Podcasts about Thermal

On this episode of The Late Night Vision Show, we're discussing a topic all night vision and thermal hunters have experienced but may not fully understand...... thermal eye, also known as white out or night blindness. It comes from prolonged use of thermal and night vision optics when you eye is staring at a bright screen in dark conditions. We talk about what causes it, why it happens after staring at screens in the dark, ways to help reduce or prevent it, and whether it poses any long-term danger to your eyesight. If you are new to night hunting or spend long nights behind thermal or NV optics, this is an important conversation you'll want to hear.

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. -------------------- 01 Introduction This is the second follow up to my 8 part series on nuclear power. In this episode I will attempt to answer a question posed by brian in ohio in a comment on HPR4583. In that comment he said: 02 -------------------- Loving this series. Maybe Whiskey Jack could give some cost comparisons between large and small reactors. He could also give us a realistic look at nuclear plant safety/accidents compared to conventional power production. Looking forward to the episode on FORTH generation reactors ;-) -------------------- 03 End of quote. The first question I answered in my previous follow up, which was HPR4628. In this episode I will attempt to answer the second question, which was about the safety of nuclear power compared to other sources of electrical power generation. One of the HPR janitors encouraged me to make this episode, so I think we can thank him for getting another HPR episode made. 04 Defining the Scope First, let's define the scope of the question. This will cover electrical power generation only. Within that scope I will consider only the following sources of energy. 05 Coal Oil Natural Gas Hydroelectric Nuclear Wind Solar I won't cover geothermal, wave, or tidal power as these are only used in very small amounts and so there simply isn't enough literature on them to base a discussion on . 06 Foreshadow Conclusion I should mention right away that I cannot provide absolute answers to this question in the form of a nice, neat ranking table based on numbers from peer reviewed scientific sources. The reasons for this will become apparent, but to put it briefly, the data on which to base such a ranking simply doesn't exist. I will however provide context within which people can think about the issue. Wherever possible, I will provide links to the references that I used in the show notes so you can read further on this yourself. -------------------- 07 Energy Catastrophism versus Energy Uniformitarianism First though I need to go off on a slight geological detour in order to explain an important analogy that I will use. 08 In the 19th century there was a great debate among geologists over what is known as catastrophism versus uniformitarianism. In seeking to explain the origins of the earth and of the landscape that we see around us, there were two points of view. 09 One was "catastrophism". This is the belief that the mountains, valleys, and plains that we see around us were formed as a result of great catastrophes which occurred relatively recently in earth's history. This explanation was necessary in order to fit geological features into an earth that was believed to be only a few thousands of years old. This view was heavily influenced by religious belief. In this view Noah's flood was the great catastrophe and the fossils of dinosaurs were the remains of animals who had not been saved on the ark and so had died in the flood. 10 The other point of view was uniformitarianism. This was the hypothesis that the landscape we see around us can be explained by the very slow accumulation of very small changes over very long periods of time. For this to be true however, the earth had to be far older than the few thousand years that a literal reading of the bible would suggest. The earth in fact had to be many, many, millions of years old. 11 Eventually, the uniformitarian view won out and people understood that while some catastrophes can take place, the shape of the landscape is overwhelmingly due to small changes over very long periods of time. 12 How is this Relevant to this Episode You Ask? How this is relevant is that I will use this analogy to explain how we need to think about energy and safety. Very small numbers of deaths and injuries multiplied over many occurrences can add up to big numbers, comparable in scale or possibly even larger than a single catastrophe or even several of them. 13 I don't know if anyone else has used this analogy before, I have just thought of this when writing the script for this podcast. None the less, I think it is a very useful way of helping to understand the issues. 14 As an example of this, think about the well known case of the safety of flying versus the safety of travelling in your car. Air crashes are catastrophes that make the headlines. Automobile crashes are seldom more than local news at best. You have probably heard many times the claim that if you making a trip somewhere, you are safer to fly than to drive yourself in your car. 15 Example - Hydro versus Solar I will now present an example of this. Hydro electric power has some notable large scale catastrophes associated with it. Roof top solar power does not have any notable catastrophes that I am aware of. However, which is safer? 16 Hydro Catastrophes Here are three examples of hydro electric catastrophes in just one country, Italy. The Vajont Dam which collapsed in1963 An estimated 1,917 to 2,500 people died. The Sella Zerbino dam which collapsed in 1935. More than 100 people died. The Gleno Dam which collapsed in 1923. An estimated 350 people died. https://damfailures.org/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4997708/ 17 I haven't tried to compile a global list of the worst hydro electric dam collapses, as this sort of information is actually very difficult to find, even on web sites dedicated to dam failures. An additional problem is that information on whether a dam was used for electric power generation or not is often not available. 18 Dam failures where contradictory or insufficient information is available on whether there was an associated hydro power plant include the 1975 Banqian Dam failure, where death estimates range up to a quarter of a million. 19 Solar Panel Slow Accumulation Contrast this with roof top solar panels. Many small accidents can add up to big numbers as well. 20 Health and safety literature discussing solar panel safety mention things such as Falls from roofs. Electric shock. Arc flash (burns from electrical arcing). Normal electrical safety procedures which are based around locking out sources of energy do not work with solar panels which makes safety more difficult. Heat stress due to working exposed in the hot sun. Warning from US government on falls by solar panel installers. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/228946 https://www.osha.gov/green-jobs/solar 21 Why We Cannot Compare the Two Hydro catastrophes are not well documented, but we can at least find records of some of the most notable ones. However, even those have very large variations in estimates of deaths. 22 Roof top solar deaths however are largely undocumented. The industry is largely unregulated. There is no central authority which accumulates many individual deaths or injuries. At best there are worker and public safety bodies who simply accumulate those statistics into general construction or household injuries. 23 Thus we have no reliable means of comparing the two energy sources on a comparable basis. We face the same problem with all other major electrical energy sources. So far as I am aware, there are no peer reviewed scientific studies which compare the relative safety of all of the major electrical energy sources we are considering here based on actual numbers. -------------------- 24 Safety Risks I will now try to list some the major hazards for each of energy sources we are considering. There is however limited data available. In many cases we just have reference to worker safety organizations as to what the hazards are. I will not attempt here to put numbers to these here. Categories 25 Coal, Oil, Natural Gas The hazards are Air pollution Mining and oil field accidents Pipeline explosions Transportation accidents. These- move a lot of material so these are significant. 26 Hydroelectric These include Dam collapse Drowning 27 Nuclear These include Radiation exposure 28 Wind These include Falls Confined space deaths (there is not much detail on this) Electric shock Ice throws (that is, throwing pieces of ice off the blades) This technology has a significant problem with people working alone which greatly increases risks associated with other dangers. 29 Solar These include Falls Electric shock Arc flash Heat stress 30 I have not tried to cover all possible risks associated with each category, just the ones which each industry considers to be the risks they concern themselves with. There does not exist any means by which risks of similar types are compared across different industries. 31 Reliability of Supply is Also Safety In a completely electrified net zero society, reliability of supply is a safety matter. People will die in very large numbers in cold climates if they do not have heat. If we have no fossil fuels, we need to also consider how reliably does a grid based on any of the options work. I have not seen anyone attempt to address this question and will not attempt to address it here. However, it must be addressed in any comprehensive attempt to rank safety. -------------------- 32 Studies or Articles on Estimates of Relative Safety Despite the difficulties of comparing the safety of different sources of energy, some people have attempted this anyway. Different estimates done at different times had different focuses, so unfortunately we do not have a nice set of studies that we can neatly use to cross check one another. I will however list the names and the authors and summarize the results. -------------------- 33 The Health Hazards of Not Going Nuclear By Dr. Petr Beckman Published in 1976 The author of this book tried to address the relative safety of different sources of energy in the mid 1970s. However, it is old at this point, so I won't bother digging through its pages to find his figures. 34 He mainly focused on comparing electric power generated with coal to nuclear. His conclusion was that if the goal was to prevent deaths or ill health in the process of generating electricity, then the logical conclusion was to replace coal fired power plants with nuclear. 35 The book was relatively well known at the time, as least as far as books on energy are concerned, so I thought it was still worth mentioning. I happen to have a copy of this book which I bought back in that time period It was the 8th printing of the book, so it would appear to have had relatively good sales. 36 The author did address the issue of what I have termed "catastrophism" in his comparison of different energy sources, although I don't know if he used this phrase. I don't know if he was the first to use this sort of analysis, but he certainly was very influential in terms of popularizing it. -------------------- 37 Risk of Energy Production by Herbert Inhaber Publication AECB 1119 March 1978 This study is a scientific paper from the same time period as the book "The Health Hazards of Not Going Nuclear". 38 He based his risk estimates largely on estimates of the amount of material which was used in the construction and operation of various power sources. While we could argue over whether or not this is a valid methodology, I think any such argument would be pointless as I think the age of the study alone renders it not relevant today anyway. Advancements in materials have changed the basis results significantly by now. However, as it exists I thought I would mention it to show that the idea of comparing energy sources to each other is not a new one. The author compared a wider variety of potential sources than Beckman did. 39 Here's his conclusions. He assumes equal amounts of energy produced by each method. The numbers are normalized such that the total sums to 100%. You can think of it in terms of what proportion of total deaths or injuries would result from each source if each were equally used. 40 Coal 27.5% Oil 25.6% Methanol 16.7% Wind 10.8% Solar photovoltaic 9.2% Thermal 8.1% Solar space heating 1.5% Ocean thermal 0.4% Nuclear 0.13% Natural Gas 0.08% 41 His natural gas estimate is drastically different from that of other authors. I am not going to worry about explaining it however, as the study is as I said old enough to be not very relevant anyway. I am mainly including this here out of historical interest. 42 As a footnote, the methanol he refers to would be synthesized from wood. This was a popular idea in that era as a means of providing liquid fuels for transportation. Practical battery electric cars in those days were strictly science fiction. 43 The ocean thermal category is a real blast from the past and I had forgotten all about that concept. It was a very popular idea at that time and was supposed to be *the* big and upcoming thing in renewable energy. It involved various means of attempting to extract energy from differences in water temperature at different depths in the ocean. It gradually faded away however, as despite great efforts being put into it, designs never proved to be practical. -------------------- 44 Electricity generation and health Anil Markandya, Paul Wilkinson Published in the Lancet, Vol 370, 15 September 2007 45 This is more recent than the previous one, although it is nearly 20 years old at this point. Unfortunately it doesn't cover wind or solar, just fossil fuels and nuclear. However it is still useful, and the Lancet is a very reputable peer reviewed journal. 46 I will present just the results rather than discussing the whole paper. The authors break it down into deaths among the public, occupational deaths, and air pollution related deaths, serious illness, and minor illness. 47 They break the energy sources down into lignite, coal, gas, oil, biomass, and nuclear. Lignite is a type of very low grade coal used mainly for electric power generation. In this paper biomass refers to energy crops and forest residues. 48 I will summarize the results by category rather than trying to describe a table that has 6 rows and 5 columns. All numbers are normalized in terms of deaths or cases per TWh. 49 Occupational deaths from accidents lignite 0.1 coal 0.1 gas 0.001 oil no data biomass - no data Nuclear is 0.019. 50 Deaths among the public from accidents lignite 0.02 coal 0.02 gas 0.02 oil 0.03 biomass no data Nuclear 0.003 51 Air pollution deaths lignite 32.6 coal 24.5 gas 2.8 oil 18.4 biomass 4.63 Nuclear 0.052 52 Air pollution serious illnesses lignite 298 coal 225 gas 30 oil 161 biomass 43 Nuclear 0.22 53 Air pollution minor illnesses lignite 17,676 coal 13,288 gas 703 oil 9,551 biomass 2,276 Nuclear no data 54 Natural gas edges out nuclear power slightly in terms of occupational safety, but in every other category nuclear is drastically lower in terms of ill effects than any of the alternatives. -------------------- 55 2020 Fatalities for US Roofers Increased 15% as Solar Roof Installations Increase Published in The Next Big Future July 6, 2021 by Brian Wang 56 This seems to be written by someone who has a popular science blog. I'm not familiar with it personally, but he addresses the subject so I'll list it. The title implies that it's all about rooftop solar, but he provides comparative numbers for the other energy sources of interest, so that is useful for our purposes. However, he doesn't describe his methodology, so we need to treat them with some caution. Here are his results These are deaths per thousand terawatt hours. 57 Coal - 100,000 Oil - 36,000 Natural gas - 4,000 Hydro - 1,400 Rooftop solar - 440 Wind - 150 Nuclear - 90 58 If we plot these numbers on a bar chart, coal and oil are so large that all of the others are squished to the bottom of the chart and are difficult to see at all. Let's therefore look at these in terms of orders of magnitude. Keep in mind that this is a logarithmic scale. This means that the difference between 4 and 5 is much greater in linear terms than the difference between 1 and 2. 59 Coal - 5 Oil - 4 Natural gas - 3 Hydro - 3 Rooftop solar - 2 Wind - 2 Nuclear - 1 60 Each of these numbers represents an order of magnitude, that is a power of ten. We can see that with rooftop solar, wind, and nuclear, the numbers are so close and the uncertainties are so great and their relative values so small compared to say coal that they can be seen as equivalent so far as safety is concerned. -------------------- 61 What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? by Hannah Ritchie Published in Our World in Data First published in 2017, updated in 2022 and 2024 62 The author of this study addressed both deaths and greenhouse gas emissions. Deaths from accidents and air pollution are normalized to per TWh of electricity, while greenhouse gas emissions are normalized to GWh of electricity over the life cycle of the plant. 63 Here are the death figures. Coal 24.6 Oil 18.4 Biomass 4.6 Natural Gas 2.8 Hydro power 1.3 Wind 0.04 Nuclear 0.03 Solar 0.02 64 For greenhouse gas emissions the figures are Coal 970 tons Oil 720 tons Natural gas 440 tons Biomass 78 to 230 tons Solar 53 tons Hydro power 24 tons Wind 11 tons Nuclear 6 tons 65 If we take the death figures and rank them by order of magnitude as we did with the previous article, we get the following. 66 Coal - 4 Oil - 4 Biomass - 3 Natural Gas - 3 Hydro power - 3 Wind - 1 Nuclear - 1 Solar - 1 67 Keep in mind that the previous article covered only rooftop solar and not large industrial installations, and so is not directly comparable. Also the units are different, with the previous article being in terms of thousand TWh, and this one being in TWh. If we exclude solar (as the numbers are not comparable), Brian Wang's numbers are between 1.5 to 4 times higher than Ritchie's, except for hydro which are almost identical. I think this latter is due to both sets of numbers are dominated by one exceptionally big hydro accident. 68 Overall however, the relative rankings are quite comparable. Ritchie's numbers for deaths from coal, oil, and natural gas appear to be directly from the study by Markandya and Wilkinson mentioned above. For the benefit of those who are wondering, Ritchie specifically states that her numbers for nuclear include the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. -------------------- https://www.iaea.org/publications/magazines/bulletin/21-1/solar-power-more-dangerous-nuclear Direct link to file https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull21-1/21104091117.pdf https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61253-7/abstract https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/07/2020-fatalities-for-us-roofers-increased-15-as-solar-roof-installations-increase.html -------------------- 69 Conclusion from Studies Remember that in engineering terms, when comparing groups of numbers which contain both both very small numbers and one or more very large numbers, the differences between the small numbers are often not significant. The differences between the small numbers may be the product of our ability to measure these things rather than any real differences. 70 For example, in the article by Ritchie wind power would appear to be twice as dangerous as nuclear. However, the difference between them is 0.02 compared to 24.6 for coal. In other words, the difference between apparently "dangerous" wind and apparently "safe" nuclear is equivalent to 0.08% of the total for coal. It's therefore meaningless and a red herring to even worry about. 71 With the above taken into consideration, generally the different sources of energy fall into two broad categories in terms of number of deaths, injuries, and illnesses. The fossil fuels and biomass fall into one group and wind, solar, and nuclear into another group. 72 Hydro power would seem to fall into the higher risk category or at least somewhere between the two, but this I suspect is mainly due to one exceptionally large dam collapse in China, the Banqian Dam failure in 1975. This is mentioned as being specifically included in the article written by Ritchie. This was a multi-purpose dam, and information on this dam is difficult to find. It is not clear to me whether it had a hydro electric generator associated with either it or another dam that was part of the same system. 73 Some people therefor may argue for its exclusion from the numbers. Of course some people may argue for its inclusion anyway, as it was a dam regardless of whether it actually had an electric generator attached. If we exclude it, then I think the numbers for hydro power would fall into the same range as for nuclear, wind, and solar. 74 Most people would consider hydro power to be safe and clean enough regardless of this and I will rank it as such in any conclusions that I come to. As you can see, even if we have numbers, it can be a matter of opinion as to how to interpret them. -------------------- -------------------- 75 Taking a Systems Approach Now let's take a look at the broader energy picture today and into the future. Many countries in many parts of the world have committed to the concept of "Net Zero", which means eliminating carbon emissions on a net basis. Net zero essentially means the complete electrification of society. We must therefore have electrical energy on demand and at low cost. We must as a result of this look at complete electrical systems rather than individual sources in isolation. 76 At one time many electrical systems were entirely coal or entirely hydroelectric. This is no longer the case. There are now major amounts of wind and solar involved in many countries. However these are inherently intermittent. This means that other sources of energy are inherently also required to have a functional system. 77 If any particular solution inherently requires fossil fuels to meet part of the demand, then the safety, pollution, and climate issues relating to those fossil fuels have to be factored in to that complete system when trying to come up with a relative ranking. Talking about Individual sources in isolation are therefore meaningless in these countries. 78 There are battery systems, but these are mainly used to stabilize and regulate the grid plus to a lesser degree to smooth out short term daily peaks in demand. They do not have the ability to store large amounts of electricity on a large scale for an entire grid for days, weeks, and months to make up for intermittency. 79 So a serious attempt to rank sources of energy would need to look at a variety of representative countries and for each one come up with a plan that involves 'x' megawatts from source 'a', 'y' megawatts from source 'b', etc., and total up the values for each. 80 I am not aware of anyone who has studied this larger issue. However, the problem has to be addressed from this perspective in order for any answer to be useful. Not taking this into account is like ordering a diet soft drink to go with with a high calorie meal and assuring yourself that your plans to diet are fine. 81 This is not to imply there is anything inherently wrong with wind or solar. It does mean that if your goal is to achieve both net zero and a clean environment, you have to look at your entire energy system as a complete system rather than focusing on what you feel are the most reassuring parts of it while ignoring the rest. This does however add to the argument that it is in fact inherently very difficult to come up with a system of ranking energy sources for safety. -------------------- 82 Nuclear, Climate, and Clean Air - Contrasting Examples To give a tangible example we will now look at two different places that followed two divergent paths at roughly around the same time frame. These are the province of Ontario in Canada, and Germany. 83 Ontario had a mix of coal, hydro electric, and nuclear generating plants. Germany had a mix of coal, nuclear and natural gas plants. Ontario shut down their coal fired plants and kept their nuclear plants. Germany however shut down their nuclear plants and kept their coal fired plants. 84 The Phase Out of Coal in Ontario In 2003 Ontario decided to close all of its coal fired generating plants, which consisted of 19 units (that is boilers and turbines) totalling 8,800 MW. This phase out was completed by 2014. 85 Here are the figures for amount of power generated by each energy source in 2003 and 2014. Nuclear went from 42% to 60% Hydro went from 23% to 24% Gas went from 11% to 9% Coal went from 25% to 0% Non-hydro renewable went from 0% to 7%. 86 As you can see, the bulk of that replacement came from increased use of nuclear power. Furthermore, this did not result in simply replacing coal with natural gas. While gas is cleaner than coal, it still has emissions and if you recall from the studies that we looked at earlier, had an estimated death rate roughly 2 orders of magnitude greater than nuclear, solar, or wind. 87 To put this in more practical terms, at one time Toronto regularly had clouds of smog obscuring it, to a large extent due to these coal fired power plants With the phase out of coal, smog days went to zero in 2015 compared to 53 a decade earlier. The 2023 figures for Ontario show carbon emissions of 53 grams per kWh of electricity generated. We can use this as a rough benchmark comparison for total emissions. 88 The Phase out of Nuclear in Germany Until March of 2011, Germany generated one quarter of its electrical power from nuclear. Starting in 2011 however, they began shutting down their nuclear power plants. These were then phased out over the next decade. However, the coal plants were to be kept to 2038. In 2026 Germany began talking about increasing use of coal in order to save gas. In the same year the German chancellor Friedrich Merz stated that the phase out of nuclear was a quote “serious strategic mistake”. EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said it was "a strategic mistake for Europe to turn its back on a reliable, affordable source of low-emissions power". 89 I won't go into the details of the phase out, but let's look at some emissions numbers for Germany. If we look at the official numbers from the European Environmental Agency for 2024, for Germany their emissions were 298 grams per kWh of electricity generated. Recall that we are using emissions as a very rough guide to amount of air pollution, and that this has a direct effect on the safety of the overall electrical energy system. 90 So, who actually made their people safer, Ontario who phased out their coal plants and kept their nuclear plants, or Germany who phased out their nuclear plants and kept their coal plants? 91 If you want a comparison directly within Europe, then Germany has one of the highest rates of emissions per kWh of electricity generated, whereas France, who use mainly nuclear power, have one of the lowest at 43 grams per kWh of electricity generated. Again, who is making their people safer, Germany or France? 92 I don't want to make it sound like I am picking on Germany. I am also not going to tell them how they ought to run their country. However they provide a good real world example of how we need to look at things in overall context when we are thinking about the choices that we make. https://www.ontario.ca/page/end-coal https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/smog-study-shows-significant-decreases-in-pollutants-in-ontario-1.4151183 https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-intensity-of-1 https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/germany https://www.politico.eu/article/friedrich-merz-is-right-to-reject-germanys-nuclear-phase-out-says-iea-chief-fatih-birol/ https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-considers-ramping-up-coal-power-to-avert-energy-crisis/ https://www.iea.org/countries/estonia/electricity https://www.iea.org/countries/malta/electricity -------------------- 93 Conclusions As we can see, there don't appear to be an abundance of peer reviewed scientific studies that we can simply point to in order to answer the question of safety of all possible major different energy sources once and for all. Collecting the data to even attempt to answer the question is inherently very difficult as we cannot readily conduct experiments to answer the question, and sources of data are not collected or consolidated in a manner which can answer this question adequately. 94 The essence of the problem is that most energy industries are not as tightly regulated and monitored to the same degree that say nuclear power or commercial airliners are, so this data is simply not being systematically recorded. However, a number of people have attempted to make estimates. 95 Their conclusions would seem to be that nuclear, wind, and solar are roughly equivalent in terms of safety. All fossil fuels are much less safe than nuclear, wind, and solar, by as much as several orders of magnitude. 96 We can however say with a reasonable degree of certainty that if a country shut down their nuclear power plants and kept their fossil fuel plants, particularly coal, then they probably made their people less safe than if they had done things the other way around. 97 I hope that I have provided some context in which to think about the issue. Thanks again to brian in ohio for providing the question upon which this episode is based. -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

Two thirds of industrial energy demand is heat, not electricity, and most of it still runs on gas. Thermal storage converts cheap electricity into heat, stores it in concrete, and dispatches it when the factory needs it, undercutting the gas bill even though gas is cheaper per unit on average. Alex Robertson, CEO of ENERGYNEST, joins Ed Porter to explain how a thermal battery works, why it competes with lithium-ion on cost, and why grid connections - not the technology - are the real constraint on industrial decarbonisation.They cover:- Why thermal storage functions like a battery on the energy markets but stores heat one-way in optimised concrete.- The medium-temperature "frying, drying and applying" range (roughly 150 to 300C) that sits above heat pumps and below cement and steel.- How decoupling thermal demand from the electricity price typically can cut the gas bill by around 50%.- Why a 20-foot-container module stores about two megawatt hours, stacks three high, and loses only around 2% of capacity per day.- Why a flexible, interruptible asset is exactly what congested grids need - and why Germany still lacks the flexible connection framework the Netherlands is rolling out.Ask Ko, Modo Energy's AI analyst, any question from this conversation: https://modoenergy.com/sign-up?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=podcast_apps&utm_campaign=Alex Robertson&utm_content=ko_signupRead the companion article: https://modoenergy.com/transmission-podcast/80ce6824-59a1-495b-9e94-0a38bdb9572e?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=podcast_apps&utm_campaign=Alex Robertson&utm_content=article_pageModo Energy's solar and battery forecasts are live at modo.energy.You can watch or listen to new episodes every Tuesday. Transmission is a Modo Energy production. Your host is Ed Porter - Director EMEA & APAC at Modo Energy.Chapters 0:00 - Introduction0:11 - Industrial heat demand and the gas problem1:13 - One thing everyone gets wrong about thermal storage3:14 - How the concrete thermal battery works4:08 - Medium temperature heat and the customer profile6:56 - Why gas boilers still dominate German industry7:52 - Using storage to beat the gas price10:09 - Concrete versus lithium-ion: cost and supply chain13:10 - Degradation and the 25-year thermal capacity16:02 - Scaling up: module size and storage capacity16:40 - Daily cycling and storage duration economics19:50 - Seasonal variation and running gas in winter23:33 - Cost, savings and the five-year payback24:36 - The ideal customer and the grid connection test25:46 - Data centres, demand queues and grid congestion28:02 - Flexible connection agreements and the system design gap30:10 - Grid utilisation versus grid buildout33:34 - Heat as a service and unlocking investment36:04 - A contrarian view on industrial decarbonisationMusic licensed via Artlist.

Two thirds of industrial energy demand is heat, not electricity, and most of it still runs on gas. Thermal storage converts cheap electricity into heat, stores it in concrete, and dispatches it when the factory needs it, undercutting the gas bill even though gas is cheaper per unit on average. Alex Robertson, CEO of ENERGYNEST, joins Ed Porter to explain how a thermal battery works, why it competes with lithium-ion on cost, and why grid connections - not the technology - are the real constraint on industrial decarbonisation.They cover:- Why thermal storage functions like a battery on the energy markets but stores heat one-way in optimised concrete.- The medium-temperature "frying, drying and applying" range (roughly 150 to 300C) that sits above heat pumps and below cement and steel.- How decoupling thermal demand from the electricity price typically can cut the gas bill by around 50%.- Why a 20-foot-container module stores about two megawatt hours, stacks three high, and loses only around 2% of capacity per day.- Why a flexible, interruptible asset is exactly what congested grids need - and why Germany still lacks the flexible connection framework the Netherlands is rolling out.Ask Ko, Modo Energy's AI analyst, any question from this conversation: https://modoenergy.com/sign-up?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=podcast_apps&utm_campaign=Alex Robertson&utm_content=ko_signupRead the companion article: https://modoenergy.com/transmission-podcast/80ce6824-59a1-495b-9e94-0a38bdb9572e?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=podcast_apps&utm_campaign=Alex Robertson&utm_content=article_pageModo Energy's solar and battery forecasts are live at modo.energy.You can watch or listen to new episodes every Tuesday. Transmission is a Modo Energy production. Your host is Ed Porter - Director EMEA & APAC at Modo Energy.Chapters 0:00 - Introduction0:11 - Industrial heat demand and the gas problem1:13 - One thing everyone gets wrong about thermal storage3:14 - How the concrete thermal battery works4:08 - Medium temperature heat and the customer profile6:56 - Why gas boilers still dominate German industry7:52 - Using storage to beat the gas price10:09 - Concrete versus lithium-ion: cost and supply chain13:10 - Degradation and the 25-year thermal capacity16:02 - Scaling up: module size and storage capacity16:40 - Daily cycling and storage duration economics19:50 - Seasonal variation and running gas in winter23:33 - Cost, savings and the five-year payback24:36 - The ideal customer and the grid connection test25:46 - Data centres, demand queues and grid congestion28:02 - Flexible connection agreements and the system design gap30:10 - Grid utilisation versus grid buildout33:34 - Heat as a service and unlocking investment36:04 - A contrarian view on industrial decarbonisationMusic licensed via Artlist.

Fluent Fiction - Hungarian: Finding Serenity: Unwinding in Budapest's Thermal Baths Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/hu/episode/2026-06-19-22-34-02-hu Story Transcript:Hu: Egy nyári nap Budapest szívében, a híres termálfürdőben.En: A summer day in the heart of Budapest, at the famous thermal bath.Hu: Réka vidám mosollyal lépett be a díszes kapun, Gábor mellette kissé feszülve toporgott.En: Réka entered through the ornate gate with a cheerful smile, while Gábor fidgeted slightly, feeling tense beside her.Hu: Gábor régóta szenvedett enyhe tünetektől, és most egy klinikai vizsgálat eredményeire várt.En: Gábor had been suffering from mild symptoms for a while and was now waiting for the results of a clinical examination.Hu: Réka, a régi barátja, látogatóba érkezett külföldről, hogy enyhítsen Gábor aggodalmain.En: Réka, his old friend, had come to visit from abroad to ease Gábor's worries.Hu: A fürdő épülete lenyűgöző volt.En: The bathhouse was impressive.Hu: Körülötte a százéves falak történeteket suttogtak.En: The century-old walls around it whispered stories.Hu: A vízgőz finoman szállt a levegőben, elmosódott arcokat hagyva maga után.En: Water vapor gently floated in the air, leaving blurred faces behind.Hu: Az emberek önfeledten élvezték a meleg vizet, miközben a víz halk moraja megnyugtatta az idegeket.En: People were enjoying the warm water without a care, while the gentle murmur of the water calmed their nerves.Hu: Réka feléje fordult:„Gábor, hagyd abba az aggodalmat!En: Réka turned towards him: "Gábor, stop worrying!Hu: Nézd, milyen szép itt!En: Look how beautiful it is here!"Hu: ” mondta nevetve, és belelépett a medencébe.En: she said, laughing, and stepped into the pool.Hu: Gábor vonakodva követte, de a víz simogatása hamarosan enyhítette feszültségét.En: Gábor reluctantly followed, but the caress of the water soon eased his tension.Hu: A kavicsos padlón sétálva próbálta élvezni a pillanatot, de nehéz volt elengednie a gondolatot a teszt eredményeiről.En: Walking on the pebbled floor, he tried to enjoy the moment, but it was difficult to let go of thoughts about the test results.Hu: Réka közben vicces történetekkel szórakoztatta, amiket utazásai során gyűjtött.En: Meanwhile, Réka entertained him with funny stories she had gathered during her travels.Hu: Lassan, de biztosan a mosoly visszatért Gábor arcára.En: Slowly but surely, a smile returned to Gábor's face.Hu: Amikor végre teljesen ellazult, a telefonja megrezzent.En: When he finally relaxed completely, his phone buzzed.Hu: A kijelzőn a klinika neve villant fel.En: The clinic's name flashed on the display.Hu: Gábor szíve kihagyott egy ütemet, de Réka bátorító mosollyal intett felé.En: Gábor's heart skipped a beat, but Réka signaled encouragingly towards him with a smile.Hu: Mély levegőt vett és felvette a telefont.En: He took a deep breath and answered the phone.Hu: A nővér hangja nyugodt volt.En: The nurse's voice was calm.Hu: „Gábor, jó hírem van.En: "Gábor, I have good news.Hu: Az eredmények rendben vannak.En: The results are fine.Hu: Nincs semmi komoly.En: There's nothing serious."Hu: ” Gábor szinte azonnal érezte, ahogy egy hatalmas súly emelkedik le a válláról.En: Gábor almost immediately felt a huge weight lift off his shoulders.Hu: Réka mellett rámosolygott, miközben szemében könnyek csillogtak.En: Beside him, Réka smiled back as tears glistened in his eyes.Hu: Megkönnyebbülése végtelen volt.En: His relief was immense.Hu: „Látod, semmi komoly.En: "See, nothing serious.Hu: Most már végre lazíthatsz,” mondta Réka vidáman.En: Now you can finally relax," Réka said cheerfully.Hu: Gábor hirtelen megértette, mennyire elhanyagolta saját jólétét.En: Gábor suddenly realized how much he had neglected his own well-being.Hu: Időt kell szakítania a pihenésre és az élet élvezetére.En: He needed to make time for rest and enjoying life.Hu: A nap hátralevő részében Gábor valóban kikapcsolódott.En: For the rest of the day, Gábor truly unwound.Hu: Vízben lebegve arra gondolt, mennyire hálás a barátaiért, akik mellette állnak.En: Floating in the water, he thought about how grateful he was for the friends who stand by him.Hu: Megváltoztatta hozzáállását: mostantól kezdve rendszeresen látogatja a fürdőt, és megtanulja jobban kezelni az aggodalmait.En: He changed his attitude: from now on, he would visit the bath regularly and learn to better manage his worries.Hu: Így aznap, a díszes fürdő falai között, Gábor rátalált a békére és egy új életmód ígéretére.En: Thus, that day, within the ornate walls of the bath, Gábor found peace and a promise of a new lifestyle. Vocabulary Words:fidgeted: toporgotttense: feszültsymptoms: tünetekclinical: klinikaiexamination: vizsgálatornate: díszeswhispered: suttogtakvapor: vízgőzblurred: elmosódottmurmur: morajpebbled: kavicsosentertained: szórakoztattareluctantly: vonakodvarelaxed: ellazultbuzzed: megrezzentdisplay: kijelzőflashed: villantnurse: nővércalm: nyugodtrelief: megkönnyebbülésgrateful: hálásneglected: elhanyagoltawell-being: jólétattitude: hozzáálláspromised: ígéretéreunwind: kikapcsolódottcaress: simogatásafloated: lebegvebeside: melletteencouragingly: bátorító

On this episode of The Late Night Vision Show, Hans and Jason arereviewing the new Pulsar Trail 3 XQ50 LRF thermal rifle scope. This isthe latest evolution of one of the most recognized and iconic modelnames in all of thermal hunting. Featuring a 384 resolution sensor, 3.5xbase magnification, built-in LRF with a ballistic calculator and one ofthe longest lasting battery runtimes we've ever tested, the Trail 3 XQ50LRF brings a lot to the table for serious night hunters, looking for alarge bang for their buck. We discuss image quality, features,performance and what makes this newest Trail 3 series different fromprevious generations.

What happens when some of the world's leading spa and wellness executives gather to discuss the future of the industry? Recorded live at the W3Spa EMEA event in Portugal, Lisa Starr sits down with hospitality and wellness leaders Sharon Barcock, Louise Moore, Egle Ruksenaite, and Kerry Turpin to explore the trends, challenges, and opportunities shaping spa, wellness, longevity, and hospitality across Europe, the Middle East, and beyond. From the rise of longevity-focused guest experiences and wellness-driven hotel design to the growing importance of natural resources, accessibility, and inclusive wellness, this conversation offers a fascinating look at where the industry is headed next. What You'll Learn • Why longevity has become one of the most important conversations in hospitality and wellness • How leading hotel brands are integrating sleep, movement, nutrition, and mindfulness into the guest journey • The role technology should play in spa and wellness experiences • Why education and staff training remain critical to successful wellness innovation • How natural resources such as thermal waters, climate therapy, and local healing traditions are shaping future     wellness destinations • Why the future of wellness may depend on making experiences more accessible to broader populations Episode Highlights  03:35 – Why longevity is becoming a defining trend in hospitality wellness 05:15 – Hilton's approach to meeting guests where they are on their wellness journey 07:30 – Wellness technology: What's worth investing in and what may be a passing trend? 10:25 – The ongoing challenge of training and educating wellness teams 15:45 – How geopolitical events are impacting tourism and hospitality across the Middle East 20:00 – Why today's travelers are seeking wellness, culture, and meaningful experiences 24:00 – Egle Ruksenaite's vision for wellness development beyond luxury 29:00 – Designing wellness destinations that serve people of all abilities 31:00 – Building one of Northern Europe's largest thermal wellness destinations 38:45 – Why the future of wellness is about creating healthier ways of living Meet the Guests Sharon Barcock is Director of Spa Operations for Hilton across the Middle East and Africa, overseeing a rapidly growing portfolio of luxury wellness destinations throughout the region. Louise Moore is Director of Spa Development and Operations for Hilton across Europe and brings extensive expertise in hospitality wellness, guest experience, and spa strategy. Egle Ruksenaite is Founder of E77 and one of Europe's most respected wellness consultants, known for developing innovative spa, medical wellness, thermal, and hospitality projects throughout Europe and beyond. Kerry Turpin is Global Head of Spa and Wellness for Corinthia Hotels, where she leads wellness strategy across a growing luxury hotel portfolio. In this conversation, she shares how Corinthia is integrating movement, mindfulness, recovery, and nourishment into the guest experience.  Tools, Frameworks, or Strategies Mentioned • Longevity and healthy aging • Wellness hospitality trends • Spa development and operations • Wellness tourism • Guest experience design • Natural healing traditions • Thermal wellness destinations • Accessibility and inclusive wellness • Hospitality leadership • Future wellness concepts Closing Insight "The future of wellness isn't just about building more luxury spaces. It's about creating healthier ways of living that are accessible, meaningful, and connected to the needs of real people." If you enjoyed this episode of StarrCast, subscribe and follow for more conversations with the leaders shaping the future of spa, wellness, hospitality, and longevity. Subscribe to StarrCast for more conversations with the innovators, operators, and thought leaders shaping the future of spa, wellness, hospitality, and longevity. Looking for expert advice in Spa Consulting, with live training and online learning? Spa Consulting: https://wynnebusiness.com/spa-management-consulting  Live Training: https://wynnebusiness.com/spa-management-courses/  Online Learning: https://wynnebusiness.com/spa-management-courses  Other Links: Connect with We Work Well: https://weworkwellevents.com/ Connect with Sharon Barcock: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sharon-barcock-7379704/ Connect with Louise Moore: https://www.linkedin.com/in/louise-moore-205ab46/ Connect with Egle Ruksenaite: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ruksenaite-egle-00593174/ Connect with Kerry Turpin:https://www.linkedin.com/in/kerry-turpin-35572a180/ Follow Lisa on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lisastarrwynnebusiness  Listen or Watch StarrCast Podcast on Your Preferred Platform or YouTube: https://wynnebusiness.com/starrcast-podcast/  Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/wynnebusiness/?ref=bookmarks  Join us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/wynnebusiness/   

In this Company Update, I chat with Craig Nicol, Founder and CEO of Graphene Manufacturing Group (TSXV: GMG / OTCQX: GMGMF), to discuss the company's latest operational milestones and future growth strategy. Craig breaks down recent news regarding their additional EPA application in the United States and answers a variety of investor questions spanning multiple product divisions. Key discussion points include: US EPA Application: An overview of the integration of G® Lubricant and THERMAL-XR®, and what the ability to manufacture graphene directly in the US means for the company's North American expansion plans. Commercial Sales Trajectory: A look into GMG's rapidly growing sales team, the current state of global product trials with major corporations, and the timeline for reporting substantial revenues. Battery Division Innovations: A deep dive into the energy density of their graphene aluminum-ion batteries, including how they achieve a zero-to-100% charge in just six minutes without the need for cooling systems. Next-Generation Products: A sneak peek into how GMG plans to leverage its existing distribution channels to bring new thermal management solutions to market.   Please keep the questions coming! Email me at Fleck@kereport.com.   Click here to visit the GMG website to learn more about the Company - https://graphenemg.com/   ---------------------- For more market commentary & interview summaries, subscribe to our Substacks:  The KE Report: https://kereport.substack.com/  Shad's resource market commentary: https://excelsiorprosperity.substack.com/   Investment Disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice, an offer, or a solicitation to buy or sell any security or investment product. Investing in equities, commodities, really everything involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Do your own research and consult a licensed financial advisor before making any investment decisions. Guests and hosts may own shares in companies mentioned.  

When it comes to deer hunting, knowledge matters. It is half the battle after all! For a lot of deer hunters, and even elk huntings, you have been in the woods so long that whitetail terminology is second nature. You know how the land lays and what the features are. You know where your thermal hubs are. Meanwhile there have guys that are just starting out or even been hunting for half their life, and they have zero clue what it all means! Well on this episode of the Raised Hunting Podcast we are going to introduce you guys to the whitetail lingo, so you can be educated and ready for this next hunting season!---------------------------------------------------------------------Discount Codes: You guys have been absolutely amazing when it comes to supporting Raised Hunting so we wanted to return the favor! Just for all you loyal RH Podcast listeners we have some discount codes for you! We got you guys a code for 15% all Raised Hunting products!!! We also have a code for Dominant Strands to get new strings of your bow and get 10% off!!!Dominant Stands Discount Code: RAISED10Raised Hunting Discount Code: RHPCREW15----------------------------------------------------------------------links Raised Youtube:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@raisedhunting/featured⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Shop Raised Hunting Gear Today:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.raisedhunting.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

CLICK HERE JOIN ME AT BLUE LIGHT SHOW | LONDON | JULY 2026In this episode I sit down with Martin Brown, Chartered Engineer and Improvement Consultant at HORIBA MIRA, and one of the world's leading experts on the safety of new energy vehicles. With nearly three decades of experience designing and testing electric, hydrogen, hybrid and cryogenic vehicles, Martin brings a level of operational and scientific authority that is rarely found in a single conversation. We cover the real hazards firefighters face at EV incidents such as thermal runaway, the limitations of water suppression, the explosion risk now associated with fire blankets, why hybrid vehicles statistically carry the highest fire rate of any powertrain, and what crews are simply not being told about the gases released during a battery fire.The second half of the conversation moves into territory that I think every firefighter, every officer and every person in the wider emergency services ecosystem needs to hear. Martin has spent years researching the contamination left behind by battery fires on PPE, on vehicles handed to recovery, and in the lungs of people who never wore a fire kit in their life. His warning is clear and deliberately drawn: the residue from lithium battery fires is reaching tow truck drivers, mechanics and battery disposal workers who have no training, no PPE and no awareness of what they are absorbing. He draws a direct and uncomfortable parallel with asbestos — a material once valued for fire protection, whose risks were known before they were acted on.contact Martin HEREPodcast Apparel, Hoodies, Flags, Mugs HERE Please check out our Partners supporting this episode areWilliam Wood Watches - Discount code FFPODCAST gives the user 10% off full range on websitePBI high-performance fabrics FIRST TACTICAL- tactical gear for elite operatorsGORE-TEX Professional ClothingMSA The Safety CompanyJAFCOIDEXFIRE & EVACUATION SERVICE LTD Send us Fan MailSupport the show***The views expressed in this episode are those of the individual speakers. Our partners are not responsible for the content of this episode and does not warrant its accuracy or completeness.***Please support the podcast and its future by clicking HERE and joining our Patreon Crew

Heat hits differently when you're a burn survivor—and this week, we're getting into the science behind why. ☀️Rachel and Amber sit down with Dr. Craig Crandall, Professor of Internal Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center and Director of the Thermal and Vascular Physiology Laboratory at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. For over 20 years, Dr. Crandall has been continuously funded by the NIH to study the long-term thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects of severe burn injuries and he brings all of that expertise to the table in this conversation.We dig into how Dr. Crandall first found his way into burn research, what actually happens in a survivor's body during heat stress, and why heat tolerance looks so different after a burn injury. From there, we walk through the Burn Survivor Heat Risk Calculator—breaking down what each input means (think TBSA, burn location, body weight, activity level, and more) and why it matters for your safety. We also cover cooling strategies, why your heart rate might spike in the heat, and the critical role hydration plays in regulating your body temperature.

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating chicken stock left on the counter overnight, and then pressure cooked again for 30 minutes. Dr. Don - risky ☣️ Professor Ben - risky ☣️ Pressure cooker - Wikipedia Home canning - Wikipedia Frequently Asked Questions – Instant Pot Free Shipping! Farberware 6-Quart Aluminum Stovetop Pressure Cooker 15 PSI for Faster Nutrient Retention - Walmart.com 42: Reboiling Soup — Risky or Not? Thermal inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores during cooking of rice to ensure later safety of boudin - ScienceDirect Inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores by high hydrostatic pressure at different temperatures - PubMed Chicken or Turkey Stock - National Center for Home Food Preservation Heat resistance of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide | Letters in Applied Microbiology | Oxford Academic Temperature Exerts Control of Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin Production on Post-transcriptional Levels - PMC

Second generation owner Tim Forstie of Durafoam discusses the evolution of foam roofing. Thermal insulation, durability, seamless installation and protective coating against UV exposure are important to a quality long lasting foam roof. Tim explains more benefits to foam done the right way adds energy savings and water resistance in climates like monsoon season in Arizona. Broadcast archive page with expanded content https://rosieonthehouse.com/podcast/on-the-house-hour-a-guide-to-foam-roofing-with-durafoam-roofing/

SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 64 *A new explanation for how stars explode  A new study suggests that neutrino which are some the least massive objects in the universe may trigger some of the biggest explosions in the cosmos – supernovae the explosive death of massive stars which are so bright they can outshine entire galaxies. *Neptune's mysterious moon Nereid A new study suggests the planet Neptune's distant moon Nereid may be the last of the ice giant's original satellites which somehow managed to survive a cosmic collision.. *A safe return to Earth for a hypersonic test vehicle Varda Space Industries' W-6 capsule has safely returned to Earth, parachuting down into the Australian outback. *The Science Report New study claims your eyes could indicate of how strong your bones are. Scientists confirm insects feel pain. Researchers show most Australian Wild Dogs have mostly dingo ancestry. Skeptics guide to bigfoot visits the Marines at Quantico.     Our Guests This Week: Dr Finn Stokes from Adelaide University Dr. Kirsty Duffy from Fermilab Dr. Jessica Turner from the University of Durham.     And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics  

The United States hasn't flown a Mach 3-plus reusable aircraft since the SR-71 was retired in 1990. Hermeus wants to change that and they want to do it faster, cheaper, and with a fraction of the capital. This week we sit down with Zach Shore, newly appointed CEO, at the moment the company's bet is starting to pay off. Zach walks us through his evolution from VP of Growth to CEO, the company's record-breaking $219 million DIU contract, and a $350 million raise that has Hermeus entering its most consequential chapter yet. But the real conversation is about the machine behind the machine …how a SpaceX-trained engineering team is iterating on aircraft the way rockets were once iterated on, and why Mach 3 might be the unlock that makes Mach 5 a foregone conclusion. We cover: Why Zach took the CEO role and what AJ's executive chairman mandate actually looks like The turbine-based combined cycle engine architecture and why Mach 3 is the hardest problem between here and Mach 5 The autonomy stack philosophy: why Hermeus builds trucks, not brains The China threat, the allied opportunity, and why Australia is the most important international partner The commercial Mach 5 passenger vision and why defense has to come first …and much more. • Chapters • 00:00 - Trailer 00:56 – From President to CEO 04:03 – The largest DIU contract ever awarded ($219M) 07:46 – Building the fastest aircraft in the world 11:13 – The operational gap a Mach 5 aircraft can fulfill 13:25 – The road to Mach 5 15:31 – Turbine vs. ramjet engine 18:06 – Is the turbine/ramjet engine hybrid novel? 19:03 – Philosophical concession 20:59 – Overcoming the Mach 3 plateau 23:07 – Where the primes stand on supersonic 25:10 – Thermal challenges of Mach 5 26:50 – Autonomy 29:20 – A manned Mach 5 craft 31:38 – Hermeus's current manufacturing capability and how it'll evolve 34:26 – Biggest opportunity for creating Hermeus customers 37:08 – Adversary capability 40:14 – Is commercial Mach 5 in the near future? 42:40 – Slowdown in innovation 45:40 – Do we need to overhaul the FAA? 47:34 – Aviation in 2035 if Hermeus succeeds 48:47 – Atlanta vs. LA 50:54 – What does Zach do for fun?   • Show notes • Hermeus' website — https://www.hermeus.com/ Hermes' socials — https://x.com/hermeuscorp Mo's socials — https://x.com/itsmoislam Payload's socials — https://x.com/payloadspace / https://www.linkedin.com/company/payloadspace Ignition's socials — https://x.com/ignitionnuclear / https://www.linkedin.com/company/ignition-nuclear/ Tectonic's socials — https://x.com/tectonicdefense / https://www.linkedin.com/company/tectonicdefense/ Valley of Depth archive — Listen: https://pod.payloadspace.com/   • About us • Valley of Depth is a podcast about the technologies that matter — and the people building them. Brought to you by Arkaea Media, the team behind Payload (space), Ignition (nuclear energy), Decoding Bio (biotech) and Tectonic (defense tech), this show goes beyond headlines and hype. We talk to founders, investors, government officials, and military leaders shaping the future of national security and deep tech. From breakthrough science to strategic policy, we dive into the high-stakes decisions behind the world's hardest technologies. Payload: www.payloadspace.com Tectonic: www.tectonicdefense.com Ignition: www.ignition-news.com Decoding Bio: www.decodingbio.com

On this episode of The Late Night Vision Show, we're discussing the 5 Most Searched Thermal Questions on the Internet. These questions people constantly ask when they first start learning about thermal optics. Questions such as, can thermal see through glass? Can you identify a person with thermal, and more. We cover some of the biggest misconceptions and common questions surrounding thermal technology while giving straightforward answers from years of experience using it in the field.

Tom Wolf opened with the frame that carried the session: doing the right thing at the right time. Take away the right time part and the right thing is irrelevant. Spraying has changed dramatically -- operators who used to make two passes a year now make three to five, and the equipment cost running at roughly $400 an hour means every minute away from spraying is measurable. The first section covered water quality, built around five numbers from a standard water test. Darren Sander opened with the operator's version of the lesson: Crop-Aid's farm pulls from a cold well at 1,200 TDS, so they tank it into black poly storage and spray from the warmest tank first. Cold water hurts efficacy -- especially glufosinate. Tom then walked through pH (most mixes fine; what matters is the final mix pH, not source pH), TDS and conductivity (under 500 is clean; most Prairie wells come in over 1,000; the number tells you whether to look further), bicarbonates (500 ppm is the threshold; above it, ammonium sulfate is the most versatile fix), total hardness (calcium carbonate equivalent; Jeff Bennett's water had very low hardness but elevated sodium, which still antagonizes glyphosate and glufosinate), and turbidity (aluminum sulfate as a flocculant for dugouts; stir and leave 24 to 48 hours). Jeff's live water test from Agvise became the worked example. Tom's verdict: low hardness, elevated sodium, ammonium sulfate recommended. The coverage section opened with a number that reframed the whole conversation: according to a Mesonet researcher in North Dakota, 100 percent of nights in the state experience thermal inversions. Some are worse than others, but the baseline is total. Under an inversion, fine droplets go where they want -- downhill if there is topography, anywhere if there is not. Tom's prescription: start on the downwind side of the field, spray perpendicular to the wind, turn into the headwind on every pass. Never spray down and then back against the wind. The droplet size discussion followed: coarser nozzles, deployed early in Canada before most countries, allowed operators to spray in slightly windier conditions without adding drift risk. Air induction tips are the go-to for general spraying. Spray pressure -- as low as 30 psi for AI tips -- adjusts droplet size one category in either direction. Water sensitive paper laid on the ground is the cheapest coverage check available. On water volume, Tom's position was direct: more is better. Complex tank mixes behave better with more water. More water allows coarser droplets without losing coverage. Later-season applications -- PGRs, fungicides, desiccants -- want 10 to 15 gallons per acre. Cutting back on water to improve logistics is a trade with a real cost. The logistics section brought Jay Peterson into the conversation. He runs a 1,600-gallon machine with a 120-foot boom and a dedicated water truck driver. His fill times on easy mixes: seven to nine minutes on three-inch plumbing. Complex mixes with dry products that need to hydrate: 15 minutes. Tom confirmed those numbers are right. The tendering revolution changed spraying fundamentally: a 30-minute fill is now a five-minute fill, which means filling is the stressful moment and spraying is the calm one. Continuous rinsing systems collapsed a three-quarter-hour triple rinse down to five minutes. Tom's recommended exercise: when the sprayer engine is running, write down what you're doing if you're not spraying. Data entry, monitor troubleshooting, looking for a menu -- every one of those is a round you did not spray. The session closed on the same line it opened with: an important job is worth doing well. Key Topics The five water quality numbers: pH (final mix matters more than source), TDS/conductivity (500 clean threshold), bicarbonates (500 ppm action threshold), total hardness (calcium carbonate equivalent), turbidity (aluminum sulfate flocculant) Ammonium sulfate as the most versatile water conditioner -- binds hard water cations AND improves herbicide uptake Warm water and spray efficacy: glufosinate works significantly better with warm water; Darren Sander's black poly tank system Thermal inversions: 100% of nights in North Dakota are inverted; fine droplets go where they want under inversion Spray direction strategy: downwind start, perpendicular to wind, headwind turns on every pass Coarser nozzles and Canada's early adoption: air induction tips as the go-to for general spraying; pressure adjusts droplet size Water volume: why cutting back hurts complex tank mixes, coverage flexibility, and late-season applications Sprayer logistics and the tendering revolution: three-inch plumbing, five-minute fills, continuous rinsing systems Time accounting: write down what you're doing when the engine is running but you're not spraying Foam management: turn off agitator while filling; Halt defoamer for high-salt tank mixes Resources Mentioned Sprayers 101 -- sprayers101.com (Tom Wolf, Dr. Jason DeVos) Crop-Aid Nutrition -- cropaidnutrition.com (Darren Sander) Spray Water Cheat Sheet -- Tom Wolf / Crop-Aid co-branded, distributed to all registrants Agvise Labs -- water testing (Jeff Bennett's water test source) ALS Labs, Saskatoon -- water testing Saskatchewan Research Council (Innovation Place, Saskatoon) -- water testing Nozzle Ninja, Stettler AB -- nozzle parts, mail order (nozzleninja.com) Agri Auto, Saskatoon -- nozzle parts, expanded store north end Water sensitive paper -- available at Agri Auto Saskatoon and Nozzle Ninja Halt defoamer -- high-salt tank mix defoamer (Darren Sander recommendation) Aluminum sulfate -- dugout turbidity flocculant; source via municipalities or water treatment suppliers ClearTech -- aluminum sulfate supplier (mentioned by Mike Green in chat) Connect Sprayers 101 -- sprayers101.com (click Tom Wolf name at bottom of page) Crop-Aid Nutrition -- cropaidnutrition.com growingthefuture.ca Register for the Convergence Conference at convergence.ag and stay updated by subscribing to the Growing the Future Podcast at growingthefuturepodcast.ca.

For years, Adam Whited heard the stories.Then the red eyes appeared in the ditch beside the road.In this episode, Adam from the Half Inch Wrench Crew shares terrifying encounters from deep in Southeast Missouri — including a childhood sighting near his grandmother's property, a friend being chased home at night by something massive, repeated red-eye encounters, and a full silhouette sighting illuminated by a camper floodlight.You'll also hear what happened during investigations at Missouri's infamous “Killing Fields,” where researchers have documented strange lights, violent tree knocks, eerie vocalizations, equipment failures, and something in the woods that sounded deeply inhuman.This conversation dives into:• Missouri Bigfoot encounters• Cherokee Pass sightings• Thermal drone investigations• Sasquatch vocalizations• Orb phenomena• The dangers of splitting up in active areas• Why some researchers believe this location is one of the most active hotspots in AmericaAdam also shares behind-the-scenes stories from the Tennessee Cryptid Campout and explains how modern thermal technology is changing Bigfoot research in real time.If you enjoy serious firsthand witness interviews, high-strangeness encounters, and raw field investigation stories, this is an episode you'll want to hear all the way through.Resources:Email:  thehalfinchwrenchcrew@gmail.com.Half Inch Wrench Crew Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/@thehalfinchwrenchcrew5245 Adam's video on the Tennessee Cryptid Campout -  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxBAm0ZBBVc Half Inch Wrench Crew FB page - https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063645694289 Sasquatch Theory Youtube -  https://www.youtube.com/@SASQUATCHTHEORY Mike Scott referenced episode of Bigfoot Society - https://youtu.be/Q14M4rouM4s Tennesse Cryptid Campout FB page -  https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61573643865014

From Americans now being able to use healthcare savings accounts to buy e-bikes, to a massive new 5 GWh thermal battery project in South Dakota that stores renewable electricity as heat inside giant carbon blocks. James and Brian also discuss the UK's record May heatwave and growing calls for air conditioning in schools and care homes as climate change pushes temperatures higher. Support The Clean Energy Show on Patreon for exciting perks including a monthly bonus podcast, early access to our content, behind the scenes looks, access to our members-only Discord community and thank-yous in the credits of videos and shoutouts on our podcast! Starting at just $1 per month! The guys also explore why rooftop solar is exploding in Pakistan while prices remain stubbornly high in Canada, and they react to listener mail from a Chevy Bolt owner who received an oil change reminder for an EV with "0% oil life remaining." In the Lightning Round: Cuba begins installing turbines at its largest-ever wind farm Tesla launches "Quiet Charging Zones" at some Superchargers Africa ramps up domestic solar panel manufacturing China-built car exports to Europe surge EVs are expected to hit 28% of global new car sales in 2026 Waymo pauses freeway robotaxi trips over construction-zone issues India surpasses the United States in EV adoption rates Why even an EV powered entirely by coal can still beat a gas car on emissions Plus, James shares a shocking comparison between lead pollution during the Flint water crisis and 1970s Los Angeles that helped shape Brian's environmental worldview. Contact Us cleanenergyshow@gmail.com or leave us an online voicemail: http://speakpipe.com/clean Support The Clean Energy Show Join the Clean Club on our Patreon Page to receive perks for supporting the podcast and our planet! Our PayPal Donate Page offers one-time or regular donations. Store Visit The Clean Energy Show Store for T-shirts, hats, and more!. Copyright 2026 Sneeze Media.

Dr. Linda Chu and Dr. Christos Georgiades for an in-depth look at thermal and non-thermal liver ablation, explaining how techniques like microwave ablation, cryoablation, and histotripsy work at a mechanistic level. Their conversation also explores how clinicians choose the right approach for each patient and highlights emerging advances in immunologic strategies and AI shaping the future of liver tumor treatment.   Thermal and Nonthermal Liver Ablation: Mechanistic Foundations, Clinical Implementation, Immunologic Trial Design, and Artificial Intelligence.  Centner et al. Radiology 2026; 318(3):e25026.   

Host Bryant Hughes sits down with Mick Dunn, Technical Support Specialist at Armstrong Ceilings and Ian Gumbert, Facility Manager at Armstrong's Lancaster headquarters, to explore how PCM (phase change material) ceilings are changing the way buildings manage thermal comfort. They break down the science behind phase change materials, explain how PCM ceilings can mimic the thermal mass of concrete at a lower weight and cost, and share real-world examples of how the technology has reduced temperature-related occupant complaints while lowering energy use and limiting manual HVAC adjustments. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 02:58 Thermal Mass and PCM Basics 08:07 Comfort Wins and Complaints 10:15 Where PCM Works Best 12:05 HVAC Scheduling and Controls 14:03 Sponsor Break 14:56 Testing and Demand Savings 17:34 Energy Modeling Tools 18:59 Retrofit and Installation 22:14 Tax Credits and Payback 23:41 Misconceptions 25:25 Conclusion Connect with Us:LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/ifmaFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/InternationalFacilityManagementAssociation/Twitter: https://twitter.com/IFMAInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/ifma_hq/YouTube: https://youtube.com/ifmaglobalVisit us at https://ifma.org

Outer space is one of the most hostile environments humans live and work in. Harsh radiation, hard vacuum and temperatures that fluctuate between boiling hot and freezing cold are only some of the challenges that engineers have to overcome before astronauts ever set foot in a spacecraft. Join Sam, Sarah, and special guest Maddie Haas as we discuss how environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS) engineers make human spaceflight possible. From the perils of the first spacewalks to why engineers had to change the Artemis 2 thermostat, in this episode we explore the science and future of keeping humans alive and comfortable as they explore the final frontier. Links: Our Website: https://interactomemedia.wixsite.com/website Twitter: https://twitter.com/theinteractome  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/interactome_media/ Mastodon: @interactome@universeodon.com Credits: Audio/Video Editing: Sam Pickell Artwork: Maia Reyes Intro/Outro Music: Geovane Bruno - Dancing In The Future Timestamps: 0:00 Intro 1:24 Meet Maddie! 7:25 Why Aerospace Engineering? 9:31 Thermal Engineering and Life Support Systems 28:23 Spacesuit Design 47:30 Additional Thermal Considerations in Space 59:32 Modeling and Preparing for Space 1:08:15 Maddie's Involvement with Atremis II 1:21:41 How Research in Space Informs Life on Earth 1:30:48 Outro

A North Georgia expedition turns intense when Scott and Sheila Granger of Squatch Fishing Outfitters capture one of the clearest thermal videos yet of a massive upright figure moving through the woods only yards away from their group.The next morning they return to the exact location and uncover a trail of huge tracks, fresh tree breaks, and signs something large had been feeding nearby. As the conversation unfolds, the stories get even stranger: campers waking to hands pressing on tents, rocks thrown into camp, guttural growls moving through the darkness, daylight sightings near Ellijay and Jasper, and unexplained activity deep in the mountains.Scott and Sheila also share what happened while hosting Expedition Bigfoot's Mireya Mayor and Russ Acord, why activity across North Georgia feels more active than ever, and the eerie encounters they experienced in Land Between the Lakes involving thermal anomalies and possible Dogman activity.This episode is packed with firsthand accounts, wilderness tension, and some of the most compelling recent Bigfoot activity discussed on Bigfoot Society.Resources:  https://www.tiktok.com/@squatchfishingoutfittershttps://www.facebook.com/SquatchFishingOutfittershttps://www.youtube.com/@squatchfishingoutfittersBinnall of America episode referenced: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5jSflstWfIBhuL7XvMO6Gz?si=Atshi7APTK2LFxJFs81ZrA

Welcome to your weekly UAS News Update. We have three stories for you this week; Autel fights back against the FCC's Covered List, the Michigan House passes two drone procurement bills while stalling on airspace restrictions, a drones-for-good story where a thermal drone saves a life in freezing temperatures. Let's get to it.And first up this week, Autel Robotics has filed a reply with the FCC, arguing that their addition to the Covered List is based on secret evidence and allegations that were actually aimed at DJI. Autel claims they were never given a chance to see the classified material used against them, which they argue violates their Fifth Amendment right to due process. What's really interesting here is that Autel is finally putting their technical operations on the public record. They stated under oath that their flight data is stored locally by default and isn't automatically uploaded to company servers. They also specified that their drone communications and stored data use AES-128 or AES-256 encryption, and that no third party has access to their software. We'll be watching this closely. Next up, let's talk about some state-level regulations. The Michigan House just passed two out of the 15 bills in the SHIELD Michigan drone package. House Bills 5329 and 5331 both focus on procurement. They basically stop state agencies from using state funds to buy drones from companies on federal concern lists, like the DOD's 1260H list. But here's the real story for you as a Part 107 or recreational pilot. The other 13 bills didn't pass. Those were the bills that had us really worried about federal preemption. They included things like criminal penalties for flying over critical infrastructure, giving local police the authority to shoot down or disable drones, and even a mandatory state-run geofencing app. Seeing those 13 bills stall in the House is a huge win for our drone industry. And there's still time to fight the other two, as the bills now go to the Senate for consideration. If you're in Michigan, make your voice heard by reaching out to your State Senator! Last up, the Corman Park Police Service in Saskatchewan, Canada, used their DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise to save a man's life in brutal conditions. Officers were looking for an intoxicated man in minus 20 degree Celsius or minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit weather. The officers deployed their Mavic 3T and were able to pick up the man's heat signature inside a roadside dumpster. Officers were able to get to him before hypothermia set in. Great job to Corman Park Police Service!Join us later for Post Flight in the community, and for the Live Q&A! We'll see you then!https://dronexl.co/2026/05/19/autel-fcc-reply-covered-list-secret-evidence-dji/https://dronexl.co/2026/05/21/dji-mavic-3-enterprise-man-dumpster-20/https://dronexl.co/2026/05/14/michigan-house-passes-2-of-15-shield-drone-bills/

Multiple witnesses gathered in the Tennessee woods at the Tennessee Cryptid Campout, put on by Randy Hutchings and the Fortean TN group, for one unforgettable week—and what happened next still has everyone talking. In this intense episode, hear firsthand reports of moving knocks, terrifying screams in the darkness, a massive tree crash that shook the forest, strange odors, voices in the night, and a mysterious figure that appeared on thermal and vanished moments later. If you've ever wondered what happens when experienced investigators enter an active area together, this is the episode you need to hear.Resources:More info about the Tennessee Cryptid Campout here:https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61573643865014Hell Bent Holler:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXmKRY26NchurqMtWF4pXkASasquatch Theory:https://www.youtube.com/@SASQUATCHTHEORYHalf Inch Wrench Crew coverage of Campout:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxBAm0ZBBVc&t=2426sFortean TN channel:https://www.youtube.com/@ForteanTN

Join host Rebecca Norris along with guests Asit Kumar Mishra and Robert Bean as they explore why there are more myths associated with thermal comfort than other areas of HVAC&R.

Fluent Fiction - Hungarian: A Budapest Spring: Love and Serendipity by the Thermal Waters Find the full episode transcript, vocabulary words, and more:fluentfiction.com/hu/episode/2026-05-20-07-38-19-hu Story Transcript:Hu: A Nap felkelt Budapest felett, és a város gyönyörű volt tavasszal.En: The sun rose over Budapest, and the city was beautiful in spring.Hu: Az ősi falak és a termálvizek gőzei varázslatossá tették a helyet.En: The ancient walls and the steam from the thermal waters made the place magical.Hu: Ebben a különleges környezetben Ádám idegesen várakozott a termálfürdő egyik medencéje mellett.En: In this special environment, Ádám waited nervously beside one of the pools in the thermal bath.Hu: Remélte, hogy a randevú különleges lesz.En: He hoped the date would be special.Hu: Eszter megérkezett, mosolya ragyogott, és Ádám kicsit megnyugodott.En: Eszter arrived, her smile was radiant, and Ádám felt somewhat at ease.Hu: A termálvíz melletti pihenés izgalommal töltötte el őket.En: Relaxation by the thermal water filled them with excitement.Hu: Beszélgettek, nevettek, a nap melegen sütötte a vízinövények fölötti területet.En: They talked, laughed, and the sun warmed the area above the aquatic plants.Hu: Ádám úgy érezte, végre valami különleges történik.En: Ádám felt that finally, something special was happening.Hu: Amikor Eszter elővett egy kis dobozt, tele finom falatokkal, Ádám örömmel fogadta a kínálást.En: When Eszter pulled out a small box filled with delicious snacks, Ádám gladly accepted the offer.Hu: Azonban pár perc múlva Eszter arca kicsit pirossá vált.En: However, a few minutes later, Eszter's face turned slightly red.Hu: Egyre feszültebb lett, jelezve, valami nincs rendben.En: She became increasingly tense, indicating something was not right.Hu: Az allergiás reakció gyorsan jelentkezett, és Ádám szíve kihagyott egy ütemet.En: The allergic reaction appeared quickly, and Ádám's heart skipped a beat.Hu: Tudta, hogy cselekednie kell.En: He knew he had to act.Hu: Rögtön eszébe jutott Balázs, egy jó barát, aki a fürdőben dolgozott.En: He immediately thought of Balázs, a good friend who worked at the bath.Hu: Balázs nyugodt gondolkodásáról és segítőkészségéről volt híres.En: Balázs was famous for his calm thinking and helpful nature.Hu: Ádám elmagyarázta Eszternek, hogy keresniük kell.En: Ádám explained to Eszter that they needed to find him.Hu: A termálfürdő labirintusa fölöttük recsegve kanyargott.En: The labyrinth of the thermal bath creaked as it twisted above them.Hu: Az emberek zsibongása, a robogó vízsugarak mind-mind kissé bezárt teret képeztek.En: The bustling of people, the rushing water jets all formed a slightly enclosed space.Hu: Ádám ügyesen navigálta Esztert a fáradt, de ugyanakkor sürgős léptekkel teli ösvényeken át Balázshoz.En: Ádám skillfully navigated Eszter through the pathways filled with tired but urgent steps to get to Balázs.Hu: Amikor Balázs meglátta őket, azonnal tudta, mit kell tennie.En: When Balázs saw them, he immediately knew what to do.Hu: Felismerte az allergiás reakció jeleit és megoldást kínált.En: He recognized the signs of an allergic reaction and offered a solution.Hu: Gyorsan elővett egy allergiás készletet a közeli szekrényből.En: He quickly retrieved an allergy kit from a nearby cabinet.Hu: Esztert leültették, és volt némi izgalom, de lassan megnyugodott.En: Eszter was seated, and there was some excitement, but she gradually calmed down.Hu: Balázs hatékonyan intézkedett.En: Balázs took effective action.Hu: Eszter megkönnyebbülten sóhajtott, és egy kicsit megszorította Ádám kezét.En: Eszter sighed with relief and squeezed Ádám's hand a little.Hu: "Köszönöm, hogy ilyen gyors és figyelmes voltál" - mondta mosolyogva.En: "Thank you for being so quick and attentive," she said with a smile.Hu: Ádám érezte, hogy a szíve ismét lassú tempóra váltott.En: Ádám felt his heart slow its pace again.Hu: A randevú nem úgy alakult, ahogy eltervezte, de valami még jobb történt.En: The date didn't go as planned, but something even better happened.Hu: Megosztottak egy közös élményt, amelyre emlékezni fognak.En: They shared a common experience that they would remember.Hu: Ahogy a nap lassan lement, Ádám megértette: nem a tökéletesség tesz egy napot különlegessé, hanem azok az emberi pillanatok, amelyek egyre közelebb hozzák őket egymáshoz.En: As the sun slowly set, Ádám understood: it is not perfection that makes a day special, but those human moments that bring you closer together.Hu: És most, a termálfürdő meleg vizében, ahol a fürdők bája találkozott a természet pazar látványával, Eszter mellett ült, boldogabb volt, mint valaha.En: And now, in the warm waters of the thermal bath, where the charm of the baths met the lavish sights of nature, sitting beside Eszter, he was happier than ever. Vocabulary Words:rose: felkeltancient: ősiwalls: falaksteam: gőzeithermal: termálmagical: varázslatossáenvironment: környezetbendate: randevúradiant: ragyogottallergic: allergiásreaction: reakciótwisted: kanyargottlabyrinth: labirintusacreaked: recsegvebustling: zsibongásajets: vízsugarakenclosed: bezártnavigate: navigáltasigns: jeleitretrieved: elővettcabinet: szekrénybőloffered: kínálástrelief: megkönnyebbültencalmed: megnyugodottattentive: figyelmessqueezed: megszorítottaslowly: lassanpaced: tempóra váltottperfection: tökéletességlavish: pazar

In this Company Update, I sit down with Craig Nicol, Founder and CEO of Graphene Manufacturing Group (TSXV: GMG / OTCQX: GMGMF), to review a series of major corporate and commercial milestones achieved over the last four weeks. Craig shares updates regarding global distribution partnerships, advancements in their production facilities, and strategic executive appointments aimed at scaling operations. The discussion covers several key corporate developments: THERMAL-XR® Expansion in Australia: Craig discusses a new commercial commitment to apply THERMAL-XR® to hundreds of air conditioning units in a major Australian luxury tower development. Global Oil & Gas Distribution Partnership: An overview of the exclusive international agreement with Curran International to deliver THERMAL-XR® to major oil, gas, and LNG players globally. Next-Gen Production Facility Updates: A status update on the construction and commissioning of the automated Gen2 facility, alongside long-term scaling plans for Gen2.1. New Chief Production Growth Officer: Introducing the strategic hire of an industry veteran from Rio Tinto to oversee the meticulous front-end framing of global production growth. Graphene Aluminum-Ion Battery & G® Lubricant Milestones: A technical review of electron-usage verification in their battery program, upcoming client sampling plans, and the path forward for fleet data collection.   Please keep the questions coming! Email me at Fleck@kereport.com.   Click here to visit the GMG website to learn more about the Company - https://graphenemg.com/   -------------------- For more market commentary & interview summaries, subscribe to our Substacks:  The KE Report: https://kereport.substack.com/  Shad's resource market commentary: https://excelsiorprosperity.substack.com/ Investment disclaimer: This content is for informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice, an offer, or a solicitation to buy or sell any security or investment product. Investing in equities, commodities, really everything involves risk, including the possible loss of principal. Do your own research and consult a licensed financial advisor before making any investment decisions. Guests and hosts may own shares in companies mentioned.

The future of war has been evolving before our eyes in Ukraine, yet the west still plans to fight the last war. In this special episode, guest host Noah Smith (@noahpinion) and Brandon Anderson sit down with Yaroslav Azhnyuk (@YaroslavAzhnyuk), a serial tech founder who went from building PetCube to founding The Fourth Law, one of the world's most advanced AI-guided drone companies. Over two hours we cover the technology, tactics, and geopolitics of drone warfare, and why the modern battlefield has already left the West behind:* Yaroslav's personal history and the Ukraine war [00:01:04 – 00:14:01]* The modern drone tech stack: why FPV drones are the new god of war, the future of the rifleman, fiber optic vs. AI, five levels of autonomy, and the eight dimensions of the autonomous battlefield [00:14:01 – 01:05:13]* The geopolitics and economics of drones: China's manufacturing advantage, the drone race, Western defense readiness, countermeasures, and why the gap is widening [01:05:13 – 01:58:57]For those looking for Noah Smith's commentary, it really gets going around the 00:51:31 mark.Yaroslav Azhnyuk / The Fourth Law:* X: https://x.com/YaroslavAzhnyuk* LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/yaroslavazhnyuk/* The Fourth Law: https://thefourthlaw.aiNoah Smith:* Substack: Noah Smith * X: https://x.com/noahpinionTimestamps00:00:00 Cold Open: China's 4 Billion Drones and the Cameras-to-Explosives Pipeline00:01:04 Introduction: Brandon, Noah Smith, and Yaroslav Azhnyuk00:05:41 From Tech Entrepreneur to Defense: PetCube, Brave One, and the D3 Fund00:10:42 The Ethics of Building Weapons: Dual-Use Technology and the Wolf at the Door00:14:01 The Tech Stack: Cameras, Autonomy Modules, Interceptors, and a Semiconductor Fab00:18:47 Fiber Optic vs. AI: The Radio Horizon Problem and $32/km Cable00:25:32 FPV Drones: The New God of War — 70–80% of Frontline Casualties00:28:28 The Five Levels of Drone Autonomy: From Terminal Guidance to Full Autonomy00:41:37 The Eight Dimensions of the Autonomous Battlefield00:45:32 AI Safety and the Morality of Autonomous Weapons00:51:31 The End of the Rifleman? Noah's 2013 Prediction vs. Battlefield Reality01:05:13 China's Manufacturing Advantage and Western Vulnerabilities01:24:21 Policy Advice for Western Defense: Defense Valley and the Widening Gap01:32:54 The Drone Race: Who's Ahead, Category by Category01:41:57 Countermeasures: Shotguns, Jammers, Lasers, and Fishnets01:58:19 The Wedding and Final Takeaway: Be Prepared for WarTranscriptCold Open: China, FPV Drones, and the New Warning SignYaroslav [00:00:00]: Think about this. Last year, Ukraine produced 4 million FPV drones. Ukraine is not the most industrious nation in the world. China can produce 4 billion of these FPV drones.Noah [00:00:10]: Would you say that right now China is now the supreme conventional military power on Earth, given its ability to manufacture and deploy drones in the quantity and quality that you just described?Yaroslav [00:00:20]: I don't think we have all the information to claim that but we cannot count it out, and that alone should be a big warning sign. As I say, at some point in my life I went from making cameras that fling treats to pets to cameras that fling explosives to the occupiers. So that's the short story. And when you think about what your nation, what your patriots are going through, you realize that's the only morally right thing to do is to fight back, and it is immoral not to fight back, and then the choice becomes very clear.Introduction: Yaroslav Azhnyuk, Petcube, and the Last Flight into KyivBrandon [00:01:04]: Welcome to Latent Space. I'm Brandon. I normally do science podcasts, but today we're going to do something a little bit different. I'm joined by Noah Smith of Noahpinion on Substack and Twitter. And he has lots of interesting things to say about drones. And as a guest, we have Yaroslav Azhnyuk, founder of The Fourth Law and several other, drone-related startups. To get started, it is February 23rd, 2022. You are running a pet startup. You're connecting pets with their owners. Let's go in just a little bit of background. How did you get started in tech, and what were you working on before the Ukrainian war started?Yaroslav [00:01:50]: Good to be here. Thank you. On February 23rd, late in the evening, 11:00 PM Kyiv time, my wife and I landed in Kyiv. Actually, then she was a fiance. We came from Lviv, where we were looking at a church, where our wedding should have taken place. And we got into this cab ride from the airport to our home, and the driver was like, “You crazy. Like, everyone's leaving Kyiv. Why do you come?” We're like, “What? Nothing's going to happen. Dude, chill.” And then obviously, eight minutes later, or eight hours later, the bombs fell in the city. It was quite surreal. We probably landed on the last flight that landed in Kyiv, or one of those last flights. My background, I'm a tech guy. Studied applied mathematics in Kyiv Polytechnics, born and raised in Kyiv. My parents are old PhDs from academia, and grandparents too. Like, everything, from linguistics to nuclear physics. And I'm an entrepreneur, so I've built a bunch of companies. Petcube is the one you were referencing. So I lived in San Francisco 2014 to 2020, building Petcube, which is one of the leading, pet device companies in the world, selling lots of pet cameras. And then, yeah, as I say, at some point in my life I went from making cameras that fling treats to pets to cameras that fling explosives to the occupiers. So that's the short story.February 24th: Leaving Kyiv as the Invasion BeginsNoah [00:03:28]: February 24th, I guess a few hours after you, go to check out your wedding chapel, what do you do?Yaroslav [00:03:37]: We had a plan for this situation. So my parents and family live in Kyiv, and we're like, “Okay, this has actually started. The worst has, come true.” And so we basically packed our belongings and got in the car and spent 17 hours driving west. And that was pretty sure most people in our audience watched at least one apocalyptic movie in their life, so that was exactly like that. Like, felt exactly like that. Missiles are falling. Like, there was smoke in Kyiv. Like, my dad and I went, like, to central part of the cities. It's probably, likeYaroslav [00:04:20]: 800 meters from presidential office, to pick some stuff up at his workplace. Because he's, like, the head of an academic institution, so he had to get some of the things with him. And super surreal. Like, the streets are empty. Like, the gas stations are out of gas. Like, we found some gas station. We didn't have, like, spare canisters with us, so we're like, We figured out, like, the car was diesel, so like, we figured out, if it's diesel, you can actually store it in plastic, canisters, and we bought some window wash for the cars. We poured it out of the canisters, and we poured the diesel into that. Yeah, so it was like that. And then, like, helping friends get out, like my friend and his dog. Like, we found Like, my brother was also, like, riding in a separate car. We found a place for my friend who didn't have a car. It was like, yeah, it was like, totally surreal. And we didn't know of course, and you didn't know this will last for so long. You didn't know whether Ukraine will be able to defend Kyiv. And it was like, yeah, very little information and very little insight into future.From Pet Cameras to Defense Tech: Building for Ukraine and the Free WorldNoah [00:05:42]: What are your thoughts with regards to how do you, defend, Ukraine? So you eventually start building drones Like, what is the process to get from there from where you were building, devices that connect owners with pets to building drones, and what other things did you do to help the war effort in the process?Yaroslav [00:06:07]: It's definitely non-trivial, right? Like, I didn't go, to I didn't get any, like, military education when I was a student. Like, normally, in Ukraine, you would, you would go to like, this military school even if you're getting higher education in any other, sphere. I decided to skip that which is like, an unusual way to go. And I never thought that I will be somehow engaged in a war effort. Like, what is war? Of course, wars are over. It's the end of history. So one thing you got to understand about, like, many Ukrainians and like, I guess, it's also true about most of the people I met here in the US, that your who you are in terms of your nationality is a big part of your identity. So when that gets under attack, it's something deeper than just the country you live in gets under attack, right? And I Day one, I figured I'm going to I'm going to fight back with everything I can, right? But I didn't think on day one that I'm actually going to do, weapons. And a bunch of things. We were reaching out to a number of American, congresspeople and senators, and basically advocating for support of Ukraine, for voting for lend lease, which has happened in May 2022, but didn't actually work as expected. We helped start, Brave One, which is now a very important defense innovation cluster, sort of like a DIU here in the US. We helped start, a fund called D3. It's like, it was started or co-started by Eric Schmidt, former CEO of Google. So a bunch of these odd things, but then eventually I was like, “Okay,”by 2023 it was obvious this thing, A is going to last a lot more time, and B, that the whole world is shifting and that there's going to be a new arms race, that the warfare is redefined by drones as platforms. And for the first time in history, you have a platform that is software defined, that can increase your battlefield capabilities, in a in a step change just overnight. So it's like if you were able to push a software update and get all of your Roman legionnaires a new helmet? That has never been possible before. It's the first time in the history of war this is possible. So all of that and many other things like, supply chain fragilization, and the impact that AI is going to have on all of this all these things have become evident to me in 2023, and it's like, “Okay, I should do what I do best, or what I know how to do best, start a tech company, and sort of leverage the global techno capitalist machine, to provide, defensibility to Ukraine and the free world.” So that's literally the mission of the company, increase defensibility of Ukraine and the free world. And then there was some sort of soul-searching and like, asking yourself. It's like, “Okay, am I Actually, I know nothing about weapons. Am I actually, like, ready to make, things that other people use to kill other bad people?”Yaroslav [00:09:36]: When you think about what your nation, what your Compatriots are going through And think about all the terror of places like Bucha, the occupied cities in the east and south, the abducted children, the raped women, all the economic damage that's being done, and the intention to destroy a whole nation, to genocide the people of Ukraine, you realize that's the only morally right thing to do is to fight back, and it is immoral not to fight back. And then the choice becomes very clear. And look, we're just passing the ammunition. We're not doing the actual job. The actual fighters and defenders and heroes are people in the armed forces. We're just support.The Moral Question: Weapons, Responsibility, and Fighting BackNoah [00:10:33]: I have so many questions. Actually, I know you seem to have a question. Do you want to ask anything?Yaroslav [00:10:38]: No, I'm just listening. Go ahead.Noah [00:10:40]: I do want to talk about, some of let's say, the moral issues, like you just said. You endYaroslav [00:10:50]: I think there are no issues there.Yaroslav [00:10:52]: What would an example of a moral question be in this case?Noah [00:10:55]: No, I mean Okay. As you just said, you are creating the tools, but others are using them.Noah [00:11:05]: I was maybe thinking of having this conversation later, but one of the questions is like, is it actually you are going to be building them for your homeland, which you are building it for your homeland, which is I think, very a strong morally defensible position, but this technology is not going to stay with you, right?Noah [00:11:26]: This you will probably be selling these to other people Yeah. So the future is really where the moral issues may come into playYaroslav [00:11:38]: The this question becomes, easier and more complete if we ask this not about a particular technology or particular weapon, if we think that this question actually applies to any kind of technology Right? So -Knife or fire. You can use knife to do surgery and save people's lives, or you can use it as a weapon to take people's lives.Noah [00:12:06]: Cut tomatoes, too.Yaroslav [00:12:08]: Cut tomatoes too.Noah [00:12:09]: Yes, knife.Yaroslav [00:12:09]: That's helpful.Noah [00:12:10]: In Japan, sword and knife, they, call the same word.Yaroslav [00:12:14]: It's like, it's with any technology. Large language models, right? Look at how powerful they are and yet they're available to anyone in North Korea or in Russia.Yaroslav [00:12:29]: That's one side of the argument. The other side is As a maker, what is your responsibility for how the tools you're creating, will be used? There's definitely some responsibility, right? Then How should the decision process look like? Should you, like, try to calculate all the possible scenarios before starting to work on something? Or do you create something that is needed now to save people's lives, and then think about, addressing the unwanted edge cases later? In ideal world where there's like, or okay, it's not ideal world. In a mythical world where there is some one governing party and it gets to decide everything, and there is no other country, that can, decide on their own, you could say, “Well, we need to calculate for all the consequences, and only then, maybe build this building, by replacing this park because, maybe we need this park in the city,”right? So that kind of situation. But when you're in a situation where you're in a forest, in front of a wolf, you first going to deal with the wolf that wants to eat you, and then you're going to go consult Greenpeace. So that's kind of situation that Ukraine is in.The Fourth Law, Odd Systems, and Ukraine's Drone StackNoah [00:13:59]: Enough. Because this is a tech podcast, I did want to spend some time talking about, sort of the tech in that you've developed and what you've been working on. So can you explain, I guess, first of all, like, the problem that you were trying to solve from a technical standpoint? And I think, and then maybe, like, go into some of the solutions and some of the design process that led you from designing, little laser-guided, guiding lasers with a with an iPhone versus Having drones.Yaroslav [00:14:34]: Like, it so happened, that my partners and I, we sort of So I started one company called The Fourth Law, and its goal was and is to Make, massively scalable on-drone autonomy. And then In parallel with that together with my, Petcube co-founders, partners, and friends, we started another company called Odd Systems Which, was focused on making thermal cameras. Cameras, thermal cameras are seeing thermal radiation and are used to see at night. And we're now sort of those companies are getting closer and closer together and we're probably going to merge them. And this group of companies is currently the leading, team in on-drone AI and thermal imaging on the Ukrainian battlefield, and Likely one of the leading, if not the leading in the world. So We have these, like, three sort of business units, which are cameras, drone autonomy, and drones. So the cameras and drone autonomy sell daytime and nighttime cameras and different types of drone autonomous modules to other drone manufacturers, over 200 drone manufacturers in Ukraine. And then the UAV, business unit sells the drones themselves to the armed forces of Ukraine, Ukrainian government. And there are different types of drones. Those are sort of front strike, as we call them, so those are sort of FPV strike drones and the bombers, and then interceptors. And there are different kinds of interceptors. We do Shahed interceptors and we do ISR interceptors. We don't do the deep strike-FPV Drones, Interceptors, and Battery-Powered WarfareNoah [00:16:32]: What's an ISR interceptor?Yaroslav [00:16:33]: ISR is stands for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and those are basically drones which are which, Russians are using to watch over positions and then communicate where, the targets are coming.Noah [00:16:48]: It's a reconnaissance.Yaroslav [00:16:48]: That's, the ISR is sort of a classical term for a for a reconnaissance drone.Noah [00:16:53]: Are all of these battery-powered drones that you just described? ‘Cause I know that the sort of deep strike drones still have, like Some sort ofYaroslav [00:17:01]: Internal combustion engine?Noah [00:17:02]: Internal combustion engine. Are all the things you're talking about battery-powered?Yaroslav [00:17:06]: What we're working on is all battery-powered, right? We don't do the deep strikes, right? And then in terms of autonomy-Noah [00:17:12]: You can catch a Shahed with a battery-powered thing. It's not Fast to catch.Yaroslav [00:17:17]: No, absolutely. Look, Shahed interceptor, like ours, it's called Zero, it goes up to 326 kilometers per hour.Noah [00:17:26]: For reference, how fast is a Shahed?Yaroslav [00:17:28]: Eight, like, in internal phase it could be 280, but in cruise phase it's, like, 220-ish.Yaroslav [00:17:36]: Yeah. And sorry, I'm not like you can convert that into miles if you're interested.Noah [00:17:41]: No, that's fine.Noah [00:17:41]: Multiply by two thirds or point six or something.Yaroslav [00:17:44]: That's easy. Yeah, I was saying that for autonomy modules, right, we, -We make systems, autonomous systems for frontline, for interceptors and some for deep strikes as well, and then different levels of autonomy. So from terminal guidance, which is like lasts 500 meters, give or take, to autonomous bombing, to autonomous target detection, to autonomous navigation and all of that across day and night, different terrains, different time of the year, different platforms like quadcopters and fixed wing, and maybe some other platforms. So it's quite a wide variety of products. We also have like our own simulation. We have our own training school for the war fighters. And we're about to start construction of two, semiconductor plants to make, sensors for thermal cameras. So that's super exciting for me as a computer science guy is Doing semiconductors. Super cool.Noah [00:18:49]: Like in terms of kind of core drone technologies, you basically are one is an FPV replacement without fiber optics, and the other isYaroslav [00:18:59]: YouNoah [00:18:59]: Signal tracking with interceptorsYaroslav [00:19:00]: With or without fiber optics. Fiber optics Is just like, sort of a communication module.Yaroslav [00:19:05]: You can, you can use classical analog, video link and radio link. Those would be two separate radios. You can do digital, or you can do fiber optic, and then fiber optic Has its own advantages but also adds weight and decreases, the distance and decreases, how fast you can, sort of turn and With a drone. Yeah.Noah [00:19:33]: Do you need AI for fiber optic drones?Yaroslav [00:19:36]: Like you can use AI for fiber optic drones. AI replaces a human, right? Fiber optic is making your communication link more resilient. So those are slightly different goals. Like if you want, you can have, AI controlling hundreds of fiber optic drones instead of having 100 operators for each.Fiber Optics, Radio Horizons, and Terminal GuidanceNoah [00:20:03]: I guess I thought that the key reason that people moved to fiber optic drones was for like electronic, countermeasures. Or I guess to counter those.Yaroslav [00:20:13]: I think that's a correct assessment from sort of a public awareness standpoint. In practice it's somewhat more difficult Because besides electronic countermeasures, you have these issues of a radio horizon For FPV drones, which means that asYaroslav [00:20:36]: I believe Earth is round Some people disagree. But basically if you fly a drone and you have a land station over here and a drone flying over hereYaroslav [00:20:49]: If your drone is flying high, you have good direct radio visibility. If your drone goes low, and usually, Russian infantry and vehicles, they're on the ground and you want to hit them, you need to go low. Lower you go, maybe you'll get behind a hill or behind a forest, and if you're far enough, you'll just get behind the curvature of the earth. You get into what's called a radio shadow. And then That is a real bummer because for the last, be it 60 or 20 meters, you won't be able to see anything and it will be very difficult to hit the target. So to counter that what-- And then the distances that these FPV drones, act on they're, they can be quite large. So for example, here in the US there was this drone dominance program competition, and in drone dominance the furthest distance was about 10 kilometers.Noah [00:21:44]: What was drone dominance? What was that competition?Yaroslav [00:21:47]: Drone, the drone dominance is a is a program started, by the US government, to accelerate the development of drone technology here in the US.Noah [00:21:57]: Got it. And the longest range thing they were using was 10 kilometers.Yaroslav [00:22:00]: Was 10 kilometers, right. In Ukraine, like if your drone doesn't fly at least 20, 25, it just, no one's interested in it, and the usual hits are happening. It was like, okay, many hits are happening between 30 and 40 kilometers, and that's what expected from a regular 10-inch, FPV drone. So at that distance, even at altitudes of like 60 to 100 meters, you might start losing, the link. So some of the earlier AI technology that was fielded in FPV drone was this terminal guidance technology. That was the first product that we ever, launched that helped you as an operator, once you see the target from two, three, 500 meters, you lock onto the target and then, it just, drives the drone towards the target no matter what, even after you lost the visual connection. So optic fiber solves that. However, if you want to go like 20 kilometers with optic fiber, that will add an extra three kilos, of useful weight to your drone. SoNoah [00:23:12]: ‘Cause the cable that you have to unspool as you go weighs.Noah [00:23:15]: It is heavy.Yaroslav [00:23:15]: At first, like the spool is about 800 grams, so a bit less than a kilo, and then, and then think about 10, 10 kilometer optic fiber is another kilo, something like that. That takes away from your useful mass and then now you have like, you need a 15-inch drone and it can only carry maybe one or two kilos of explosives if you want to go, 20 kilometers. If you want to go to 30 or 40, like 30 is probably max. 40 is like very problem problematic on optic fiber. And then the problem with optic fiber is it's actually getting super expensive. So and why? Because of all the data centers for AI. That's literally the same optic fiber-Noah [00:24:01]: We're running out of centersYaroslav [00:24:02]: That's being used there.Yaroslav [00:24:02]: Like when Ukrainians and Russians come to Chinese factories to buy the optic fiber, they're like, “We're out. We sold it out to the Americans.”? That's the craziest thing. So optic fiber went up in price from like, $4 per, kilometer to like, $32 per kilometer in a few months in the beginning of this year. And I'veBrandon [00:24:26]: Claude Code is stopping the Russian drone effort here.Yaroslav [00:24:30]: Ukrainian as well. Yeah.Brandon [00:24:31]: Ukrainian. But I read somewhere that the Russians had grown more dependent on fiber optic drones relative to the Ukrainians, and that's one reason why the Ukrainians have sort of regained the initiative in drones recently.Brandon [00:24:42]: How accurate's that?Yaroslav [00:24:43]: The Russians were the first ones to scale that. I think by as of now, Ukraine has caught up. I think, like, as of maybe three months ago, Ukraine is mostly caught up on fiber optic. Yeah.Brandon [00:24:57]: What percent of damage would you say is in terms of FPV drone damage would you say is now fiber optic versus, like autonomous?FPVs as the New God of War: Tanks, Artillery, and Cost per KillYaroslav [00:25:07]: For our, for our audience, I actually, I cannot answer that question. Like, it's like I know the answer, but I would not disclose that. But for our audience, I think another interesting fact is out of all the casualties on the front line Between 70 and 80% are done by FPV drones.Brandon [00:25:30]: FPV drones are the new weapon of universal weapon of warfare.Yaroslav [00:25:34]: It'sBrandon [00:25:35]: Land warfare, anywayYaroslav [00:25:35]: They used to say that artillery is a god of war because artillery used to cause, like 80% of casualties, and now On that ranking-Brandon [00:25:46]: FPVYaroslav [00:25:47]: FPV drones rule.Brandon [00:25:48]: FPV drones are the god of war.Yaroslav [00:25:51]: Sort of. Dethroned artillery. But it's not to say that artillery is not useful, is not needed. Like, all of these systems are needed. Maybe except cavalry, although Russians still use it. I know, have you seen the videos of Russians using mules and horses?Brandon [00:26:09]: What is the usefulness-Yaroslav [00:26:10]: It'Brandon [00:26:10]: Of a tank in the in the modern-Yaroslav [00:26:11]: That's where we need Greenpeace to say a word, but they're silent. Yeah.Brandon [00:26:15]: What's the use of a tank on the modern battlefield?Yaroslav [00:26:21]: It's diminishing.Brandon [00:26:22]: Diminishing.Yaroslav [00:26:22]: However, I think there might be technologies which will, revive the tank. Look, tank still provides you armor, and armor is important. Like, you still need to armor and firepower, right? Like, you can be an armor personal carrier that provides you, armor. The challenge that currently exists is armor is not very well protected against incoming drones. However, there are ways to do to protect it. We were previously talking about this before the podcast. The CEO of Rheinmetall, recently sort of ridiculed, Ukrainian drone industry, saying that like, there is nothing interesting there, no real innovation, no to stand Compared to like, Rheinmetall or Boeing, and it's all made by housewives. There was like, obviously a ton of memes about this people ridiculing the CEO of Rheinmetall. And one of the best quotes, I heard on this topic is from my friend, Alexey Babenko, who's, the head of and founder of VIARI Drone, which is one of the largest manufacturers of FPV drones. They're our partner. They're using our autonomy. So he said that the drones we manufacture in one day will be more than enough to destroy all the tanks Rheinmetall manufactures in a year.Yaroslav [00:27:52]: Then, yeah, cost-wise, of course, a drone is like, $500 and a Rheinmetall tank is what, probably 5 million-ish or maybe more.Brandon [00:28:00]: Don't mess with those housewives.Yaroslav [00:28:03]: Drone wives.Brandon [00:28:04]: Drone wives.Yaroslav [00:28:06]: That's it.Noah [00:28:06]: There's a classic saying that everyone always fights the last war.Noah [00:28:12]: Yet do How did So from your standpoint, how did we get to the point where tanks became irrelevant in at least for now In a matter of just a few years?Yaroslav [00:28:24]: Look, I think it's the same way, how do we get to the point that calculators become irrelevant?Yaroslav [00:28:31]: Now we have iPhones. Like, why would you need a calculator? Technology progresses and its influence grows non-linearly. It's all exponential. So I can tell you that full autonomy, when you put it on a drone Look, so if you, if you think about a tank and a like, it's not a direct comparison, but even, like, a drone and a artillery shell or like, sort of cost per kill, an artillery shell for 155 caliber, which is a standard NATO caliber Currently market price is about $4,000 per piece. So compare that to say, $400 per drone. That's 10 times more expensive. Account for the amortization of the artillery gun and for how vulnerable it is and what is the sort of tactical, capabilities it gives you as compared to a drone. You'll figure out that an FPV drone is maybe three orders of magnitude, more versatile, more useful, more capable than artillery and many of than a classic artillery. Many of Because there are different types of artillery. Not just, like, one 155. You have mortars, you have all that. But give or take, roughly three orders of magnitude maybe. Again, it doesn't have that firepower. It's not one-to-one comparison still.Yaroslav [00:29:53]: Now, take that FPV drone. When you put full autonomy on that FPV drone, which can be not very expensive, like systems that we're, producing are like, in hundreds of dollars of pure bombFull Autonomy: From Human Pilots to Smartphone-Directed Drone MissionsNoah [00:30:06]: Just interrupt. You said full autonomy Just a second ago you were saying that the autonomy here is guidance, right? It's not decision-making.Yaroslav [00:30:14]: No, I was I was saying that's the f-First and sort of easiest pieces of autonomy that was fielded by us. But if you, if you add full autonomy to a droneBrandon [00:30:24]: He, I think he's asking what does it can you, for the listeners, can you explain What the term full autonomy means?Yaroslav [00:30:29]: Basically, I think a good way to think about an FPV drone is like an iPhone of warfare. It's, like, very inexpensive, very mass producible, very versatile. You don't need a bunch of other things when you have a iPhone in your pocket. You don't have, need an MP3 player, you don't need a calculator, don't need other things. All right? So FPV drone is an iPhone. Or like, okay, Apple please don't sue me, is a smartphone. And then, when you add autonomy to it sort of becomes like Uber or ride sharing. Okay? So what it means is instead of actually being a trained pilot who has this complex remote controller device which requires a couple months of training to actually pilot the drone, and then having to pilot it for 30 minutes, flying towards the target, et cetera, et cetera, now you basically, you have your smartphone, you have a drone, you pick your smartphone, you say, “We are here. The bad guys are here. Go and get them.” And the drone goes up, flies in a given direction, localizes itself on the map, finds the dedicated area where they, the bad guys are supposed to be sees the bad guys, bombs them, return, like, watches, so does a damage assessment, returns back, sits down, and then you can pick it up and watch the video if you didn't have the radio link, right?Noah [00:31:59]: That's a bomber drone.Yaroslav [00:32:00]: That's full autonomy for a bomber drone, right?Noah [00:32:03]: You're saying that no human decision is made in this entire process?Brandon [00:32:06]: That's not, that's not what he's saying.Yaroslav [00:32:07]: A human decision was made at the beginning of the process-Noah [00:32:09]: I get it. I get itYaroslav [00:32:09]: The same way as you would fire an artillery.Yaroslav [00:32:12]: When you fire an artillery, you don't stop at like, 500 meters away from a target and ask it whether, you want to strike or not. That's exactly, a human decision is always made at some point. So when you do that's full autonomy, and such full autonomy is happening as we speak. And such full autonomy increases the capabilities of an FPV drone, which is already, like, three orders more powerful than an artillery shell. Full autonomy increases its capabilities by four orders of magnitude because now you can have 100 times as many people who can use it, because you don't need to train those people, and this is important. You can have 10 times, mission success rate, and you can have 10 times utility per drone because now instead of being one-way kamikaze, it's, it can be a bomber.Brandon [00:33:05]: Now wait, let's, you said 10 times mission success rate, which means that fully autonomous bomber drones succeed in their missions 10 times more often than human piloted bomber drones do. That's an important thing to know.Noah [00:33:17]: Maybe, to push back onBrandon [00:33:19]: They're super, they're superhuman. They're, they' 10X superhuman.Yaroslav [00:33:22]: They're not vulnerable to electronic warfare. They don't care about the radio horizon. They don't lose track during navigation. They are not susceptible to human error when, an artillery shell or other drone blows up besides you and you're like, “Hell no,”like, “I'm getting out of here.” Right? That doesn't happen to an autonomous drone. Like, all of those things. Like, we have, like, one of the brigades that's using our drones with just first level autonomy They literally said that their success rates-Brandon [00:33:53]: What's first level autonomy?Yaroslav [00:33:54]: First level autonomy is just the terminal guidance.Yaroslav [00:33:57]: By the way, we have video of that. We can watch that.Brandon [00:33:59]: Terminal guidance means a human gets it nearby and then the AI takes over.Yaroslav [00:34:03]: The human flies it all the way, like 30 kilometers towards the target, and obviously the target was probably given to that human by someone who's flying some ISR drone, some reconnaissance drone, right? So all the way to the target, and once you see the target from a distance of 500 meters, you do target lock, and from there drone flies autonomous. So just that feature alone, it has increased the guy's, his call sign is Grom, so it has increased his, mission success rate, like precision of mission, yeah, mission success rate from 20% to 71%, and it also increased his kill zone from three kilometers to 10 kilometers, which means there's certain area around the front line which is designated kill zone. Whenever enemy goes into that area, it's almost guaranteed to be to be destroyed by a drone. And then obviously the drones are not launched from like, the zero line. They're usually launched from like, minus 10 kilometer-Mission Success, Failure Modes, and the Five Levels of AutonomyBrandon [00:35:03]: What is a zero line?Yaroslav [00:35:05]: Zero line is sort of an imaginary line of control, of two conflicting forces.Brandon [00:35:14]: It's important to explain these things to a lot of the listeners who areYaroslav [00:35:17]: Thank you for askingBrandon [00:35:18]: Familiar with warfare.Noah [00:35:20]: Myself.Noah [00:35:20]: I'm one of those listeners.Brandon [00:35:20]: You said that level one autonomy, in other words just terminal guidance, just, like, human gets it to the finish line and then it goes over the finish line, increases mission success from 20 something percent to 71%, or something like that.Yaroslav [00:35:33]: Increases the kill zoneBrandon [00:35:34]: Increases the kill zoneYaroslav [00:35:34]: Three kilometers to 10 kilometers.Brandon [00:35:36]: Got it.Yaroslav [00:35:36]: On both parameters-Brandon [00:35:37]: What is full autonomy, dude? AndNoah [00:35:38]: Actually on real quick, can we define mission success and like, maybe in a way, what are the failure modes of missions?Brandon [00:35:44]: I have a guess what mission success is.Noah [00:35:46]: But I couldBrandon [00:35:47]: Get ‘em.Yaroslav [00:35:49]: No, but that's a very good question, in fact, because, even if you fly into the target, well, first the target can be damaged or destroyed. Those are two different modes. Then there can be different targets. A sole infantryman is one kind of target. A dugout where supposed there are some, enemies there is another kind of target, and a some mechanical equipment is another type of target. Radio emitting equipment, which, like, often, like, the targets that the military want to get more than anything else is the some enemy radio tower or something like that or some small radio dish that really makes life difficult in that area, in that combat area. So those are different targets, right? It can be destroyed, can be damaged.Then sometimes, the drone hits but doesn't explode. Like, that happens. And then, there are other failure modes. You didn't even reach the target because you were A jammed by electronic warfare; B, you lost the control over drone because of the radio horizon; C, you were jammed by a different type of electronic warfare that happens way before You hit the target area. It's, impacting your, video receiver. So like jamming on video or jamming on control are two different types of jamming. Then something malfunctioned on a drone, just a mechanical malfunction, maybe like a motor broke or like, whatever. So all of those are different failure modes. Yeah, or maybe you got lost, you're navigate navigating to your, to your target. That happens, too.Noah [00:37:41]: The Level one autonomy, basically you manage to point in a direction.Noah [00:37:49]: You go there, and then the last mile The drone taking over.Yaroslav [00:37:52]: We define this like, I define that but it sort of got picked up by the industry. We define five levels of autonomy. So level one is terminal guidance. It's what we just discussed. Level two is bombing. Level three is autonomous target detection and engagement decision. Level four is autonomous navigation. And level five is autonomous takeoff and landing.Noah [00:38:15]: Those are good things to knowYaroslav [00:38:16]: Those are five levels of autonomy. Now, if youNoah [00:38:19]: I have a question for you.Yaroslav [00:38:19]: Sorry. Like, let me finish withNoah [00:38:21]: SorryYaroslav [00:38:21]: Theoretical part.Noah [00:38:23]: What is Tesla running at right now?Yaroslav [00:38:25]: Tesla?Noah [00:38:25]: No, sorry.Yaroslav [00:38:26]: That's very good point. Like, it's exactly, it was inspired by the levels of self-driving autonomy.Noah [00:38:32]: Waymo's level five, right?Noah [00:38:35]: You just tell it where you want to go, it picks you up, and then you go there.Yaroslav [00:38:36]: I think, like, if you, if you look at the classic definitions of self-driving cars, Waymo is still, like, level four because it still requires even remote, but still, like, human control. It's like if Waymo gets in trouble, there is an operator who takes over and resolves this. So that would still be a level four. It doesn't map directly, but it's also five levels.Brandon [00:38:58]: Can I, can I interject a question here? In terms of an FPV drone that's like a suicide drone that'll just blow itself up killing something, how do what it hit? Like, does it, just transmit back, or do you sort of like, lose track of it and hope it hit? Like, what happens to that?Yaroslav [00:39:16]: That's a great question. SoBrandon [00:39:18]: You need another droneYaroslav [00:39:19]: Like, the current battlefield in Ukraine is saturated with different types of drones. So obviously you have all the FPV drones and last year alone, Ukraine manufactured about 4 million of these, and then Russia's maybe, like, 20% less than that. And for this year, the publicly voiced target was 7 million on Ukrainian side. So it's, like, serious numbers. We're getting in serious numbers here. And then besides those, there are different, reconnaissance drones, ISR as we call them, and there are sort of tactical level ISR where we, both Ukrainians and Russians usually use, Mavic, drone by DJI. And then there are a bunch of locally produced drones, which are sort of fixed wing drones that can stay in the air for much longer than Mavic, maybe, like, half an hour. And then, there are drones that can stay for many hours or even up to a day. And those drones have, are more expensive, have more expensive cameras, et cetera, et cetera. We hunt those drones that Russians launch. The Russians hunt our drones, and so on. But ideally, when you, are a group of soldiers operating an FPV, you'll have someone in your, company, or someone in your platoon who has an ISR asset that will do target designation for you. They'll say, “Oh, like, there's a Russian vehicle over there. Go and get him.”and you go there, you get it, and they're like, “Okay, confirmed.”Battlefield Surveillance and the Eight Dimensions of AutonomyBrandon [00:40:57]: Those guys are watching. They have their own drones in the sky.Yaroslav [00:40:59]: Target destroyed. They have, like, a carousel of drones because One Mavic cannot stay more than 30 minutes. ItBrandon [00:41:06]: They're constantly surveilling the battlefield.Yaroslav [00:41:07]: Almost every spot on the battlefield.Yaroslav [00:41:11]: It's not always the case. Sometimes you will not have a surveillance asset, so then you would launch another FPV just to confirm that there was a hit. Then if you see there was a hit and you're not sure if it completely destroyed, you maybe hit again for good measure.Brandon [00:41:26]: You double tap.Yaroslav [00:41:28]: That's how it works. But I was about to give you another sort of piece of taxonomy. So you have five levels of autonomy, right? Then you have sort of eight dimensions of autonomous battlefield. So what is eight dimensions? It's crucial to understand how autonomy evolves in a modern, battlefield environment. So dimension number one is level of autonomy. What are the capabilities that your asset has? Dimension number two is the platform you're operating on. So it can be a quadcopter, a fixed wing drone, different types of maybe, like, a long range drone or short range drone, but it can also be a missile. You can have autonomy even on an artillery shell or a ground vehicle or a sea vehicle. So all of those are different platforms. Level three would be domain. So it's ground to ground or ground to air as an intersection, or ground to sea or sea to air. They're all, like, all the nuances with different domains. Then level four, would be higher levels of autonomy, such as swarming, drone carriers, drone nests, et cetera.Brandon [00:42:39]: Now when you're saying level, you're talking about dimensions, not about-Yaroslav [00:42:42]: Sorry. YeahBrandon [00:42:43]: Autonomy levels. So dimension four.Yaroslav [00:42:43]: The dimension. Yeah, I used to say I was supposed to say dimension. I say dimension because each of them works with another, right? So you might have, like third level autonomy, fixed wing drone operating in land to air, and stuff like that right? And then operating in a swarm or operating from a nest. Right? Then you have, sort of dimension number five is environment. So is it day or night? Is it summer or winter? Is it, humid, cold, dry? What kind of target is it? Is your target hiding in a forest, or is it, behind a hill or within buildings? So all of that is environment. Then you have, dimension number six is command and control. How are you dealing with or like, tens of thousands of those assets around the battlefield? How are you coordinating that on the higher levels of command? How are you collecting data? All that.Yaroslav [00:43:44]: Dimension number seven would be infrastructure, so things like simulation, data collection tools, security, deployment mechanisms, et cetera. So all those systems have to be developed separately and integrate with all the others. And finally, dimension number eight is sort of distribution. Have you deployed 100 of these systems or 100,000 of these systems? Because those are two very different ballgames. So that now gives you a more broad overview of how autonomy propagates across the battle space.Targeting, Human Responsibility, and Rules of EngagementNoah [00:44:23]: As someone who has done machine learning and had gone out of distribution and had things, go horribly wrong, you were talking several of these, kind of axes of thinking about drone warfare seem like they could be very susceptible to some sort of distribution shift if you start making things autonomous.Yaroslav [00:44:41]: Like what?Noah [00:44:41]: I mean Well, first ofYaroslav [00:44:43]: If the I'm very interested Sort of sort of kinds of scenarios that you're thinking about.Noah [00:44:48]: Like the most obvious one is you, if I assume these are computer vision guided systems for at least the last mile, how do you ensure that oh, well, like you now have some fog roll in or something, and you, the drones just attack the wrong thing? Or maybe, it probably will not turn around and fly back and attack you, but youYaroslav [00:45:10]: Same, the same, the same question, how do you ensure that your mortar fire hits the right thing? Well, it's like mortar fire, give or take half a kilometer could be plus or minus. So maybe you fire one, and then you fire another. So drones are actually, much better in being precise in those scenarios. And I think, to your point, I think five to 10 years from now it will be immoral to use weapons without AI.Yaroslav [00:45:44]: ‘Cause weapons without AI will be more likely to cause, collateral damage or unwanted damage. Same way, it will be immoral to drive your own car manually on a public road because it's more likely to cause, unwanted damage.Noah [00:46:02]: Wow, I never considered that mightBrandon [00:46:04]: Really? That's definitely coming.Yaroslav [00:46:07]: Anyway.Brandon [00:46:07]: No, but that' I don't know, it's an obvious, an obvious thought. I agree with you.Brandon [00:46:12]: I, No, they, obviously they're not going to let you drive once most of the cars on the road are autonomous.Noah [00:46:17]: No, that one, don't I believe.Yaroslav [00:46:19]: No, I think you were you were talking about drones, right?Brandon [00:46:21]: The drones, right. Cool.Yaroslav [00:46:22]: The weapons, right?Brandon [00:46:23]: Friendly fire and collateral damage and stuff like that is all minimized with AI.Brandon [00:46:27]: Here's my question. Take all let's go to level six autonomy. Let's take all of the target selection. Let's take all the battlefield data, integrate it into one big AI, and have that big AI basically be in command of the battlefield And agentically do target selection.Yaroslav [00:46:44]: Be the general, right?Brandon [00:46:44]: It's a general. It's, you've cut humans out of the loop except maybe as dexterous robots, repairing drones and fastening things to drones or maybe something like that because you don't have those robots yet. How soon are we there? AI general.Yaroslav [00:46:58]: The most important thing to ask ourselves is who will be faster to that us or our adversaries?Brandon [00:47:07]: I assume us, but how fast will we be to that? I hope us.Yaroslav [00:47:11]: I hope so too.Brandon [00:47:12]: How fast can we Like when are we looking at that in terms of like horizons years?Yaroslav [00:47:18]: Like technically, it could be done now. The question is of course, there's, some engineering work to be done. The bigger challenge is deployment. Right? So okay, technically Like operation in Iran, right? They, the publicly, it was claimed that I think Palantir system was used for target designation, et cetera, et cetera. So it is not exactly as you say, the AI makes all the decisions, but basically AI goes through all the data you have, gives you these 1,027 different targets and says, “You-- To confirm, please press Okay.” And you look at the targets and you're like, “Yeah, sounds right. Press Okay.”so that's, I think that's where we are now already, or we were a couple weeks ago as we're recording this on April 10th. Another question is how massively deployable it is. Is it, like, every decision being made like that or is it, like, just some of the decisions made like that? And then different levels of command and control. There you have, like, the platoon, the company level, the battalion, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. But the tricky thing here when we get into that territory, the tricky thing is If your enemy is getting advantage of being Thousand times faster than yourself by deploying such systems What do you do?Yaroslav [00:49:10]: You got to-Brandon [00:49:12]: The if the enemy is a thousand times faster than you at deploying those systems?Yaroslav [00:49:16]: Like, if enemy starts deploying level six autonomy, as you call And you have not started doingBrandon [00:49:22]: You're in troubleYaroslav [00:49:23]: Yes, exactly. So you have to catch up. So my point is that it is very important to think about the safety of these systems, but that thinking should not slow you down in developing them because they are critical for your existential, survival, right? And like, one person who doesn't think, doesn't get to think about the ethics of the war is a dead person. That person surely doesn't get to think about that.Brandon [00:49:52]: What would be the safety risk of such a system?Yaroslav [00:49:55]: Of course-Brandon [00:49:56]: Friendly fire?Yaroslav [00:49:56]: Just wrong decisions, right?Brandon [00:49:59]: I see.Yaroslav [00:49:59]: Maybe, these decisions-AI Command Decisions, Dead Zones, and Complex BattlefieldsBrandon [00:50:06]: Skynet AI decides it's going to useYaroslav [00:50:08]: No, these-Brandon [00:50:08]: Drone army to kill usYaroslav [00:50:09]: Decisions will not only be made about drones. They are likely to made about what the humans should do on your side as well. Then obviously some environments are more like Ukrainian-Russian war, where you haveBrandon [00:50:26]: It will have to choose to risk lives. It will have to choose to sacrifice human lives-Yaroslav [00:50:28]: Of courseBrandon [00:50:29]: On your side.Yaroslav [00:50:29]: Of course. And then some environments are just, like, dead, like, dead zones and there are no civilians there, or virtually no civilians close to the front line because, like, super dangerous. Everyone has evacuated from there. But there are other environments which are more like, okay, there's a counterterrorist operation. There's, like, a group of terrorists or a group of civilians. Or like, it's like the recent operations in Iran, I imagine that the US and Israeli forces do not want to harm civilians. They only targeted the military targets there, right? So in those situations, it's a different level of responsibility for that decision-making as well. And then there is just such a big variety of those military missions, and I'm not even, like, well-informed or well-educated in military science to tell you about all those scenarios. We would need to put some general besides me, and maybe a Ukraine general and American general would have told you very different stories about these things.Brandon [00:51:34]: Got it. Can I ask a few more questions? All right. So in 2013, I wrote one of my first, paid articles ever was about how the era of drones will change human society. I was just sitting around bored thinking about things.Yaroslav [00:51:54]: You were way ahead of your time.Brandon [00:51:55]: I said, I said, “The following will happen.”Yaroslav [00:51:57]: It's, this article is real. I've read it.Yaroslav [00:51:58]: It's actually-Brandon [00:51:59]: I said small autonomous, suicide drones, will cleanse the battlefield of human infantry. Human infantry will not be able to stand against swarms of AI-powered, suicide drones. That was I didn't even know about, like, AlexNet at the time, I think.Yaroslav [00:52:19]: You're just an avid sci-fi reader.Brandon [00:52:23]: I'm an avid sci-fi reader, but also, like, it's not Like, there will be a way to do that. It's a it's a nonlinear multidimensional search problem, and you get enough compute, you'll find some search algorithm that will get you there. And soBrandon [00:52:38]: I, yeah, I think that one sentence describes the bitter lesson right there.Brandon [00:52:41]: It's just like it's a multidimensional search space. You search it somehow. I don't know. Figure out some get a grad student-Yaroslav [00:52:47]: Sooner or laterBrandon [00:52:47]: To make a search algorithm.Brandon [00:52:48]: It's not that hard. Anyway, so but then, but I guess the point is The point is that human infantry on the battlefield will be will be gone at the end. I wrote that in 2013. Many people on social media laughed at me for that called me hysterical, said things like, “Electronic warfare will knock all the drones out of the sky.”like, “You need humans to hold ground.”that's something you still hear from a lot of people on social media today. I feel that this article that I've written has never been directionally wrong. It has gotten more and more right steadily over time, and that we're very reading the battlefield reports from Ukraine, where, human infantry are basically guy, like a few guys hiding in dugouts for months, and I'm not sure what they're doing.Yaroslav [00:53:35]: That's on Ukraine's side. On the Russian side, that's just like a zerg rush.Brandon [00:53:38]: The zerg rush, and then they just die. Then, but they have some guys in dugouts too, right? Like hiding in dugouts for months.Yaroslav [00:53:45]: They have. Yeah.Brandon [00:53:45]: Like, but that like, what are those guys doing in the dugouts? Are providing, like, frontline, like, reconnaissance? Like, what are they doing?Yaroslav [00:53:54]: If there is a guy in a dugout with some bullets and automatic weapon, the other guy cannot come and take the that dugout. That'Brandon [00:54:07]: I seeYaroslav [00:54:08]: They are they're establishing control over territory.Brandon [00:54:10]: I see. So that is so there still is a use for human infantry on the battlefield as of today.Yaroslav [00:54:15]: LikeBrandon [00:54:15]: How long will that last?Yaroslav [00:54:17]: I think it will last for a while. This is funny. There's this whole Layer of the modern culture, a modern Ukraine culture built around the war-related stuff. So there is this -Punk rock band, that is called SZC, I guess in English that would be. Which stands short for like a deserter or something like that. So anyhow, this band has a song titled “2030.” It's basically about the year 2030, and the war still goes on as like the whatever, third world war or whatever. And they basically, they, sang about the AI and like cyborgs and everything, but the simple infantry is still needed, and we're still, like, getting cold in those dugouts, and we're still doing our job. That's sort of the theme of the song. And it seems like that's actually what's going to happen. There areGround Robots, Simulation, and the Limits of World ModelsBrandon [00:55:30]: Ground robots will not replace humans in the dugouts soon.Yaroslav [00:55:34]: I'm very much interested in following the whole humanoid robot theme andBrandon [00:55:39]: What about like a dog robot?Noah [00:55:41]: Or just mobile controlled platforms or something.Brandon [00:55:44]: Spider robot, yeah.Brandon [00:55:45]: Everything evolves into a crab.Brandon [00:55:46]: You build a crab robot.Yaroslav [00:55:47]: A humanoid-Noah [00:55:48]: The carcinization of warfare.Yaroslav [00:55:51]: There is a lot of utility in humanoid robots because the world is designed around humanoids. So I would not, like, 100% disqualify the possibility that sometimes 10 years in the future, humanoid robots, will be actually fighting. So that's an actual Terminator kind of scenario.Brandon [00:56:14]: Yeah, in the first Terminator movie, you look at what they've got on the battlefield, they've got flying bomber drones and humanoid robots.Yaroslav [00:56:20]: Look, the cost of large language models of running them is getting so low, you can have basically an inexpensive computer running, what was a state-of-the-art model a year and a half ago, running it locally on a device with an open source model, which also means that the Chinese can have it, the Russians can have it, the North Koreans can have it, et cetera. So that is already possible. And with when we're looking at the acceleration of the neural nets, I would've, if not the acceleration of the large language models, I would've said that I don't think that humanoid robots will be able to be useful in the battlefield earlier than in 10 years. But if you account for the exponential, it might be five years or so. The problem with all of the autonomous systems, and it's like starts with self-driving cars and even with all the AI, like modern day AI agents, to make them really, useful, you have to solve such a long tail of edge cases, that it's really difficult to make them useful. Like we were promised, self-driving cars, what, like 2007, Sebastian Thrun and Google, and even before that all the challenges, everything. And Elon of course told us it's going to be one year from 2014, and now we still don't have self-driving Teslas everywhere. We have Waymos in SF and some other places, but they're still, like, not perfect. So I think, I expect something similar from self-flying drones and fully autonomous drones, and we saw that firsthand as with each level of autonomy that we're adding, there is a very wide distance between a prototype and something that is ready to be scaled to millions of units and something that has been scaled to millions of units. But the race with like AI coding tools is just insane. So things might accelerate very fast, faster than we can imagine.Noah [00:58:46]: I think your point is that with due to this long tail behavior Level one autonomy as you've defined it, is actually very natural. Like you basically are just solving an image recognition and tracking system.Yaroslav [00:59:02]: It's actually interesting that you say it that way, and I thought about this the very same way, and we have this joke that there are like 200 companies in Ukraine which are trying to solve last mile, targeting or terminal guidance. It seems like we're like the only company that actually solved that because even that problem-Noah [00:59:22]: I'm not saying it's, I'm not saying it's trivial, but it's at least something that you imagine given our current state.Yaroslav [00:59:26]: Like us and Eric Schmidt, like Eric Schmidt's companies are pretty good.Yaroslav [00:59:29]: Like, I actually have lots of respect to what they're doing, and they're, they have been practically influential and helpful on the battlefield, and they have good engineering.Noah [00:59:38]: I wasn't, I wasn't saying it's trivial. I'm just saying this is a something naturally adaptive based upon things that we know work, well. But some of the other domains that where you do have to make decisions and you have a long tail become much harder, and you worry about edge cases more.Yaroslav [00:59:57]: Like the more, the more complex behavior you're trying to simulate, the more edge cases there are right? The more ways to do it wrong there are. And then there are different approaches. It's like if you think about, if you read academic papers about robotics, right? You sort of the robot is represented as something that has the sort of sensor input, and then you have three, levels of sort of logics or decision-making, which are perception, planning, and control, and then you have actuators as output.So pre-neural nets, you would do perception output and control all with classic logics, right? Then, with AlexNet and computer vision, you could do perception with neural nets and the rest with logic. You cannot currently do each of those separately with neural nets, each of those separately with logics, or you can just have one huge neural net that just takes lots of sensory data. It's not just pixels. Could be sound, could be accelerometer, could be everything, as input, and just outputs the controls. And some of the self-driving car companies are doing that or like, experimenting between different ways of doing that. So you can also, like, think about that and the way you implement those features, also influences how much degrees of freedom the system would have, right? Like control, you can do it classical algorithmic control with common filters and PAD filter, PAD controllers, et cetera, or you can do a neural net, that was trained in a gym with a reinforcement learning, et cetera. And those would be two different behaviors of a system.Noah [01:01:53]: I-- Maybe my point was just much more high level. It'Yaroslav [01:01:56]: Or you can If you go even like, if you go high level, you can, you can like train to like have whatever, like Feifei Li and folks who are doing like physical, sortBrandon [01:02:08]: World modelsYaroslav [01:02:08]: World models, right, physical intelligence, they're trying to make these big models and sort of understand the world and then supposedly you have such model and you can tell a drone, “Okay, like, go over that hill and like, find the bad guys and then get them,”or “Make me a video, make me a photo of the guy smiling and get back to me.” Right? That's one way. Another way you have like these subsystems, like one is navigation, another is finding the person, another is like getting to them to take a photo. And those are again, very different behaviors. And then it's not that one is necessarily better than the other, and we might have more technological ability to do one or another. But all of those systems will exist. And then again, you should always keep in mind that it's only the not only the good guys that are developing these systems, the bad guys are developing these systems as well.China's Drone Supply Chain and the West's Manufacturing GapNoah [01:03:00]: I guess where I'm going with this back to Noah's original thought with the end of the end of the soldier. And so in order to replace-Brandon [01:03:10]: Or at least the end of the rifleman.Noah [01:03:11]: Or the end of the rifleman, yeah.Yaroslav [01:03:13]: I'm not seeing that very close, and it was like I'm, as much as I'm a lover of sci-fi and all of that and a technologist, the more I try to beYaroslav [01:03:27]: Like the I try to have certain humility about these things, and like the military, domain and there was just so much human history and blood and tears, dedicated to sort of understanding this art of war and perfecting it and so on. There is so much knowledge in there that I don't feel like I even started to comprehend, a lot of that. But one thing that I really understood is that even though drones are now making eighty percent of the casualties, you go to the actual officers, you talk to the actual, like, brigade commanders, corps commanders, and they explain to you, how all of it fits together, how when you're thinking about an operation that involves a couple thousand people to get this piece of land, out of the enemy's hands, deoccu deoccupy it, how it is so complex, it involves, dozens of different types of drones and then land operations and reconnaissance operations, psychological operations and then aviations and tanks and logistics and all kinds of these different assets. So modern warfare is really very complex, and the fact that the drones are the latest, coolest thing, and then the AI is latest, coolest thing, doesn't mean that now it's that and only that right? So yeah. Whoever's looking into that I think should realize that it's not just what the press talks about, that the reality is much more difficult, much more complex.Brandon [01:05:17]: Let's talk about China and China's manufacturing capabilities. So suppose that someone, like suppose the United States went to war with China. AndYaroslav [01:05:26]: I hope not.Brandon [01:05:27]: I hope not as well. And then but suppose that drones were very essential to that war of all the types of drones that we're talking about here, and that suppose that China said, “All right, well, you need X and Y and Z, to make those drones to fight us, and we control the production of X and Y and Z, so we're just going to cut you right off, and now you have no drones.”Brandon [01:05:47]: I know that a number of countries, including Ukraine and Taiwan, have been making moves to China-proof their drone productions that China couldn't do that. Examples of things they might be able to cut off might include rare earths, fiber optic cable that you were talking about before, various other things that where even if they don't control one hundred percent of the production, they control enough of the production that would be extremely expensive to produce it without relying on Chinese sources. Or the market's fragmented enough, et cetera. What do you see as China's key bottlenecks, and how easy are those to overcome in terms of China-proofing drone production in case of a war against China?Yaroslav [01:06:30]: Let me start with a saying that -Although China does not sell directly to Ukraine and it does sell directly to Russia, a lot of Ukrainian supply chains, they start in China, right?Yaroslav [01:06:49]: We're not in a conflict with China, and we would not want to be in a conflict with China. And we'd hope that China stays a neutral power between Ukraine and Russia and the US as well. That said, the scenario that you're describing, everything is much worse.Yaroslav [01:07:11]: Think about this. Last year, Ukraine produced four million FPV drones. Ukraine is not the most industrious nation in the world.Yaroslav [01:07:19]: China can produce four billion of these FPV drones.Yaroslav [01:07:23]: China can make them not drones with propellers, but fixed-wing drones, which go not forty kilometers far, but maybe two to three hundred kilometers inland.

In this episode of the Late Night Vision Show, we dive into one of the biggest questions in the thermal world:

Associate Professor of Physics at the University of Utah, Dr. Robert Davies discusses the potential thermal footprint of the Box Elder County Stratos Project.

Send us Fan MailThis episode features Fire Chief (Ret.) Thomas Lakamp, Assistant Chief Scott Williams, Blue Card Program Director Josh Blum, and John Vance.Thomas Lakamp, Fire Chief (Ret.), Fairfield (Ohio) Fire Department Chief Thomas Lakamp is the fire chief for the City of Fairfield, Ohio. He retired from the Cincinnati Fire Department as an assistant fire chief after almost 35 years of service. Tom holds an associate degree in Fire Science Technology and a Bachelor of Science from the University of Cincinnati. He also holds a master's in homeland security from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, Calif. Tom is a graduate of the National Fire Academy Executive Fire Officer Program and was formerly a Task Force Leader for FEMA Ohio Task Force 1—Urban Search and Rescue Team. He is currently the commissioner for the Hamilton County, Ohio—Region 6 USAR Team. Scott Williams, Assistant Fire Chief, Springdale (Ohio) Fire DepartmentScott Williams has been in the fire service for 30 years and is a certified Ohio State Fire and Emergency Service Instructor II and a Live Fire Instructor. He is a Blue Card instructor, a national registered paramedic and a trained IAFF Peer Supporter. He has served the Springdale (Ohio) Fire Department for 22 years, holding the ranks of firefighter/paramedic, chief fire inspector and fire captain before his current position as the assistant fire chief. Chief Williams oversees fire department operations and develops the department's SOGs. He is always looking to better himself and the fire service, supporting continuous improvement of fireground skills and operations through regular and consistent training. He is known for his honest approach and for teaching others through his first-hand experiences.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------We break down the Koch Foods plant in Fairfield, Ohio and the lessons that come with a 600,000 square foot commercial incident involving thermal fluid, ammonia, multiple alarms, and critical injuries. We share how a regional command system, disciplined big box tactics, and drone intelligence helped protect firefighters and save most of the facility.We discuss:• Setting the scene at Koch Foods and the early alarm upgrade to a high hazard response• The report of a worker still inside and the rapid shift to defensive operations after untenable conditions• How a delayed roof report revealed extreme fire involvement and changed tactics• Thermal fluid flash conditions and why fire spread outran parts of the sprinkler system• Water supply challenges, extended FDC pumping, and coordination with public utilities• Managing ammonia tanks, cooling operations, and air monitoring as a hazmat problem• Building a scalable command team with Blue Card, unified command, HazMat and EMA integration• Using a regional drone team for situational awareness, leak location, and aerial placement• Cross-county mutual aid that works because of shared SOGs, training standards, and linked CAD• Why big box fires require abandoning residential tactics and slowing down before entryOrder the 3rd Edition of Fire Command here: https://bshifter.myshopify.com/products/new-fire-command-3rd-editionFor Waldorf University Blue Card credit and discounts: https://www.waldorf.edu/blue-card/For free command and leadership support, check out bshifter.comSign up for the B Shifter Buckslip, our free weekly newsletter here: https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/su/fmgs92N/BuckslipShop B Shifter here: http

I'm Back Roll APS-C on Kickstarter: https://i-m-back-gmbh.kckb.me/8c61e3bd Samuel and Filippo, the two founders of I'm Back, join Nino to talk about their latest Kickstarter campaign: the I'm Back Roll APS-C — a self-contained digital sensor that replaces the pressure plate inside any analog 35mm camera. Nearly $1 million raised, 1,400+ backers, and two significant mid-campaign updates later, we dig into the engineering, the philosophy, and the honest unknowns. This episode is sponsored by NANLITE. Learn more at (24:43). CHAPTERS (00:00) Introduction & What's I'm Back (01:57) How Samuel and Filippo met & founded I'm Back (03:02) Samuel's original idea and first prototype (06:36) The Roll APS-C: how it works and what's inside (09:42) Kickstarter response: nearly $1 million and two campaign updates (14:34) Why the Roll is I'm Back's original idea — and why it took 10 years (25:46) Camera compatibility and the 4mm thickness challenge (28:20) Which cameras will and won't fit (29:35) Mid-campaign update 1: the 2.5" OLED touchscreen (34:17) Mid-campaign update 2: the wired sync shutter button (37:57) Video capabilities — what's known and what isn't yet (43:22) Thermal concerns and overheating in video mode (47:53) Addressing unfair reviews and how to properly compare results (57:17) Looking for a bigger partner — an open call from I'm Back (01:00:10) Past delays, COVID, and the August 2027 delivery target (01:07:03) Kickstarter used right — developing from scratch vs. pre-built products (01:08:42) Gadget or tool? The honest case for the Roll APS-C Have feedback on this episode? Email us at podcast@cined.com.

Welcome to Episode #69 of The Thermal.   In this Episode of The Thermal, the Piper Pawnee has issues. Wing spar issues to be exact…we get an update from the Soaring Society of America's Ken Sorensen.  Electric Gliders and engine failure. Do you lock the prop or let it spin? The manual says one thing but real-world data says another. We talk to a glider pilot boffin who used his own glider as a test bed.  And a new book called Why We Fly is a wonderful journey into our relationship with flying. We speak to author Caroline Paul about her lifelong obsession with flight.  That's all on Episode #69 of The Thermal.

On this episode of The Late Night Vision Show, Hans and Jason dive into the future of AI technology in thermal optics and where things could be headed next. From target recognition and tracking, to automated adjustments, we share our thoughts on how AI could change the way hunters use thermal scopes in the years ahead. If you've ever wondered what the next generation of thermal hunting scopes might look like, this is a conversation you won't want to miss.

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This week on The DeCesare Group Podcast, join Jim DeCesare for his conversation with John Harnage, owner of Kentucky Thermal Institute.John is being recognized nationally this week after being named the 2026 Small Businessperson of the Year for Kentucky by the U.S. Small Business Administration.It's one of the nation's highest honors for small business leadership.Kentucky Thermal Institute is based at the Western Kentucky University Innovation Campus in Bowling Green.John talks about the beginning of the institute dating back nearly twenty years and why thermography is now poised to be one of the fastest growing professions in the United States.You can find more information at www.kythermal.institute.Catch The DeCesare Group Podcast on your favorite podcasting platform and every Sunday morning at 7 on 95.1-WGGC. If you enjoy The DeCesare Group Podcast, leave us a review, and to learn more about The DeCesare Group visit our website, https://www.thedecesaregroup.com/ and check us out on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/@TheDeCesareGroup.

Join Shravan Bhati, CEO of SatLeo Labs, for an expert-led journey into the frontier of the NewSpace economy. With over 20 years of experience—including a pivotal role in the space technology team at Amazon Web Services (AWS)—Shravan is a veteran of the global satellite and geospatial landscape. In this episode, we discuss how SatLeo Labs is utilizing specialized thermal satellite data to solve terrestrial challenges, from urban heat management and precision agriculture to environmental monitoring, proving that space tech is no longer just "out there"—it is a critical tool for improving everyday life.

The U.S. House of Representatives consideration H.R. 5587, the Harnessing Energy At Thermal Sources Act of 2026, on April 23, 2026. The bill is also known as the HEATS Act. It seeks to streamline the approval process for geothermal energy projects by exempting certain projects from federal environmental and cultural protection laws. Following consideration, the House voted 231 to 186 to pass H.R.5587.

Welcome to Monsters on the Edge, a show exploring creatures at the edge of our reality in forests, cities, skies, and waters. We examine these creatures and talk to the researchers studying them.Joining us on this week's show:Based in Grants Pass, Oregon, Mark Horban is a dedicated Bigfoot researcher who balances a disciplined, analytical approach with a lifelong passion for the unexplained. After a distinguished 37-year career in healthcare, Horban transitioned his focus from the clinical environment of a hospital to the rugged wilderness of Southwest Oregon. His research is driven by two pivotal experiences: a harrowing 1980s encounter on a snowy ridge and a sophisticated 2025 summer investigation where thermal imaging revealed evidence of coordinated activity. By bridging the gap between historical sightings and modern technology, Horban continues to explore the Oregon backcountry to document and understand these elusive creatures.Click that play button, and let's unravel the mysteries of the UNTOLD! Remember to like, share, and subscribe to our channel to stay updated on all the latest discoveries and adventures. See you there!Join Barnaby Jones each Monday on the Untold Radio Network Live at 12pm Central – 10am Pacific and 1pm Eastern. Come and Join the live discussion next week. Please subscribe.We have ten different Professional Podcasts on all the things you like. New favorite shows drop each day only on the UNTOLD RADIO NETWORKTo find out more about Barnaby Jones and his team, (Cryptids, Anomalies, and the Paranormal Society) visit their website www.WisconsinCAPS.comMake sure you share and Subscribe to the CAPS YouTube Channel as wellhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs7ifB9Ur7x2C3VqTzVmjNQ

All your thermal scanning needs are met with the high-performing, feature-rich, easy-to-use, intuitive, Veil™ 400 Thermal Monocular. Joe Heltemes and Ben Farrell from Vortex's product development team join Mark Boardman and Ryan Muckenhirn to talk through its tech, features, and user-friendly functionality. Hog hunting, predator hunting, game recovery, and more, if you've been thinking about getting into the thermal game, the Veil 400™ is your ticket.  As always, we want to hear your feedback! Let us know if there are any topics you'd like covered on the Vortex Nation™ podcast by asking us on Instagram @vortexnationpodcast

Welcome to the land podcast, a platform for people looking to educate themselves in the world of land ownership, land investing, staying up to date with current land trends in the Midwest, and hearing from industry experts and professionals.  On today's episode, we are back in the studio with Albert Tomechko. We discuss: Start small—land ownership compounds over time if you stay consistent Building relationships unlocks off-market land opportunities Land equity can be leveraged to acquire additional properties Deer density is often far higher than hunters estimate Food plots are critical in big timber environments Patience beats rushing into the wrong land deal Habitat work can be more rewarding than hunting itself Financial discipline accelerates land ownership growth Thermal drones provide powerful data for better decisions Land ownership creates long-term family and legacy value And so much more! Thanks again for all of the support from our partners—none of this would've been possible without them! -Moultrie:⁠⁠⁠ https://bit.ly/moultrie_⁠⁠⁠ -Hawke Optics | Use Code WHTL for 15% off:⁠⁠⁠ https://bit.ly/hawkeoptics_⁠⁠⁠ -OnX:⁠⁠⁠ https://bit.ly/onX_Hunt⁠⁠⁠ -Painted Arrow: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠bit.ly/PaintedArrow⁠⁠⁠ - Buck Land Funding: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.firstbankers.com/bucklandfunding⁠⁠⁠ - Latitude Outdoors: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.latitudeoutdoors.com/⁠⁠⁠ - Whitetail Master Academy ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.whitetailmasteracademy.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Use code '⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠HOFER' to save 10% off at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠www.theprairiefarm.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ - Massive potential tax savings: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ASMLABS.Net⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

On this episode of the Late Night Vision Show, Hans and Jason are covering 4 things NOT to do when buying a thermal optic. We want to help you avoid the costly mistakes that lead to the dreaded buyer's remorse. From spending too little, too much or taking advice from all the wrong places, we break down the biggest pitfalls hunters make when purchasing a thermal. If you want to spend your money wisely and end up with the right setup the first time, this is an episode you don't want to miss. 

Welcome to Paranormal Spectrum, where we illuminate the enigmatic corners of the supernatural world. I'm your host, Barnaby Jones, and today we have a very special guest joining us:Trey is the current Director of the Anomalous Studies and Observation Group (ASOG). ASOG focuses on investigating incidents and places of extreme strangeness from a multidisciplinary perspective. ASOG strives to balance the experiential nature of an occurrence with the data-driven collection of empirical information. They feel the experiencer is just as important as the experience and approach research from this perspective.He grew up in Atlanta, and while in high school, he was awarded the Eagle Scout award, the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of America. While a Scout, Trey earned the 50-Miler award three times for backpacking and paddling trips exceeding 50 consecutive miles. In 1982, he was awarded a scholarship to attend the prestigious American Wilderness Leadership School in Jackson, Wyoming.In 1983, he graduated from Norcross High School just outside of Atlanta. He entered college at the University of West Georgia (UWG) and decided to major in psychology. UWG is home to a world-renowned psychology department and one of the few universities offering degrees with a humanistic and transpersonal focus. At the UWG psychology program, Trey had the opportunity to study with luminaries such as William Roll, Mike Arons, Don Rice, Chris Anstoos, and others.While studying at UWG, Trey was awarded a US Army scholarship while an ROTC cadet and was also inducted into two honor societies: Pi Gamma Mu and Omicron Delta Kappa. In 1987, Trey completed his bachelor's degree in psychology and also earned a minor in anthropology. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the US Army Reserves and branched into Military Intelligence.After college, Trey worked as a private investigator investigating insurance fraud and also attended the Army Intelligence Officers Basic Course at Ft Huachuca, AZ. In the spring of 1988, he was certified as an All-Source Intelligence Officer (35D). He was assigned to the 372nd Military Intelligence Detachment and later the 337th Tactical Exploitation Battalion. An injury ended Trey's military career; he is now a disabled veteran. He has been a member of the US Army Military Intelligence Corps since 1988.In 1989, Trey entered Federal Government service as a Security Specialist. During his federal career, he has received training and experience in various specialties, including intelligence analysis, WMD security, anti-terrorism, counterintelligence, emergency management, physical security, personal security, response to CBRNE incidents, incident command, operations security, information security, and many other areas. He retired from the Department of Defense in May of 2023 as a Supervisory Security Specialist in an Intelligence Community-designated position. He has also completed many courses in combat pistol and rifle gunfighting.In 2008-2009, Trey served a tour in Afghanistan as an Operations and Anti-terrorism officer. Trey is also an EMS First Responder, Combat Lifesaver, Rescue SCUBA Diver, certified Military Emergency Management Specialist, certified DoD security professional, and Extra Class Amateur Radio Operator. He has been awarded the Department of the Army Achievement Medal for Civilian Service, the Commander's Award for Civilian Service three times, the Army Superior Unit Award, Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal, and the NATO International Security & Assistance (ISAF) Medal.He is married, lives in the southern USA, and has two adult daughters.Trey's Books On Amazonhttps://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B08T8F8S32?ccs_id=a5b098be-5ef6-4a00-9af3-18e85dac7890The Meadow Project Filmhttps://merkelfilms.com/programs/the-meadow-projectClick that play button, and let's unravel the mysteries of the UNTOLD! Remember to like, share, and subscribe to our channel to stay updated on all the latest discoveries and adventures. See you there!Join Barnaby Jones on the Paranormal Spectrum every Thursday on the Untold Radio Network Live at 12pm Central – 10am Pacific and 1pm Eastern. Come and Join the live discussion next week. Please subscribe.We have twelve different Professional Podcasts on all the things you like. New favorite shows drop each day only on the UNTOLD RADIO NETWORK.To find out more about Barnaby Jones and his team, (Cryptids, Anomalies, and the Paranormal Society) visit their website www.WisconsinCAPS.comMake sure you share and Subscribe to the CAPS YouTube Channel as wellhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs7ifB9Ur7x2C3VqTzVmjNQ

In this episode of the HVAC School Podcast, host Bryan sits down with Johnny, the creator behind the popular social media channel "Let's Be Techs." Johnny brings a wealth of hands-on experience to the table, having spent his first 13 years in residential HVAC before transitioning into commercial refrigeration. He shares his unconventional path into the trade—starting out building houses before being recommended to an HVAC contractor—and how the lack of quality mentorship early in his career motivated him to create educational content for technicians. His videos, which began as a fun hobby and a way to teach his helper remotely, have since grown exponentially across TikTok, YouTube, and Facebook, and continue to attract technicians hungry for practical, real-world knowledge. The bulk of the episode is a deep dive into real-world troubleshooting strategies, covering everything from the very first moments you arrive on a job site to diagnosing complex intermittent electrical faults. Bryan and Johnny both emphasize the value of using your senses before reaching for specialty tools—listening for surging liquid lines, feeling condenser airflow with your hand, and visually inspecting service valves for oil before removing caps. They share a mutual philosophy that the best technicians are those who can step back, assess the big picture, and narrow down the problem systematically rather than immediately jumping to assumptions about charge levels or component failures. A significant portion of the conversation centers on low-voltage electrical diagnostics, an area where both techs have noticed major changes over the last several years. Bryan and Johnny discuss the rise of contactor coil failures, transformer overload from aftermarket add-ons like UV lights and zone dampers, and the clever use of a contactor in place of a fuse as a low-cost short-finder tool. They also revisit the concept of "tattletale" fuses and resettable fuses, comparing their reliability and appropriate applications. Throughout these discussions, both hosts bring in personal war stories that make the technical content feel grounded and immediately applicable to everyday service calls. The episode wraps up with discussions on thermal imaging cameras, scroll compressor anomalies, and a memorable consulting story from Barbados involving a VRF system. Johnny and Bryan also touch on the importance of sharing knowledge openly in the trades, pushing back against the gatekeeping mentality that leaves newer technicians struggling to find reliable information. Both agree that the comment sections of field-focused videos have become a valuable community resource—a place where techs teach each other, correct each other, and build a collective knowledge base that benefits the whole industry. Topics Covered Johnny's background: from construction to HVAC apprenticeship to commercial refrigeration How "Let's Be Techs" started as a fun hobby and grew into a major social media presence Using your senses first: listening, looking, and feeling before pulling out specialty tools Checking service valves for oil and inspecting caps/seals before connecting gauges Walk-in cooler first-response checklist: fans, thermostat display, suction line frost, liquid line surging Feeling condenser airflow direction to diagnose dirty or clogged coils Identifying capacitor and contactor issues from the moment you approach residential equipment The rise of contactor coil failures and how location-based dirty power contributes Transformer overload: understanding the 40 VA / 24V current rating and why a 5-amp fuse doesn't protect windings Aftermarket add-ons (UV lights, dampers, zone systems) overloading low-voltage circuits Float switches fusing closed from excess current draw The contactor-as-short-finder trick: a DIY alternative to the Short Pro tool Adding individual circuit fuses ("tattletale" fuses) for isolating intermittent low-voltage shorts Resettable (popper) fuses: reliability issues and why 3-amp versions outperform 5-amp versions Contextual diagnostics: thinking about when and why a fuse blew (weather, season, recent activity) The 225°F discharge line rule for monitoring compressor health Scroll compressor oddities: running backwards, check valve failures, and starting under equalized pressure VRF system quirk: electronic expansion valves staying open when power is cut to one air handler Thermal imaging cameras: practical applications in the field including electrical panels, motors, condenser coils, and compressor racks Using black tape (gaffer's tape) to improve thermal imaging accuracy on shiny surfaces Megohmmeter use for finding wire shorts that are intermittent but close to failing The importance of anti-gatekeeping: sharing knowledge freely and learning from community feedback   Follow Johnny on social media as "Let's Be Techs" on YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android.

Tonight on The Late Night Vision Show we're reviewing the RIX Leap L3R thermal rifle scope, a feature packed 384 resolution optic built for night hunters. With a 3.2x base magnification, ocular zoom for improved magnified image clarity and a LRF built directly into the lens, the L3R brings a lot of value at an affordable price. We dive into image quality, performance, features and who the scope is good for. Be sure to check it out at Outdoor Legacy.

On this episode of The Late Night Vision Show, we're covering 3 mistakes not to make with your thermal optic. From simple mistakes that can cause frustration, to errors that can permanently damage your unit and void your manufacturer's warranty. We talk about these common missteps for you to avoid so your optic stays running strong for years to come. 

New research reveals that 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation—similar to 5G frequencies—can kill nerve cells without any heating effects. In this episode, R Blank examines a groundbreaking study that exposed mouse sensory neurons to strictly controlled non-thermal RF radiation. The findings challenge the wireless industry's primary safety argument and provide direct evidence of biological harm from 5G-adjacent frequencies. In This Episode How 3.5 GHz radiation triggers nerve cell death pathways Why non-thermal effects matter for 5G safety What this means for people living near cell towers Featured Study Read the full study: Bektas H, Seker A, Ustun R, Dogu S See all studies at shieldyourbody.com/research

How much load can insulation actually carry—and are we over-engineering residential buildings without realizing it?This episode goes deep into the structural and thermal realities behind common building materials. The crew breaks down compressive loading on rigid insulation, long-term creep behavior, and how these factors influence slab and foundation design. From there, the conversation expands into thermal bridging challenges in wood and concrete assemblies, and how innovative framing systems like EcoSmart and Tolko aim to improve performance.Along the way, they question a core assumption in residential construction: are we solving problems that don't actually exist? The discussion highlights where engineering matters—and where it may be overkill.And in true UnBuild It fashion, Steve closes things out with an unexpected design tangent involving beehives.Pete's Resources:Compressive Creep Behavior of EPS GeofoamBSI-059: Slab HappyBSI-118: Concrete SolutionsEcoSmart StudsTolko Wall Framing

Part Nine brings Bigfoot Country to its climax, and it does so by circling back to where every great investigation begins — with the people who lived it.After years of building this platform, the floodgates finally opened. Witnesses who had been listening from the shadows for months, sometimes years, started stepping forward. People like Patricia Ann Holloway, a seventy-one-year-old retired librarian from Pennsylvania who had carried a secret since 1973 — the summer she was nineteen years old and working at a Baptist church camp in the Allegheny National Forest.What she saw standing at the tree line that night, seven feet tall with eyes reflecting her flashlight beam, changed her forever. She kept quiet for nearly fifty years. When the only other witness — a twelve-year-old camper named Susan — passed away from cancer, Patricia decided she wasn't going to take that secret to her grave too.Her story opened the door for dozens more. A ninety-year-old former logger from Vermont who remembered the creatures the old timers simply called the Wild Men. A woman from Mississippi passing down her grandmother's encounter from the nineteen twenties. A retired park ranger from California who had spent forty years documenting things he could never put in an official report.But the witnesses were only half the story. Researchers started coming forward too — scientists and academics who had sacrificed careers and reputations to study something the mainstream refused to acknowledge. A primatologist who recognized authentic dermal ridges on a footprint cast. A geneticist with hair samples that matched no known species. An anthropologist who had collected indigenous oral histories from around the world and found an undeniable pattern running through all of them.Then came the most dangerous interview of all.A former military intelligence officer, speaking through an encrypted line, revealed the existence of government programs spanning six decades. Programs designed not just to suppress evidence, but to study these creatures — and exploit them. He couldn't say everything. He said enough.The tension ratcheted up from there. Physical confrontations on mountain roads.Men in dark suits offering deals and making threats. And a manila folder full of classified documents that blew the lid off everything — project names like Titan Watch, Forest Shadow, and Mind Bridge, detailing decades of monitoring, containment, and experimentation on captured creatures.Through all of it, Brian wrestled with the personal weight of the mission. Late night conversations with his mother, who carried her own encounters with the unexplainable. Quiet moments on the porch with Daniel.A faith that had evolved far beyond the Baptist church of his childhood into something broader and harder to name — a belief that the universe held mysteries worth chasing, no matter the cost.The final expedition into the Pisgah wilderness brought everything full circle. Days of waiting. Thermal signatures circling in the dark. Vocalizations echoing through old-growth timber. And on the last night, alone at the edge of camp under a full moon, a moment of silent recognition between two species that have shared this land far longer than anyone wants to admit.Part Nine is about what happens when the dam finally cracks. When the witnesses refuse to stay silent. When the researchers stop protecting their careers and start protecting the truth. And when one man, standing on a dark porch in the Appalachian Mountains, hears a chorus of howls rising from the forest and knows the world is about to change.Email BrianGet Our FREE NewsletterGet Brian's Books Leave Us A VoicemailVisit Our WebsiteBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/sasquatch-odyssey--4839697/support.Have you had a Bigfoot encounter, Sasquatch sighting, Dogman experience, or other cryptid or paranormal encounter? We'd love to hear your story. Email brian@paranormalworldproductions.com to be featured on a future episode of Sasquatch Odyssey.Sasquatch Odyssey is a leading Bigfoot and cryptid podcast exploring real encounters, field research, and scientific analysis of the Sasquatch phenomenon.Follow the show and turn on automatic downloads so you never miss an episode.