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Today we're busy! In hour one it's going to be Brad Keithley with Alaskans for Sustainable Budgets and the Weekly Top 3. This weeks topics: What should we use for oil prices this coming budget cycle; Callan (the PFC's advisor) presentation last week gave us additional insight into two key PFC issues; #WhoPays (distributional analysis) must be a mandatory part of any tax discussion. Then in hour two we'll visit with gubernatorial candidate Matt Heilala. We'll get his take on the state of the State and where he would take us in the future.
Last time we spoke about General Zhukov's armor offensives at Nomohan. Following heavy Japanese losses in May and June, General Georgy Zhukov arrives in June, reorganizes the Soviet 1st Army Group, and bolsters it with tanks, artillery, and reinforcements. The July offensive sees General Komatsubara's forces cross the Halha River undetected, achieving initial surprise. However, General Yasuoka's tank assault falters due to muddy terrain, inadequate infantry support, and superior Soviet firepower, resulting in heavy losses. Japanese doctrine emphasizing spiritual superiority clashes with material realities, undermining morale as intelligence underestimates Soviet strength. Zhukov learns key lessons in armored warfare, adapting tactics despite high casualties. Reinforcements pour in via massive truck convoys. Japanese night attacks and artillery duels fail, exposing logistical weaknesses. Internal command tensions, including gekokujo defiance, hinder responses. By August, Stalin, buoyed by European diplomacy and Sorge's intel, greenlights a major offensive. Zhukov employs deception for surprise. Warnings of Soviet buildup are ignored, setting the stage for a climactic encirclement on August 20. #191 Zhukov Steel Ring of Fire at Nomohan Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. On the night of August 19–20, under cover of darkness, the bulk of the Soviet 1st Army Group crossed the Halha River into the expanded Soviet enclave on the east bank. Two weeks of nightly Soviet sound effects had paid off: Japanese perimeter troops failed to distinguish the real deployment from the frequently heard simulations. Zhukov's order of battle was as follows: "Northern force, commanded by Colonel Alekseenko—6th Mongolian Cavalry Division, 601st Infantry Regiment (82nd Division), 7th Armored Brigade, 2 battalions of the 11th Tank Brigade, 82nd Artillery Regiment, and 87th Anti-tank Brigade. Central force, where Zhukov was located, commanded by his deputy, Colonel Petrov—36th Motorized Infantry Division, 82nd Infantry Division (less one regiment), 5th Infantry Machine Gun Brigade. Southern force, commanded by Colonel Potapov—8th Mongolian Cavalry Division, 57th Infantry Division, 8th Armored Brigade, 6th Tank Brigade, 11th Tank Brigade (less two battalions), 185th Artillery Regiment, 37th Anti-tank Brigade, one independent tank company. A mobile strategic reserve built around the 212th Airborne Regiment, the 9th Mechanized Brigade, and a battalion of the 6th Tank Brigade was held west of the Halha River." The Soviet offensive was supported by massed artillery, a hallmark of Zhukov's operations in the war against Germany. In addition to nearly 300 antitank and rapid-fire guns, Zhukov deployed over 200 field and heavy artillery pieces on both sides of the Halha. Specific artillery batteries were assigned to provide supporting fire for each attacking infantry and armored unit at the battalion level and higher. In the early hours of August 20, the sky began to lighten over the semiarid plain, with the false promise of a quiet Sunday morning. The air was clear as the sun warmed the ground that had been chilled overnight. General Komatsubara's troops were in no special state of readiness when the first wave of more than 200 Soviet bombers crossed the Halha River at 5:45 a.m. and began pounding their positions. When the bombers withdrew, a thunderous artillery barrage began, continuing for 2 hours and 45 minutes. That was precisely the time needed for the bombers to refuel, rearm, and return for a second run over the Japanese positions. Finally, all the Soviet artillery unleashed an intensive 15-minute barrage at the forwardmost Japanese positions. Komatsubara's men huddled in their trenches under the heaviest bombardment to which they or any other Japanese force had ever been subjected. The devastation, both physical and psychological, was tremendous, especially in the forward positions. The shock and vibration of incoming bombs and artillery rounds also caused their radiotelegraph keys to chatter so uncontrollably that frontline troops could not communicate with the rear, compounding their confusion and helplessness. At 9:00 a.m., Soviet armor and infantry began to move out along the line while their cover fire continued. A dense morning fog near the river helped conceal their approach, bringing them in some sectors to within small-arms range before they were sighted by the enemy. The surprise and disarray on the Japanese side was so complete, and their communications so badly disrupted, that Japanese artillery did not begin firing in support of their frontline troops until about 10:15 a.m. By then, many forward positions were overrun. Japanese resistance stiffened at many points by midday, and fierce combat raged along the front, roughly 40 miles long. In the day's fighting, Colonel M. I. Potapov's southern force achieved the most striking success. The 8th MPR Cavalry Division routed the Manchukuoan cavalry holding Komatsubara's southern flank, and Potapov's armor and mechanized infantry bent the entire southern segment of the Japanese front inward by about 8 miles in a northwesterly direction. Zhukov's central force advanced only 500–1,500 yards in the face of furious resistance, but the frontal assault engaged the center of the Japanese line so heavily that Komatsubara could not reinforce his flanks. Two MPR cavalry regiments and supporting armor and mechanized infantry from Colonel Ilya Alekseenko's northern force easily overran two Manchukuoan cavalry units guarding the northern flank of the Japanese line, about 2 miles north of the Fui Heights. But the heights themselves formed a natural strong point, and Alekseenko's advance was halted at what became the northern anchor of the Japanese line. As the first phase of the Soviet offensive gathered momentum, General Ogisu, the 6th Army's new commander, assessed the situation. Still unaware of Zhukov's strength, he reassured KwAHQ that "the enemy intends to envelop us from our flanks, but his offensive effectiveness is weak… Our positions in other areas are being strengthened. Set your mind at ease." This optimistic report contributed to Kwantung Army's delay in reinforcing the 23rd Division. Some at KwAHQ suspected this might be another limited Soviet push, like Aug 7–8, that would soon end. Others worried it was a diversion prior to a larger offensive and were concerned but not alarmed about Komatsubara's position. On Aug 21–22, Potapov's southern force pierced the Japanese main defense line at several points, breaking the southern sector into segments that the attackers sealed off, encircled, and ground down. Soviet armor, mechanized infantry, and artillery moved swiftly and with deadly efficiency. Survivors described how each pocket of resistance experienced its own hellish period. After the Japanese heavy weapons in a pocket were neutralized, Soviet artillery and tanks gradually tightened the ring, firing at point-blank range over open sights. Flame-throwing tanks incinerated hastily constructed fortifications and underground shelters. Infantry mopped up with grenades, small arms, and bayonets. By the end of Aug 23, Potapov had dismembered the entire Japanese defensive position south of the Holsten River. Only one significant pocket of resistance remained. Meanwhile, Potapov's 8th Armored Brigade looped behind the Japanese, reaching southeast of Nomonhan, some 11 miles east of the river junction, on the boundary claimed by the MPR, and took up a blocking position there athwart the most likely line of retreat for Japanese units south of the Holsten. In those two days, the Japanese center yielded only a few yards, while the northern flank anchored at Fui Heights held firm. Air combat raged over the battlefield. Soviet air units provided tactical support for their armor and infantry, while Kwantung Army's 2nd Air Group strove to thwart that effort and hit the Soviet ground forces. Before Nomonhan, the Japanese air force had not faced a modern opponent. Japanese fliers had roamed largely unchallenged in Manchuria and China from 1931 to 1939. At Nomonhan, the Soviets enjoyed an advantage of roughly 2:1 in aircraft and pilots. This placed an increasingly heavy burden on Japanese air squadrons, which had to fly incessantly, often against heavy odds. Fatigue took its toll and losses mounted. Soviet and Japanese accounts give wildly different tallies of air victories and losses, but an official Japanese assessment after the battle stated, "Nomonhan brought out the bitter truths of the phenomenal rate at which war potential is sapped in the face of superior opposition." As with tank combat, the Soviet air superiority was qualitative as well as quantitative. In June–early July, the Soviet I-16 fighters did not fare well against the Japanese Type 97 fighter. However, in the lull before the August offensive, the Soviets introduced an improved I-16 with armor-plated fuselage and windshield, making it virtually impervious to the Type 97's light 7.7-mm guns. The Japanese countered by arming some planes with heavier 12.7-mm guns, which were somewhat more effective against the new I-16s. But the Soviet pilots discovered that the Type-97's unprotected fuel tank was an easy mark, and Japanese planes began to burn with horrendous regularity. On Aug 23, as Ribbentrop arrived in Moscow to seal the pact that would doom Poland and unleash war in Europe, the situation at Nomonhan was deemed serious enough by Kwantung Army to transfer the 7th Division to Hailar for support. Tsuji volunteered to fly to Nomonhan for a firsthand assessment. This move came too late, as Aug 23–24 proved the crucial phase of the battle. On Tue night, Aug 22, at Japanese 6th Army HQ, General Ogisu ordered a counterattack to push back the Soviet forces enveloping and crushing the Japanese southern flank. Komatsubara planned the counterattack in minute detail and entrusted its execution to his 71st and 72nd Regiments, led by General Kobayashi Koichi, and the 26th and 28th Regiments of the 7th Division, commanded by General Morita Norimasa. On paper this force looked like two infantry brigades. Only the 28th Regiment, however, was near full strength, though its troops were tired after marching about 25 miles to the front the day before. This regiment's peerless commander was Colonel Morita Toru (unrelated to General Morita). The chief kendo fencing master of the Imperial Army, Morita claimed to be invulnerable to bullets. The other three regiments were seriously understrength, partly due to combat attrition and partly because several of their battalions were deployed elsewhere on the front. The forces Kobayashi and Morita commanded that day totaled less than one regiment each. It was not until the night of Aug 23 that deployment and attack orders filtered down to the Japanese regiment, battalion, and company commanders. Due to insufficient truck transport and the trackless terrain, units were delayed reaching their assigned positions in the early morning of Aug 24, and some did not arrive at all. Two battalions of the 71st Regiment did not reach Kobayashi in time; his attack force that morning consisted of two battalions of the 72nd Regiment. Colonel Sumi's depleted 26th Regiment did not arrive in time, and General Morita's assault force consisted of two battalions of the 28th Regiment and a battalion-equivalent independent garrison unit newly arrived at the front. Because of these delays, the Japanese could not reconnoiter enemy positions adequately before the attack. What had been planned as a dawn assault would begin between 9:30 and 10:00 a.m. in broad daylight. The light plane carrying Tsuji on the final leg of his flight from Hsinking-Hailar-Nomonhan was attacked by Soviet fighters and forced to land behind the 72nd Regiment's staging area. Tsuji managed to reach General Kobayashi's command post by truck and on foot, placing him closer to the fighting than he anticipated. Just before the counterattack began, a dense fog drifted across part of the battlefield, obscuring visibility and limiting artillery effectiveness. Using the fog to mask their movement, lead elements of the 72nd Regiment moved toward a distant stand of scrub pines. As they approached, the trees began to move away—the stand was a well-camouflaged Soviet tank force. The tanks then maneuvered to the south, jeopardizing further Japanese advance. As the fog cleared, the Japanese found themselves facing a much larger enemy force. A vastly heavier Soviet barrage answered their renewed artillery fire. Kobayashi and Morita discovered too late that their counterattack had walked into the teeth of far stronger Soviet forces. One account calls it "The Charge of Two Light Brigades." Kobayashi's 72nd Regiment encountered the Soviet T-34, with its thick sloped armor and 76-mm gun—the most powerful tank in 1939. In addition, the improved Soviet BT-5/7 tanks, powered by diesel, were less prone to ignition. On gasoline-powered vehicles, the Soviets added wire netting over the ventilation grill and exhaust manifold, reducing the effectiveness of hand-thrown gasoline bombs. Japanese infantry regiments suffered near 50% casualties that day. Nearly every battalion and company commander was lost. Kobayashi was gravely wounded by a tank shell fragment and nearly trampled by fleeing troops. He survived the battle and the Pacific War but died in a Soviet POW camp in 1950. Morita's 28th Regiment fared little better. It was pinned down about 500 yards from the Soviet front lines by intense artillery. Unable to advance and not permitted to retreat, Morita's men dug into the loose sand and withstood the bombardment, but were cut to pieces. Shortly after sunset, the remnants were ordered to withdraw, but both regiments were shattered. Tsuji, a survivor, rejoined Komatsubara at his command post. Upon receiving combat reports from the 72nd and 28th Regiments, General Komatsubara "evinced deep anxiety." 6th Army chief of staff Major General Fujimoto Tetsukuma, at Komatsubara's command post, "appeared bewildered," and announced he was returning to headquarters, asking if Tsuji would accompany him. The major declined and later recalled that he and Komatsubara could barely conceal their astonishment at Fujimoto's abrupt departure at such a time. Meanwhile, at the northern end of the line, Colonel Alekseenko's force had been hammering at Fui Heights for 3 days without success. The position was held by about 800 defenders under Lieutenant Colonel Ioki Eiichiro, consisting of two infantry companies; one company each of cavalry, armored reconnaissance, and combat engineers; and three artillery batteries (37-mm and 75-mm guns). The defenders clung tenaciously to the strongpoint created by the heights and their bunkers, inflicting heavy losses on Alekseenko's force. The unexpectedly strong defense disrupted the timing of the entire Soviet offensive. By Aug 23, Zhukov was exasperated and losing patience with the pace in the north. Some of Zhukov's comrades recall a personable chief who played the accordion and urged singing during happier times. Under stress, his harshness and temper surfaced. Zhukov summoned Alekseenko to the telephone. When the northern commander expressed doubt about storming the heights immediately, Zhukov berated him, relieved him on the spot, and entrusted the attack to Alekseenko's chief of staff. After a few hours, Zhukov called again and, finding that the new commander was slow, fired him as well and sent a staff member to take charge. Accounts record that his tirades sometimes included the phrase "useless bag of shit," though others note harsher language was used toward generals who did not meet expectations. That night, reinforced by the 212th Airborne Regiment, heavier artillery, and a detachment of flame-throwing tanks, the northern force renewed its assault on Fui Heights. The battered Japanese defenders were thoroughly overmatched. Soviet artillery fired at two rounds per second. When the last Japanese artillery was knocked out, they no longer could defend against flame-throwing tanks. From several miles away, Colonel Sumi could see the heights shrouded in black smoke and red flames "spitting like the tongues of snakes." After Aug 22, supply trucks could no longer reach Fui Heights. The next afternoon, Colonel Ioki's radio—the last link to the 23rd Division—was destroyed. His surviving men fought on with small arms and grenades, repelling Soviet infantry with bayonet charges that night. By the morning of Aug 24, Ioki had about 200 able-bodied men left of his original 800. Soviet tanks and infantry had penetrated defenses at several points, forcing him to constrict his perimeter. Red flags flew on the eastern edge of the heights. Ioki gathered his remaining officers to discuss last measures. With little ammunition and almost no food or water, their situation seemed hopeless. But Ioki insisted on holding Fui Heights to the last man, arguing that the defense should not be abandoned and that orders to break out should come only with reinforcements and supplies. Some subordinates urged retreat. Faced with two dire options, Ioki drew his pistol and attempted suicide, but a fellow officer restrained him. Rather than see his men blown to bits, Ioki decided to abandon Fui Heights and retreat east. Those unable to walk received hand grenades with the injunction to blow themselves up rather than be captured. On the night of Aug 24–25, after moonrise, the remaining resistance at the heights was quelled, and Soviet attention shifted south. Ioki's battered remnant slipped out and, the next morning, encountered a Manchukuoan cavalry patrol that summoned trucks to take them to Chaingchunmiao, forty miles away. Russians occupying Fui Heights on Aug 25 counted the corpses of over 600 Japanese officers and men. After securing Fui Heights, the Soviet northern force began to roll up the Japanese northern flank in a wide arc toward Nomonhan. A day after the fall of Fui Heights, elements of the northern force's 11th Tank Brigade linked up with the southern force's 8th Armored Brigade near Nomonhan. A steel ring had been forged around the Japanese 6th Army. As the Japanese northern and southern flanks dissolved under Zhukov's relentless assaults, Komatsubara's command ceased to exist as an integrated force. By Aug 25 the Japanese lines were completely cut, with resistance remaining only in three encircled pockets. The remnants of two battalions of General Morita's "brigade" attempted a renewed offensive on Aug 25, advancing about 150 yards before being hammered by Soviet artillery and tanks, suffering heavier casualties than the day before. The only hope for the surrounded Japanese troops lay in a relief force breaking through the Soviet encirclement from the outside. However, Kwantung Army was spread thin in Manchuria and, due to a truck shortage, could not transport the 7th Division from Hailar to the combat zone in time. By Aug 26 the encirclement had thickened, with three main pockets tightly invested, making a large-scale breakout nearly impossible. Potapov unleashed a two-pronged assault with his 6th Tank Brigade and 80th Infantry Regiment. Japanese artillery from the 28th Regiment temporarily checked the left wing of the armored attack, but the Soviet right wing overran elements of Sumi's 26th Regiment, forcing the Japanese to retreat into a tighter enclave. Morita, the fencing-master commander who claimed to be immune to bullets, was killed by machine-gun fire while standing atop a trench encouraging his men. The Japanese 120-mm howitzers overheated under the August sun; their breech mechanisms swelled and refused to eject spent casings. Gunners had to leap from behind shelter to ram wooden rods down the barrels, drastically reducing rate of fire and life expectancy. Komatsubara's artillery units suffered a bitter fate. Most were deployed well behind the front lines with their guns facing west toward the Halha. As the offensive developed, attackers often struck the batteries from the east, behind them. Even when crews could turn some guns to face east, they had not preregistered fields of fire there and were not very effective. Supporting infantry had already been drawn off for counterattacks and perimeter defense. One by one, Japanese batteries were smashed by Soviet artillery and tanks. Crews were expected to defend their guns to the last man; the guns themselves were treated as the unit's soul, to be destroyed if captured. In extremis, crews were to destroy sensitive parts like optics. Few survived. Among those who did was a PFC from an annihilated howitzer unit, ordered to drive one of the few surviving vehicles, a Dodge sedan loaded with seriously wounded men, eastward to safety during the night. Near a Holsten River bridge he encountered Soviet sentries. The driver hesitated, then honked his horn, and the guards saluted as the sedan sped past. With water supplies exhausted and unable to reach the Halha or Holsten Rivers, the commander of the easternmost enclave ordered his men to drain radiator water from their vehicles. Drinking the foul liquid, at the cost of immobilizing their remaining transport, signaled that the defenders believed their situation was hopeless. On Aug 27 the rest of the Japanese 7th Division, two fresh infantry regiments, an artillery regiment, and support units totaling barely 5,000 men—reached the northeastern segment of the ring around Komatsubara. One day of hard fighting revealed they lacked the strength to break the encirclement. General Ogisu ordered the 7th Division to pull back and redeploy near his own 6th Army headquarters, about 4 miles east of Nomonhan and the border claimed by the enemy. There would be no outside relief for Komatsubara's forces. Throughout Aug 27–28, Soviet aircraft, artillery, armor, and infantry pounded the three Japanese pockets, compressing them into ever-smaller pockets and grinding them down. The surrounded Japanese fought fiercely and inflicted heavy casualties, but the outcome was inevitable. After the remaining Japanese artillery batteries were silenced, Soviet tanks ruled the battlefield. One by one, major pockets were overrun. Some smaller groups managed to slip through Soviet lines and reach safety east of the border claimed by the MPR, where they were left unmolested by the Red Army. Elements of Potapov's 57th and 82nd Divisions eliminated the last remnants of resistance south of the Holsten by the evening of Aug 27. North of the Holsten, during the night of Aug 28–29, a group of about 400 Japanese tried to slip east through the Soviet lines along the riverbank. They were spotted by the 293rd Regiment (57th Division), which struck them. The fleeing Japanese refused to surrender and were wiped out attempting to recross the Holsten. Japanese soldiers' refusal to surrender is well documented. Surrender was considered dishonorable; the Army Field Manual was silent on surrender. For officers, death was not merely preferable to surrender; it was expected, and in some cases required. The penal code (1908, not revised until 1942) stated that surrender was dereliction of duty; if a commander did his best to resist, imprisonment could follow; if not, death. Stemming from Bushido, regimental colors were treated as sacred. On the afternoon of Aug 28, with much of his 64th Regiment destroyed, Colonel Yamagata saw no alternative but to burn the regimental colors and then commit suicide. Part of the flagpole had been shattered; the chrysanthemum crest damaged. Yamagata, Colonel Ise (artillery regimental commander), an infantry captain, a medical lieutenant, and a foot soldier—the last survivors of the headquarters unit—faced east, shouted "banzai" for the emperor, drenched the pennant in gasoline, and lit it. Yamagata, Ise, and the captain then shot themselves. The flag and crest were not entirely consumed, and the unburned remnants were buried beneath Yamagata's unmarked body. The medical officer and the soldier escaped and reported these rites to 6th Army HQ, where the deaths of the two colonels were mourned, but there was concern over whether the regimental colors had been entirely destroyed. On Aug 29, Lieutenant Colonel Higashi Muneharu, who had taken command of the 71st Regiment, faced the same dilemma. The regimental standard was broken into four pieces and, with the flag and chrysanthemum crest, drenched with fuel and set on fire. The fire kept going out, and the tassels were especially hard to burn. It took 45 minutes to finish the job, all under enemy fire. Afterward, Higashi urged all able to join him in a suicide charge, and the severely wounded to "kill themselves bravely when the enemy approached." Soviet machine-gun fire and grenades felled Higashi and his followers within moments. When it became clear on Aug 29 that all hope was lost, Komatsubara resolved to share the fate of his 23rd Division. He prepared to commit suicide, entrusted his will to his aide, removed his epaulets, and burned his code books. General Ogisu ordered Komatsubara to save himself and lead as many of his men as possible out of the encirclement. Shortly before midnight on Aug 30, the bulk of the Soviet armor briefly pulled back to refuel and resupply. Some of the Soviet infantry also pulled back. Komatsubara and about 400 survivors of his command used the opportunity to slip through the Soviet lines, guiding wounded by starlight to safety at Chiangchunmiao on the morning of Aug 31. Tsuji was among the survivors. In transit, Komatsubara was so distraught he needed to be restrained from taking his own life. A fellow officer took his pistol, and two sturdy corporals helped to support him, preventing him from drawing his sword. On August 31, Zhukov declared the disputed territory between the Halha River and the boundary line through Nomonhan cleared of enemy troops. The Sixth Army had been annihilated, with between 18,000 and 23,000 men killed or wounded from May to September (not counting Manchukuoan losses). The casualty rate in Komatsubara's 23rd Division reached 76%, and Sumi's 26th Regiment (7th Division) suffered 91% casualties. Kwantung Army lost many of its tanks and heavy guns and nearly 150 aircraft. It was the worst military defeat in modern Japanese history up to that time. Soviet claims later put total Japanese casualties at over 50,000, though this figure is widely regarded as inflated. For years, Soviet-MPR authorities claimed 9,284 casualties, surely an underestimate. A detailed unit-by-unit accounting published in Moscow in 2002 put Soviet losses at 25,655 (9,703 killed, 15,952 wounded), plus 556 MPR casualties. While Soviet casualties may have exceeded Japanese losses, this reflects the fierceness of Japanese defense and questions Zhukov's expenditutre of blood. There was no denying, however, that the Red Army demonstrated substantial strength and that Kwantung Army suffered a serious defeat. Knowledgeable Japanese and Soviet sources agree that given the annihilation of Komatsubara's forces and the dominance of Soviet air power, if Zhukov had pressed beyond Nomonhan toward Hailar, local Japanese forces would have fallen into chaos, Hailar would have fallen, and western Manchuria would have been gravely threatened. But while that might have been militarily possible, Moscow did not intend it. Zhukov's First Army Group halted at the boundary line claimed by the MPR. A Japanese military historian notes that "Kwantung Army completely lost its head." KwAHQ was enraged by the battlefield developments. Beyond the mauling of the Sixth Army at Nomonhan, there was anxiety over regimental colors. It was feared that Colonel Yamagata might not have had time to destroy the imperial crest of the 64th Regiment's colors, which could have fallen into Soviet hands. Thousands of dead and wounded littered the field. To preserve "face" and regain leverage, a swift, decisive counterstroke was deemed necessary. At Hsinking, they decided on an all-out war against the USSR. They planned to throw the 7th, 2nd, 4th, and 8th Divisions into the Sixth Army, along with all heavy artillery in Manchukuo, to crush the enemy. Acknowledging shortages in armor, artillery, and air power, they drafted a plan for a series of successive night offenses beginning on September 10. This was viewed as ill-advised for several reasons: September 10 was an unrealistic target given Kwantung Army's limited logistical capacity; it was unclear what the Red Army would be doing by day, given its superiority in tanks, artillery, and air power; autumn would bring extreme cold that could immobilize forces; and Germany's alliance with the Soviet Union isolated Japan diplomatically. These factors were known at KwAHQ, yet the plan proceeded. Kwantung Army notified AGS to "utilize the winter months well," aiming to mobilize the entire Japanese Army for a decisive spring confrontation. However, the Nomonhan defeat coincided with the Hitler-Stalin pact's diplomatic fallout. The push for close military cooperation with Germany against the Soviet Union was discredited in a single week. Defeated and abandoned by Hitler, pro-German, anti-Soviet policy advocates in Tokyo were furious. Premier Hiranuma Kiichiro's government resigned on August 28. In response, more cautious voices in Tokyo asserted control. General Nakajima, deputy chief of AGS, went to Hsinking with Imperial Order 343, directing Kwantung Army to hold near the disputed frontier with "minimal strength" to enable a quick end to hostilities and a diplomatic settlement. But at KwAHQ, the staff pressed their case, and Nakajima eventually approved a general offensive to begin on September 10. The mood at KwAHQ was ebullient. Upon returning to Tokyo, Nakajima was sternly rebuked and ordered to stand down. General Ueda appealed to higher authority, requesting permission to clear the battlefield and recover the bodies of fallen soldiers. He was denied and later relieved of command on September 6. A reshuffle followed at KwAHQ, with several senior officers reassigned. The Japanese Foreign Ministry directed Ambassador Togo Shigenori to negotiate a settlement in Moscow. The Molotov-Togo agreement was reached on September 15–16, establishing a temporary frontier and a commission to redemarcate the boundary. The local cease-fire arrangements were formalized on September 18–19, and both sides agreed to exchange prisoners and corpses. In the aftermath, Kwantung Army leadership and the Red Army leadership maintained tight control over communications about the conflict. News of the defeat spread through Manchuria and Japan, but the scale of the battle was not fully suppressed. The Kwantung Army's reputation suffered further from subsequent punishments of officers deemed to have mishandled the Nomonhan engagement. Several officers were compelled to retire or commit suicide under pressure, and Ioki's fate became a particular symbol of the army's dishonor and the heavy costs of the campaign. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. In August 1939, Soviet General Georgy Zhukov launched a decisive offensive against Japanese forces at Nomonhan. Under cover of darkness, Soviet troops crossed the Halha River, unleashing massive air and artillery barrages on August 20. Fierce fighting ensued, with failed Japanese counterattacks, the fall of Fui Heights, and annihilation of encircled pockets by Soviet tanks and infantry.
Confira mais um episódio do PFC Debate, onde falamos de todos os assuntos possíveis, sobre corrida ou não, de um jeito que você não vai acreditar.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANALDores na corrida.Reflexões sobre a idade e mudanças.Como a corrida ajuda nas mudanças da vida pessoal.Identidades na MTV e personalidade dos apresentadores.Ano sabático da corrida.Viés de Positividade e memória.Compre o livro da CamilaGrupo de promoções da ThainaraSiga quem faz o PFC Debate: Enio, Gigi, Marcos, Camila, Duda, Ana e Thainara.Use nossos cupons:JUNGLE/PLANTPOWER - PFCDA NUTRI SABORES - PFCFOCO RADICAL - PFC 10KEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCMARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC 10CLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC 10
Autour de Julien Hababou, retrouvez Dominique Sévérac, Sébastien Tarrago et Gilles Verdez pour 1H30 d'info et de débats avec notamment : - PSG-Chelsea, pour enfin sortir du Blues ! - Olympico : l'OM d'Habib Beye joue-t-il déjà sa saison contre l'OL ? Les débats "flash" avec le renfort de Dave Appadoo : - Mbappé et les Bleus : repos bienvenu ou blessure alarmante ? - Kombouaré au PFC : comprenez-vous le choix du "pompier" ? - Strasbourg est-il votre favori de la Ligue Conférence ? - Griezmann et son rêve américain : doit-il quitter l'Atlético en pleine saison ? Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.
Estamos de volta ao dicas triplas do PFC trazendo Fred Almeida e Alexandre Cataldo que conversam com o cinéfilo e professor Fábio Rockenbach (Curso “A Experiência do Cinema”) sobre três filmes praticamente desconhecidos do público. Começamos com o brasileiro “A Madona de Cedro” (1968) de Carlos Coimbra, partimos então para “Pelos Caminhos do Inferno” (Wake in Fright, 1971) terror psicológico de Ted Kotcheff e terminamos com o western revisionista “Má Companhia” (Bad Company, 1972), dirigido por Robert Benton, um dos brilhantes roteiristas de “Bonnie & Clyde”.Capítulos00:00:00 Introdução00:05:14 A Madona de Cedro00:36:00 Pelos Caminhos do Inferno01:07:00 Má Companhia01:28:08 Spoilers de "A Madona de Cedro" 01:37:23 Spoilers de "Pelos Caminhos do Inferno" 01:48 :03 Spoilers de "Má Companhia" -------------------------------LINKS PARA ADQUIRIR O LIVRO DO PFC ("Uma Jornada pelo Cinema - Anos 1950"):UICLAP - https://loja.uiclap.com/titulo/ua98290/AMAZON (capa dura e e book) - https://www.amazon.com.br/dp/6501481376-------------------------------Acesse nosso site: http://www.filmesclassicos.com.brInstagram: @podcastfcProcure "Podcast Filmes Clássicos" no seu aplicativo de podcast do celular, no Spotify, YouTube, Anchor ou iTunes.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Conversamos com Alessandro Zonzini, fundador da Fuse Eventos Esportivos.Falamos sobre a origem da FUSE Eventos Esportivos, o crescimento da empresa nos últimos anos, os bastidores e a complexidade de organizar grandes eventos, a logística dos kits e a relação com patrocinadores, as corridas indoor, pets e kids que marcaram o pioneirismo da marca, os desafios com preços e carga tributária, histórias e perrengues de prova, a expansão para novos formatos e estados e a visão de futuro de quem vive o mercado de corridas por dentro há mais de duas décadas.https://www.instagram.com/instadafuse/https://www.fuse.com.br/SEJA MEMBRO DO CANALUse nossos cupons de desconto:JUNGLE/PLANTPOWER - PFCDA NUTRI SABORES - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10FOCO RADICAL - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCCLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC10MARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC10
In this episode of the PFC podcast, Dennis interviews Steve, an active duty member of the US Army and a critical care fellow at the University of Colorado Denver. They discuss a recent study on calcium levels in trauma patients, exploring the effects of trauma on calcium derangements, the challenges of conducting trauma research, and the importance of pre-hospital care. Steve shares insights on the administration of calcium in emergency settings, the prioritization of treatments in trauma care, and the future of research in this area.TakeawaysCalcium levels can be affected by trauma and pre-hospital care.The study aims to determine how many trauma patients arrive with calcium derangements.Data collection in trauma research can be logistically challenging.Calcium is essential for the coagulation cascade in trauma patients.TXA is important for preventing the breakdown of clots during trauma care.Prioritizing blood transfusions is critical in trauma situations.Understanding the differences between military and civilian trauma is essential for research.The study has exceeded its enrollment goals, indicating strong interest in the topic.Future research will provide more concrete data on calcium's role in trauma care.Medical practices and recommendations continue to evolve based on new research findings.Chapters00:00 Introduction to the Calcium Study02:58 Understanding Calcium's Role in Trauma06:03 Challenges in Trauma Research08:56 Pre-Hospital Care and Calcium Levels11:56 Data Collection and Patient Enrollment15:12 Calcium Derangements in Trauma Patients17:47 Calcium Administration in Emergency Settings21:01 Prioritizing Treatment in Trauma Care24:12 Future Research and ConclusionFor more content, go to www.prolongedfieldcare.org Consider supporting us: patreon.com/ProlongedFieldCareCollective or www.lobocoffeeco.com/product-page/prolonged-field-care
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi falam sobre tudo que envolve o mundo dos tênis e também de outros acessórios relacionados à corrida.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!Aqui tem análises, reviews, dicas, palpites, perguntas, respostas, números, valores e opinião. Informação com bom humor, dúvidas com resposta e conteúdo de sobra. Envie sua pergunta. Escute, aprenda, ensine e divirta-se com a gente.-Qual tênis você escolheria para ganhar de aniversário?Superblast e Evo SL tem a mesma proposta? Qual é mais “faz tudo”?Alguns dos últimos lançamentos.Puma Deviate Nitro Elite 4.Olympikus Corre Pace.Mizuno Neo Zen 2.Asics Magic Speed 5.New Balance 1080 v15.Fila Speedrocker com a nova espuma Skyfoam.Adidas Supernova Rise 3.Adidas Supernova Glide.-Cupom de Desconto:CORRA BARATO - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFC
It's a sport we've all had experience with. But this take on pillow fighting is something you may not be ready for. And before you go down that path of ladies at sleepovers, let us say this is an all out battle of athleticism, in the ring.With competitors from around the globe and in varying weight classes, The PMC brings a new form of fighting and entertainment together for events that are drawing fans around the world. The pros are made up of UFC fighters and athletes from an array of sports, but they've also made it a point to ensure all can participate. Amateurs and kids can get in on the action as well, with opportunities for all.The PFC is quickly becoming an ESPN favourite and we, of course, had to find out how we too could get in on the action. We spoke to PFC founder Steve Williams on how the sport began, the strategies to great fighting, and who he thinks would win between Heidi and Luke. You know this fight is happening one day and feathers will be flying! (Not from the actual PFC pillows though, those are far more hardcore)Put on your PJs, have a listen, and get ready for the action. For more information, check out the PFC website. To get right into the action, check out some of their key fights on their YouTube channel.
Au sommaire de Radio Foot internationale ce lundi 16h10 T.U. rediff 21h10 T.U. : - Ligue 1, 23è journée, première ratée avec l'OM pour Habib Beye à Brest. ; - Premier League, Arsenal met les points sur les i, et s'adjuge le derby du nord de Londres. ; - Cap au nord de l'Afrique pour Patrice Beaumelle. - Ligue 1 : 23è journée, première ratée avec l'OM pour Habib Beye à Brest. Doublé d'Ajorque, qui a fait souffrir la charnière Aguerd/Pavard. L'ex de Rennes veut mobiliser ses troupes en stage à Marbella pour préparer « l'Olympico » du 1er mars. Contrariés aussi : les Lensois. Ils menaient de 2 buts à l'heure de jeu face à Monaco, avant de se faire passer devant à un ¼ d'heure du terme. Une défaite qui leur coûte la 1ère place ! - Fin de série pour l'OL, dominé par une formation de Strasbourg enthousiasmante. - Enfin, débuts idéaux de Franck Haise avec Rennes sur le terrain d'Auxerre. Victoire nette et doublé de Mahdi Camara, les Rouge et Noir reprennent leur marche en avant. - Antoine Kombouaré en pompier de service au PFC ! Mission maintien pour l'ex-coach de Nantes, avec un club qui espérait figurer en milieu de tableau dès sa 1ère saison, mais fleurte avec la relégation ! - Premier League : Arsenal met les points sur les i, et s'adjuge le derby du nord de Londres. Victoire sans appel sur le terrain de Tottenham, ponctuée de 2 doublés (Eze et Gyökeres). Les Spurs d'Igor Tudor continuent de s'enfoncer. Le succès devenait impératif pour les Gunners après 2 matches nuls. Les hommes d'Arteta ont toutefois 1 match de plus que ceux de Guardiola, vainqueurs samedi de Newcastle, qu'ils retrouveront dans quelques jours à Saint James' Park pour un match de Cup. - Cap au nord de l'Afrique pour Patrice Beaumelle. Après une courte aventure avec l'Angola, l'Arlésien de 47 ans pose ses valises à Tunis. Pour entrainer l'Espérance, 4 fois titrée en Ligue des Champions CAF. Les Sang et Or vont défier un gros morceau en ¼ de finale de l'édition 2025-2026. Les Égyptiens multititrés d'Al Ahly. Le technicien tricolore sera en direct dans l'émission. Pour échanger avec Olivier Pron : Ludovic Duchesne, Marc Libbra et Hervé Penot. Technique/réalisation : Alice Mesnard - Pierre Guérin.
In this episode of the PFC podcast, Dennis and Rick discuss the current state of medic training, improvements made since previous presentations, challenges faced by medics, and the standards and grading criteria that have been established. They delve into common failures observed during training, the selection and training of instructors, and potential future adjustments to the training programs. The conversation highlights the importance of continuous improvement in combat medicine and the need for effective training to ensure medics are prepared for real-life scenarios.TakeawaysSome units have improved their medic training significantly.Competency in medical training is essential for effective performance.Training issues persist in some units despite improvements in others.The grading sheet for medics is now published and accessible.Common failures include difficulties with IVs and delays in treatment.Instructor selection is crucial for effective medic training.Future adjustments to training programs are always being considered.The failure rate for first-time runs is notably high, but improves with practice.Standards for medic training are being standardized for consistency.Communication and feedback are vital for improving medic performance.Chapters03:01 Improvements in Medic Training and Competency06:00 Challenges in Medic Training and Personnel Changes08:56 Standards and Grading Criteria for Medics12:09 Common Failures in Medic Training14:58 Instructor Selection and Training18:02 Future Adjustments in Medic TrainingFor more content, go to www.prolongedfieldcare.orgConsider supporting us: patreon.com/ProlongedFieldCareCollective or www.lobocoffeeco.com/product-page/prolonged-field-care
Au sommaire de Radio Foot internationale ce lundi 16h10 T.U. rediff 21h10 T.U. : - Ligue 1, 23è journée, première ratée avec l'OM pour Habib Beye à Brest. ; - Premier League, Arsenal met les points sur les i, et s'adjuge le derby du nord de Londres. ; - Cap au nord de l'Afrique pour Patrice Beaumelle. - Ligue 1 : 23è journée, première ratée avec l'OM pour Habib Beye à Brest. Doublé d'Ajorque, qui a fait souffrir la charnière Aguerd/Pavard. L'ex de Rennes veut mobiliser ses troupes en stage à Marbella pour préparer « l'Olympico » du 1er mars. Contrariés aussi : les Lensois. Ils menaient de 2 buts à l'heure de jeu face à Monaco, avant de se faire passer devant à un ¼ d'heure du terme. Une défaite qui leur coûte la 1ère place ! - Fin de série pour l'OL, dominé par une formation de Strasbourg enthousiasmante. - Enfin, débuts idéaux de Franck Haise avec Rennes sur le terrain d'Auxerre. Victoire nette et doublé de Mahdi Camara, les Rouge et Noir reprennent leur marche en avant. - Antoine Kombouaré en pompier de service au PFC ! Mission maintien pour l'ex-coach de Nantes, avec un club qui espérait figurer en milieu de tableau dès sa 1ère saison, mais fleurte avec la relégation ! - Premier League : Arsenal met les points sur les i, et s'adjuge le derby du nord de Londres. Victoire sans appel sur le terrain de Tottenham, ponctuée de 2 doublés (Eze et Gyökeres). Les Spurs d'Igor Tudor continuent de s'enfoncer. Le succès devenait impératif pour les Gunners après 2 matches nuls. Les hommes d'Arteta ont toutefois 1 match de plus que ceux de Guardiola, vainqueurs samedi de Newcastle, qu'ils retrouveront dans quelques jours à Saint James' Park pour un match de Cup. - Cap au nord de l'Afrique pour Patrice Beaumelle. Après une courte aventure avec l'Angola, l'Arlésien de 47 ans pose ses valises à Tunis. Pour entrainer l'Espérance, 4 fois titrée en Ligue des Champions CAF. Les Sang et Or vont défier un gros morceau en ¼ de finale de l'édition 2025-2026. Les Égyptiens multititrés d'Al Ahly. Le technicien tricolore sera en direct dans l'émission. Pour échanger avec Olivier Pron : Ludovic Duchesne, Marc Libbra et Hervé Penot. Technique/réalisation : Alice Mesnard - Pierre Guérin.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Good Morning, I'm Nelson John. On today's Top of the Morning: Gold just had its worst crash in 40 years, falling 21% from record highs after Trump named Kevin Warsh as the next Fed Chair. India is rolling out its first commercial semiconductor chip from Micron's Gujarat facility this month. The trade deficit blew out to $34.68 billion in January, nearly doubling year-on-year, driven by a surge in gold and silver imports right before the crash. PFC and REC are merging into a $61 billion power finance giant. And the RBI just opened the door for banks to fund M&A deals up to 75% of value, while clamping down hard on broker lending. Tune in now. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Confira mais um episódio do PFC Debate. Falamos de todos os assuntos possíveis, sobre corrida ou não, de um jeito que você não vai acreditar.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!Os treinos no carnaval.Disputa em treino.Tiros em subida.Use os cupons do PFC.Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.Compre o livro da CamilaGrupo de promoções da ThainaraSiga quem faz o PFC Debate: Enio, Gigi, Marcos, Camila, Duda, Ana e Thainara.Use nossos cupons de desconto:JUNGLE/PLANTPOWER - PFCDA NUTRI SABORES - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10FOCO RADICAL - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCCLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC10MARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC10
In this episode of the PFC podcast, we delve into the critical topic of facial trauma, particularly in the context of modern combat scenarios. Andrew, a program director in oral and maxillofacial surgery, shares his expertise on managing severe facial injuries, emphasizing the importance of pre-hospital care and the need for effective training in jaw wiring techniques. Burjor, with his extensive background in maxillofacial surgery, raises pertinent questions about the lack of training in jaw wiring for medics and trauma surgeons, highlighting its significance in emergency situations. The discussion also covers the challenges faced in treating penetrating injuries, especially those resulting from drone attacks, and the innovative techniques being developed to manage these complex cases.TakeawaysJaw wiring is a vital skill for managing facial trauma.Injuries from drone attacks are leading to higher rates of facial trauma.Effective hemorrhage control is crucial in facial injuries.Training in jaw wiring should be prioritized for medics and trauma surgeons.Innovative techniques like Minitize are revolutionizing jaw stabilization in the field.Chapters05:15 Challenges of Facial Trauma in Modern Warfare11:10 Innovative Techniques for Hemorrhage Control19:51 Practical Applications of Foley Catheters in Trauma38:10 Airway Management in Trauma45:36 Managing Tongue Bleeds52:05 Wound Care and Infection Control01:06:12 Innovative Jaw Stabilization TechniquesFor more content, go to www.prolongedfieldcare.orgConsider supporting us: patreon.com/ProlongedFieldCareCollective or www.lobocoffeeco.com/product-page/prolonged-field-care
This week, we will come and see—and hear—the beautiful things the Lord has done and is continuing to do among PFC, throughout Pottstown, within Netzer, and across the Regional Church. Together, we will reflect on his faithfulness and meditate on what he has been teaching us along the way. Come with hearts ready to praise the Lord for his mighty works, and with minds open to receive His wisdom.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
You can never go wrong living a faith-focused life—because faith that's developed is what pleases the Father. In this powerful message, Pastor Scott Johnson reveals hidden secrets on faith, how we can develop our faith to greater levels, and how to truly live a life of "Everyday Faith That Pleases God Every Day." Are you ready to elevate your life through the wisdoms of the Kingdom of God? Then take a listen! Thank you for tuning into Pathpoint's Sunday message. We invite you to join us for our Sunday Experience every week at 10:30 a.m. where we have powerful worship, spirit-led ministry time and wisdom-filled messages. It is our desire to elevate every believer's spiritual IQ in preparation for Christ's return. Visit our website at www.pathpointfellowship.com for more information about our church and who we are. We would love to pray with you - if you have a prayer request, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/prayer. To give or donate online, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/giving. To dive deeper and gain spiritual skills for life, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/school-of-spiritual-empowerment for information on PFC's School of Spiritual Empowerment. We believe God has something specific for you and pray you experience revelation and wisdom in this message.
Confira mais um episódio do PFC Debate. Falamos de todos os assuntos possíveis, sobre corrida ou não, de um jeito que você não vai acreditar.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!Os dilemas do corredor no frio e no calor.Curiosidades sobre nós na corrida.Qual treino é mais desafiador para você?As rotas que já conhecemos.Use os cupons do PFC.Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.Compre o livro da CamilaGrupo de promoções da ThainaraSiga quem faz o PFC Debate: Enio, Gigi, Marcos, Camila, Duda, Ana e Thainara.Use nossos cupons de desconto:JUNGLE/PLANTPOWER - PFCDA NUTRI SABORES - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10FOCO RADICAL - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCCLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC10MARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC10
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
If you love the truth, you love the weightiness and the heaviness of the truth. Truth is substantive because it requires a responsibility to it. Will you become accountable to truth? Since it's full of God's power, why wouldn't it be weighty? In this session, Pastor Scott takes us through this "Quick Lesson In Faith," and in it, you'll experience true faith and true grace exactly as the Word of God defines it. Listen and receive the power to be set free. Thank you for tuning into Pathpoint's Sunday message. We invite you to join us for our Sunday Experience every week at 10:30 a.m. where we have powerful worship, spirit-led ministry time and wisdom-filled messages. It is our desire to elevate every believer's spiritual IQ in preparation for Christ's return. Visit our website at www.pathpointfellowship.com for more information about our church and who we are. We would love to pray with you - if you have a prayer request, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/prayer. To give or donate online, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/giving. To dive deeper and gain spiritual skills for life, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/school-of-spiritual-empowerment for information on PFC's School of Spiritual Empowerment. We believe God has something specific for you and pray you experience revelation and wisdom in this message.
Confira mais um episódio do PFC Debate. Falamos de todos os assuntos possíveis, sobre corrida ou não, de um jeito que você não vai acreditar.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!Resumo do mês.Análise dos integrantes do PFC Debate.Pesquisa da Olympikus.Expectativa e realidade.Pressão por performance.Detox digital.Use os cupons do PFC.Tudo isso e muito mais no cardápio variado, com aquela mistura de informação, humor e opinião que só o PFC Debate sabe entregar. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.Compre o livro da CamilaGrupo de promoções da ThainaraSiga quem faz o PFC Debate: Enio, Gigi, Marcos, Camila, Duda, Ana e Thainara.Use nossos cupons de desconto:JUNGLE/PLANTPOWER - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10FOCO RADICAL - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCCLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC10MARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC10
En validant une 10e victoire d'affilée, l'OL a rejoint l'OM sur le podium du championnat de France. Si les Marseillais ont calé au PFC, Lyon s'est imposé face à Lille grâce à un but de Nartey. Les hommes de Paulo Fonseca vont-ils terminer devant ceux de Roberto De Zerbi ?Ce podcast est hébergé par Podcastics, la plateforme pour créer et diffuser votre podcast facilement.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Today we're gonna jump into the Weekly Top 3 with Brad Keithley from Alaskans for Sustainable Budgets. This weeks topics include: Dunleavy's Fiscal Plan; how far along is the AKLNG project...really?; The PFC board pats itself hard on the back. Then in hour two I'll recap with some of my thoughts and then we'll finish up with a dose of positivity with our friend Chris Story.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
When Jesus said: "Except you become like a little child, one cannot inherit the Kingdom of Heaven," (Matthew 18:3), He was speaking of a lost truth in this generation—childlike faith. In this session, Pastor Scott teaches us how to return back to a relationship of humility with God. Join in as we learn to live with the sole purpose of pleasing the Heavenly Father. Thank you for tuning into Pathpoint's Sunday message. We invite you to join us for our Sunday Experience every week at 10:30 a.m. where we have powerful worship, spirit-led ministry time and wisdom-filled messages. It is our desire to elevate every believer's spiritual IQ in preparation for Christ's return. Visit our website at www.pathpointfellowship.com for more information about our church and who we are. We would love to pray with you - if you have a prayer request, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/prayer. To give or donate online, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/giving. To dive deeper and gain spiritual skills for life, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/school-of-spiritual-empowerment for information on PFC's School of Spiritual Empowerment. We believe God has something specific for you and pray you experience revelation and wisdom in this message.
Confira mais um episódio do PFC Debate. Falamos de todos os assuntos possíveis, sobre corrida ou não, de um jeito que você não vai acreditar.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!A poluição e o caos urbano.A diferença entre Índia e Butão.Os bastidores e desafios das séries do PFC.A importância de treinar no calor.Treinar com IA vale a pena?Fortalecimento.Camila triatleta?Tudo isso e muito mais no cardápio variado, com aquela mistura de informação, humor e opinião que só o PFC Debate sabe entregar. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.Compre o livro da CamilaGrupo de promoções da ThainaraSiga quem faz o PFC Debate: Enio, Gigi, Marcos, Camila, Duda, Ana e Thainara.Use nossos cupons de desconto:KEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCCARAMELO - PFC10FOCO RADICAL - PFC10SPORTBR - PFC10CORRA BARATO - PFCCLUBE DE AUTORES - PFC10MARATONA DE FLORIPA 2026 - PFCLIVE! RUN XP - PFC15RSF PRO EVENTOS - PFC10
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
durée : 00:03:26 - 100% PSG - Le billet - C'est jour de match ! Le Paris Saint-Germain, 2e de Ligue 1, accueille Lille, 4e, au Parc des Princes. Un match qui devra servir de rebond après l'élimination en Coupe de France face au PFC. Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les autres épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France.
Every believer is in a fight for what they believe. That fight will determine their future. In this 'quick lesson in faith,' Pastor Scott Johnson invites you to learn the importance of this fight and your role in it. Thank you for tuning into Pathpoint's Sunday message. We invite you to join us for our Sunday Experience every week at 10:30 a.m. where we have powerful worship, spirit-led ministry time and wisdom-filled messages. It is our desire to elevate every believer's spiritual IQ in preparation for Christ's return. Visit our website at www.pathpointfellowship.com for more information about our church and who we are. We would love to pray with you - if you have a prayer request, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/prayer. To give or donate online, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/giving. To dive deeper and gain spiritual skills for life, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/school-of-spiritual-empowerment for information on PFC's School of Spiritual Empowerment. We believe God has something specific for you and pray you experience revelation and wisdom in this message.
Radio Foot ce mardi 16h10 T.U, rediffusion à 21h10 T.U. : - 8 mois et puis s'en va. C'est déjà terminé pour Xabi Alonso ; - Pas de 3è Coupe de France d'affilée pour le PSG. ; - CAN 2025, dernier carré, avec un quatuor et même un quintette étoilé. 8 mois et puis s'en va. C'est déjà terminé pour Xabi Alonso. L'ex du Bayer Leverkusen venu relancer la Maison blanche a vu son projet collectif prendre brutalement fin hier lundi (12 janvier 2026), au lendemain d'un Clasico perdu en Arabie saoudite, et d'une 5è défaite cette saison. Un Real Madrid à la recherche d'un niveau collectif perdu, qui pâtit de l'irrégularité des joueurs. Les raisons d'un échec. Son ex-coéquipier Alvaro Arbeloa prend le relais, pourra-t-il s'inscrire dans la durée? Pas de 3è Coupe de France d'affilée pour le PSG. Les retrouvailles en 16è de finale, 8 jours après le championnat ont profité au PFC de Jonathan Ikoné, Ilan Kebbal, tout juste de retour de la CAN, et du dernier rempart Obed Nkambadio. Score final 1-0. Cette fois-ci, les joueurs de Luis Enrique n'ont pas réussi à faire leur retard. Accident de parcours ou le coach doit-il s'inquiéter ? CAN 2025, dernier carré, avec un quatuor et même un quintette étoilé. Retrouvailles entre ex Reds (Salah-Mané), sans oublier d'autres « Ballons d'Or Africains », Osimhen, Lookman et Hakimi. Les Nigérians en mission, Salah et ses coéquipiers aussi. Des Marocains prêts à soulever un trophée qui leur échappe depuis 1976. À moins que le Sénégal de Mané ne mette tout le monde d'accord ! - CAN, arbitrage et polémiques. Comme celle concernant la nomination des officiels de Maroc/Cameroun. Tensions en fin de rencontre Nigeria/Algérie avec le sifflet sénégalais, la géopolitique sportive se mêle-t-elle au complotisme ? L'arbitrage était-il moins stigmatisé lors des précédentes éditions ? Avec Annie Gasnier : Youssouf Mulumbu, Nabil Djellit et Ibrahima Traoré. Technique/réalisation : Laurent Salerno - David Fintzel/Pierre Guérin.
Seeking Balance: Neuroplasticity, Brain Health and Wellbeing
Joey Remenyi explains why it can feel that you get worse before you get better when you start implementing neuroplasticity and learning how to regulate your body. Sensations and emotions that have previously been too much and suppressed, are suddenly available for you to feel. Your inner neural pathways are becoming more efficient, so you feel more. This is not a sign you are getting worse, this a sign that your prefrontal cortex (PFC), insula, amygdala and whole sensory connections are improving. As you body scan you increase your interoception, which is your ability to make sense of your own body signals. This is a whole body process and you will build these skills slowly over time without needing to collapse, dissociate or fall into overwhelm. Gentle, loving awareness is the key to moving through the unresolved inner conflict that can arise. – 3 WAYS TO GET STARTED ON YOUR HEALING JOURNEY:
Radio Foot ce mardi 16h10 T.U, rediffusion à 21h10 T.U. : - 8 mois et puis s'en va. C'est déjà terminé pour Xabi Alonso ; - Pas de 3è Coupe de France d'affilée pour le PSG. ; - CAN 2025, dernier carré, avec un quatuor et même un quintette étoilé. 8 mois et puis s'en va. C'est déjà terminé pour Xabi Alonso. L'ex du Bayer Leverkusen venu relancer la Maison blanche a vu son projet collectif prendre brutalement fin hier lundi (12 janvier 2026), au lendemain d'un Clasico perdu en Arabie saoudite, et d'une 5è défaite cette saison. Un Real Madrid à la recherche d'un niveau collectif perdu, qui pâtit de l'irrégularité des joueurs. Les raisons d'un échec. Son ex-coéquipier Alvaro Arbeloa prend le relais, pourra-t-il s'inscrire dans la durée? Pas de 3è Coupe de France d'affilée pour le PSG. Les retrouvailles en 16è de finale, 8 jours après le championnat ont profité au PFC de Jonathan Ikoné, Ilan Kebbal, tout juste de retour de la CAN, et du dernier rempart Obed Nkambadio. Score final 1-0. Cette fois-ci, les joueurs de Luis Enrique n'ont pas réussi à faire leur retard. Accident de parcours ou le coach doit-il s'inquiéter ? CAN 2025, dernier carré, avec un quatuor et même un quintette étoilé. Retrouvailles entre ex Reds (Salah-Mané), sans oublier d'autres « Ballons d'Or Africains », Osimhen, Lookman et Hakimi. Les Nigérians en mission, Salah et ses coéquipiers aussi. Des Marocains prêts à soulever un trophée qui leur échappe depuis 1976. À moins que le Sénégal de Mané ne mette tout le monde d'accord ! - CAN, arbitrage et polémiques. Comme celle concernant la nomination des officiels de Maroc/Cameroun. Tensions en fin de rencontre Nigeria/Algérie avec le sifflet sénégalais, la géopolitique sportive se mêle-t-elle au complotisme ? L'arbitrage était-il moins stigmatisé lors des précédentes éditions ? Avec Annie Gasnier : Youssouf Mulumbu, Nabil Djellit et Ibrahima Traoré. Technique/réalisation : Laurent Salerno - David Fintzel/Pierre Guérin.
durée : 01:18:49 - Grosse surprise, le PSG s'est fait sortir en 16e de finale de Coupe de France. Une élimination face au PFC (0-1) où Paris a été un peu trop facile et où certains joueurs comme Barcola ont mangé la feuille de match. On en parle dans 100% PSG la tribune, le podcast d'Ici Paris Île-de-France Vous aimez ce podcast ? Pour écouter tous les épisodes sans limite, rendez-vous sur Radio France
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Today is the first Weekly Top 3 of the year from Brad Keithley from Alaskans for Sustainable Budgets. This weeks topics: the MOST important fiscal issue in front of the legislature; the potential impact of Venezuela on Alaska; the continued performance of the PFC board. Then we'll recap with some of my thoughts in hour two and then finish up with our first PMA uplift of the year with our positivity guru Chris Story from Homer.
Everyone wants to live a healthy life—and a healthy Christian life. Could it be that your journey to wholeness begins with being a part of a spiritually healthy church culture? In this message, Pastor Scott Johnson answers that question. Take a listen and unlock the secret to longevity, sustainability and a joyful life! Thank you for tuning into Pathpoint's Sunday message. We invite you to join us for our Sunday Experience every week at 10:30 a.m. where we have powerful worship, spirit-led ministry time and wisdom-filled messages. It is our desire to elevate every believer's spiritual IQ in preparation for Christ's return. Visit our website at www.pathpointfellowship.com for more information about our church and who we are. We would love to pray with you - if you have a prayer request, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/prayer. To give or donate online, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/giving. To dive deeper and gain spiritual skills for life, visit https://www.pathpointfellowship.com/school-of-spiritual-empowerment for information on PFC's School of Spiritual Empowerment. We believe God has something specific for you and pray you experience revelation and wisdom in this message.
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi falam sobre tudo que envolve o mundo dos tênis e também de outros acessórios relacionados à corrida.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!Aqui tem análises, reviews, dicas, palpites, perguntas, respostas, números, valores e opinião. Informação com bom humor, dúvidas com resposta e conteúdo de sobra. Envie sua pergunta. Escute, aprenda, ensine e divirta-se com a gente.-Review do Irunsvan Heat Nylon.-Cupom de Desconto:CORRA BARATO - PFCKEEP RUNNING BRASIL - PFCEste programa tem o apoio e parceria da Keep Running Brasilhttps://www.instagram.com/keeprunningbrasil/https://www.youtube.com/@KeepRunningBrasilhttps://www.facebook.com/keeprunningbrasilhttps://www.linkedin.com/company/keep-running-brasil/https://www.instagram.com/keepers.run/-SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL NO YOUTUBE
Happy New Year! As we clear away the confetti and settle into 2026, we're starting a new series at PFC called, "New Year, Eternal Story." We're going to discover that the eternal story of Scripture is God revealing Himself to humanity and restoring our relationship with Him. This Sunday, we're starting at the very beginning with the lead character of the story: God. Who is He? Why does the Trinity matter? Find out how a God who exists in community invites you into His family!
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Hate the gym/anxiety keeping you sidelined this NYE? In this episode of Adulting with Autism, host April hacks sustainable fitness for neurodivergent young adults with PJ Glassey, Exercise Science grad (1989), X Gym founder (1998), anti-aging/Alzheimer's expert (59 but looks 39), and Brain Type Test creator. PJ's 21-min workout (2x/week = 7 hrs traditional) tones/defines safely without bulking—invented from client experiments/research, now with Xercise App/online training since 2017. Key insights: Gym aversion fix: Quick/safe method (slow reps/holds for full fatigue—e.g., 7-10 sec pushups, 30-90 sec failure); focus/meditation trains PFC (reps like distractions in beginners). Motivation/discipline: 97% NY resolutions fail (unrealistic expectations); prolong via "why" questions (10-40 answers/post reminders); toward/away (e.g., avoid diabetic fate, become strong). Brain-body link: Exercise oxygenates/BDNF "Miracle-Gro" for cells/pathways; anti-aging/Alzheimer's 5 pillars (exercise/nutrition/hydration/sleep/brain training/relationships—hard ones best for PFC). ND application: Hyperfocus/procrastination? Method's focus counters (no TVs/mirrors/music); injury avoidance (controlled/form); burnout prevention (short sessions, patterns become identity). Brain Type Test: Rewires for success (custom habits/motivation); PJ's biohacking (tower running since 1987, Christian principles for business). For autistic/ADHD young adults ditching resolutions, PJ's vibe: "Change via brain rewiring—not muscling through." Free resources at xgym.com; braintype.me (test/book "Cracking Your Calorie Code"). Subscribe for ND fitness hacks—NYE reset! Rate/review on Podbean/Apple/Spotify. Linktree: (socials/shop/Podbean). Holiday/NYE merch sale: 30% off tees/hoodies with code BLACK25 at adultingwithautism shop—rewire your style fierce! #21MinWorkoutND #BrainTypeTestAutism #AntiAgingExerciseADHD #AlzheimersPreventionNeurodivergent #SustainableFitnessYoungAdults #MotivationDisciplineBurnout #XGymMethodology #AdultingWithAutism #PodMatch #Podcasts #BTSNeurodivergent#BTSArmy Episode: 21-Min Workout for ND with PJ Glassey [00:00] Intro: Gym Hate/Anxiety NYE Trap [00:30] PJ's Invention: 21-Min Method (2x/Week = 7 Hrs Traditional, Toning/Safe) [02:00] Slow Reps/Holds: Full Fatigue (7-10 Sec Pushups, 30-90 Sec Failure) [05:00] Motivation/Discipline: 97% Resolutions Fail (Why Questions/Posters) [08:00] Brain Training: Focus/PFC Reps (Meditation in Workouts, No Distractions) [11:00] Anti-Aging/Alzheimer's 5 Pillars: Exercise/Nutrition/Sleep/Brain/Relationships [14:00] ND Fit: Hyperfocus Counter (Short Sessions/Patterns as Identity) [17:00] Brain Type Test: Rewiring for Success (Custom Habits/Motivation) [20:00] Outro: Fitness Takeaways & CTAs Resources: X Gym: xgym.com (methodology/app/online training) Brain Type: braintype.me (test/book "Cracking Your Calorie Code") Media: xgym.com/meet-pj (podcasts/biohacking) Linktree: adultingwithautism.linktr.ee (socials/shop/Podbean) Subscribe on Podbean/YouTube for ND fitness tips—NYE resolutions! Share your gym hack in comments. #NDQuickWorkout #BrainTrainingAutism #AntiAgingADHD #SustainableGymYoungAdults #XGymNYEReset #AdultingWithAutism
In this episode of the PFC podcast, Dr. Jim Ducanto, an experienced anesthesiologist, discusses the critical aspects of airway management in emergency situations. He emphasizes the importance of decision-making, assessing neurological status, and effective communication with patients. The conversation also covers the necessity of planning and preparation for airway interventions, as well as the significance of thorough physical examinations. Dr. Ducanto shares valuable insights and advice for new practitioners in the field, highlighting the challenges and responsibilities they face in high-pressure environments.TakeawaysAirway management is a critical skill for anesthesiologists.Effective decision-making is essential in emergency situations.Assessing neurological status is the first step in airway management.Planning and preparation can prevent complications during procedures.Communication with patients is vital, even when they are unconscious.Physical examination is key to understanding a patient's condition.Practitioners must be ready to act when necessary, as no one else may be available.Wounds in the neck generally heal well and are not usually disfiguring.Understanding the tools and techniques available is crucial for success.New practitioners should focus on thorough assessments and clear communication. Chapters00:00 Introduction to Airway Management03:32 Decision-Making in Emergency Situations10:26 Assessing Neurological Status17:12 Planning for Airway Management23:33 Communicating with Patients During Emergencies32:04 The Importance of Physical Examination38:42 Advice for New PractitionersFor more content, go to www.prolongedfieldcare.orgConsider supporting us: patreon.com/ProlongedFieldCareCollective or www.lobocoffeeco.com/product-page/prolonged-field-care
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
Enio Augusto e Marcos Buosi trazem as notícias do mundo da corrida com os comentários, informações, opiniões e análises mais pertinentes, peculiares e inesperadas no Redação PFC. Escute, informe-se e divirta-se.SEJA MEMBRO DO CANAL!!!
This episode explores the critical role of post-fracture care (PFC) in improving patient care and optimizing healthcare systems. Two program coordinators highlight real-world examples of how PFC can reduce the risk of subsequent fractures and lower healthcare costs. They also share actionable strategies for how to integrate PFC best practices into existing healthcare frameworks including aligning objectives with the organization's broader strategic goals and establishing and tracking against clear metrics.This episode is sponsored by Amgen.
Last time we spoke about the beginning of the battle of lake Khasan. On a frost-bitten dawn by the Chaun and Tumen, two empires, Soviet and Japanese, stared at Changkufeng, each certain the ridge would decide their fate. Diplomats urged restraint, but Tokyo's generals plotted a bold gamble: seize the hill with a surprise strike and bargain afterward. In the Japanese camp, a flurry of trains, orders, and plans moved in the night. Officers like Sato and Suetaka debated danger and responsibility, balancing "dokudan senko", independent action with disciplined restraint. As rain hammered the earth, they contemplated a night assault: cross the Tumen, occupy Hill 52, and strike Changkufeng with coordinated dawn and night attacks. Engineers, artillery, and infantry rehearsed their movements in near-poetic precision, while the 19th Engineers stitched crossings and bridges into a fragile path forward. Across the river, Soviet scouts and border guards held their nerve, counting enemy shadows and watching for a break in the line. The clash at Shachaofeng became a lightning rod: a small force crossed into Manchurian soil in the restless dark, provoking a broader crisis just as diplomacy teetered. #179 From Darkness to Crest: The Changkufeng Battle Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As remarked in the 19th division's war journal "With sunset on the 30th, the numbers of enemy soldiers increased steadily. Many motor vehicles, and even tanks, appear to have moved up. The whole front has become tense. Hostile patrols came across the border frequently, even in front of Chiangchunfeng. Tank-supported infantry units were apparently performing offensive deployment on the high ground south of Shachaofeng." Situation maps from the evening indicated Soviet patrol activity approaching the staging area of Nakano's unit near the Tumen, moving toward Noguchi's company to the left of Chiangchunfeng, and advancing toward Matsunobe's unit southwest of Shachaofeng. Russian vessels were depicted ferrying across Khasan, directly behind Changkufeng, while tanks moved south from Shachaofeng along the western shores of the lake. The 19th division's war journal states "Then it was ascertained that these attack forces had gone into action. All of our own units quietly commenced counteraction from late that night, as scheduled, after having systematically completed preparations since nightfall." Meanwhile, to the north, the Hunchun garrison reinforced the border with a battalion and tightened security. All evidence supported the view that Suetaka "in concept" and Sato"(in tactics" played the main part in the night-attack planning and decisions. Sato was the only infantry regimental commander at the front on 30 July. One division staff officer went so far as to say that Suetaka alone exerted the major influence, that Sato merely worked out details, including the type of attack and the timing. Intertwined with the decision to attack Changkufeng was the choice of an infantry regiment. The 76th Regiment was responsible for the defense of the sector through its Border Garrison Unit; but the latter had no more than two companies to guard a 40-mile border extending almost to Hunchun, and Okido's regimental headquarters was 75 miles to the rear at Nanam. T. Sato's 73rd Regiment was also at Nanam, while Cho's 74th Regiment was stationed another 175 miles southwest at Hamhung. Thus, the regiment nearest to Changkufeng was K. Sato's 75th, 50 miles away at Hoeryong. Although Suetaka had had time to shuffle units if he desired, Sasai suggested that troop movements from Nanam could not be concealed; from Hoeryong they might be termed maneuvers. Suetaka undoubtedly had favorites in terms of units as well as chiefs. K. Sato had served longest as regimental commander, since October 1937; Okido's date of rank preceded K. Sato's, but Okido had not taken command until 1938. He and Cho were able enough, but they were unknown quantities; T. Sato and Cho were brand-new colonels. Thus, K. Sato was best known to Suetaka and was familiar with the terrain. While he did not regard his regiment as the equal of units in the Kwantung Army or in the homeland, K. Sato's training program was progressing well and his men were rugged natives of Nagano and Tochigi prefectures. From the combat soldier's standpoint, the Changkufeng Incident was waged between picked regulars on both sides. The matter of quantitative regimental strength could have played no part in Suetaka's choice. The 74th, 75th, and 76th regiments each possessed 1,500 men; the 73rd, 1,200. Even in ordinary times, every unit conducted night-attack training, attended by Suetaka, but there was nothing special in July, even after the general inspected the 75th Regiment on the 11th. It had been said that the most efficient battalions were selected for the action. Although, of course, Sato claimed that all of his battalions were good, from the outset he bore the 1st Battalion in mind for the night attack and had it reconnoiter the Changkufeng area. Some discerned no special reasons; it was probably a matter of numerical sequence, 1st-2nd-3rd Battalions. Others called the choice a happy coincidence because of the 1st Battalion's 'splendid unity' and the aggressive training conducted by Major Ichimoto, who had reluctantly departed recently for regimental headquarters. Coming from the 75th Regiment headquarters to take over the 1st Battalion was the 40-year-old aide Major Nakano. By all accounts, he was quiet, serious, and hard-working, a man of noble character, gentle and sincere. More the administrative than commander type, Nakano lacked experience in commanding battalions and never had sufficient time to get to know his new unit (or they, him) before the night assault. He could hardly be expected to have stressed anything particular in training. Since there was no battalion-level training, the most valid unit of comparison in the regiment was the company, the smallest infantry component trained and equipped to conduct combat missions independently. Sato valued combat experience among subordinates; Nakano's 1st Battalion was considered a veteran force by virtue of its old-timer company commanders. All but one had come up through the ranks; the exception, young Lieutenant Nakajima, the darling of Sato, was a military academy graduate. For assault actions synchronized with those of the 1st Battalion, Sato selected Ito, the one line captain commanding the 6th Company of the 2nd Battalion, and Takeshita, 10th Company commander, one of the two line captains of the 3rd Battalion. In short, Sato had designated five veteran captains and a promising lieutenant to conduct the night-attack operations of 30-31 July, the first Japanese experience of battle against the modern Red Army. During the last two weeks of July, numerous spurious farmers had gambled along the lower reaches of the Tumen, reconnoitered the terrain, and prepared for a crossing and assault. Scouts had operated on both the Manchurian and Korean sides of the river. Major Nakano had conducted frequent personal reconnaissance and had dispatched platoon and patrol leaders, all heavy-weapons observation teams, and even the battalion doctor to Sozan Hill, to Chiangchunfeng, and close to enemy positions. In Korean garb and often leading oxen, the scouts had threaded their way through the Changkufeng sector, sometimes holing up for the night to observe Soviet movements, soil and topography, and levels of illumination. From this data, Nakano had prepared reference materials necessary for an assault. Hirahara, then located at Kucheng BGU Headquarters, had established three observation posts on high ground to the rear. After Chiangchunfeng had been occupied, Hirahara had set up security positions and routes there. Regarding Changkufeng, he had sought to ensure that even the lowest private studied the layout. Formation commanders such as Takeshita had volunteered frequently. Sato had also utilized engineers. Since the order to leave his station on 17 July, Lieutenant Colonel Kobayashi had had his regiment engage in scouting routes, bridges, and potential fords. Sato's 1st Company commander had prepared a sketch during 3% hours of reconnaissance across from Hill 52 during the afternoon of 18 July. Captain Yamada's intelligence had contributed to the tactical decisions and to knowledge of Russian strength and preparations. The most important information had been his evaluation of attack approaches, suggesting an offensive from the western side, preferably against the right flank or frontally. This concept had been the one applied by the regiment in its night assault two weeks later; Yamada had died on the green slopes he had scanned. Cloudy Saturday, 30 July, had drawn to a close. The moment had been at hand for the 75th Regiment to storm the Russians atop Changkufeng. Setting out from Fangchuanting at 22:30, Nakano's battalion, about 350 strong, had assembled at a fork one kilometer southwest of Changkufeng. The roads had been knee-deep in mud due to intermittent rain and downpours on 29–30 July. Now the rain had subsided, but clouds had blotted out the sky after the waning moon had set at 22:30. Led by Sakata's 1st Platoon leader, the men had marched silently toward the southern foot of Changkufeng; the murk had deepened and the soldiers could see no more than ten meters ahead. It had taken Sakata's men less than an hour to push forward the last 1,000 meters to the jump-off point, where they had waited another two hours before X-hour arrived. Scouts had advanced toward the first row of wire, 200–300 meters away. Platoon Leader Amagasa had infiltrated the positions alone and had reconnoitered the southeastern side of the heights. Sakata had heard from the patrols about the entanglements and their distance and makeup. While awaiting paths to be cut by engineer teams, the infantry had moved up as far as possible, 150 meters from the enemy, by 23:30. Although records described Changkufeng as quite steep, it had not been hard to climb until the main Russian positions were reached, even though there were cliffs. But as the craggy peak had been neared, the enemy defenses, which had taken advantage of rocks and dips, could not have been rushed in a bound. It had been 500 meters to the crest from the gently sloping base. The incline near the top had been steep at about 40 degrees and studded with boulders. Farther down were more soil and gravel. Grass had carpeted the foot. Japanese Army radio communications had been in their infancy; wire as well as runners had served as the main means of linking regimental headquarters with the front-line infantry, crossing-point engineers, and supporting guns across the Tumen in Korea. From Chiangchunfeng to the 1st Battalion, lines had been installed from the morning of 29 July. Combat communications had been operated by the small regimental signal unit, 27 officers and men. In general, signal traffic had been smooth and reception was good. Engineer support had been rendered by one platoon, primarily to assist with wire-cutting operations. Nakano had ordered his 1st Company to complete clearing the wire by 02:00. At 23:30 the cutters had begun their work on the right with three teams under 1st Lieutenant Inagaki. Since the proposed breach had been far from the enemy positions and there were no outposts nearby, Inagaki had pressed the work of forced clearing. The first entanglements had been breached fairly quickly, then the second. At about midnight, a dim light had etched the darkness, signaling success. There had been two gaps on the right. On the left side, Sakata's company had hoped to pierce the barbed wire in secrecy rather than by forced clearing. Only one broad belt of entanglements, actually the first and third lines, had been reconnoitered along the south and southeastern slopes. Sakata had assigned one team of infantry, with a covering squad led by Master Sergeant Amagasa, to the engineer unit under 2nd Lieutenant Nagayama. Covert clearing of a pair of gaps had begun. The Russian stakes had been a meter apart and the teams cut at the center of each section, making breaches wide enough for a soldier to wriggle through. To the rear, the infantry had crouched expectantly, while from the direction of Khasan the rumble of Soviet armor could be heard. At 00:10, when the first line of wire had been penetrated and the cutters were moving forward, the silence had been broken by the furious barking of Russian sentry dogs, and pale blue flares had burst over the slopes. As recalled by an engineer "It had been as bright as day. If only fog would cover us or it would start to rain!" At the unanticipated second line, the advancing clearing elements had drawn gunfire and grenades. But the Russians had been taken by surprise, Sakata said, and their machine guns had been firing high. Two engineers had been wounded; the security patrol on the left flank may have drawn the fire. Sakata had crawled up to Lieutenant Nagayama's cutting teams. One party had been hiding behind a rock, with a man sticking out his hand, grasping for the stake and feeling for electrified wire. Another soldier lay nearby, ready to snip the wire. The enemy had seemed to have discerned the Japanese, for the lieutenant could hear low voices. Although the cutters had been told to continue clearing in secrecy, they had by now encountered a line of low barbed wire and the work had not progressed as expected. Forced clearing had begun, which meant that the men had to stand or kneel, ignoring hostile fire and devoting primary consideration to speed. The infantrymen, unable to delay, had crawled through the wire as soon as the cutters tore a gap. Ten meters behind the small breaches, as well as in front of the Soviet positions, the Japanese had been troubled by fine low strands. They had resembled piano-wire traps, a foot or so off the ground. The wires had been invisible in the grass at night. As one soldier recalled "You couldn't disengage easily. When you tried to get out, you'd be sniped at. The wires themselves could cut a bit, too." Sakata had kept up with the clearing teams and urged them on. On his own initiative, Amagasa had his men break the first and third lines of wire by 01:50. Meanwhile, at 01:20, Nakano had phoned Sato, reporting that his forces had broken through the lines with little resistance, and had recommended that the attack be launched earlier than 2:00. Perhaps the premature alerting of the Russians had entered into Nakano's considerations. Sato had explained matters carefully, that is, rejected the suggestion, saying Changkufeng must not be taken too early, lest the enemy at Shachaofeng be alerted. The entire battalion, redeployed, had been massed for the charge up the slope. In an interval of good visibility, the troops could see as far as 40 meters ahead. A little before 02:00, Nakano had sent runners to deliver the order to advance. When the final obstructions had been cut, Nagayama had flashed a light. Then a white flag had moved in the darkness and the infantry had moved forward. Sakata's company, heading directly for Changkufeng crest, had less ground to traverse than Yamada's, and the point through which they penetrated the wire had been at the fork, where there appeared to have been only two lines to cut. The soldiers had crawled on their knees and one hand and had taken cover as soon as they got through. It had been 02:15 when the battalion traversed the barbed wire and began the offensive. The Japanese Army manual had stated that unaimed fire was seldom effective at night and that it had been imperative to avoid confusion resulting from wild shooting. At Changkufeng, the use of firearms had been forbidden by regimental order. Until the troops had penetrated the wire, bayonets had not been fixed because of the danger to friendly forces. Once through the entanglements, the men had attached bayonets, but, although their rifles had been loaded, they still had not been allowed to fire. The men had been traveling light. Instead of the 65 pounds the individual rifleman might ordinarily carry, knapsack, weapons and ammunition, tools, supplies, and clothing, each helmeted soldier had only 60 cartridges, none on his back, a haversack containing two grenades, a canteen, and a gas mask. To prevent noise, the regulations had prescribed wrapping metal parts of bayonets, canteens, sabers, mess kits, shovels, picks, and hobnails with cloth or straw. The wooden and metal parts of the shovel had been separated, the canteen filled, ammunition pouches stuffed with paper, and the bayonet sheath wrapped with cloth. Instead of boots, the men had worn web-toed, rubbersoled ground socks to muffle sound. Although their footgear had been bound with straw ropes, the soldiers occasionally had slipped in the wet grass. Considerations of security had forbidden relief of tension by talking, coughing, or smoking. Company commanders and platoon leaders had carried small white flags for hand signaling. In Sakata's company, the platoons had been distinguished by white patches of cloth hung over the gas masks on the men's backs, triangular pieces for the 1st Platoon, square for the second. Squad leaders had worn white headbands under their helmets. The company commanders had strapped on a white cross-belt; the platoon leaders, a single band. Officer casualties had proven particularly severe because the identification belts had been too conspicuous; even when the officers had lay flat, Soviet illuminating shells had made their bodies visible. On the left, the 2nd Company, 70–80 strong, had moved up with platoons abreast and scouts ahead. About 10 meters had separated the individual platoons advancing in four files; in the center were Sakata and his command team. The same setup had been used for Yamada's company and his two infantry platoons on the right. To the center and rear of the lead companies were battalion headquarters, a platoon of Nakajima's 3rd Company, and the Kitahara Machine-Gun Company, 20 meters from Nakano. The machine-gun company had differed from the infantry companies in that it had three platoons of two squads each. The machine-gun platoons had gone through the center breach in the entanglements with the battalion commander. Thereafter, they had bunched up, shoulder to shoulder and with the machine guns close to each other. Kitahara had led, two platoons forward, one back. The night had been so dark that the individual soldiers had hardly been able to tell who had been leading and who had been on the flanks. The 2nd Company had consolidated after getting through the last entanglements and had walked straight for Changkufeng crest. From positions above the Japanese, Soviet machine guns covering the wire had blazed away at a range of 50 meters. Tracers had ripped the night, but the Russians' aim had seemed high. Soviet illuminating shells, by revealing the location of dead angles among the rocks, had facilitated the Japanese approach. Fifty meters past the barbed wire, Sakata had run into the second Soviet position. From behind a big rock, four or five soldiers had been throwing masher grenades. Sakata and his command team had dashed to the rear and cut down the Russians. The captain had sabered one soldier who had been about to throw a grenade. Then Master Sergeant Onuki and the others had rushed up and overran the Russian defenses. The Japanese had not yet fired or sustained casualties. There had been no machine guns in the first position Sakata had jumped into; the trenches had been two feet deep and masked by rocks. To the right, a tent could be seen. Blind enemy firing had reached a crescendo around 02:30. The Russians had resisted with rifles, light and heavy machine guns, hand grenades, rifle grenades, flares, rapid-fire guns, and a tank cannon. "The hill had shaken, but our assault unit had advanced, disregarding the heavy resistance and relying only on the bayonet." The battalion commander, Major Nakano, had been the first officer to be hit. Moving to the left of Sakata's right-hand platoon, he had rushed up, brandishing his sword, amid ear-splitting fire and day-like flashes. He had felled an enemy soldier and then another who had been about to get him from behind. But a grenade had exploded and he had dropped, with his right arm hanging grotesquely and many fragments embedded in his chest and left arm. After regaining consciousness, Nakano had yelled at soldiers rushing to help him: "You fools! Charge on! Never mind me." Staggering to his feet, he had leaned on his sword with his left hand and pushed up the slope after the assault waves, while "everybody had been dashing around like mad." Sakata had encountered progressive defenses and more severe fire. The main body of the company had lost contact with other elements after getting through the entanglements. Sakata had thought that he had already occupied an edge of Changkufeng, but about 30 meters ahead stood a sharp-faced boulder, two or three meters high, from which enormous numbers of grenades had been lobbed. The Japanese, still walking, had come across another Soviet position, manned by four or five grenadiers. Sword in hand, Sakata had led Sergeant Onuki and his command team in a rush : "The enemy was about to take off as we jumped them. One Russian jabbed the muzzle of his rifle into my stomach at the moment I had my sword raised overhead. He pulled the trigger but the rifle did not go off. I cut him down before he could get me. The others ran away, but behind them they left grenades with pins pulled. Many of my men fell here and I was hit in the thighs". Onuki had felled two or three Russians behind Sakata, then disposed of an enemy who had been aiming at Sakata from the side. It had been around 03:00. On the right, the 1st Company had made relatively faster progress along the western slopes after having breached two widely separated belts of barbed wire. Once through the second wire, the troops had found a third line, 150 meters behind, and enemy machine guns had opened fire. Thereupon, a left-platoon private first class had taken a "do or die" forced clearing team, rushed 15 meters ahead of the infantry, and tore a path for the unit. At 03:00, Yamada had taken his men in a dash far up the right foot of the hill, overran the unexpected position, and captured two rapid-fire guns. The company's casualties had been mounting. Yamada had been hit in the chest but had continued to cheer his troops on. At 03:30, he had led a rush against the main objective, tents up the hill, behind the antitank guns. Yamada had cut down several bewildered soldiers in the tents, but had been shot again in the chest, gasping "Tenno Heika Banzai!" "Long Live the Emperor!", and had fallen dead. His citation had noted that he had "disrupted the enemy's rear after capturing the forwardmost positions and thus furnished the key to the ultimate rout of the whole enemy line." Sergeant Shioda, though wounded badly, and several of the men had picked up their commander's body and moved over to join Lieutenant Inagaki. On the left, Kadowaki had charged into the tents with his platoon and had played his part in interfering with the Russian rear. After this rush, the unit had been pinned down by fire from machine-gun emplacements, and Kadowaki had been wounded seriously. His platoon had veered left while watching for an opportunity to charge. Eventual contact had been made with Sakata's company. The assault on the right flank had been failing. With the death of Yamada, command of the company had been assumed temporarily by Inagaki. He and his right-flank platoon had managed to smash their way through the entanglements; Inagaki had sought to rush forward, sword in hand. Furious firing by Soviet machine guns, coupled with hand grenades, had checked the charge. Losses had mounted. Still another effort had bogged down in the face of enemy reinforcements, supported not only by covered but by tank-mounted machine guns. Russian tanks and trucks had appeared to be operating behind Changkufeng. Sergeant Shioda had been trying to keep the attack moving. Again and again, he had pushed toward the Soviet position with five of his surviving men, to no avail. The left-flank platoon had sought to evade the fierce fire by taking advantage of rock cover and hurling grenades. Finally, a private first class had lobbed in a grenade, rushed the machine gun, and silenced the weapon. By now, precious time and lives had been lost. Either instinctively or by order, the 1st Company had been shifting to the left, away from the core of the enemy fire-net. Inagaki had decided to veer left in a wide arc to outflank Changkufeng from the same side where the 2nd Company and most of the battalion were at-tacking. There would be no further attempts to plunge between the lake and the heights or to head for the crest from the rear. Military maps had indicated tersely that remnants of the 1st Company had displaced to the 2nd Company area at 04:00, sometime after the last charge on the right by Yamada. On the left front, in the sector facing the main defenses on Changkufeng crest, Sakata had fallen after being hit by a grenade. A machine gunner had improvised a sling. "I had lost a lot of blood," Sakata had said, "and there were no medics. Onuki, my command team chief who had been acting platoon leader, had been killed around here. I had ordered Warrant Officer Kuriyama to take the company and push on until I could catch up." As Sakata lay on the ground, he had seen the battalion commander and the Nakajima company move past him in the darkness. Nakano had said not a word; Sakata had not known the major had been maimed. "I still hadn't felt intense pain," Sakata had recalled. "I had rested after the first bad feelings. In about 15 minutes I had felt well enough to move up the hill and resume command of my company." With both Nakano and Sakata wounded, individual officers or noncoms had kept the assault moving. The 1st Platoon leader, Kuriyama, had been securing the first position after overrunning it but had become worried about the main force. On his own initiative, he had brought his men up the hill to join the rest of the company, while the battalion aide, 2nd Lieutenant Nishimura, had made arrangements to deploy the heavy machine guns and reserve infantry in support. Before 4 A.M., these troops under Kitahara and Nakajima had caught up with the remnants of the 2nd Company, which had pressed beyond the third position to points near the Soviet Crestline. By the time Sakata had regained his feet and moved toward the peak, somewhere between 03:30 and 04:00, the Japanese had been pinned down. Most of the losses had been incurred at this point. "Iron fragments, rock, sand, blood, and flesh had been flying around," Akaishizawa had written. Grenades had caused the preponderance of wounds after the men had penetrated the barbed wire. Deaths had been inflicted mainly by the Soviet "hurricane" of small arms and machine-gun fire and by ricochets ripping from man to man. Six Russian heavy weapons had kept up a relentless fire from three emplacements, and milk-bottle-shaped grenades had continued to thud down on the Japanese. The grenades had hindered the advance greatly. Mainly at the crest, but at every firing position as well, the Russians had used rifle grenades, primarily to eliminate dead angles in front of positions. There had been low piano wire between firing points, and yellow explosive had been planted amidst rock outcroppings and in front of the emplacements. "The Russians had relied exclusively on fire power; there had been no instance of a brave enemy charge employing cold steel." Only 20 meters from the entrenchments atop Changkufeng, Kitahara had been striving to regain the initiative and to hearten the scattered, reeling troops. One Japanese Army motto had concerned the mental attitude of commanders: "When surprised by the enemy, pause for a smoke." Kitahara had stood behind a rock, without a helmet, puffing calmly on a cigarette—a sight which had cheered the men. Sakata could not forget the scene. "It really happened," he had said, respectfully. As soon as Sakata had reached the forward lines, he had joined Kitahara (the senior officer and de facto battalion commander till then) and three enlisted men. All had been pinned behind the large boulder, the only possible cover, which had jutted in front of the Soviet crestline positions. Fire and flame had drenched the slopes, grenades from the peak, machine guns from the flank. The eastern skies had been brightening and faces could be discerned. Troubled by the stalemate yet not feeling failure, Sakata had said nothing about his own wounds but had told Kitahara he would lead his 2nd Company in a last charge up the left side of Changkufeng if only the machine gun company could do something about the enemy fire, especially some Soviet tanks which had been shooting from the right. "The enemy must have learned by now," the regimental records had observed, "that our forces were scanty, for the Soviets exposed the upper portions of their bodies over the breastworks, sniped incessantly, and lobbed illuminating shells at us." Agreeing with Sakata that the "blind" Japanese would have to take some kind of countermeasure to allow his two available heavy machine guns to go into concerted action, Kitahara had ordered illuminating rounds fired by the grenade dischargers. He had clambered atop the boulder and squatted there amidst the furious crossfire to spot for his guns, still only 20 meters from the Russian lines. Perhaps it had been the golden spark of Kitahara's cigarette, perhaps it had been the luminescence of his cross-bands, but hardly a moment later, at 04:03 am, a sniper's bullet had caught the captain between the eyes and he had toppled to his death. Nakajima had wanted to support Sakata's stricken company as well. The lieutenant had seen the advantage of outflanking the emplacements from the far left of Changkufeng where the fire of two Soviet heavy machine guns had been particularly devastating. Nakajima had swung his reserve unit around the crest to the southwest side, pressed forward through deadly grenade attacks, and had managed to reach a point ten meters from the Russian positions. Perched on the cliff's edge, he had prepared to continue: "Nakajima, who had been calming his men and looking for a chance to advance, leaped up and shouted, "Right now! Charge!" Sword in hand, he led his forces to the front on the left and edged up against the crest emplacements. But the enemy did not recoil; grenades and machine gun fusillades burst from above on all sides. Men fell, one after another. [During this final phase, a platoon leader and most of the key noncoms were killed.] A runner standing near Nakajima was hit in the head by a grenade and collapsed. Nakajima picked up the soldier's rifle, took cover behind a boulder, and tried to draw a bead on a Russian sniper whom he could see dimly 20 meters away through the lifting mist. But a bullet hit him in the left temple and he pitched forward, weakly calling, "Long Live the Emperor!" A PFC held the lieutenant up and pleaded with him to hang on, but the company commander's breath grew fainter and his end was at hand. The time was 4:10 am". Nakajima's orderly said of the event "Lieutenant Nakajima charged against the highest key point on Changkufeng, leading the reserve unit, and ensured the seizure of the hill. The lieutenant was wearing the boots which I had always kept polished but which he had never worn till this day." Akaishizawa added that Nakajima had purified himself in the waters of the Tumen before entering combat, in traditional fashion. Lieutenant Yanagihara had penned a tribute to his young fellow officer, the resolute samurai "Lt. Nakajima must have been expecting a day like today. He was wearing brand-new white underclothes and had wrapped his body with white cloth and the thousand-stitch stomach band which his mother had made for him. .. . Was not the lieutenant's end the same as we find in an old tanka verse? "Should you ask what is the Yamato spirit, the soul of Japan: It is wild cherry blossoms glowing in the rising sun." On this main attack front, Soviet heavy machine guns and tanks had continued to deliver withering fire against the Japanese remnants, while Russian snipers and grenadiers had taken an increasing toll. Shortly after 04:00, enemy reinforcements had appeared at the northeast edge. Of the company commanders, only Sakata had still been alive; the other three officers had died between 03:30 and 04:30. A machine gunner who had been pinned down near the crest had commented: "It must have been worse than Hill 203" (of bloody Russo-Japanese War fame). Between a half and two-thirds of each company had been dead or wounded by then. Sakata had still been thinking of ways to rush the main positions. After Kitahara had been shot down, he had moved around to investigate. A colleague had added: "The agony of the captain's wounds had been increasing. He rested several times to appease the pain while watching intently for some chance to charge once more." Now, Sakata had been wounded again by grenade fragments tearing into the right side of his face. "It hadn't been serious," Sakata had insisted. As he had limped about, he could see his platoon leader, Kuriyama, sniping at a Russian grenadier. Much would depend on the effectiveness of supporting firepower. With the death of Kitahara, control of the machine-gun company had been assumed by Master Sergeant Harayama. There had been almost no time to coordinate matters before Kitahara had fallen, but Harayama as well as Sakata had known that the infantry could not break loose until the Soviet heavy weapons had been suppressed. Working with another sergeant, Harayama had ordered his gunners to displace forward and rush the positions 20 meters away. The one heavy machine gun set up for action had been the first to fire for the Japanese side at Changkufeng, after its crew had manhandled it the last few meters to the first Soviet trench below the crest. The trench had been empty. Thereupon, the gunner had opened up against tents which could be seen 20 meters to the rear. Other friendly machine guns had begun to chatter. Kuriyama had dashed up and secured the southeast edge of the heights. Enemy resistance had begun to slacken. What appeared to be two small Soviet tanks, actually a tank and a tractor had been laying down fire near the tents in an apparent effort to cover a pullback. The two vehicles had advanced toward the Japanese and sought to neutralize the heavy machine guns. A squad leader had engaged the tractor, set it afire, and shot down the crewmen when they had tried to flee. Next, the tank had been stopped. The Japanese lead gun had consumed all of its armor-piercing (AP) ammunition—three clips, or 90 rounds—in 10 or 15 seconds. No more AP ammunition had been available; one box had been with the last of the six squads struggling up the heights. "More AP!" had yelled the 1st Squad leader, signaling with his hand—which had at that moment been hit by a Russian slug. A tank machine-gun bullet had also torn through the thumb and into the shoulder of the squad's machine gunner, whereupon the 21-year-old loader had taken over the piece. Similar replacements had occurred under fire in all squads, sometimes more than once in the same unit. "It had been a fantastic scene," Sakata had commented. "Just like grasshoppers! But they had finally neutralized the heavy weapons." The knocked-out Russian vehicles had begun to blaze while the eastern skies had lightened. New enemy tanks (some said many, others merely three) had lumbered up the slopes, but the Japanese heavy machine guns had continued to fire on them, and the tanks had stopped. If the machine guns had gone into action minutes later, the Russian armor might have continued to the top, from which they could have ripped up the surviving Japanese infantrymen: "So we gunners fired and fired. I could see my tracers bouncing off the armor, for there was still no AP. We also shot at machine guns and infantry. Since we carried little ammo for the night attack, my gun ran out, but by then the enemy had been ousted. We had originally expected that we might have to fire in support of the infantry after they took the crest. We lost none of our own heavy machine guns that night, overran four Maxims and captured mountains of hand grenades. By dawn, however, our machine gun company had lost more than half of its personnel—about 40 men". The light-machine-gun squad leader had been wounded in the hand by a grenade near the site where Sakata had been hit. Nevertheless, the superior private had clambered up the slope with his men. After 04:00, when he and his squad had been pinned down with the infantry below the crest, he had heard Japanese heavy machine guns firing toward the foe on the right: "Our units were in confusion, bunched up under terrific fire in a small area. Getting orders was impossible, so I had my light machine gun open up in the same direction at which the heavies were firing. We could identify no targets but tried to neutralize the enemy located somewhere on the crest. Although Soviet flares were going off, we never could glimpse the enemy clearly. But we heard the Russians yelling "Hurrah!" That ought to have been the signal for a charge; here it meant a retreat". But, of the ten men in this Japanese machine-gun squad, only four had been in action when dawn had come. The turning point had arrived when the machine-guns belonging to Sakata, and the reserves of the late Nakajima, had torn into the Russian emplacements, tanks, and tents behind. Others had said the key had been the fire of grenade dischargers belonging to the same units. A high-angle weapon, the grenade discharger, had been light, effective, and ideal for getting at dead space. In terms of ammunition, it had been especially useful, for it could fire hand grenades available to the foot soldier. Undoubtedly, the combined action of the grenade dischargers and machine guns (heavy and light) had paved the way for a last charge by the infantry. The four light machine guns of the 2nd and 4th companies had played their part by pouring flank fire against the Russians, who had clung to the position although Kuriyama's platoon had made an initial penetration. At about 04:30, Japanese assault forces could be seen dimly, in the light of dawn, exchanging fire with the Russians only a few meters away on the southern edge of Changkufeng Hill. At the same time, on the northern slopes, enemy reinforcements numbering 50 men with trucks and tanks had been scaling the hill. Around 04:45, Japanese grenades began to burst over the heads of the last enemy atop Changkufeng; the Russians had wavered. After the heavy weapons had finally begun to soften up the Soviet positions, Sakata had judged that there were not many Russians left. He had jumped into the first trench, ahead of his only surviving platoon leader, Kuriyama, and several soldiers. Two or three Russians had been disposed of; the rest had fled. By then the 2nd Company had been chopped down to a platoon; about 40 men still lived. There had been no cheer of banzai, as journalists had written; it would have drawn fire to stand up and raise one's arms. But Sakata had remained proud of the assertion by Sato that, from Chiangchunfeng, he had observed the last rush and knew the "real story," that "Sakata was the first to charge the peak." The regimental eulogist had written that Sakata's earnestness "cut through iron, penetrated mountains, and conquered bodily pain." As for Inagaki, about 15 or 20 minutes after the badly wounded Sakata had managed to reach the point where Kitahara and Nakajima had been pinned down near the Crestline, the lieutenant had arrived with the remnants of Yamada's company, probably by 04:20. The records would have us believe that Sakata had been able to coordinate the next actions with Inagaki despite the storm of fire: "The acting battalion commander [Sakata] resumed the charge with a brand-new deployment—his 2nd Company on the right wing and the 1st Company on the left." Actually, all Sakata could think of had been to charge; it had been too confused a time to issue anything like normal orders as acting battalion commander: "About all I remember asking Inagaki was: "What are you doing over here? What happened to your company commander?" I think he told me that Yamada had been killed and resistance on the right flank had been severe. Undoubtedly, he acted on his own initiative in redeploying. Nor was there any particular liaison between my company and Inagaki's force." To the left of Sakata's survivors were the vestiges of Nakajima's platoon, and further to the left, the outflanking troops brought up by Inagaki. These forces gradually edged up to the rear of the foe, in almost mass formation, on the western slope just below the top. "The enemy soldiers who had been climbing up the northern incline suddenly began to retreat, and Inagaki led a charge, fighting dauntlessly hand-to-hand." As a result of the more or less concerted Japanese assaults, "the desperately resisting enemy was finally crushed and Changkufeng peak was retaken completely by 05:15," three hours after the night attackers had jumped off. Akaishizawa had said that the troops "pushed across the peak through a river of blood and a mountain of corpses. Who could withstand our demons?" Sato's regimental attack order had called for the firing of a green star shell to signal success. At 05:15, according to the records, "the signal flared high above Changkufeng, showering green light upon the hill; the deeply stirring Japanese national flag floated on the top." Sakata thought that this must have been 10 or 20 minutes after the hill was taken, but he remembered no flare. "After the last charge I had no time to watch the sky!" The flare had probably been fired from a grenade launcher by the battalion aide or a headquarters soldier. After the final close-quarter fighting, Sakata had pressed forward while the survivors came up. The captain had deployed his men against possible counterattack. Later he had heard that Soviet tanks had lumbered up to reinforce the peak or to counterattack but that, when they observed the Japanese in possession of the crest, they had turned back. Only after his men had secured the peak had Sakata talked to Inagaki about sharing defensive responsibility. The records described Sakata's deployments at 05:20, but there had been painfully few men to match the tidy after-action maps. Did Sakata and his men push across the peak? "Not downhill a bit," he had answered. "We advanced only to the highest spot, the second, or right-hand peak, where we could command a view of the hostile slope." He had merely reconnoitered to deploy his troops. The senior surviving Japanese officer atop Changkufeng heights had been Sakata. What had happened to Major Nakano, who had been wounded shortly after jump-off? Although his right arm had been shattered, he had dragged himself to his feet, once he had regained consciousness, and kept climbing to catch up. His men had pleaded with him to look after his terrible wounds, but he had insisted on advancing, leaning on his sword and relying on spiritual strength. "Left! Move left!" he had been heard to shout, for the faltering Japanese had apparently been of the opinion that they were at the enemy's rear. Instead, they had pressed against the Russians' western wing, directly in front of the enemy works, from which murderous fire had been directed, especially from machine-gun nests ripping at their flanks. With sword brandished in his uninjured hand, high above his head, Nakano had stood at the corner of the positions. The explosion of an enemy grenade had illuminated him "like the god of fire," and he had been seen to crumple. He had died a little before 0500, to the left of where young Nakajima had fallen at 0430. His citation had said: "The battalion commander captured Changkufeng, thanks to his proper combat guidance and deployments. He provided the incentive to victory in the Changkufeng Incident." A eulogist had called Nakano a "human-bullet demon-unit commander": "All who observed this scene were amazed, for it was beyond mortal strength. One could see how high blazed the flame of his faith in certain victory and what a powerful sense of responsibility he had as unit commander. Major Nakano was a model soldier." When Nakano had pitched forward, badly wounded PFC Imamura had tried to protect the commander's corpse. Imamura had killed a soldier who appeared from behind a boulder, had lunged at another two or three, but had toppled off the cliff. Two other Japanese privates—a battalion runner and PFC Iwata—had been lying nearby, hurt seriously; but when they saw Imamura fall to his death, leaving the major's body undefended, they had dragged themselves to the corpse, four meters from the foe. Iwata, crippled and mute, had hugged Nakano's corpse until other soldiers managed to retrieve it. While death had come to Nakano, Sakata had been fighting with no knowledge of what was going on to his left. Pinned behind a boulder, he had had no way of checking on the battalion commander. Only after Sakata had charged onto the crest and asked for the major had he been told by somebody that Nakano had been killed. He had not even been sure where the commander had fallen. Such had been the time of blood and fury when battalion chief, company commanders, and platoon leaders had fought and died like common soldiers, pressing on with saber or pistol or sniping rifle under relentless cross-fire. Pretty patterns of textbook control had meant nothing. Life—and victory—depended on training, initiative, raw courage, and the will to win. The result of this combination of wills could not be ascertained, on 31 July 1938, until dawn brightened the bleeding earth on Changkufeng Hill. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Tokyo gambled on a night strike to seize Changkufeng, while diplomacy urged restraint. Amid mud, smoke, and moonless skies, Nakano led the 1st Battalion, supported by Nakajima, Sakata, Yamada, and others. One by one, officers fell, wounds multiplying, but resolve held. By 05:15, shattered units regrouped atop the peak, the flag rising as dawn bled into a costly, hard-won victory.