Podcasts about Molecular evolution

Obesity is one of the most pressing health challenges of our time, with genetic and molecular factors playing a crucial role in how our bodies regulate weight. In this season opener, we explore the science behind obesity, focusing on how hormones, genetics, and brain circuits influence feeding behavior and body weight. Join us for a fascinating discussion about the interplay between molecular biology and real-world health outcomes.Our guest, Dr. Giles Yeo, is a professor of molecular neuroendocrinology at the University of Cambridge and an expert in the genetics of obesity. With decades of research experience, Dr. Yeo dives into how hormones like GLP-1 interact with the brain and how genetic mutations can affect eating behaviors. He also explains the innovative molecular biology techniques his lab uses to map brain circuits and decode the genetic influences on body weight.But this episode isn't all about the lab. Dr. Yeo shares his journey from studying the genetics of Japanese pufferfish to becoming a leading voice in obesity research and science communication. Whether he's decoding how Ozempic works or reflecting on the importance of good science communication, Dr. Yeo's passion for the field—and his knack for making complex topics relatable—shines through. Subscribe to get future episodes as they drop and if you like what you're hearing we hope you'll share a review or recommend the series to a colleague.  Visit the Invitrogen School of Molecular Biology to access helpful molecular biology resources and educational content, and please share this resource with anyone you know working in molecular biology. For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

Por que os castores constroem represas? Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra, com a Mila Massuda, sobre a vida dos castores e os impactos de suas represas. Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Revisão de Roteiro: Luisa Kahakura (@lukahakura) Técnica de Gravação: Julianna Harsche (@juvisharsche) Editor: Lilian Correa (@_lilianleme) Mixagem e Masterização: Lívia Mello (@adiscolizard) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares), Matheus Herédia (@Matheus_Heredia) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) Gravado e editado nos estúdios TocaCast, do grupo Tocalivros (@tocalivros) REFERÊNCIAS FAIRFAX, E.; WHITTLE, A. Smokey the Beaver: beaver‐dammed riparian corridors stay green during wildfire throughout the western United States. Ecological Applications, v. 30, n. 8, 6 out. 2020. HORN, S. et al. Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Slow Rates of Molecular Evolution and the Timing of Speciation in Beavers (Castor), One of the Largest Rodent Species. PLoS ONE, v. 6, n. 1, p. e14622, 28 jan. 2011. NUMMI, P. et al. Beaver creates early successional hotspots for water beetles. Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 30, n. 10, p. 2655–2670, 4 jun. 2021. PLINT, T. et al. Evolution of woodcutting behaviour in Early Pliocene beaver driven by consumption of woody plants. Scientific Reports, v. 10, n. 1, p. 13111, 4 ago. 2020.

Dr. Nora Khaldi is a renowned biotech entrepreneur, mathematician, scientist and founder and CEO at Nuritas, an AI-enabled synthetic biology company focused on creating the next generation of intelligent ingredients. Dr. Khaldi is an industry leader in the field of life science, biotechnology and food technology.  She holds a Ph.D. in Molecular Evolution, Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics from Trinity College Ireland and a masters in mathematics from Aix-Marseille University.  Her research has focused primarily on research evolution and comparative genomics. Nora holds over 30 patents and is a highly published author.   Together Dr. Khaldi and I dive into the world of peptides and the infinite possibilities of the Nuritas peptide finder. We explore the characteristics of peptides that can change and improve targeted areas, including maintaining muscle health while losing weight, skin health and wrinkles through collagen production and reduced inflammation, and glucose, craving control, sleep promotion, and skin health. Dr. Khaldi reviews the PeptiStrong timeline, highlights targeted populations and shares observations from her personal use. She also addresses the possibilities and concerns associated with AI, reminding us how scientists can enhance their research with its assistance.  I'm your host, Evelyne Lambrecht, thank you for designing a well world with us.   Episode Resources: Dr. Nora Khaldi - https://www.nuritas.com/team/dr%E2%81%9Fnora%E2%81%9Fkhaldi/ Design for Health Resources: Designs for Health - https://www.designsforhealth.com/ Research Blog: Decoding Peptides: The Body's Little Helpers - https://www.casi.org/decoding-peptides-bodys-little-helpers Research Blog: Bioactive Peptides From the Fava Bean: The Future of Muscular Health? - https://www.casi.org/bioactive-peptides-from-the-fava-bean-future-of-muscular-health Designs for Health Practitioner Exclusive Drug Nutrient Depletion and Interaction Checker - https://www.designsforhealth.com/drug-nutrient-interaction/ Visit the Designs for Health Research and Education Library which houses medical journals, protocols, webinars, and our blog. https://www.designsforhealth.com/research-and-education/education Chapters: 00:00 Intro. 03:09 Dr. Khali's interest in mathematics and life sciences converged as her career progressed. 5:58 The moment that peptides became the focus of Dr. Khali's research involved wallaby milk.  9:27 Details about peptides and the infinite possibilities of the Nuritas peptide finder.  13:03 The molecular universe of an apple includes more molecular data than all social media put together. Dr. Khali details this library of peptides.  15:44 A timeline of the peptide finder's work and how its inaccuracies are corrected over time to identify solutions. 18:14 Determining which areas to focus on and bring to market starts with securing both health and longevity.  21:16 Pillars in seeking peptides that can change and improve targeted areas, including maintaining muscle health while losing weight.  24:01 Discovering the muscle building mechanisms that became the ingredients in PeptiStrong.  27:51 Why can't humans access all nutrients that are hidden in plants?  31:42 The role of AI in identifying properties and the role of humans in ensuring accuracy.  35:25 Pre-market control testing markers and models and findings from early human clinical trials. 42:18 PeptiStrong timeline and targeted populations and observations from Dr. Khaldi's personal use.  47:15 Designs for Health CEO Amardeep Kahlon's testimonial for performance peptides.  49:15 The combination of mathematics and computer science is AI, and scientists can enhance their research with its assistance.  52:25 PeptiYouth focuses on skin health and wrinkles through collagen production and reduced inflammation.  54:42 Upcoming areas of Nuritas peptide research include glucose, craving control, sleep promotion, and skin health. 58:50 Is it possible that the answers for cancers and other diseases might be found in peptides?  1:01:27 Dr. Nora Khaldi personal favorite supplements, top health practices, and her changing post-pandemic views on remote work. 

O uso de roupas é um comportamento moderno importante. Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra com a Mila Massuda como se originou esse comportamento e como ele contribuiu para a expansão bem-sucedida dos humanos em latitudes mais altas eclimas frios.   Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Edição: @Matheus_Heredia, Clayton Heringer (@tocalivros) e Juscelino Filho (@canalmusicalia) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) Gravado nos estúdios TocaCast   ‌Quer ir além dos trinta minutinhos e se aprofundar no mundo da Ecologia?   CURSO DE ECOLOGIA POR APENAS R$42,00  https://cursosdebiologia.hotmart.host/     REFERÊNCIAS:   D'ERRICO, F. et al. The origin and evolution of sewing technologies in Eurasia and North America. Journal of Human Evolution, v. 125, p. 71–86, 1 dez. 2018.   ELIASON, C. M. et al. Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 284, n. 1862, p. 20170556, 6 set. 2017.   JABLONSKI, N. G. The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, v. 34, n. 4, p. 707–729, 4 maio 2021.   KITTLER, R.; KAYSER, M.; STONEKING, M. Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing. Current Biology, v. 13, n. 16, p. 1414–1417, 19 ago. 2003.   KOWALCZYK, A.; CHIKINA, M.; CLARK, N. Complementary evolution of coding and noncoding sequence underlies mammalian hairlessness. eLife, v. 11, p. e76911, 7 nov. 2022.   LASISI, T. et al. Human scalp hair as a thermoregulatory adaptation. 22 jan. 2023.   LU, C. P. et al. Spatiotemporal antagonism in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling in sweat versus hair fate decision. Science, v. 354, n. 6319, 23 dez. 2016.   OCOBOCK, C. et al. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis among a small sample of reindeer herders from sub-Arctic Finland. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, v. 41, n. 1, 20 abr. 2022.   PAGEL, M.; BODMER, W. A naked ape would have fewer parasites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, v. 270, n. suppl_1, 7 ago. 2003.‌   ROGERS, ALAN R.; ILTIS, D.; WOODING, S. Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair. Current Anthropology, v. 45, n. 1, p. 105–108, fev. 2004.   ‌TOUPS, M. A. et al. Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa. Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 28, n. 1, p. 29–32, 7 set. 2010.

If you're like most of us who spend long hours in front of a computer, you've probably heard about blue light-blocking glasses being the ultimate solution to dry eyes, eye strain, headaches and more. But let's be honest, with all the hype surrounding these glasses, it's easy to wonder if they're worth investing in or just another gimmick. As a self-proclaimed blue blocker enthusiast, I have to admit that even I was surprised by what I discovered in my research about blue light and eye strain. Is it the blue light specifically that's causing the issue or simply staring at screens in general? So, if you're someone who has blue blockers saved in your cart and are wondering if they're worth the investment, today's episode is for you. You'll learn: The science of blue light and why it's essential for your body How to work with screens without experiencing eye strain Whether blue blocker glasses are as effective as they're made out to be All the links: Help for Neck and Shoulder Pain Workshop - use code blueLIGHT to save 40%! A double-blind test of blue-blocking filters on symptoms of digital eye strain. Work 65.2 (2020) Does blue light filter improve computer vision syndrome in patients with dry eye. Life Science Journal 11.6 (2014) The coevolution of blue-light photoreception and circadian rhythms. Journal of Molecular Evolution 57 (2003) AMBER LENSES TO BLOCK BLUE LIGHT AND IMPROVE SLEEP: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL. Chronobiology International 26.8 (2009) Effect of evening blue light blocking glasses on subjective and objective sleep in healthy adults: A randomized control trial. Sleep Health. 2021 Blue blocker glasses impede the capacity of bright light to suppress melatonin production. Journal of pineal research 41.1 (2006) A Double-blind Test of Blue-blocking Filters on Symptoms of Digital Eye Strain. 1 Jan. 2020 30 days to more strength + flexibility with the Mobility Mastery Toolkit www.aewellness.com/podcast - Show notes, links and more. Come hang out with me on Instagram @hollaformala : https://instagram.com/hollaformala/ TikTok @ aewellness Bodywork Starter Guide - learn the 6 places you need to roll right now for quick relief, plus the reason why what you've tried so far has only given you a temporary fix. Download the guide for free now at www.aewellness.com/bodywork 818-396-6501 is the Body Nerd Hotline - how do you build consistency and/or where are you getting stuck? Drop me a line and let me know your body nerd hacks - you might just hear your voice on a future episode! Today's episode is brought to you by Mobility Mastery Toolkit. Forget icing and stretching - and get a simple program you can do on your own that actually works. The Toolkit includes 30-days of exercises so you know exactly what to do to improve the mobility of your hips, lower back, feet, neck and shoulders. With video demos and a full-body mobility workout calendar, you're just 15-mins a day from feeling stronger and more flexible. Get $20 off when you use the code MASTERY at www.mobilitytoolkit.co  

Why some countries, such as China, vaccinate flocks against bird flu but others don't, and male ants that are always chimeras   First up this week, highly pathogenic avian influenza is spreading to domestic flocks around the globe from migrating birds. Why don't many countries vaccinate their bird herds when finding one case can mean massive culls? Staff News Writer Jon Cohen joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss the push and pull of economics, politics, and science at play in vaccinating poultry against bird flu.   Next up, a crazy method of reproduction in the yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes). Hugo Darras, an assistant professor in the Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution at Johannes Gutenberg University, talks about how males of this species are always chimeras—which means their body is composed of two different cell lines, one from each parent. Read a related perspective.    This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy.   About the Science Podcast   [Image: The Wild Martin; Music: Jeffrey Cook]   [alt: Queen and worker yellow crazy ants with podcast overlay]   Authors: Sarah Crespi; Jon Cohen   Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi0665See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Why some countries, such as China, vaccinate flocks against bird flu but others don't, and male ants that are always chimeras   First up this week, highly pathogenic avian influenza is spreading to domestic flocks around the globe from migrating birds. Why don't many countries vaccinate their bird herds when finding one case can mean massive culls? Staff News Writer Jon Cohen joins host Sarah Crespi to discuss the push and pull of economics, politics, and science at play in vaccinating poultry against bird flu.   Next up, a crazy method of reproduction in the yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes). Hugo Darras, an assistant professor in the Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution at Johannes Gutenberg University, talks about how males of this species are always chimeras—which means their body is composed of two different cell lines, one from each parent. Read a related perspective.    This week's episode was produced with help from Podigy.   About the Science Podcast   [Image: The Wild Martin; Music: Jeffrey Cook]   [alt: Queen and worker yellow crazy ants with podcast overlay]   Authors: Sarah Crespi; Jon Cohen   Episode page: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi0665See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

References and Inspirations Dr Guerra graduate biochemistry lectures https://youtu.be/156u4nV2uGE --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message

Listen in as we talk with Mack E. Crayton III, Ph.D. (@mackcrayton ) about the tug of war between the physical brain and the mind or flesh and spirit as we say see in the word. We will also cover what is his interpretation of the distinction between soul, spirit and consciousness. Dr. Crayton is a Professor of Genetics and Biology at two HBCUs (Xavier and Dillard), Author and Educational Motivational Speaker on Topics in Bio Medical Science, STEM Consultant for Higher Education (includes strategies for effective mentoring, of underrepresented graduate and undergraduate students in STEM research), Biomedical Researcher – Research areas: Molecular Evolution and Comparative Genomics, Small Business Owner, Founder/President of a 501c3 non-profit. C.L.A.S.S. a free after-school homework assistance program for grade school students. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/tearapyrecovery/support

In 1973 the eminent evolutionary geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote an essay  entitled “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.” Presumably, that would include molecular biology, and as Dobzhanksy was writing, the field of molecular evolution was bearing fruit that would revolutionize our understanding of Darwinian evolutionary biology. Or, perhaps more precisely, it would extend and move beyond a purely Darwinian understanding of changes in the DNA sequence on the molecular level. In the 1970's, the idea that evolution at the scale of DNA and proteins was “neutral” in relation to adaptive fitness came to the fore through the work of both population geneticists and molecular biologists. This is in contrast to the emphasis placed on natural selection and adaptation in Darwin's original theory, and pushed forward by Dobzhansky and his colleagues in the mid-20th century with the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis. Today on the Unsupervised Learning podcast Razib talks to Alex Palazzo, a molecular biologist who has also thought deeply about the relationship between his field and evolution, and where we are 40 years after the neutralist revolution. The conversation covers the issues brought up in Palazzo's paper Non-Darwinian Molecular Biology. Was Charles Darwin wrong? Well, his ideas and theory were clearly incomplete in various ways. Palazzo argues for the importance of the mechanistic and structural details of genes and DNA that go into explaining why evolution produces the diverse traits and characteristics we see all around us. He also discusses why complex lifeforms exist due to the built-in tolerance of sloppiness in DNA replication, and addresses questions such as why genomes vary in size so greatly (did you know that the wheat genome is forty times larger than the rice genome?).

References Infect Immun. 2013 Dec; 81(12): 4478–4489 Journal of Molecular Evolution 2020. 88:26–40 PLoS One. 2016; 11(11): e0166656 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

How does understanding molecular evolution hold the key to significant advances in technology and preserving life? By studying it, there may even be clues to how to survive on planets other than Earth. Press play to learn: How synthesizing unnatural DNA building blocks is possible If we can test Martian geology to determine its base properties Why the "Vitamin C Gene" was integral to evolution A distinguished fellow and part of the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Steven Benner, discusses his research in molecular evolution and testing the viability of sustaining life on other planets.  By understanding the basis of molecular DNA and its four natural bases, researchers can begin expanding that number to eight or even 12. This opens the possibility that various lifeforms may not have the same basis for evolution and developed using different mechanisms. By adapting to the world as the established systems were destroyed through phenomena like climate change, primates' DNA shifted and allowed the beings to evolve. This may be a similar trend to how humans will evolve to face future challenges. Visit https://primordialscoop.org to learn more. Episode also available on Apple Podcast: http://apple.co/30PvU9C

Aaron Engelhart talks about genetics, cell biology, molecular evolution on earth, other planets, and much more. He is an expert in molecular evolution on Mars and elsewhere in the Solar system. He and his team are working to develop advanced RNA imaging tools, towards achieving a robust, general tool for imaging arbitrary RNAs of interest – particularly in challenging systems, such as mammalian cells and whole organisms. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/spaceexplr/support

On this ID the Future from the vault, Lehigh University biologist Michael Behe discusses his peer-reviewed scientific paper in the Quarterly Review of Biology. Behe explains why most examples of evolution in bacteria and viruses entail loss or modification of function rather than gain of a new function at the molecular level. In Behe’s view, this poses a challenge to Darwinian explanations of molecular evolution. Darwinian evolution is supposed to explain how new forms and functions arose in the history of life, but when we study the process at the molecular level, we find evolution creating niche advantages not by building anything fundamentally new, but by throwing one or more things overboard. An example of this devolutionary process on a showier scale? Read More › Source

On this ID the Future, Michael Behe responds to the attacks on … his mousetrap. Behe used the common mousetrap to illustrate the idea of irreducible complexity, showing how various mechanical contrivances need all of their main parts to function, and to show how irreducible complexity poses a major challenge to Darwinism’s idea of gradual, step-by-step evolution of some biological machines. Most of the attacks on Behe’s argument have focused on the irreducibly complex biological systems he spotlighted, such as the outboard motor known as the bacterial flagellum. But some of his critics fixated on the mousetrap itself, and argued that the mousetrap wasn’t actually irreducibly complex. Behe rebuts these counterarguments and explains why he’s convinced they fail. The discussion Read More › Source

On this ID the Future, Michael Behe continues discussing A Mousetrap for Darwin, his newest book. Understanding of the cell has grown “by leaps and bounds” since the 1990s, when Behe’s first book appeared. Fresh discoveries have revealed ever more complex structures inside the cell. As Behe explains, it isn’t just the bacterial flagellum that’s irreducibly complex; the “hook” region inside the flagellum is, too. Evolution’s proper place of study has moved from gross anatomy and population genetics to biochemistry. In his conversation with host Eric Anderson, Behe says that intelligent design theory’s predictions are coming true over time, while for every step of increasing knowledge, it gets “worse and worse” for the theory of evolution by undirected unintelligent processes. Read More › Source

Distinguished Professor Michael Gillings is in the Department of Biological Sciences at Macquarie University, where he is Professor of Molecular Evolution. In general, his interests focus on genetic diversity and its role in evolution. This allows an eclectic research program, with papers on viruses, bacteria, fungi, diatoms, green algae, invertebrates, plants, sharks, and mammals in the last five years. Two of his main research programs include the origins and environmental consequences of antibiotic resistance, and the new geological era of the Anthropocene, precipitated by human effects on planetary systems. He teaches a large first year class, with 1100 students, and contributes regularly to radio, television and on-line forums.

Dr. Andrew Bank Morgenthaler breaks down molecular evolution.

Thanks to OIST for sponsoring this video. To learn more, visit https://admissions.oist.jp/ Wood is abundant and full of energy, but outside of some insects, almost no animals eat it because the stuff it's made of is hard to break down. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Xylophagy: the eating of wood Lignin: a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and help make wood rigid. Cellulose: a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers, which is the main constituent of plant cell walls. Lignin oxidation: a depolymerization method to break bonds in lignin molecules such as ether or carbon–carbon bonds by applying an oxidant such as oxygen. Depolymerization: the process of breaking down a polymer, such as lignin, into simpler monomers Trichonympha agilis: a specialized protist that lives in the hindguts of many termite species that breaks down the cellulose in the wood they eat and may contribute to the lignin oxidation process. ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Learn about the fungi that first unlocked the secrets of breaking down lignin: https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/behind-scenes-how-fungi-make-nutrients-available-world _________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Writer, Director, and Narrator: Julián Gustavo Gómez (@ittakesii) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Sarah Berman, Arcadi Garcia Rius Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________________________________________ References: Bourguignon, Thomas, et al. "Rampant host switching shaped the termite gut microbiome." Current biology 28.4 (2018): 649-654. Martin, Michael M. "Cellulose digestion in insects." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 75.3 (1983): 313-324.Mathews, Stephanie L., et al. "Public questions spur the discovery of new bacterial species associated with lignin bioconversion of industrial waste." Royal Society open science 6.3 (2019): 180748. Chaney, William Reynolds. Why Do Animals Eat the Bark and Wood of Trees and Shrubs?. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, 2003. de Gonzalo, Gonzalo, et al. "Bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation." Journal of Biotechnology 236 (2016): 110-119. Hosokawa, Takahiro, et al. "Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria." PLoS biology 4.10 (2006). Novaes, Evandro, et al. "Lignin and biomass: a negative correlation for wood formation and lignin content in trees." Plant Physiology 154.2 (2010): 555-561. Vega, Fernando E., and Richard W. Hofstetter, eds. Bark beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. Academic Press, 2014. McNab, Brian Keith. The physiological ecology of vertebrates: a view from energetics. Cornell University Press, 2002. Bourguignon, Thomas, et al. "The evolutionary history of termites as inferred from 66 mitochondrial genomes." Molecular Biology and Evolution 32.2 (2014): 406-421. Morgenstern, I., Klopman, S., & Hibbett, D. S. (2008). Molecular Evolution and Diversity of Lignin Degrading Heme Peroxidases in the Agaricomycetes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66(3), 243–257. Suman, S. K., Dhawaria, M., Tripathi, D., Raturi, V., Adhikari, D. K., & Kanaujia, P. K. (2016). Investigation of lignin biodegradation by Trabulsiella sp. isolated from termite gut. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 112, 12–17. Janusz, G., Pawlik, A., Sulej, J., Świderska-Burek, U., Jarosz-Wilkołazka, A., & Paszczyński, A. (2017). Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 41(6), 941–962. Ayuso-Fernández, Iván, Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas, and Angel T. Martínez. "Evolutionary convergence in lignin-degrading enzymes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.25 (2018): 6428-6433. Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., & Martínez, Á. T. (2009). Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recalcitrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microbial Biotechnology, 2(2), 164–177. Hibbing, Michael E., et al. "Bacterial competition: surviving and thriving in the microbial jungle." Nature Reviews Microbiology 8.1 (2010): 15-25.

レベルEのサキ王女編からスタートし、アメフラシ、ボネリムシ 、半倍数性、ヴォルバキアによる破壊、ゾウリムシ、カモノハシ、オスの三毛猫など、真核生物における多様な性決定システムと性染色体について話しました。Show notes レベルE … 冨樫義博先生の怪作。生物SF満載。マクバク族サキ王女編について言及。 SRY(sex-determining region Y) … 一部の哺乳類において性決定に重要な遺伝子。 Koopman et al. Nature (1991) … SRYをメスのマウスのembryoにおいて発現させてオス化させた論文。 heterogamety …異型配偶子性。XYやZWのような性染色体がヘテロな状態の配偶子をさす。 homogamety … 同型配偶子性。XXやZZのような性染色体がホモな状態の配偶子をさす。 XX型/XY型 … 雌がホモ(同型)、雄がヘテロ(異型)な場合の性染色体の名前のつけかた。 (例)ヒト、マウスなど ZZ型/ZW型 … 雄がホモ(同型)、雌がヘテロ(異型)な場合の性染色体の名前のつけかた。(例)チキンなど XX型/XO型 … 雌がXX、雄がXOという性染色体を持つ場合を指す。Oはこの場合Y染色体が存在しないことを指す。バッタやアマミトゲネズミなどでみられる。 アマミトゲネズミ … 日本の固有種。哺乳類でありながらXO型の染色体を持ち、Sryを持たない。 黒岩真麻 … アマミトゲネズミなどにおける性決定システムの研究者 Bachtrog et al., PLoS Biology (2014) … 性決定に関する網羅的なレビュー。 性 … 生物における性、セックスについて 雌雄同体/同株 アメフラシの交尾 … “アメフラシは雌雄同体で前が雌役、後ろが雄役。数個体か集まると連なるように交尾をします。” Yatsu et al., Scientific Reports (2016) … ミシシッピワニと温度依存の性決定システムについて。温度依存性チャネルとイオンシグナル ボネリムシ 生きものの記録艶説 半倍数性 半倍数性の機構 … 相補モデル、バランスモデル、インプリンティングモデルについて 体細胞分裂 … 真核生物において、一個の細胞から二個の細胞が生み出される現象。染色体の倍数性は維持される。 減数分裂 … 真核生物において、一個の細胞から四個の細胞が生み出される現象。最終的に産出される細胞の染色体の倍数性は半分になる。 対立遺伝子(アレル) UV染色体 … コケ類など、一倍体の期間(配偶体期)において、性染色体により雌雄が決定される生物に用いられる命名方法。日本ではXY染色体と言われることが多い。U染色体を持つのが雌性、V染色体を持つのが雄性となる。 ヴォルバキア … 水平感染はほとんどなく、垂直感染によって広がる。精子を経由することができず、卵のみで伝えられるため、ミトコンドリアなどの伝播様式と比較されることも多い。オスゴロシやメス化など、メスを多くするための戦略をとることが知られている。ある意味ドーキンスの申し子。ミトコンドリア・イヴならぬ、Wolbachial Eve (ヴォルバキア・イヴ)がいるということか。 エルフェンリート 岡本倫 ノノノノ パラレルパラダイス … いわゆるPレルPダイス オートガミー … 繊毛虫において見られる特殊な接合様式。一個体の中で接合が行われる。 ゾウリムシ 性の源をさぐる ペドガミー … 太陽虫において見られるオートガミー様の接合様式 太陽虫 有糸分裂(mitosis) … 一般的な真核生物における分裂様式 無糸分裂(amitosis) … ゾウリムシやテトラヒメナなどの原生生物の大核において見られる分裂様式 スティロニキア トゲツメミズケムシ Ammermann, Archiv für Protistenkunde (1982) … Stylonychia mytilus EHRBGの接合型について。 スイバ … 性染色体がXX型/XY1Y2型と雌雄で本数が異なる。木原均先生が種子植物において初めて性染色体を報告した植物。染色体数は雌株が2n=14=XX+12, 雄株は2n=15=XY1Y2+12である。 ツマモンヒロバカゲロウ … ツマモンヒロバカゲロウ(Plethosmylus decoratus)はX1X1X2X2型/X1X2Y型の性染色体を持っている。 新世界ザル/旧世界ザル … 類人猿の分類 ホエザル(Alouatta) Steinberg et al. Cytogenet Genome Res. (2008) … ホエザルの性染色体はX1X1X2X2型/X1X2Y1Y2型となっている。 カモノハシ … 哺乳類であるが卵生である。性染色体はX1X2X3X4X5X1X2X3X4X5型とX1X2X3X4X5Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5型である。 単孔類 ハリモグラ … 単孔類はカモノハシとハリモグラからなる。性染色体はX1X2X3X4X5X1X2X3X4X5型とX1X2X3X4X5Y1Y2Y3Y4O型である。Y5が存在しない。 有袋類 Grützner et al., Nature (2004) … DOP-PCRを基にしたFISHを行うことでカモノハシの性染色体を調べた論文。chain pairingと染色体進化について言及。 DMRT1 … 性決定遺伝子の一つ キアズマ Robertsonian translocation … ヒトにおける染色体の転座。転座に従って、chain pairingが発生することもある。 Moura et al., Genetics and Molecular Biology (2008) … ブラジルに住むユークロマギガンテアL.1735という甲虫の染色体を調べた論文。X1X2X3X1X2X3型とX1X2X3Y1Y2Y3型の染色体を持つ。multivalent chain pairingの美しいFigureが見られる (Fig.2)。 Santos and Luykx, Biochem Genet. (1985) … シュワルツカンザイシロアリの染色体。X1X2X1X2型とX1X2Y1Y2型の染色体を持つ。Fig2において美しいmultivalent chain pairingのFigureが見られる(Fig2)。 Cleland, Advances in Genetics (1962) … オオマツヨイグサにおけるmultivalent chain pairing PAR(pseudoautosomal region) … X染色体とY染色体の相同な領域。同一の染色体に由来しているという名残。 dosage compensation (遺伝子量補償) Barr and Bertram, Nature (1949) … バー小体を猫のニューロンで観察した論文 Ohno et al., Experimental Cell Research (1959) … X染色体のヘテロクロマチン化について Ohno and Hauschka, Cander Research (1960) … バー小体とX染色体の関係性について Lyon, Nature (1961) … X染色体の不活性化についてのモデル X染色体の不活性化 エピジェネティクス … 定義は確定しておらずふらついているため、いつか専門家を集めて討論したい。 クラインフェルター症候群 CCL-28 … クラインフェルター症候群の患者から採取された培養細胞。XXXXYの染色体を持つため、Xの不活性化を調べるためによく使われる。 三毛猫 駒井卓 Komai, 北海道大學理學部紀要 (1957) … 配信では少し言い間違えたが、オスの三毛猫が存在することのモデルを考えた論文。オスの三毛猫が存在しないことを示した論文ではない。 遺伝研の三毛猫 Robertsonian translocation Deakin et al., PLoS genetics (2008) … カモノハシにおける遺伝子量補償を探った論文。 Rens et al, PNAS (2010) … Xistや遺伝子量補償システムの哺乳類における進化について言及した論文。有袋類と単孔類の培養細胞を用いた研究。 Whitworth et al., Stem Cells and Development (2019) … カモノハシのiPS細胞を作った論文。こういった方法でいろいろな細胞を調べる方法が進んでいくと思われる。ちなみに導入したのはhOCT4, hSOX2, hcMYC, hKLF4, hNANOG,hLIN28の6個の遺伝子(ヒト由来)でした。 岡山大学守屋先生の遺伝子つなひき法 … 酵母の中で酵母が耐えられる遺伝子数の上限を探る方法。dosage compensationとの関係性がきになる。 ENCODE … RIKENのビッグプロジェクト。ノンコーディグRNAの網羅的探索を行なっている。 FANTOM … ゲノム上の情報にアノテーションを ジャンクDNA Brenner, Current Biology (1998) … junkという言葉に対するBrennerの考え方が見える。 Ohno, Brookhaven Symp Biol. (1972) … 大野先生がジャンクDNAを提唱した論文。取り寄せが間に合わず未確認。 大野乾 2R仮説 … 全ゲノムが重複したとする仮説。通称大野の仮説。(追記:これは一部に限定され、全ゲノム重複仮説の一部である。 Kellis et al., Nature (2004) … Manolis Kellisが酵母の近縁種間ゲノム比較によって全ゲノム重複仮説を検証しようとした論文。 DNA music … このエピソードの公開直前にちょうどこれに関するお便りが来たのでまた近々話します。 Ohno, Journal of Molecular Evolution (1997) … 大野先生の木村先生への追悼イントロを含む論文。”My fond memories of gentle Professor Motoo Kimura are many. “から始まる木村先生との思い出が綴られている。 大いなる仮説 … 大野乾先生が生命はどこから来たかを議論した本 進化の特異事象 … ノーベル賞受賞者のChristian de Duveが進化上で起こった様々な生命プロセスの獲得について議論した本 Editorial notes 話をきいてわかったような気になったがおれは何も分かってない (soh) レベルEが染色体について教えてくれた (tadasu) やはりレベルEは素晴らしい (coela)

Dr Robert Knight studied for a PhD in Molecular Evolution at the University of Reading before changing directions and pursuing postdoctoral research in the field of musculoskeletal development at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Sheffield. He moved to King’s College London as a BBSRC David Phillips Fellow in 2007 and his group is focused on the signals that direct the complex behaviour of progenitor cells during development of the vertebrate head. His current focus is to determine how progenitor cells are controlled during tissue regeneration and identify the factors that control them, using in vivo imaging and genetic manipulations. For more info please see ... https://www.kcl.ac.uk/dentistry/research/divisions/craniofac/ResearchGroups/KnightLab/GroupMembers.aspx

Join Monster X Radio and hosts Gunnar Monson and Shane Corson as they talk with Dr. Todd Disotell about the science of Bigfoot and what needs to happen in order to prove the existence of this currently unrecognized species. Dr. Disotell served as the Science Expert on Spike TV's $10,000,000 Bigfoot Bounty Dr. Todd Disotell is an Anthropology professor at New York University and he studies primate and human evolution. He is also a Molecular Primatologist who uses DNA to study the evolution of Homo sapiens and other primates. For over 20 years he has specialized in generating and testing hypotheses about primate phylogeny. While the majority of his research spans all of the groups of Old World monkeys, he has also worked on apes, New World monkeys, and stepsirrhines. His research group has generated many of the complete mitochondrial genomes that figure prominently in debates about phylogeny and taxonomy. Disotell's research interests range from Molecular Evolution, Mammalian Evolution, Molecular Systematics, Phylogentic Analysis, Population Genetics, Phylogeography, Bioinformatics, Human Evolution, Human Variation and the history of Anthropology. He also specializes in Cryptozoological primates such as Bigfoot. He has appeared on Comedy Central's The Daily Show, National Geographic Channel's Naked Science and Is It Real?, and History Channel's Monster Quest.  

Prof Børresen-Dale, winner of the “AACR Distinguished Lectureship” award, talks to ecancertv at SABCS 2015 about the molecular evolution of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the interview she states that molecular evolution of breast cancer is important during all type of chemotherapy and there is some evidence that the various molecular subtypes of breast cancer respond differently. So research is looking at whether changing the chemotherapy throughout the course of breast cancer could help improve outcomes.

Los virus son considerados por la mayoría como patógenos en todo tipo de entidades biológicas. Sin embargo la gran mayoría de los virus son inocuos a sus células hospedero. Nuestro invitado de hoy, el Dr. Paolo Zanotto es investigador y profesor en la Universidad de Sao Paolo, Brasil.  Con una maestría en Virología Molecular de la Universidad de Florida y un doctorado en Virología de la Universidad de Oxford, tiene amplia experiencia en todos los aspectos moleculares de la virología. En este episodio discutimos varios aspectos de virus emergentes, asi como diferentes aspectos de la virología en general. Entre los virus emergentes se discute el virus Zica, que se encuentra afectando a comunidades en Brasil como agente etiológico inesperado de microcefalia. Inscribѐse al Mundo de los Microbios con iTunes, RSS, email. recursos:   Population dynamics of flaviviruses revealed by molecular phylogenies (pdf) High Rates of Molecular Evolution in Hantaviruses (pdf)

This symposium brings together scientists representing evolutionary biology, genetics, dermatology, anthropology, and physiology to share their knowledge and questions about human skin in an explicitly evolutionary framework. UC San Diego’s Rob Knight begins with a discussion about Ecology and Evolution of the Skin Microbiome, followed by Mark Stoneking on Of Lice and Men: The Molecular Evolution of Human Lice, and Chris Kuzawa on Subcutaneous Fat in Humans. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 30207]

This symposium brings together scientists representing evolutionary biology, genetics, dermatology, anthropology, and physiology to share their knowledge and questions about human skin in an explicitly evolutionary framework. UC San Diego’s Rob Knight begins with a discussion about Ecology and Evolution of the Skin Microbiome, followed by Mark Stoneking on Of Lice and Men: The Molecular Evolution of Human Lice, and Chris Kuzawa on Subcutaneous Fat in Humans. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Health and Medicine] [Science] [Show ID: 30207]

Mark Stoneking of the Max Planck Institute explains in this talk how studying the molecular evolution of the three types of human lice (head louse, body louse, pubic louse) can reflect important developments of human evolution. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 30217]

Mark Stoneking of the Max Planck Institute explains in this talk how studying the molecular evolution of the three types of human lice (head louse, body louse, pubic louse) can reflect important developments of human evolution. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 30217]

The genetic basis underlying adaptive evolution is still largely unknown. Adaptive evolution is facilitated by natural selection that acts on the genetic variation present in a population. Favoring some genetic variants over others, natural selection eventually produces adaptations that allow populations to survive in changing or new environments. Populations colonizing new habitats that differ from their original habitat are often confronted with a multitude of novel ecological constraints to which they need to adapt. A well-annotated genome and a diverse genetic toolkit make the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an ideal model system for studying the genetics underlying adaptation. As a cosmopolitan species, D. melanogaster has adapted to a wide range of thermal environments. Despite having a tropical origin in southern-central Africa, it has successfully settled in temperate environments around the world. Thermal adaptations that have helped to deal with the greater range and variability in temperature as well as low-temperature extremes have been required to prosper in temperate environments. Chromatin-based gene regulation is known to be disrupted by varying temperatures. Variation in the temperature, at which flies live, result in varying expression levels of Polycomb group (PcG) regulated genes with higher expression at lower temperatures. Chapter 1 and 2 of this thesis aim to answer the question whether this thermosensitivity of PcG regulation has been detrimental for colonizing temperate environments and thus needed to be buffered by natural selection. Thermosensitivity of PcG regulation was observed in different natural populations of D. melanogaster. A lower degree of thermosensitive expression was consistently found for populations from temperate climates when compared to those from the tropics. In Chapter 1, evidence is presented for positive selection acting on the polyhomeotic (ph) gene region to reduce thermosensitivity of PcG regulation in temperate populations from Europe. The targets of selection appear to be single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a relatively small cis-regulatory region between the two PcG target genes polyhomeotic proximal (ph-p) and CG3835 that are highly differentiated between European and African populations. Using reporter gene assays, it was demonstrated that these SNPs influence gene expression and that the European alleles confer reduced thermosensitivity of expression in contrast to the African alleles. In Chapter 2, thermosensitivity of another PcG target gene, vestigial (vg), was investigated in six natural populations including four temperate populations from high-altitude Africa and central to high-latitude Europe, and two tropical populations from the ancestral species range. All four temperate populations exhibited a lower degree of thermosensitive expression than the two tropical populations. The underlying mechanisms of increased buffering, however, seem to differ between these temperate populations. Thermal adaptation to temperate environments also includes dealing with low-temperature extremes. Severe cold stress is a main limiting factor imposed on D. melanogaster by temperate climates. Increased cold tolerance in temperate populations is thought to have evolved by natural selection. Cold tolerance is a quantitative trait that appears to be highly polygenic and has been mapped to different quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the genome. In Chapter 3, such a QTL region was fine-mapped to localize causal genes for increased cold tolerance in temperate flies. As a result, brinker (brk) was identified as a new candidate gene putatively involved in cold stress adaptation.

Thu, 16 Jul 2015 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18492/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18492/1/Hermawan_Adam.pdf Hermawan, Adam ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemie und

This week on the show, we'll be chatting with Marc Espie. He's recently added some additional security measures to dpb, OpenBSD's package building tool, and we'll find out why they're so important. We've also got all this week's news, answers to your emails and even a BSDCan wrap-up, coming up on BSD Now - the place to B.. SD. This episode was brought to you by Headlines BSDCan 2015 videos (https://www.bsdcan.org/2015/schedule/) BSDCan just ended last week, but some of the BSD-related presentation videos are already online Allan Jude, UCL for FreeBSD (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8l6bhKIDecg) Andrew Cagney, What happens when a dwarf and a daemon start dancing by the light of the silvery moon? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDIcD4LR5HE) Andy Tanenbaum, A reimplementation of NetBSD (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pebP891V0c) using a MicroKernel (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu1JuwVfYTc) Brooks Davis, CheriBSD: A research fork of FreeBSD (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwCg-51vFAs) Giuseppe Lettieri, Even faster VM networking with virtual passthrough (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo6wDCapo4k) Joseph Mingrone, Molecular Evolution, Genomic Analysis and FreeBSD (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2pnf1YcMTY) Olivier Cochard-Labbe, Large-scale plug&play x86 network appliance deployment over Internet (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jhSvdnu4k0) Peter Hessler, Using routing domains / routing tables in a production network (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BizrC8Zr-YY) Ryan Lortie, a stitch in time: jhbuild (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSVFnM3_2Ik) Ted Unangst, signify: Securing OpenBSD From Us To You (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R5s3l-0wh0) Many more still to come... *** Documenting my BSD experience (http://pid1.com/posts/post1.html) Increasingly common scenario: a long-time Linux user (since the mid-90s) decides it's finally time to give BSD a try "That night I came home, I had been trying to find out everything I could about BSD and I watched many videos, read forums, etc. One of the shows I found was BSD Now. I saw that they helped people and answered questions, so I decided to write in." In this ongoing series of blog posts, a user named Michael writes about his initial experiences with trying different BSDs for some different tasks The first post covers ZFS on FreeBSD, used to build a file server for his house (and of course he lists the hardware, if you're into that) You get a glimpse of a brand new user trying things out, learning how great ZFS-based RAID arrays are and even some of the initial hurdles someone could run into He's also looking to venture into the realm of replacing some of his VMs with jails and bhyve soon His second post (http://pid1.com/posts/post2.html) explores replacing the firewall on his self-described "over complicated home network" with an OpenBSD box After going from ipfwadmin to ipchains to iptables, not even making it to nftables, he found the simple PF syntax to be really refreshing All the tools for his networking needs, the majority of which are in the base system, worked quickly and were easy to understand Getting to hear experiences like this are very important - they show areas where all the BSD developers' hard work has paid off, but can also let us know where we need to improve *** PC-BSD tries HardenedBSD builds (https://github.com/pcbsd/hardenedBSD-stable) The PC-BSD team has created a new branch of their git repo with the HardenedBSD ASLR patches integrated They're not the first major FreeBSD-based project to offer an alternate build - OPNsense did that (https://hardenedbsd.org/article/shawn-webb/2015-05-08/hardenedbsd-teams-opnsense) a few weeks ago - but this might open the door for more projects to give it a try as well With Personacrypt, OpenNTPD, LibreSSL and recent Tor integration through the tools, these additional memory protections will offer PC-BSD users even more security that a default FreeBSD install won't have Time will tell if more projects and products like FreeNAS might be interested too *** C-states in OpenBSD (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-cvs&m=143423172522625&w=2) People who run BSD on their notebooks, you'll want to pay attention to this one OpenBSD has recently committed some ACPI improvements for deep C-states (http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Everything-You-Need-to-Know-About-the-CPU-C-States-Power-Saving-Modes/611), enabling the processor to enter a low-power mode According (https://twitter.com/StevenUniq/status/610586711358316545) to a (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=143430996602802&w=2) few users (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=143429914700826&w=2) so far (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=143425943026225&w=2), the change has resulted in dramatically lower CPU temperatures on their laptops, as well as much better battery life If you're running OpenBSD -current on a laptop, try out the latest snapshot and report back (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=143423391222952&w=2) with your findings *** NetBSD at Open Source Conference 2015 Hokkaido (https://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-advocacy/2015/06/13/msg000687.html) The Japanese NetBSD users group never sleeps, and they've hit yet another open source conference As is usually the case, lots of strange machines on display were running none other than NetBSD (though it was mostly ARM this time) We'll be having one of these guys on the show next week to discuss some of the lesser-known NetBSD platforms *** Interview - Marc Espie - espie@openbsd.org (mailto:espie@openbsd.org) / @espie_openbsd (https://twitter.com/espie_openbsd) Recent (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-ports&m=143051151521627&w=2) improvements (https://www.marc.info/?l=openbsd-ports&m=143151777209226&w=2) to OpenBSD's dpb (http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/dpb) tool News Roundup Introducing xhyve, bhyve on OS X (https://github.com/mist64/xhyve/blob/master/README.md) We've talked about FreeBSD's "bhyve" hypervisor a lot on the show, and now it's been ported to another OS As the name "xhyve" might imply, it's a port of bhyve to Mac OS X Currently it only has support for virtualizing a few Linux distributions, but more guest systems can be added in the future It runs entirely in userspace, and has no extra requirements beyond OS X 10.10 or newer There are also a few examples (http://www.pagetable.com/?p=831) on how to use it *** 4K displays on DragonFlyBSD (http://www.dragonflybsd.org/docs/newhandbook/docs/newhandbook/4KDisplays/) If you've been using DragonFly as a desktop, maybe with those nice Broadwell graphics, you'll be pleased to know that 4K displays work just fine Matthew Dillon wrote up a wiki page about some of the specifics, including a couple gotchas Some GUI applications might look weird on such a huge resolution, HDMI ports are mostly limited to a 30Hz refresh rate, and there are slightly steeper hardware requirements for a smooth experience *** Sandboxing port daemons on OpenBSD (http://coderinaworldofcode.blogspot.com/2015/06/chrooting-mumble-server-on-openbsd.html) We talked about different containment methods last week, and mentioned that a lot of the daemons in OpenBSD's base as chrooted by default - things from ports or packages don't always get the same treatment This blog post uses a mumble server as an example, but you can apply it to any service from ports that doesn't chroot by default It goes through the process of manually building a sandbox with all the libraries you'll need to run the daemon, and this setup will even wipe and refresh the chroot every time you restart it With a few small changes, similar tricks could be done on the other BSDs as well - everybody has chroots *** SmallWall 1.8.2 released (http://smallwall.freeforums.net/thread/44/version-1-8-2-released) SmallWall is a relatively new BSD-based project that we've never covered before It's an attempt to keep the old m0n0wall codebase going, and appears to have started around the time m0n0wall called it quits They've just released the first official version (http://www.smallwall.org/download.html), so you can give it a try now If you're interested in learning more about SmallWall, the lead developer just might be on the show in a few weeks... *** Feedback/Questions David writes in (http://slexy.org/view/s21gRTNnk7) Brian writes in (http://slexy.org/view/s2DdiMvELg) Dan writes in (http://slexy.org/view/s2h4ZS6SMd) Joel writes in (http://slexy.org/view/s20kA1jeXY) Steve writes in (http://slexy.org/view/s2wJ9HP1bs) ***

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Dr. Genevieve Konopka, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, speakers about "Decoding the Molecular Evolution of Cognition" at the Third Annual Brain Awareness Day hosted by the Conte Center for Computational Neuropsychiatric Genomics at the University of Chicago (March 1, 2014).

If you experience any technical difficulties with this video or would like to make an accessibility-related request, please send a message to digicomm@uchicago.edu. Dr. Genevieve Konopka, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, speakers about "Decoding the Molecular Evolution of Cognition" at the Third Annual Brain Awareness Day hosted by the Conte Center for Computational Neuropsychiatric Genomics at the University of Chicago (March 1, 2014).

Understanding the mechanisms of local adaptation of wild species is a central issue in evolutionary biology. DNA sequence data allows investigating the recent demographic history of organisms. Knowledge of this history makes it possible to quantify adaptive and deleterious mutations and to analyze local adaptation at candidate genes taking the demographic context into account. As modulation of gene expression is crucial for an organism’s survival during stress conditions, a next step to investigate adaptation is to study the expression profile of candidate genes. Wild species are more valuable systems to investigate local adaptation than model organisms as key issues in ecology and evolution of the later cannot be addressed properly in some cases. Wild tomato species provide several advantages when studying adaptation to abiotic stress: they grow in diverse environments – ranging from mesic to extremely arid conditions – and its genomic information is available from the cultivated relative. First, we investigated the potential for adaptation and the strength of purifying selection acting at eight housekeeping genes in four closely related wild tomato species (Solanum arcanum, S. chilense, S. habrochaites, S. peruvianum) occupying different habitats by analyzing the distribution of fitness effects of a new mutation. There is no evidence for adaptation at these loci, but we detect strong purifying selection acting on the coding regions in all four species. Additionally, we find evidence for negative selection acting on non-coding regions. However, the strength of selection varies among species. Our results suggest that the variance of the distribution of fitness effects differ between closely related species which inhabit different environments. Second, using a candidate gene approach, we studied the evolution the Asr (ABA /water stress/ripening induced) gene family in populations from contrasting environments of S. chilense and S. peruvianum. Asr genes have been reported to help the plant cope with waterdeficit in many ways and are therefore useful candidates to study adaptation to drought stress. The molecular variation in the Asr gene family indicates that Asr1 has evolved under strong purifying selection. Prior reports described evidence for positive election at Asr2 – we cannot confirm this hypothesis and argue that patterns of selection discovered previously were caused by demography. Asr4 shows patterns consistent with local adaptation in a S. chilense population that inhabits an extremely dry environment. A new member of the Asr family (Asr5) was also discovered and seems to exchange genetic material with Asr3 by gene conversion. Our results provide a good example for the dynamic nature of gene families in plants, especially of tandemly arrayed genes that are of importance in adaptation. Third, we investigated the expression profile following cold and drought stress as well as the regulatory regions of Asr genes and the dehydrin pLC30-15. The latter has been reported to be involved in water and chilling stress response. Populations from different habitats of S. chilense and S. peruvianum were analyzed. The gene expression of Asr4 seems to be adaptive to drought conditions. Analysis of the regulatory regions shows a conserved promoter region of Asr2 and positive selection acting on the downstream region of pLC30-15. We provide an example for expression variation in natural populations but also observe plasticity in gene expression. As noise in expression is common in stress responsive genes, we describe this expression plasticity to be advantageous in these stress-responsive genes. In conclusion, taking the potential distribution of the species into account, it appears that S. peruvianum (and S. habrochaites) can cope with a great variety of environmental conditions without undergoing local adaptation, whereas S. chilense (and S. arcanum) seem to undergo local adaptation more frequently. With Asr4 we identify a gene to be of potential interest for further functional studies and describe wild Solanum species to be of great interest as a genetic resource for its cultivated relatives.

Genes with sex-biased expression often show rapid molecular evolution between species. Previous population genetic and comparative genomic studies of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans revealed that male-biased genes have especially high rates of adaptive evolution. In this dissertation, I investigate the forces aecting the evolution of sex-biased genes in a Drosophila species other than the well-studied D. melanogaster. Using custom-made PCR-amplicon microarrays and published microarray data, I analyzed sex-biased gene expression in the cosmopolitan Drosophilid species D. ananassae which occurs in highly structured populations throughout the subtropical and tropical regions of the world, mainly in Southeast Asia. I assessed sex-biased gene expression for 129 D. ananassae protein-coding genes whose D. melanogaster orthologs had been extensively studied at the expression and population genetic level. For 43 of these genes, I surveyed DNA sequence polymorphism in a natural population of D. ananassae and determined divergence to the sister species D. atripex and D. phaeopleura. Seven of these genes were further analyzed in twelve populations located throughout the geographical range of D. ananassae. Sex-biased gene expression is generally conserved between D. melanogaster and D. ananassae, but about one-third of the genes have either gained or lost sex-biased gene expression in one of the species and about 4% of the genes have undergone a reversal in sex-bias. In contrast to the melanogaster lineage, the signal of adaptive protein evolution for male-biased genes is not as strong in D. ananassae and is limited to genes with conserved male-biased expression in both species. In addition, I made use of whole-genome data on sex-biased gene expression and the rate of evolution measured by the ratio of nonsynonymous substitution rate (dN) to the synonymous substitution rate (dS) to reveal that the degree of sex-bias is positively correlated with the rate of evolution over 30 million years of Drosophilid evolution. There is a general pattern of faster evolution for highly male-biased genes compared to male-biased genes with a lower degree of sex-bias in D. melanogaster, D. ananassae, and D. pseudoobscura. Moreover, up to 50% of genes are not conserved in degree of sex-bias between species. Additionally, I could assess patterns of molecular evolution in relation to ancestral states of sex-biased gene expression for orthologous genes using D. pseudoobscura as an outgroup. In most cases, genes that show conserved male-biased gene expression over longer evolutionary time scales have significantly higher rates of molecular evolution. Investigating mating discrimination and genetic differentiation at mitochondrial loci shed light on possible patterns of speciation within the species occurring in this geographical range. Finally, I found evidence for cold adaptation in D. ananassae strains collected from the more temperate regions of the species range and, in two populations, differences in cold tolerance between males and females.

Gene duplication is an opportunity for evolving new functions from the newer gene, but also has a disadvantage due to local gene-rearrangement effects and, if duplications are numerous, through alterations of genome size. Therefore, selection is playing a central role in determining the fate of a duplicate gene. Plants are known to harbor numerous gene families, and are thus an ideal system to test the fate of gene duplicates. This thesis tackles the tropinone-reductase like enzymes (further TRL) and the tau GSTs located upstream from this gene family. TRL enzymes are short-chain dehydrogenases that are involved in a reduction step downstream in the synthesis of tropane alkaloids in Solanaceae, important defense compounds of plants. The function of TRLs in Brassicaceae is not clear, since most of the plants in this family do not produce tropane alkaloids, but some have been associated with the oxidative-stress response. This gene family contains 80% of its members duplicated in tandem in Arabidopsis thaliana. We profited from this fact to isolate 12 TRL (+ pseudogenes) from this species, further six species of Brassicaceae (A. thaliana, A. lyrata, A. cebennensis, Capsella rubella, Boechera divaricarpa and Brassica rapa), and one species from a closely related plant family, Cleome spinosa. We tested the role that selection plays in maintaining large numbers of this gene family. We used phylogenetic methods to analyze non-coding sequence evolution and identified regulatory motifs. We analyzed non-coding sequence evolution. Microarray expression data from A. thaliana and qPCR for A. thaliana and A. lyrata were analyzed to detect divergence in the expression patterns of orthologs and paralogs. TRL genes follow a gene birth and death dynamics. More probable, they originated from non-equal recombination of tandem duplicated genes. Positive selection at the origin of the duplicated genes allowed these to acquire differential expression patterns, leading to the preservation of numerous TRLs. The analysis of coding and non-coding sequences shows them to display correlated evolution, particularly in species recently separated by speciation. We further tested for selection on the tau glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes, adjacent 3' in the genome to TRLs. Tau GSTs are unique to plants and are involved in detoxification. Multiple copies of these enzymes will allow flexibility in substrate specificity, which is important for the detoxification function. We detected positive selection among paralogs of tau GSTs supporting their potential of functional diversity, but we also detected negative selection among paralogs and groups of orthologs, indicating that more often their functions are conserved.

This course covers the fundamental principles of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and cell biology. Biological function at the molecular level is particularly emphasized and covers the structure and regulation of genes, as well as, the structure and synthesis of proteins, how these molecules are integrated into cells, and how these cells are integrated into multicellular systems and organisms. In addition, each version of the subject has its own distinctive material. The focus of the course is on the exploration of current research in cell biology, immunology, neurobiology, genomics, and molecular medicine.

Tracking the evolutionary changes that give rise to new species has become more refined with the advent of molecular biological tools. Changes in DNA sequences over time can now be measured across species to provide a genetic picture of evolution in action. On this program, Prof. Sean B. Carroll discussed these new findings.

Wed, 20 Dec 2006 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6386/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6386/1/Zhang_Zhi.pdf Zhang, Zhi ddc:500, ddc:570, Fakultät für Biologie

Fri, 8 Jul 2005 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3992/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3992/1/Klaere_Steffen.pdf Klaere, Steffen ddc:510, ddc:500, Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Statistik