesn't really matter.(41:32):Successful science is always the work of many. And I hope that some of you will actually listen to my last speech because that's what I speak about, how it's always the work of the many. And also, how if you want to do something novel, then you actually have to do it at a time when no one else is doing it, and you should believe in your ideas. So believe in it, listen to the critique, but believe in it, and then come back with new arguments or give up if you can't come up with any new arguments, right?Eric Topol (42:05):Well, we'll definitely put a link to the Lasker Awards speech that you gave. And I just want to say that the parallels here, for example, with Kati Karikó , my friend who had the Nobel Award for mRNA, she spent three decades trying to get people to listen to her and never got a grant from the NIH or other places [our conversation here]. And it was a really tough battle. And as you already touched on Svetlana Mojsov, who did some of the seminal work at Rockefeller to isolate the portion of GLP-1, that really was the key part peptide, and it was overlooked for years. And so, it's a tough fight, but you're paving the way here. And I think the contributions you've made are just so extraordinary. And I hope that over the years we will continue to see this momentum because people like what you've done, deserve this extraordinary recognition. I'm glad to see. And the Lasker Award is really capping off some of that great recognition that is so well deserved. We've covered a lot of ground today, and I want to make sure if I missed anything that you wanted to get into before we wrap up.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (43:30):I think we've been around all the exciting biology of GLP-1, both in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, kidney, potential in Alzheimer's and addiction. We'll see, we need the clinical data and we've put out a message to inspire people to do new science. There's still a lot of unmet need out there. There's a lot of diseases that don't have good treatments. Even in the diseases we've talked about there's a lot of money for diabetes. There are no disease modifying therapies for diabetes. It's not really changing the course of the disease. So there's a lot of things that needs great scientists.Eric Topol (44:17):And I guess just in finishing the discovery of this class of drugs and what it's led to, tells us something about that, there's so much more to learn that is, this has taken on perhaps the greatest obstacle in medicine, which was could you safely treat obesity and have a marked effect. Which decades, many decades were devoted to that and gotten nowhere. It's like a breakthrough in another way is that here you have an ability to triumph over such a frustrating target, just like we've seen with Alzheimer's, of course, which may actually intersect with Alzheimer's, with a graveyard of failed drugs. And the ones that it were approved so far in certain countries, like the US are so questionable as to the safety and efficacy. But it gives us an inspiration about what is natural that can be built on the basic science that can lead to with people like you who push within the right direction, give the right nudges and get the support you need, who knows what else is out there that we're going to be discovering in the years ahead. It's a broad type of lesson for us.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (45:38):Yeah, there is another hormone that's also in phase three clinical development, right? The amylin hormone. We've had pramlintide on the market for years, but we have this long-acting version that is in phase three clinical development. That could be the same kind of story because there's also additional biology on that one.Eric Topol (45:58):Yeah, this is what grabs me Lotte, because these gut hormone, we've known about them, and there's several more out there, of course. And look what they're having. They're not just gut hormones, like you said, they're neurotransmitters and they're body-wide receptors waiting to be activated, so it's wild. It's just wild. And I'm so glad to have had this conversation with you. Now, congratulations on all that you've done, and I know the Nature Medicine paper that just came out is going to be just one of many more to come in your career. So what a joy to have the chance to visit with you, and we'll be following the work that you and your colleagues are doing with great interest.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (46:45):And thank you very much, and thank you for your wonderful podcast. They're really great to listen to on the go. Very easy listening.*****************************************Please complete the quick poll question above.Thank you for reading, listening and subscribing to Ground Truths.If you found this podcast informative please share it!All content on Ground Truths—its newsletters, analyses, and podcasts, are free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and of course appreciated. All proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. I welcome all comments from paid subscribers and will do my best to respond to each of them and any questions.Thanks to my producer Jessica Nguyen and to Sinjun Balabanoff for audio and video support at Scripps Research.Ground Truths now has subscribers in 203 countries! Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

Dying to Be Thin: Ozempic & Obesity, Shedding Massive Weight Safely Using GLP-1 Receptors, Dr. Kazer - SarahWestall.com

Listen in as performers Fareeda Pasha & Dylan Lesch, and Hana Fatima Dehradunwala, playwright of The Last Word, along with Amani Meliyah, director, and Aliyah Curry, playwright of Receptors, both plays in The Science in Theatre Festival, discuss responsibility, “doing … Continue reading →

Dr James Stewart is Australia's leading clinician in Medicinal Cannabis and he brakes down who's it for, how it effects the body, stigma, who can prescribe it, different forms, the Aus market, diet, legalities, advocacy and education. Timestamps added below if you want to skip to your juice.Want to become a Keep Rolling Patron and help further support the channel, hit the Patreon link below and Roll with the Squad!https://www.patreon.com/street_rolling_cheetahAdd, Follow or Contact Dr James Stewart:Website: https://www.drjamesstewart.com.au/ Add, Follow or Contact me: Email: streetrollingcheetah@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/street_rolling_cheetah/?hl=enX (formally Twitter): https://x.com/St_RollCheetahFace book: https://www.facebook.com/StreetRollingCheetah/LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jake-briggs-77b867100/Timestamps(00:00:00) Journey and Chosen Field(00:08:00) Who can Prescribe it?(00:11:00) Cannabis Clinic and Negative Press(00:15:00) Endocannabinoid System and Receptors(00:22:00) Stigma, R&D and Policy Change(00:28:45) CBD, THC, and Different Forms(00:40:00) It's all about Balance(00:47:00) Accessibility and Cost(00:54:00) Aus Grown vs Imports(00:57:00) Regulated Market(01:02:50) Specific Conditions and Reduction of Pharmaceuticals(01:12:00) What to be Cautious of and Awareness(01:20:00) Diet and Gut Biome(01:24:00) Legal Systems and Government(01:28:30) Are there Subsidies or Discounts?(01:30:00) Advocacy and Education

In today's episode, we dive into the critical role of phospholipids in maintaining brain health, examining how these molecules contribute to neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. We'll explore the biochemical structure and function of key phospholipids like phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine within neuronal membranes, where they play indispensable roles. We discuss associations and impacts of environmental toxins, aging, and neurodegenerative conditions. Finally, we discuss dietary tools to support phospholipid levels and promote cognitive health. Topics: 1. Introduction to Phospholipids and Cognitive Health 2. Brain Cell Structure and Composition - Neurons, glial cells. 3. Detailed Anatomy of Neurons - Soma contains organelles, dendrites receive signals, axon sends impulses. - Myelin sheath insulates axon, speeding signal transmission. - Myelin is rich in phospholipids. 4. Roles of Glial Cells in Brain Health - Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia support neurons. - Glial cells regulate the brain's environment, form myelin, and provide immune defense. - Phospholipid-rich membranes are essential for glial function. 5. Biochemistry: Phospholipids - Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group. - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts form bilayers. - Key phospholipids: PC, PE, PS, PI 6. Phospholipid Bilayer's Role in Neuronal Communication - Ion channels, receptors, and transporters in the bilayer enable cell functions. - Ion channels allow ions to flow, creating signals for neuron communication. - Receptors detect neurotransmitters, initiating responses. 7. Neuronal Activation and Electrochemical Gradients - Resting neurons have ion concentration differences inside and outside the cell. - Ion channel activity during activation creates an action potential. - The phospholipid membrane enables controlled ion flow for signal transmission. 8. Neurotransmitter Release - Action potential at axon terminal triggers calcium entry. - Calcium causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters. - Released neurotransmitters bind to receptors, continuing the signal. 9. Diversity of Phospholipids in Neuronal Membranes - Different phospholipids (PC, PE, PS, PI) are essential for membrane integrity. 10. Summary: Phospholipids in Brain Function and Cognitive Health - Phospholipids support neuronal communication, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive resilience. - Synaptic plasticity - essential for learning and memory. 11. Phospholipid Disruption and Cognitive Decline - Oxidative stress, aging, and inflammation disrupt phospholipid composition. - Lipid peroxidation damages membranes, affecting neuron signaling. - Phospholipid damage contributes to cognitive decline. 12. Importance of Phospholipids in Aging and Brain Health - Lipid levels decrease with age, impacting brain function. 13. Environmental Toxins and the Brain - Heavy metals like mercury cause oxidative damage to phospholipids. - Damaged phospholipids and impaired neuron function. 14. Consequences of Suboptimal Phospholipids - Cognitive symptoms. - Low levels seen in neurodegenerative conditions. 15. Tools for Supporting Phospholipid Levels - Foods with PS and PC, such as fatty fish and eggs. - Phospholipid supplements. Thanks for tuning in! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

Have you every wondered how exactly drugs are designed to access the brain? The answer usually revolves around one very important part of the central nervous system. The blood brain barrier is the layer of cells that protects the brain from pathogens while still allowing for the removal of toxins. From pain medications to ozempic, several drugs have been designed to get across this barrier in one way or another. In this episode, we are joined by an expert in the field and cover how the blood brain barrier works, how common drugs act on it, what can go wrong, and how you can leverage your own blood brain barrier. Dr. Sebastian Furness is from Adelaide and received his BSc(Hons) and PhD. from the University of Adelaide, in the biochemistry of gene regulation. He then did postdoctoral research on how blood stem cells regenerate all the different types of blood cells at the University of British Columbia in beautiful Vancouver before returning to Australia (this time in Melbourne) to work on the molecular functioning of an important class of drug targets called G protein-coupled Receptors. Sebastian won an ARC Future Fellowship, the most prestigious early-mid career fellowship for discovery scientists in Australia. This allowed him to develop his own research program where he moved to the University of Queensland, in sunny Brisbane. Sebastian runs a small lab that focusses on trying to understand the molecular-level details of how communication occurs between the gastrointestinal tract and brain. He teaches into undergraduate Biomedical Science and Pharmacy and enjoys communicating science in various forums, including “Pint of Science” and “The Conversation”. For more information on what the lab does see: RTClab.org AND https://biomedical-sciences.uq.edu.au/research/groups/receptor-transducer-coupling Author: Elena Koning Email: thinktwicepodcast@outlook.com Instagram: @thinktwice_podcast LinkedIN: Think Twice Podcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ThinkTwicePodcast Disclaimer: Think Twice is a podcast for general information and entertainment purposes only. The content discussed in the episodes does not reflect the views of the podcast committee members or any institution they are affiliated with. The use of the information presented in this podcast is at the user's own risk and is not intended to replace professional healthcare services.

In this episode, we explore serotonin synthesis within enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, detailing how tryptophan is converted into serotonin through enzymatic processes. We examine the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in modulating the synthesis of serotonin including impacting tryptophan hydroxylase activity. We explore serotonin's interactions with receptors on enteric neurons and vagal afferent fibers, analyzing how these signaling pathways influence gut motility. Finally, we uncover conditions and symptoms associated with low serotonin production and the importance of the intestinal microbiome. Topics: 1. Introduction to Gut-Produced Serotonin - Serotonin production within the gut. - Serotonin's role beyond mood. - Synthesis, causes of low serotonin, related GI symptoms. 2. Gut Lining Structure and Cell Types - Layers of the gut lining, focusing on the mucosa. - Description of epithelial cells, including enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells. - Role of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in serotonin production. 3. Serotonin Synthesis in EC Cells - Location and function of EC cells. - How EC cells synthesize serotonin from tryptophan. 4. Biochemical Pathway of Serotonin Production - Step-by-step process: conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. - Enzymes involved, including TPH1 and AADC. - Importance of tryptophan availability in serotonin synthesis. 5. Storage and Release of Serotonin in EC Cells - Role of VMAT1 in serotonin storage within vesicles. - Controlled release. 6. Triggers for Serotonin Release - Physical triggers: mechanical stretch, pressure from food intake. - Chemical triggers: microbial metabolites, bile acids. - Receptors involved (GPCRs, TGR5) and signaling pathways. 7. Release of Serotonin into Intestinal Lining Layers - Serotonin exocytosis and interaction with nearby cells. - Release of serotonin on both luminal and basolateral sides of EC cells. - How luminal and basolateral release affects gut motility and barrier function. 8. Serotonin's Role in Gut Motility - Interaction with 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors on enterocytes and enteric neurons. - Activation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. - Coordination with pacemaker cells for peristaltic movement. 9. Immune Function and Serotonin in the Gut - Effect on immune cells. 10. Gut-Brain Communication via Serotonin and the Vagus Nerve - Activation of vagal afferent fibers by serotonin. 11. Contributing Factors to Low Serotonin Production - Impact of dysbiosis and reduced SCFA production. - SIBO specifically. - Intestinal inflammation in general. - Imbalanced microbiota and inflammation can disrupt EC cell function. 12. Manifestations of Low Serotonin in the Gut - Effects on motility: constipation, dysmotility... - Common GI symptoms, including bloating, discomfort, and fullness. - Association with conditions like IBS. 13. Supporting Serotonin Production in the Gut - Painting a full picture and identifying root causes. - Strategies to foster a healthy gut microbiome. - Role of sunlight and tryptophan-rich foods in serotonin production. - Stool testing for microbiome imbalances. Thanks for tuning in! "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

In today's episode, we're unpacking a little-known issue affecting hormone health: numbed-out hormone receptors. This is an issue that most hormonal problems seem to have as a common denominator, impacting how well our cells receive and respond to hormones, yet very few people talk about it!We'll have a special focus on thyroid function today.If you've been dealing with hormonal issues but your blood work looks perfect, there may be more going on beneath the surface. We'll dive into the root causes—from stress and diet to liver health, supplementation, and even parasites—and touch on epigenetics!Let's decode why your body might be missing these critical messages and create better circumstances for your hormonal system to start functioning again.SHOW NOTES:01:20 – Thyroid issues01:50 – Why you might feel bad even if your blood work looks “perfect”02:00 – Introduction to thyroid function and health03:30 – How to create better conditions for optimal hormone function04:00 – The impact of stress and low-calorie diets on thyroid health04:40 – Importance of selenium and zinc05:00 – How high-carb diets and stress deplete zinc quickly05:50 – Poor liver function's role in thyroid issues06:20 – Epigenetics and frequency: Helping genes express positively09:00 – Why liver health is essential for hormone conversion10:00 – Link between leaky gut and thyroid imbalance11:30 – Overlooked hormone level checks most practitioners miss12:00 – How dysfunctional cells block hormone receptors14:20 – Why both hormones and cell communication must work in sync15:00 – The myth of a single solution for optimal hormone health18:00 – Why are our cells not responding? Exploring the root causesSend us a textIf you LOVED this episode, please LEAVE A REVIEW and help us grow!How to connect with Michaela?Website Food Changes Lives: Fb: Food Changes Lives : Youtube Instagram Fb Group: DISCLAIMER: Welcome to BodyHacking - Build a Better You podcast! Please note that the content provided on this channel is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. The information shared here is based on personal experiences, research, and general knowledge. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Additionally, some of the products and services mentioned on this channel may be affiliate links. This means I may earn a commission if you purchase through these links. Rest assured, I only recommend products and services that I personally use and trust in my daily life. Things I have spent countless hours researching and feel are the best of the best! Your support helps me continue to create content to educate and inspire you....

From wound healing to cell growth to bone formation, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are responsible for a diverse range of biological processes. This episode begins with the basics: the functions of FGFs and FGFRs. We will then move on to an indepth dive into the structure of FGFRs and how they work with FGFs to initiate the desired cellular response. Finally, we will end the episode by exploring the three main pathways used by FGFs and their corresponding receptors.  FGFR Model: https://images.app.goo.gl/FaZjvuh5H1QnTgfa8

Join us for the second episode of our Schizophrenia series. Today, we will be discussing the pathophysiology and some of the receptors of interest in this disorder. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/psychrounds/support

Did you know that there'res way more to how estrogen acts in your body than just the amount of estrogen you have?  Most people don't.Whether you know yet what you want to do when your estrogen levels start to dramatically decline around the time of menopause or not, you will age better if you understand estrogen receptors.  How differently estrogen acts in your body depends on the types of estrogen receptors that are most prevalent in your body.  And there's something you can do about it!  Come find out how.www.healthcouragecollective.comTake my udemy course about bioidentical hormone replacement therapy!

the social codes found in the yoga tradition are designed to facilitate ease in self-discipline and higher thoughts / the only requirement to be in this club is an affection for Krishna / followers of the Veda claim that it is apaurusheya, "not created by any person" / in meditative trance, sages became living receptors of the vibrating knowledge of the cosmos / reading minds & controlling the minds of others - it's all real! / days-rasa - the genuine affection felt for a teacher or master / hypocrisy creates skepticism a healthy type of submission / when Western people portray a healthy form of submission they commonly look toward the East SB: 7.12.1-3 ****************************************************************************************** LOVE THE PODCAST? WE ARE COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AND WOULD LOVE FOR YOU TO JOIN! Go to https://www.wisdomofthesages.com WATCH ON YOUTUBE: https://youtube.com/@wisdomofthesages LISTEN ON ITUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/wisdom-of-the-sages/id1493055485 CONNECT ON FACEBOOK: https://facebook.com/wisdomofthesages108 CONNECT ON INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/wisdom_of_the_sages  

the social codes found in the yoga tradition are designed to facilitate ease in self-discipline and higher thoughts / the only requirement to be in this club is an affection for Krishna / followers of the Veda claim that it is apaurusheya, "not created by any person" / in meditative trance, sages became living receptors of the vibrating knowledge of the cosmos / reading minds & controlling the minds of others - it's all real! / days-rasa - the genuine affection felt for a teacher or master / hypocrisy creates skepticism a healthy type of submission / when Western people portray a healthy form of submission they commonly look toward the East SB: 7.12.1-3 ****************************************************************************************** LOVE THE PODCAST? WE ARE COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AND WOULD LOVE FOR YOU TO JOIN! Go to https://www.wisdomofthesages.com WATCH ON YOUTUBE: https://youtube.com/@wisdomofthesages LISTEN ON ITUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/wisdom-of-the-sages/id1493055485 CONNECT ON FACEBOOK: https://facebook.com/wisdomofthesages108 CONNECT ON INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/wisdom_of_the_sages  

About the guest: Christoffer Clemmensen, PhD is scientist running the Metabolism & Molecular Pharmacology group at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. His lab studies the biological basis of obesity & other metabolic disorders.Episode summary: Nick and Dr. Clemmensen discuss: GLP-1 & gut hormones; obesity & metabolic disease; GLP-1 agonists and weight loss drugs (e.g. Ozempic); novel, dual-action weight loss drugs his lab has created; and more.Previous discussion: Metabolism, Obesity & Psychedelics for Metabolic Disease | Christoffer Clemmensen | #105*This content is never meant to serve as medical advice.Support the Show.All episodes (audio & video), show notes, transcripts, and more at the M&M Substack Try Athletic Greens: Comprehensive & convenient daily nutrition. Free 1-year supply of vitamin D with purchase.Try SiPhox Health—Affordable, at-home bloodwork w/ a comprehensive set of key health marker. Use code TRIKOMES for a 10% discount.Try the Lumen device to optimize your metabolism for weight loss or athletic performance. Use code MIND for $50 off.Learn all the ways you can support my efforts

GPCRs are challenging to understand but crucial to truly knowing how the drugs we use in the ICU and in the anesthesia world work. In this episode we break down this foundational concept, and you can grab the accompanying cheat sheet below! [FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE RN OR SRNA: GPCR CHEAT SHEET[FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE SRNA: GRAB YOUR FREE SEE/NCE STUDY PLAN HERE [FREE DOWNLOAD] FOR THE RN: GRAB YOUR FREE ICU DRUG CHART HERE

This episode is about the effect that alcohol has on the gut biome (bacteria). Alcohol is often said to have health benefits like antioxidants, but is it worth the cost? We're going to find out in this quick tip episode.   FREE STUFF: If you need help with your gut, I've created free programs for all sorts of conditions like IBD, IBS (C and D), SIBO, Acid Reflux, Fatty Liver and more: You can find them for free on my website: https://www.reversablepod.com/free   HAVE A QUESTION? Go to reversablepod.com/tips to submit your question.   SOCIAL MEDIA: Follow me on Instagram or Facebook @joshdech.health   STUDIES REFERECNED IN THIS EPISODE: How alcohol is absorbed into the body: https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-1-gender-matters/content/content-how-is-alcohol-absorbed-into-the-body/  A breif abstract on the alcohol-gut microbiome connection:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26695747/ How alcohol (in very specific conditions) may benefit some autoimmune conditions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34224314/  Alcohol inhibitng TLR-4 Receptors: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29445009/ 

Receptors that give our feline friends a craving for meat, and using combustion to propel insect-size robots   First up on this week's episode, Online News Editor David Grimm joins host Sarah Crespi to talk about why despite originating from a dry, desert environment cats seem to love to eat fish.   Next on the show, bugs such as ants are tiny while at the same time fast and strong, and small robots can't seem to match these insectile feats of speed and power. Cameron Aubin, a postdoc at Cornell University who will shortly join the University of Michigan, discusses using miniscule combustion reactions to bring small robots up to ant speed.   Finally in a sponsored segment from the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office, Jackie Oberst, associate editor for custom publishing, discusses with Bobby Soni, chief business officer at the BioInnovation Institute, an international life science incubator in Copenhagen, Denmark, what it takes to bring a product from lab to market and how to make the leap from scientist to entrepreneur. This segment is sponsored by the BioInnovation Institute.   This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy.   About the Science Podcast   Authors: Sarah Crespi, David Grimm   Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk8409 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this concluding podcast relating to the adrenergic receptors, I discuss the beta 2 and 3 receptors and how they are tested on the USMLE exams. Lots of helpful integrations here for easy points. I end with a short life lesson as well. Audio Download

In this podcast, we continue our detailed discussion of the adrenergic receptors with a deep dive into the beta 1 receptor and the many different contexts it’s tested in on the USMLE exams. Don’t sleep on this podcast. A lot of what I discuss here shows up routinely on all the USMLEs. Audio Download

Alpha 2 receptors are tested in a surprisingly large number of contexts on all the USMLE exams. This podcast makes integrations that should help you nail these questions. I end with a short life lesson applicable to many people in medicine. Audio Download

Adrenergic receptors have a weird way of showing up in many different contexts on the USMLE exams. In this podcast, I spend time breaking down alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and the many different contexts/dimensions the NBMEs choose to take with them on the USMLE exams. Pretty HY stuff here. Audio Download

Today you'll learn about what really happens when we get a whiff of something, about the mechanism that allows dolphins to communicate with vocal fry, and the dark and windy history of body donation.Find episode transcripts here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/odor-receptors-whale-vocal-fry-body-donationOdor Receptors   “How do we smell? First 3D structure of human odour receptor offers clues.” by Miryam Naddaf. 2023https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00818-3“First 3D model of human odor receptor tells us how we smell.” by Nergis Firtina. 2023.https://interestingengineering.com/science/first-3d-model-of-human-odor-receptor“Making Sense of Scents.” by Robin Marks. 2023.https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/03/424956/making-sense-scents Whale Vocal Fry“Who's Using Vocal Fry in the Ocean? Dolphins and Whaaaaaales.” by Sam Jones. 2023.https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/02/science/dolphins-whales-vocal-fry.html“They're, Like, Way Ahead of the Linguistic Currrve.” by Douglas Quenqua. 2012.https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/science/young-women-often-trendsetters-in-vocal-patterns.html?_r=2&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=allBody Donation “From grave robbing to giving your own body to science - a short history of where medical schools get cadavers.” by Susan Lawrence & Susan E. Lederer. 2023.https://theconversation.com/from-grave-robbing-to-giving-your-own-body-to-science-a-short-history-of-where-medical-schools-get-cadavers-199947“The Body-Snatching Horror of John Scott Harrison.” by Livius Drusus. 2015.https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/64221/body-snatching-horror-john-scott-harrison“In Need of Cadavers, 19th-Century Medical Students Raided Baltimore's Graves.” by Antero Pietila. 2018.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/in-need-cadavers-19th-century-medical-students-raided-baltimores-graves-180970629/Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers.

How are attitudes toward cannabis changing? Neil deGrasse Tyson, Chuck Nice, and Gary O'Reilly discuss marijuana's effects on mental health with former football pro turned cannabis professional, Ricky Williams, and Harvard neuroscientist, Dr. Staci Gruber.NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free here: https://startalkmedia.com/show/taking-a-hit-with-dr-staci-gruber-and-ricky-williams/Photo Credit: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons