Podcasts about Drakensberg

This is episode 225, and the Griqua have trekked from Philippolis near modern day Kimberley, to the Maluti Mountains, a place called Nomansland. In March 1861 Faku Ka-Ngqungqushe of the amaMpondo had ceded the territory to the British, ostensibly so that Theopholis Shepstone could plant the refugees of the Zulu Civil War there, but that idea was scotched, and the Cape Governor gave the territory over to the Griqua. By the time the great Griqua migration reached what would become Griqualand East, others had already begun trickling into this remote and mesmerising landscape — a highland plateau that straddles the transition between KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, hemmed in by the southern Drakensberg. At over 1,600 metres above sea level, winters bite hard here when the frost laces the sandstone ridges, and the mornings arrive cloaked in icy mist. But come spring, the veld stirs with startling vigour: the ground blushes green, and indigenous flora such as Watsonia pillansii or Pillans watsonia, Dierama reynoldsii fairy bell or hairbell, and the fiery Kniphofia caulescens — the Drakensberg red-hot poker, thrust their blooms skyward. Aloes cling to rocky outcrops, and if you're lucky, you might glimpse the iridescent flash of a malachite sunbird, the Nectarinia famosa, feeding on nectar, or hear the distinct call of the ground woodpecker aka Geocolaptes olivaceus echoing from a sandstone cliff. After an arduous few weeks from their farms near Philippolis, Kok's people arrived at Ongeluk's Nek and you know if you've listened to the previous podcast why it was given this name. ON the way they had passed passed through part of land claimed by Basotho king Moshoehoe, around the Hangklip area — that's just south east of Zastron today. Then began the arduous process of clearing a road down the mountain starting at Ongeluks Nek. It was no child's play. Every morning, according to the annals, men set about with pick and crowbar, hammer and drills, powder and fuse to dig out a track down the mountainside. It took weeks for the track to be hacked from the rock, and the 2000 men, women and children, their dogs and livestock, managed to slide and roll down the side heading towards a small settlement about six kilometers north of where the town of Kokstad is today. The Griqua had finally, in their minds, arrived at their promised land. Here were rolling hills, the lower Maloti, sweet tasting river water, springs, green grass. In the ravines there were forests and the Griqua began to cut down these trees to build houses.The fledgling Griqualand state began to emerge, murderers were executed, criminals were tried and convicted and the Volksraad gathered every six months to discuss laws. This elementary form of democracy featured lengthy discussions and very little note-taking. A chief officer was elected, called a Kaptyn like the Khoekhoe leaders of old, and a privy council or executive council as it was also known was setup.

This is episode 225, and the Griqua have trekked from Philippolis near modern day Kimberley, to the Maluti Mountains, a place called Nomansland. In March 1861 Faku Ka-Ngqungqushe of the amaMpondo had ceded the territory to the British, ostensibly so that Theopholis Shepstone could plant the refugees of the Zulu Civil War there, but that idea was scotched, and the Cape Governor gave the territory over to the Griqua. By the time the great Griqua migration reached what would become Griqualand East, others had already begun trickling into this remote and mesmerising landscape — a highland plateau that straddles the transition between KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, hemmed in by the southern Drakensberg. At over 1,600 metres above sea level, winters bite hard here when the frost laces the sandstone ridges, and the mornings arrive cloaked in icy mist. But come spring, the veld stirs with startling vigour: the ground blushes green, and indigenous flora such as Watsonia pillansii or Pillans watsonia, Dierama reynoldsii fairy bell or hairbell, and the fiery Kniphofia caulescens — the Drakensberg red-hot poker, thrust their blooms skyward. Aloes cling to rocky outcrops, and if you're lucky, you might glimpse the iridescent flash of a malachite sunbird, the Nectarinia famosa, feeding on nectar, or hear the distinct call of the ground woodpecker aka Geocolaptes olivaceus echoing from a sandstone cliff. After an arduous few weeks from their farms near Philippolis, Kok's people arrived at Ongeluk's Nek and you know if you've listened to the previous podcast why it was given this name. ON the way they had passed passed through part of land claimed by Basotho king Moshoehoe, around the Hangklip area — that's just south east of Zastron today. Then began the arduous process of clearing a road down the mountain starting at Ongeluks Nek. It was no child's play. Every morning, according to the annals, men set about with pick and crowbar, hammer and drills, powder and fuse to dig out a track down the mountainside. It took weeks for the track to be hacked from the rock, and the 2000 men, women and children, their dogs and livestock, managed to slide and roll down the side heading towards a small settlement about six kilometers north of where the town of Kokstad is today. The Griqua had finally, in their minds, arrived at their promised land. Here were rolling hills, the lower Maloti, sweet tasting river water, springs, green grass. In the ravines there were forests and the Griqua began to cut down these trees to build houses.The fledgling Griqualand state began to emerge, murderers were executed, criminals were tried and convicted and the Volksraad gathered every six months to discuss laws. This elementary form of democracy featured lengthy discussions and very little note-taking. A chief officer was elected, called a Kaptyn like the Khoekhoe leaders of old, and a privy council or executive council as it was also known was setup.

This is episode 224 — the sound in the background is the weather - the other sound is the creaking of wagons as another great trek begins. We're going to trace the arc of Southern Africa's climate, beginning in the early 19th century, before turning to the decade under review — the 1860s — and following the path of the Griqua Great Trek into Nomansland. First let's get our heads around the cycles of drought and flood in southern Africa. The pernicious climate. As Professor Mike Meadows of UCT's Environmental Sciences Department observed back in 2002, South Africa's climate has long danced to an unpredictable rhythm — one marked by dramatic shifts in both rainfall and its timing. Precipitation follows a kind of cycle, yes, but one that keeps its own secrets. Some years bring bounty, others drought, and the line between the two is often sharp and sudden. The climate, in short, plays favourites with no one — and when it comes to rain, it can be maddeningly capricious. So while the calendar may promise a rainy season, it rarely tells us how generous the skies will be. The patterns are there — but the quantities? That's anyone's guess. South Africa, after all, is a land of dryness. Over 90 percent of its surface falls under what scientists call “affected drylands” — a polite term for places where water is scarce and the margins are thin. The rest? Even drier. Hyper-arid zones, where the land holds its breath and waits. And by the mid-19th century, much of this land was beginning to fray under the strain — overgrazed, overworked, slowly giving way to the long creep of degradation. South Africa's landscape is anything but simple. It's rugged, sculpted by time, with steep slopes and a dramatic stretch from the tropics to the temperate zone. But the story of our climate doesn't end on land. It's shaped by a swirling conversation between oceans and continents — a conversation held over centuries by systems with lyrical names: the Mozambique Channel Trough, the Mascarene High, the Southern Annular Mode, and the twin dipoles of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Then there's the heavyweight — the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO — which has long held sway over our rainfall and drought cycles. The dry was one of the motivations for another Great Trek about to take place. The Griqua's who'd been living in the transOrangia since the late 1700s began to question their position in the world. With the Boers now controlling the Free State, and Moshoeshoe powerful in Lesotho, it was time to assess their options. In 1861, the Griqua joined the list of mass migrations of the 19th Century. There had been the effect of the Mfecane, then the Voortrekkers, and now, the Griqua. Two thousand people left Philippolis to establish themselves in Nomansland, far to the east, past Moshoeshoe's land over the Drakensberg. The reason why historians like Cambridge's Robert Ross call it spectacular was the road that the Griqua cut for themselves across the high ridges of the mountains, a remarkable feat of engineering for the time.

This is episode 224 — the sound in the background is the weather - the other sound is the creaking of wagons as another great trek begins. We're going to trace the arc of Southern Africa's climate, beginning in the early 19th century, before turning to the decade under review — the 1860s — and following the path of the Griqua Great Trek into Nomansland. First let's get our heads around the cycles of drought and flood in southern Africa. The pernicious climate. As Professor Mike Meadows of UCT's Environmental Sciences Department observed back in 2002, South Africa's climate has long danced to an unpredictable rhythm — one marked by dramatic shifts in both rainfall and its timing. Precipitation follows a kind of cycle, yes, but one that keeps its own secrets. Some years bring bounty, others drought, and the line between the two is often sharp and sudden. The climate, in short, plays favourites with no one — and when it comes to rain, it can be maddeningly capricious. So while the calendar may promise a rainy season, it rarely tells us how generous the skies will be. The patterns are there — but the quantities? That's anyone's guess. South Africa, after all, is a land of dryness. Over 90 percent of its surface falls under what scientists call “affected drylands” — a polite term for places where water is scarce and the margins are thin. The rest? Even drier. Hyper-arid zones, where the land holds its breath and waits. And by the mid-19th century, much of this land was beginning to fray under the strain — overgrazed, overworked, slowly giving way to the long creep of degradation. South Africa's landscape is anything but simple. It's rugged, sculpted by time, with steep slopes and a dramatic stretch from the tropics to the temperate zone. But the story of our climate doesn't end on land. It's shaped by a swirling conversation between oceans and continents — a conversation held over centuries by systems with lyrical names: the Mozambique Channel Trough, the Mascarene High, the Southern Annular Mode, and the twin dipoles of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Then there's the heavyweight — the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO — which has long held sway over our rainfall and drought cycles. The dry was one of the motivations for another Great Trek about to take place. The Griqua's who'd been living in the transOrangia since the late 1700s began to question their position in the world. With the Boers now controlling the Free State, and Moshoeshoe powerful in Lesotho, it was time to assess their options. In 1861, the Griqua joined the list of mass migrations of the 19th Century. There had been the effect of the Mfecane, then the Voortrekkers, and now, the Griqua. Two thousand people left Philippolis to establish themselves in Nomansland, far to the east, past Moshoeshoe's land over the Drakensberg. The reason why historians like Cambridge's Robert Ross call it spectacular was the road that the Griqua cut for themselves across the high ridges of the mountains, a remarkable feat of engineering for the time.

Discover the magic of the Drakensberg! Africa Melane chats with Bryon vander Riet from Cathedral Peak Hotel.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

John Maytham spoke to Hendrik Bekker, Executive Head of the Drakensberg Boys Choir School, about the school's aggressive recruitment drive in response to post-COVID enrollment challenges. They discussed the impact of declining student numbers on the school's financial stability and the innovative strategies being implemented to attract new talent, including the introduction of a foundation phase for girls. Hendrik emphasized the school's commitment to holistic education through music and the importance of community support to sustain this esteemed institution.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The South African Weather Service says light snow can be expected over the Drakensberg this coming weekend. The expected snowfall will follow a similar trend, starting in the Western Cape early on Sunday morning spreading eastward towards KwaZulu-Natal by Monday morning. The snowfall is expected to clear up in the Western Cape and western parts of the Eastern Cape by Monday evening however it will persist on Tuesday over the eastern parts of Eastern Cape and southern KwaZulu-Natal. Bongiwe Zwane spoke to SABC meteorologist, Joel Guy Chabata...

Huldeblyke stroom in vir die ontslape veteraan-parlementariër, Koos van der Merwe. Hulpverlening en reddingspogings is gister by van Reenenspas in die Drakensberg voortgesit. Die DNS van mense wat tienduisend jaar gelede in die George-omgewing gewoon het, word uitgepluis.

Embark on a thrilling journey through the mystical Drakensberg mountains as I navigate the dense forests and rugged hills in search of cannibals and skinwalkers. Join me in this spine-chilling adventure where ancient legends come to life amidst breathtaking landscapes. Are the tales true? Watch and find out!

The Drakensberg Boys Choir Ushukela Vibes concerts are taking place at the iZulu Theatre at Sibaya tonight. They join us in studio for a riveting chat. Webpage

Shaun Vorster is the Chair of the Drakensberg Landowners'Association and joins Africa to speak on the new addition to the Drakensberg Nature Reserve.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Send us a Text Message.Inspiring Adventurous Lives and Supporting Worthy Causes with Cathy O'DowdIn this episode, Cathy shares her 'Call to Adventure' by encouraging listeners to explore indoor rock climbing and to experience outdoor climbing for those already familiar with the sport. Additionally, she highlights a cause close to her heart, the Ruins Ori Women for Health project, which provides essential medical outreach in the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda. This initiative, supported by the Friends of Kagando , demonstrates how small contributions can make a significant impact on remote communities.Please Visit Friends of KagandoSupport the Show.Thanks For Listening.If you enjoyed this episode, please leave a comment and subscribe for more exciting content. Follow us https://linktr.ee/adventurediaries for updates. Have a topic suggestion? Email us at ideas@adventurediaries.com. AdventureDiaries.com#AdventureDiaries #AdventureStories #NationalGeographic #Discovery #NaturalWorld

Send us a Text Message.In Adventure Diaries Season 2 Episode 4 with your host Chris Watson, we discuss the extraordinary life and adventures of Cathy O'Dowd. As a South African mountaineer, rock climber, and the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides, Cathy's journey is both inspiring and harrowing.From the flat plains of Johannesburg to the icy heights of the Himalayas, Cathy's story is filled with triumphs and tragedies. She recalls the harrowing experience of a storm on Everest in 1996, where a member of her team was tragically lost, highlighting the mental and physical challenges of mountaineering. "The static on the radio is desperately loud. You're barely hearing like one word in three through this gobbledy," Cathy recounts, capturing the chaos and danger faced by climbers.Cathy's adventures began with a summer camp in the Drakensberg, sparking a lifelong passion for climbing. She shares how she moved from local rock climbing to tackling some of the world's most challenging peaks. "I found rock climbing and it's not competitive. You don't have to win or lose. It's deeply personal. It's puzzle solving," Cathy explains, emphasizing the unique mental and physical aspects of climbing.Despite the inherent risks, Cathy has a philosophical approach to failure. She believes in "failing successfully," an idea that has shaped her resilience and determination. "On a big expedition, you can't escape failure. You don't get to the top, the media, the sponsors, they call it failure. But as a climber, there are two goals. Get to the top, come home alive," she notes, reflecting on the importance of survival and safety over summiting.This episode also delves into Cathy's broader impact on the mountaineering community, especially for women. She shares her views on the evolution of climbing and the increasing involvement of women in the sport. "More and more women are being able to say, I can do this. And they don't have to be the cool girl anymore. You don't have to go into the male culture. You can be out there with your girlfriends in your raging pink climbing vortex and doing cutting edge stuff," Cathy states, celebrating the diversity and inclusivity in modern mountaineering.Cathy's story is not just about climbing mountains but also about breaking barriers and inspiring others. Join us for an enthralling conversation with Cathy O'Dowd, a true adventurer who continues to push the limits and inspire others through her motivational speaking and personal experiences.Support the Show.Thanks For Listening.If you enjoyed this episode, please leave a comment and subscribe for more exciting content. Follow us https://linktr.ee/adventurediaries for updates. Have a topic suggestion? Email us at ideas@adventurediaries.com. AdventureDiaries.com#AdventureDiaries #AdventureStories #NationalGeographic #Discovery #NaturalWorld

Speaking with Bongani Bingwa is Dave Cato, Executive Head of the Drakensberg Boys Choir School, which is participating in Music in the City 2024 from May 30 to June 2, 2024, on the Nelson Mandela Stage at the Johannesburg Theatre. The internationally acclaimed group's music will be included in a presentation that promises to be a world-class experience.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Die Drakensberg Seunskoor verkies Suid-Afrika.

This is episode 172 and we're galloping back to cover the effect of the Boers 33 Articles, approved by the Volksraad on April 9th 1844, and thus installing the little Republic of Potchefstroom. Some of the articles and the fledgling laws and rules were going to crop up throughout the history of South Africa, all the way through to the time of apartheid, and even to the present. If you recall, the Natal Boers and the Vaal Boers had been in dispute — largely because of the difference of opinion between their two leaders, Hendrick Potgieter on the highveld, and Andries Pretorius who had been based in Natal. With the British declaring sovereignty over Natal, many Voortrekkers upped and offed, trekking back over the Drakensberg back to the transOrangia region, and up along the Vaal, while some ended up further north. So we're going to take a look at this period. In 1849 there was a temporary union between the communities north of the Vaal, who adopted what amounted to the basis of what was to become the Transvaal Constitution. This constitution continued until the foundation of the South African Republic — which was only repealed in 1901 when its provisions ceased to be applicable. That is except for the application of the Roman-Dutch system of law. The thing to keep in mind was that the 33 Articles cannot be regarded as a formal constitution. For a start, there was no definition of various authorities in the State, and most of the 33 Articles were concerned with the procedure in the Courts. When it came to matters of Government, even the most elementary kind, the Articles were silent. Each emergency that arose subsequent to it's ratification in 1844 led to a rewriting of the Articles to cover for the gaps in how to manage the state. Even the Volksraad was referred to in the vaguest terms possible. Often when disputes arose, another constitution, that of the Winburg Boers, regulated the Articles. Another character we've met pops up again. Johan Arnold Smellekamp - a citizen of the Netherlands. If you remember a previous podcast, he'd popped up in Natal and told the Volksraad in Pietermaritzburg that the Dutch Royal family was taking an active interest in the Voortrekkers. He'd stretched the truth to say the least, and had many members of the Volksraad convinced that if they fought the English for Natal, the Dutch would come to their aid. Holland did not. King William II rejected the proposed connection between the Netherlands and the Voortrekkers of Natal and before the year was out he apologised to White Hall for the affray caused by Smellekamp and his activities. That didn't stop the self-aggrindising Smellekamp, who returned to Natal in 1843 but was refused entry into Port Natal by the British. So he headed to Delagoa Bay instead, and after the creation of the 33 Articles in 1844 and the declaration of independence by the Potch Winburg republic by Hendrick Potgieter, Smellekamp popped up once again, riding into Potch that Winter. This is where things get really interesting. Partly owing to Smellekamp's persuation, and partly driven by his own obsessions, Potgieter made the fateful decision to organise a new trek at the end of 1844, heading towards Delagoa Bay. After a few weeks they arrived at a site they called Blyde River. Happy River. Potgieter believed that this site was only three days ride from the sea. He was wrong. They setup a new settlement and promptly named it Andries-Ohrigstad. When Potgieter's wagons rolled onto the hills of Ohrigstad of course, they were not empty of people — and this is again where the story gets more interesting — the plot thickens to a consistency of treacle. Because the people he met there were the baPedi, who'd been forced out of their ancestral land by the amaNdebele of Mzilikazi two decades earlier. Take a look at a map and the location of iSWatini. By now it was being ruled by a very young King Mswati the First.

This is episode 172 and we're galloping back to cover the effect of the Boers 33 Articles, approved by the Volksraad on April 9th 1844, and thus installing the little Republic of Potchefstroom. Some of the articles and the fledgling laws and rules were going to crop up throughout the history of South Africa, all the way through to the time of apartheid, and even to the present. If you recall, the Natal Boers and the Vaal Boers had been in dispute — largely because of the difference of opinion between their two leaders, Hendrick Potgieter on the highveld, and Andries Pretorius who had been based in Natal. With the British declaring sovereignty over Natal, many Voortrekkers upped and offed, trekking back over the Drakensberg back to the transOrangia region, and up along the Vaal, while some ended up further north. So we're going to take a look at this period. In 1849 there was a temporary union between the communities north of the Vaal, who adopted what amounted to the basis of what was to become the Transvaal Constitution. This constitution continued until the foundation of the South African Republic — which was only repealed in 1901 when its provisions ceased to be applicable. That is except for the application of the Roman-Dutch system of law. The thing to keep in mind was that the 33 Articles cannot be regarded as a formal constitution. For a start, there was no definition of various authorities in the State, and most of the 33 Articles were concerned with the procedure in the Courts. When it came to matters of Government, even the most elementary kind, the Articles were silent. Each emergency that arose subsequent to it's ratification in 1844 led to a rewriting of the Articles to cover for the gaps in how to manage the state. Even the Volksraad was referred to in the vaguest terms possible. Often when disputes arose, another constitution, that of the Winburg Boers, regulated the Articles. Another character we've met pops up again. Johan Arnold Smellekamp - a citizen of the Netherlands. If you remember a previous podcast, he'd popped up in Natal and told the Volksraad in Pietermaritzburg that the Dutch Royal family was taking an active interest in the Voortrekkers. He'd stretched the truth to say the least, and had many members of the Volksraad convinced that if they fought the English for Natal, the Dutch would come to their aid. Holland did not. King William II rejected the proposed connection between the Netherlands and the Voortrekkers of Natal and before the year was out he apologised to White Hall for the affray caused by Smellekamp and his activities. That didn't stop the self-aggrindising Smellekamp, who returned to Natal in 1843 but was refused entry into Port Natal by the British. So he headed to Delagoa Bay instead, and after the creation of the 33 Articles in 1844 and the declaration of independence by the Potch Winburg republic by Hendrick Potgieter, Smellekamp popped up once again, riding into Potch that Winter. This is where things get really interesting. Partly owing to Smellekamp's persuation, and partly driven by his own obsessions, Potgieter made the fateful decision to organise a new trek at the end of 1844, heading towards Delagoa Bay. After a few weeks they arrived at a site they called Blyde River. Happy River. Potgieter believed that this site was only three days ride from the sea. He was wrong. They setup a new settlement and promptly named it Andries-Ohrigstad. When Potgieter's wagons rolled onto the hills of Ohrigstad of course, they were not empty of people — and this is again where the story gets more interesting — the plot thickens to a consistency of treacle. Because the people he met there were the baPedi, who'd been forced out of their ancestral land by the amaNdebele of Mzilikazi two decades earlier. Take a look at a map and the location of iSWatini. By now it was being ruled by a very young King Mswati the First.

Tracklisting: A special live recording from Cathedral Peak, Drakensberg, ZA.

Tracklisting: A special live recording from Cathedral Peak, Drakensberg, ZA.

This is episode 159. If we take out a map of south Africa and reconsider the regions, it will become quite apparent that the main demarcation is geographical, geological, the main points of reference are the rivers and the mountains, the desert and semi-desert, the good soils and the bad. Take a look at a map of the region to the south west of the Drakensberg, for its this area way down to the Orange River and extending towards the Kalahari and the Richtersveld that we're going to focus on in this episode. There is a direct correlation between the British seizing Natal from the Boers, and the effect on the Basotho, the Griqua, the baTlokwa amongst others. The Voortrekkers who refused to take an oath of allegiance to the British Queen Victoria trekked back up over the Drakensberg. And it was the vast majority. Some of these would head north, some south west. Most headed back south were not going to where they began, the Cape Colony, but to try and negotiate or seize land between the Cape and Natal. This was not empty land and I'm going to explain what happened after 1843, after the English flag began to flutter from the Fort in Durban. Slow as wagon travel was, the speed with which the Boers had spread themselves across so much of southern Africa in such a short time had taken everyone by surprise - it had taken six years. The Cape Governors were totally unprepared for this migration. Their narrative had been that these Europeans would find inland Africa far too unforgiving and then return to the Cape where they'd settle down and pay their taxes. When they left in the late 1830s, Cape Governor Sir Benjamin D'urban was anxious, his successor Sir George Napier was even more so. The Boers trundled into the interior and directly into the seething hinterland, shattered as it had been by Mzilikazi, Shaka, the BaTlokwa, and of course, the Griqua and Bastard raiders who travelled like Boers, on horses, with hats and guns. It's hard for many to fathom these days in the 21st Century, post-apartheid, in a land so riven by what seems to be race-based antagonisms, that back in 1843 by far the most caustic, acrimonious, begrudging and irreconcilable emotions were those felt by the Boers against the British. Their anti-British sentiments were fixed although on an individual basis, the two people seemed to get along. When deserting British soldiers appeared in their midst, Boer mothers and fathers were not averse to their daughters marrying these men. The Boers began to concentrate on the high Veld and across the orange, but for many, the crucial state was Natal. They had gained bloody victories over the amaZulu here, Blood River was their covenant, a lasting affirmation of God's great plan for the Boers, part of their Exodus narrative, his support of them in smiting the Philistines, the heathens, their dark enemies. Jan Mocke was one of these men on the extreme edge of this sentiment. What had emerged to startle the British, was the power of the voices of Boer Women. They had seen the resistance of their husbands weakening, they'd heard the disparate arguments, the egos where their men had come to blows after a couple of brandies, and told British offiicals to their faces that they'd walk out of Natal Barefoot across the Drakensberg if necessary to die in freedom. As Noel Mostert points out, the Boer women, like amaXhosa women who'd also been busy stiffening their men's spines, were force that could never be ignored. They were active, demanding and the handmaidens to their history.

Brad Graff & Sam Sliman share advice on the Drakensberg Traverse in South Africa. We discuss some worthy backpacking trips for 2024 and beyond. 00:00 Drakensberg Traverse Advice 06:40 Candidates for the next trek The Most Extreme Backpacking, the Julian Alps in Slovenia   More info To leave an anonymous voicemail that I could use on the podcast, go to SpeakPipe.com/FTapon You can post comments, ask questions, and sign up for my newsletter at http://wanderlearn.com. If you like this podcast, subscribe and share!  On social media, my username is always FTapon. Connect with me on: Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr My Patrons sponsored this show! Claim your monthly reward by becoming a patron at http://Patreon.com/FTapon Rewards start at just $2/month! Affiliate links Start your podcast with my company, Podbean, and get one month free! In the USA, I recommend trading crypto with Kraken.  Outside the USA, trade crypto with Binance and get 5% off your trading fees! For backpacking gear, buy from Gossamer Gear.

Brad Graff & Sam Sliman return to the WanderLearn Show to report how their 5-day adventure on South Africa's Drakensberg Traverse went. The short answer: it was a wet, sloppy, cold mess! Watch the Video to get the long answer! More info To leave an anonymous voicemail that I could use on the podcast, go to SpeakPipe.com/FTapon You can post comments, ask questions, and sign up for my newsletter at http://wanderlearn.com. If you like this podcast, subscribe and share!  On social media, my username is always FTapon. Connect with me on: Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr My Patrons sponsored this show! Claim your monthly reward by becoming a patron at http://Patreon.com/FTapon Rewards start at just $2/month! Affiliate links Start your podcast with my company, Podbean, and get one month free! In the USA, I recommend trading crypto with Kraken.  Outside the USA, trade crypto with Binance and get 5% off your trading fees! For backpacking gear, buy from Gossamer Gear.

Tourism, businesses, jobs, and livelihoods are under threat in the Drakensberg region where bad roads and unrepaired infrastructure have made travel perilous. In this interview with BizNews, Megan Bedingham of the Cavern, a popular ‘Berg resort, says occupancies in December last year (2023) in the Midlands and the Drakensberg area dropped to 56%. She identifies the dire state of infrastructure as the “greatest threat”, with more and more potholes, washed out culverts and subsided roads. She details the intensive lobbying to government for help, and describes how the community has to do the smaller jobs themselves while the Department of Transport doesn't seem to have the capacity to roll out all the jobs that they have promised to do.

This is episode 152, we're going to dig into a story that is not often told — the amaTola San raiders of the Drakensberg. They emerged by the end of the third decade of the 19th Century as a result of a mish-mash of forces at play on the veld. And what a remarkable story this is so hold onto your horses! Literally as it would appear. What has been re-discovered recently is the identification of a plethora of mounted frontier raiding groups and how these had impacted the interior of Southern Africa, and in particular, the mountains north-east of the Cape Colony. Certain frontier raiding groups often referred to simply as ‘Bushmen' were really comprised of members from many formerly distinct ethnicities, and included the progeny from subsequent inter-marriage. Cultural and ethnic mixing, the advent of the horse, the increased access to guns and ammunition, and the need for identity to adapt to these changes, resulted in a volatile mix indeed. There were freed slaves, Khoesan, San, and English soldiers who'd gone AWOL, as well as descendants of former VOC soldiers who were Swedish, German, Swiss, and Dutch. There's a correlation here with the American Frontier experience, where men and sometimes women, armed with muskets, bows, and spears, wearing feathered headgear or wide-brimmed trekboer hats and riding horses, raided their neighbours for cattle and horses or exchanged these valuable resources for corn, tobacco, dogs and alcohol, much like other nineteenth century frontiers. There the roaming bandits were the Jumanos, the Lakota, the Metis, all became seminal in the B-grade Western movies of the 1950s. South Africa's bandits and raiders were arraigned across a large area, but perhaps the most interesting were those living in the amaTola mountains, a mixture of people who were on the fringes of society. Because horses were only introduced to the Drakensberg in the 1830s and production of hunter-gatherer rock art in that region had almost entirely ceased by the 1880s, horse paintings are comparatively tightly pinpointed in time, unlike virtually all other categories of images in southern African rock art. San paintings of this time reveal quite an astonishing fact, these people had a mixed material culture, the paintings who San and others who were not San working together, carrying firearms, riding horses with their dogs running alongside, carrying spears and bows, and importantly, dancing their trance dances. The area I'm addressing lies between the Mzimvubu River and the Tina River, across the central Drakensburg in other words, across both sides of the escarpment, stretching from Giants Castle in modern Kwa-Zulu Natal to Mount Fletcher in the Eastern Cape and Matsaile inside Lesotho. Glancing at a map, and tracing folks living in this area in 1840 you'd find the Voortrekkers arraigned inland from Port Natal, around Pietermaritzburg, and up to the headwaters of the Umgeni, the Mooi River and Bushman's River just below Giant's Castle. From here the San Raiders controlled the landscape, along the ridges of the Drakensberg south westerly to Mount Fletcher, in the slopes above the Senqu River or the headwaters of the Orange Riverif you prefer. This overlooked where the Bhaca lived, south east of them, the amaMpondo, further south the Mpondomise, then further the amaThembu, to their east and south the amaXhosa could be found and to their south, the English settlers in Albany. I hope you can feel the proximity of these amaTola raiders because everyone in these areas were somewhat fearful of the gangs of men on horses. The San raiders were based in that mountain redoubt between Giant's Castle and Mount Fletcher and they were surrounded by enemies but also prospective allies. This mountain redoubt was getting a bad name, and soon would be identified on maps from the 1840s onwards as nomansland.

This is episode 152, we're going to dig into a story that is not often told — the amaTola San raiders of the Drakensberg. They emerged by the end of the third decade of the 19th Century as a result of a mish-mash of forces at play on the veld. And what a remarkable story this is so hold onto your horses! Literally as it would appear. What has been re-discovered recently is the identification of a plethora of mounted frontier raiding groups and how these had impacted the interior of Southern Africa, and in particular, the mountains north-east of the Cape Colony. Certain frontier raiding groups often referred to simply as ‘Bushmen' were really comprised of members from many formerly distinct ethnicities, and included the progeny from subsequent inter-marriage. Cultural and ethnic mixing, the advent of the horse, the increased access to guns and ammunition, and the need for identity to adapt to these changes, resulted in a volatile mix indeed. There were freed slaves, Khoesan, San, and English soldiers who'd gone AWOL, as well as descendants of former VOC soldiers who were Swedish, German, Swiss, and Dutch. There's a correlation here with the American Frontier experience, where men and sometimes women, armed with muskets, bows, and spears, wearing feathered headgear or wide-brimmed trekboer hats and riding horses, raided their neighbours for cattle and horses or exchanged these valuable resources for corn, tobacco, dogs and alcohol, much like other nineteenth century frontiers. There the roaming bandits were the Jumanos, the Lakota, the Metis, all became seminal in the B-grade Western movies of the 1950s. South Africa's bandits and raiders were arraigned across a large area, but perhaps the most interesting were those living in the amaTola mountains, a mixture of people who were on the fringes of society. Because horses were only introduced to the Drakensberg in the 1830s and production of hunter-gatherer rock art in that region had almost entirely ceased by the 1880s, horse paintings are comparatively tightly pinpointed in time, unlike virtually all other categories of images in southern African rock art. San paintings of this time reveal quite an astonishing fact, these people had a mixed material culture, the paintings who San and others who were not San working together, carrying firearms, riding horses with their dogs running alongside, carrying spears and bows, and importantly, dancing their trance dances. The area I'm addressing lies between the Mzimvubu River and the Tina River, across the central Drakensburg in other words, across both sides of the escarpment, stretching from Giants Castle in modern Kwa-Zulu Natal to Mount Fletcher in the Eastern Cape and Matsaile inside Lesotho. Glancing at a map, and tracing folks living in this area in 1840 you'd find the Voortrekkers arraigned inland from Port Natal, around Pietermaritzburg, and up to the headwaters of the Umgeni, the Mooi River and Bushman's River just below Giant's Castle. From here the San Raiders controlled the landscape, along the ridges of the Drakensberg south westerly to Mount Fletcher, in the slopes above the Senqu River or the headwaters of the Orange Riverif you prefer. This overlooked where the Bhaca lived, south east of them, the amaMpondo, further south the Mpondomise, then further the amaThembu, to their east and south the amaXhosa could be found and to their south, the English settlers in Albany. I hope you can feel the proximity of these amaTola raiders because everyone in these areas were somewhat fearful of the gangs of men on horses. The San raiders were based in that mountain redoubt between Giant's Castle and Mount Fletcher and they were surrounded by enemies but also prospective allies. This mountain redoubt was getting a bad name, and soon would be identified on maps from the 1840s onwards as nomansland.

I greet you in Jesus' precious name! It is Thursday morning, the 21st of December, 2023, and this is your friend, Angus Buchan, with a thought for today. We start with Hebrews 13:8:"Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever."Isn't that so reassuring? In a time when things are so uncertain, Jesus never changes. Then we go to Philippians 1:21, Paul says:"For to me, to live is Christ, and to die is gain."We always say: "You can't frighten a Christian with Heaven!" Can you? If we live, we live for Christ, and if we die, we go home to be with Him in heaven forever. Jesus tells us clearly in Luke 12:29 not to worry and not to be anxious. The very thing that we are worried about may never happen anyway. Carpe Diem - It's one of the few Latin sayings I know. It means to make the most of the present time. Start to enjoy the life God is giving you. Stop worrying about something that may never happen.I remember reading a story about a man who was told by a doctor that he had a heart problem and that he would die within the next 12 months or so. So he thought to himself, I've got nothing to lose, I'm going to die anyway - He loved climbing mountains. He came out to South Africa and started climbing the peaks of the mighty Drakensberg mountains. I think he even conquered a few of them. He lived to be over 80 years old! We need to make the most of the present time. We need to capitalise on what God has given us. Jesus says in Matthew 6:33:"But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you."Today, have a day of enjoyment. Enjoy your day, your family, and your situation because maybe tomorrow Jesus will come, and then there'll be no more problems. God bless you and have a wonderful day. Goodbye.

Apartado de la costa e incrustado en territorio sudafricano, el reino de Lesoto se alza como un montañoso mundo aparte. Sus habitantes, los basotho, lucen con orgullo una lengua y tradiciones salvadas del rodillo colonizador del siglo XIX. La presencia británica no borró la esencia de esta etnia bantú que sobrevive en una nación abrupta, excepcionalmente hermosa, pero aquejada de graves problemas. La inseguridad alimentaria, la incidencia del sida y la tuberculosis, las dificultades de acceso a la sanidad y la educación en el medio rural, son realidades que tratan de mejorar trabajadores humanitarios como Borja Miguélez. Con su ayuda, con la experiencia acumulada en los seis años que vivió en el país trabajando para la FAO, recorremos algunos de los distritos que conforman este estado del tamaño de Bélgica. Nos detenemos en paisajes, aldeas, incluso en las pinturas rupestres que abundan por las montañas; ecos de un pasado que Borja ha recogido en el libro 'Los ojos de la piedra' (SD Edicions). Nuestro recorrido parte de la capital, Maseru, y discurre en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj: Morija, Malealea, Semongkong y las reservas naturales. No podemos perdernos el parque nacional Sehlabathebe, declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad como extensión de los montes Drakensberg sudafricanos. También subimos hasta los pantanos del centro de Lesoto, como la presa de Katse, ubicada junto a la reserva Bokong; la visitamos en compañía de Bettina Ramírez, antigua residente y cooperante de Unicef. Además contamos con Benjamin Davis, economista agrícola de Naciones Unidas, y dos médicos que pasaron varios años en Lesoto: María Eugenia León y Daniel Puga. Con ellos conocemos también Afriski, una desconcertante estación invernal en plena cordillera de las Maloti. Por último, el antiguo director de la Alianza Francesa de Maseru, Rémi Béghin, nos invita a subir a Thaba Bosiu, la montaña fundacional del país, que guarda el recuerdo del carismático rey Moshoeshoe y tiene mucho que ver con el tradicional sombrero mokorotlo.Escuchar audio

In this episode we had an insightful discussion with Kelly Shepherd about her struggles with an eating disorder, how she got into running, her wins and podiums in ultra and her recent self supported adventure hiking 280km through the Drakensberg!

Guest: Energy analyst Professor Anton Eberhard joins John to discuss the reality that he described at the Kgalema Motlanthe Foundation's Inclusive Growth Forum in the Drakensberg on Saturday on energy security and the energy transition.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This is episode 142. It would be remiss of me not to say Congratulations Bokke on a gritty win over the All Blacks to become world champions for a record fourth time. With that said, picture the scene. We are standing on the western slopes of the Drakensberg, looking out across the Caledon Valley. The rivers we see here flow westward, into the Atlantic Ocean. Far to the south east lie the villages of the amaThembu on the slopes of the mountains that are now part of the Transkei. This is a follow up episode of a sort from episode 141, because last week we spoke about the Orange River, and the Caledon River is a tributary of the Orange. It rises in the Drakensberg, on the Lesotho–South Africa border, and flows generally southwest, forming most of the boundary between Lesotho and Free State province. The Caledon flows through southeastern Free State to join the Orange River near Bethulie after a course of 480 km. Its valley has one of the greatest temperature ranges in South Africa and is an excellent place to grow maize or other grains. But in April 1835 Moshoeshoe was eyeing the equally verdant land to his south, amaThembu land and led a powerful and large expedition of more than 700 men along with a hundred pack-oxen loaded with food south easterly over the Maloti mountains towards these people. At first his raid went according to plan, he seized a rich booty of cattle. The amaThembu were also facing raids from the other direction, the British who were conducting their Sixth Frontier War so they were in a rather invidious position. Moshoeshoe was blooding his sons Letsie and Molapo in battle. They had become restless back at his Morija headquarters and their frustration grew when Moshoeshoe denied them permission to attack the Kora who'd setup camp nearby. As the Basotho withdrew after the raid, they were ambushed by the amaThembu and lost most of their livestock. Worse, Moshoeshoe's brother Makhabane was killed and he suffered heavy casualties. Moshoeshoe would never again send another full-scale expedition into amaXhosa or amaThembu territory. This change of strategy was fully supported by the missionaries who had begun living with Moshoeshoe's people. What followed would be a remarkable partnership which is still hotly debated today and the interests of the missionaries would be further expanded or extended by the interests of the Basotho leader. Another interesting change was taking place for the people of this mountain territory, driven by missionaries both the French and the English. This is because the religion of the 19th-century Sotho speakers was defined chiefly by its outward manifestation, the signs on the land, the animals, things going on that you can hear, smell, touch, see. Religion, as the Sotho term ‘borapeli' illustrates, was what people did and not what they believed. This is a fundamental foundational difference that stymied the first missionaries at first. The translation of molimo as God inaugurated a new era where there was a fixation on linear progression in an age of evolutionary thinking, where Protestantism was the theology. How did Molimo interlink with Tlatla-Mochilo? For the missionaries, this was an immense philosophical wrestling match. This is where Tsapi, a man described as Moshoeshoe's advisor and diviner re-enters our story for a moment. Thanks to one of my listeners who is a descendent of Tsapi by the name of Seanaphoka for providing some more background. Tsapi was actually the first son of the Bafokeng Tribal Chief Seephephe. Tsapi had a sister called Mabela, who was Moshoeshoe's first wife and as Queen Consort she took the name MmaMohato. Tsapi became Advisor and Senior Council member of Moshoeshoe.

Ten thousand Zulu warriors had appeared at GatsLaager, the headquarters of the Voortrekkers under the brow of the Drakensberg, sent by Dingana and led by Ndlela kaSompiti. In South African history and general memory there are major confrontations which are part of modern consciousness. These would be things like the Zulu defeat of the British at Isandlhwana, the Anglo Boer War, and in the 20th Century, the Border Wars, and the ANC and PAC struggles against Apartheid. However, this battle of Gatslaager — the laager that would be renamed Vegslaaier or fighting laager, is one of the most important that has been forgotten in the annals of time. So it was ten am and swarming down from the hills to the east of the Gatslaager were the experienced and mostly married warriors, the creme de la creme, the most feared. The laager was protected on the east side by the Bushman's River which was flooding, and if you glanced at a map, the laager was south west of where the town of Escourt is today. Ndlela then issued the command to halt, and the Amabutho stopped well out of range of the Voortrekkers Sannas on open ground to the north and west. He formed his troops up in their classic three tiers, the chest and two horns, taking his time. Inside the laager, Erasmus Smit the predikant and the Volk fell on their knees and prayed. “May he grant us the victory, if we have to fight … strengthen our hearts…” Seventy five Voortrekker men, and a handful of the more hardy women and boys, were now facing the full might of the Zulu army, an army of 10 000. It seemed a hopeless cause. But there were a few things in the Voortrekker's favour. The flooding Bushman's River for one. Another was the approaches had been setup so the Amabutho had no place to take cover as they assaulted the wagons. The Boers also had a canon. Meanwhile, Far far away to the north, Mzilikazi Khumalo of the amaNdebele had turned into a violent refugee after being defeated by a force of Boers, Griqua and Barolong in November 1837 at eGabeni. Mzilikazi himself had escaped the attackers by pure chance, he'd gone north in the face of threats by Bapedi-Balaka ruler, Mapela. It wasn't just the Boers and the Griqua, the Barolong, the Bakwena, and the baTlokwa who were raiding in the highveld and down in what now is modern day Botswana. The amaNdebele had a violent relationship with Batswana.

It's been a harrowing few months in southern Africa back in 1838. All manner of change has rolled in across the veld, there are worlds colliding, roiling, like thunderclouds, seething and churning. And almost allegorical, because lightning from real storms had already killed Boer horses and Zulu warriors in separate incidents as they fought each other. When the settlers in the Cape heard about Piet Retief's fate followed shortly afterwards by news of the massacres of hundreds of Voortrekkers along the Bloukrans, Bushmans Rivers, many nodded knowingly. The stories of the AmaZulu military prowess had circulated for decades, Shaka first, then Dingana. Many of the Cape citizens had feared for the Voortrekkers, and now their fate seemed to be sealed. The Capenaars said the Voortrekkers had been warned but thought of themselves as immune, protected by God, deterministically predisposed to rule supreme over their fellow black man. Weenen had sent shock waves of existentialism through the Voortrekker consciousness. An immense year, this, 1838 —. Queen Victoria of Britain was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London - and Dingana had referred to the new Queen in his comments to the missionaries before he killed Retief. Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse made the first successful demonstration of the electric telegraph in front of the world - and Morse code was launched which is still in use today. It's April 1838 and in United Kingdom, the principle of the People's Charter was drawn up, a charter which called for universal suffrage, for the right of women to vote. It would be a century before that happened of course. Meanwhile, as these technical and social innovations were being cooked up, at Doornkop and Modderlaager, below the brooding Drakensberg, the Voortrekkers were aching for revenge. By now Andries Potgieter had arrived with his posse, joining Piet Uys and his smaller group, and they had contacted the English traders in Durban with a view to conduct a co-ordinated attack on Dingane along two fronts. Ultimately it was decided that the Boers should move out on April 5th and 347 men were to ride in two divisions, with division a symbolic description of this force. They were quite divided and were not going to act in concert in the coming commando which was eventually nicknamed "Die Vlugkommando" for all the wrong reasons.

Two of your favourite voices have teamed up to make your drive home better than ever before. Stacey & J Sbu have levelled up and are bringing you some fire content, edgy topics and world class radio listening.

As you heard, Piet Retief and 100 Boers and Khoesan agterryes had been killed by Dingana on the 6th February 1838. Missionary Owen watched the killings through his telescope until he couldn't take it any more and collapsed in shock. The Zulu king was not done, he'd ordered his amabutho warriors to seek and destroy the Voortrekkers who'd camped along the rivers below the Drakensberg where they'd arrived in large numbers expecting Retief's negotiations to have ended well. Retief had thought so too, particularly after he'd returned Dingana's cattle rustled by Sekhonyela of the baTlokwa. About a thousand wagons had descended the passes, and the Zulu were determined the Voortrekkers were not going to remain on the land they'd invaded. The vultures, wild dogs, and hyenas, jackals began to feed on the bodies strewn about kwaMatiwane near emGungungdlovu where Retief's men had met their grisly end, while Owen and his family trembled with fear nearby. Were they going to be next they wondered. Dingana had sent a message as Retief was killed saying their were safe, but who believed the AmaZulu leader about anything? Meanwhile, some of the warriors were going through the Boers baggage and inspecting the muskets that had been piled outside the main gate. Puffs of dust appeared from the south, and from there two horseman and their small travel party appeared at emGungundlovu. Talk about bad timing. It was James Brownlee who was a very young translator and a trainee missionary, and the American Henry Venables. They had picked a particularly bad time to ride up to Dingana's Great Place. From a Zulu perspective, Dingana's orders for his amabutho to kill the Voortrekkers was a matter of business as usual, this was the normal way of things when a chief was disgraced and executed. His family and adherents would be bumped off, or “eaten up” to use the Zulu phrase, so that there would be none alive to avenge the king. The Voortrekker livestock would be seized and the king would redistribute these beasts amongst his amabutho, exactly as the Boers had been doing amongst their Kommando members after the raids on Mzilikazi. And like the Boer raids on Mzilikazi, very few women or children were to be spared by Zulu warriors. The Zulu army of about 5000 crossed a famous river at a famous point, the Mzinyathi or Buffalo River near Rorke's Drift. How ironic that 42 years later, the very same crossing would see English soldiers fleeing from Cetswayo's warriors after the Battle of Isandhlwana hunted across this very same Drift. So the 5000 warriors marched along the Helpmekaar heights towards the Thukela River close to the confluence with the Bloukrans through the second week of February 1838. By now most of the trekkers had scattered through this territory, in little family encampments of three or four wagons over a large area. Only a few had taken the English traders warning seriously and established defensible wagon laagers. Most did not, they just outspanned where they were and began enjoying the fruits of the veld. Many of these had headed off on hunts, leaving their families alone with their Khoesan servants, and to them, the AmaZulu warriors were going to do what the amaNdebele had done in August 1836. Fall upon the wagons and kill everyone they could find.

This is episode 134 - and its going to be a massacre. It is also crucial as you've heard that we dig deep into the events because today there's a huge debate about what I'm going to explain next, what documents still exist about what happened, and who owns what when it comes to land in South Africa. Specifically, land in KwaZulu Natal. What exactly did Dingane agree to sell to Piet Retief? Why did he agree to do this when he had told the missionaries and his own people that he wouldn't part with land at all? It's incredible to think that this one year, 1838, has sparked so much discussion — and that people today quote one fact after another to back up their political position on this matter. So to the story at hand. Piet Retief had struggled to hold the Voortrekkers together when he'd arrived back at the main trekker encampment at Doornkop. Piet Uys had arrived from the Highveld on the 15th December 1837, having heard that Retief's visit to the AmaZulu king had gone well and he brought news of just how decisively amaNdebele chief Mzilikazi had been dealt with. Uys was also reclaiming his leadership role over the Voortrekkers of Natal which didn't go down well with Retief. Gerrit Maritz was his usual refereeing self interjecting between the two, and Uys agreed on the 19th December and after four days of argument to take the oath of the constitution to support Retief's vision, but only after he consulted with his Volk, his followers. These followers were on their way down the Drakensberg. It one of the life's ironies that by the time he arrived back in Natal on the 24th January 1838, Uys had completely changed his tune. IT was on that date that he dictated a letter to Governor D'Urban back in Cape Town to the effect that he was now totally against Retief's “sinister designs…” — and I'm quoting directly. Sinister designs? Over what? Retief it appeared and as we know was true, was planning to launch an independent state in Natal and Uys in what could be called a giant stab in the back, wrote to the British governor that he and his Volk were actually reaffirming their loyalty to the Crown. The English crown. Retief of course was heading to the upper reaches of the Caledon valley on a quest ordered by Dingana to retrieve cattle stolen by the baTlokwa from the amaHlubi. By inference, Dingana wanted Sekhonyela to pay for his transgressions and the Boers believed he was testing their somewhat flimsy relationship. Retief believed that the goodwill that would be generated by returning the cattle would lead to Dingana handing over some of that precious land controlled by the AmaZulu king. He wrote a letter to Dingana informing the Zulu king of the successful raid on his enemy, the baTlokwa. By now, Dingana had almost gone into shock about something else. On the 2nd January he'd been informed by Owen the missionary about Mzilikazi's fate and the utter thrashing he'd received at eGaneni, how his people had fractured and the erstwhile leader of the Khumalo clan had fled across the Limpopo River. Another enemy, dispatched by the Boers, the Zulu had failed to defeat this man, but not the boers. IT was the 25th January when the Trekkers gathered and prayed for protection, then a few days later, the party of 100 rode out with the cattle, and the 15 Zulu attendants including two indunas. Piet Retief wrote his last letter to his wife on the trail to emGungungdlovu. “I was deeply affected at the time of my departure … It was in no way that I feared for my undertaking to go to the king but I was full of grief that I must again live through the unbearable dissension in our Society, and that made me feel that God's kindness would turn to wrath…”

Two of my business school classmates, Brad Graff & Sam Sliman, have a spreadsheet listing the top 40 Global Hikes. On that list is South Africa's 205-km Drakensberg Traverse. Since Sym Blanchard & I hiked the Grand Traverse, Brad & Sam wanted to pick my brain on the experience. Timeline 00:00 Brad & Sam's hiking experience 03:30 Drakensberg Traverse Safety 10:00 When to go 10:40 Trail GPS GPX Tracks 15:00 Section hiking & logistics If you've hiked the Drakensberg Traverse in the 2020s, comment below! Watch Video on YouTube   More info To leave an anonymous voicemail that I could use on the podcast, go to SpeakPipe.com/FTapon You can post comments, ask questions, and sign up for my newsletter at http://wanderlearn.com. If you like this podcast, subscribe and share!  On social media, my username is always FTapon. Connect with me on: Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Tiktok LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr My Patrons sponsored this show! Claim your monthly reward by becoming a patron at http://Patreon.com/FTapon Rewards start at just $2/month! Affiliate links Start your podcast with my company, Podbean, and get one month free! In the USA, I recommend trading crypto with Kraken.  Outside the USA, trade crypto with Binance and get 5% off your trading fees! For backpacking gear, buy from Gossamer Gear.      

It has been an epic journey from Johannesburg! We were at Bergview Engen in Harrismith on Tuesday, then we went to Champagne Sports Resort in The Drakensberg, then we went ziplining in Karkloof, and then we went to the beautiful Brahman Hills in the Midlands. What was YOUR favourite bit of the trip? Webpage

We are live from The Champagne Sports Resort in the Drakensberg, because we are bringing our new Breakfast Show Co-Host, Carmen Reddy, back to Durban ON AN EPIC ROAD TRIP. Here is what happened after we left Harrismith. Webpage

In this episode, we dive into the extraordinary journey of Michael Baker on the Drakensberg Grand Traverse (DGT). Michael, a runner, adventurer, and coach, shares his background and how he found his purpose in endurance sports. We explore his love for trail running, the allure of pushing boundaries, and the mental and physical challenges he embraces.The DGT, a self-supported and solo endeavor, poses immense obstacles, demanding self-reliance, mental fortitude, and exceptional navigational skills. Michael takes us through the planning and preparation involved in tackling this 230-kilometer route through the stunning Drakensberg Mountains, with its six prominent peaks to tag. He vividly describes the harsh environment, the vulnerability one feels, and the dangers of the mountains.During his attempts, Michael faced numerous obstacles, from getting lost without maps to encountering treacherous weather conditions. His determination and problem-solving skills were put to the test as he overcame challenges such as missing caves, encounters with baboons, and even having his gear stolen by crows.We delve into the mental strength required for such an extraordinary feat and how it translates back into everyday life. Michael shares insights on discipline, problem-solving, and the perspective gained from being out in nature. He emphasizes the significance of embracing challenges and pushing limits, reminding us of the insignificance of our problems in the grand scheme of things.Having successfully completed a solo DGT in 79 hours, Michael reflects on the fulfilment of achieving his ultimate goal. We discuss his future aspirations, the impact of this accomplishment on his mindset, and his desire to inspire others to explore their own limits.Lastly, we touch on Michael's adventurous spirit beyond the DGT, including his foray into amateur fighting and his perspective on international races. Throughout the conversation, Michael's authenticity and down-to-earth nature shine through, leaving us inspired to embrace challenges, push boundaries, and not take life too seriously.Join us in this captivating episode as we uncover the mindset, determination, and incredible journey of Michael Baker on the Drakensberg Grand Traverse

I greet you in Jesus' precious name. It is Sunday morning, 23rd of April, 2023, and this is your friend Angus Buchan with a thought for today. We start off in the Old Testament, Isaiah 50:4"A word in season to him who is weary." This is a time for you and me to encourage one another. Then we go straight to Matthew 11 and I'm reading a very well-known scripture starting in verse 28, this is Jesus speaking: "Come to me all you who Labour and are heavy laden and I will give you rest."Folks, it's a time for us to encourage one another. Now, I looked up the meaning of encouragement - it means to support, to cheer up, it is morale-boosting. Many years ago as a new Believer, we went down to Durban to a children's home and took out a whole group of young teenagers. We brought them up to the farm and they stayed with us for 10 days. Part of that time, I got my old Mercedes Benz truck and took them up to the Drakensberg mountains, those mighty mountains. Now these young men had never been into the mountains, they were city boys and I wasn't a very experienced mountaineer, to say the least being, a farmer - but off we went. We left the farm at 3:00 in the morning... We left half of the food behind, and we left most of our stuff behind but we were so excited. We got to the base of the mighty mountains and we started our trek up the contour paths. As we went higher and higher the path got more and more narrow and the gorges were steeper until, just before we got to the top, we looked down on one side was a sheer drop, and on the other side was a wall, just a sheer rock. The path was wide enough just for one person at a time. Well towards the top the boys were getting tired, they were getting short of oxygen and things were looking a bit ugly. I said to them: "Boys we need to keep going." They said we can't go anymore. I said you have to, they said we can't. I said you must. I said: " Just at the top there is a beautiful tearoom and there are some lovely hot hamburgers waiting for you and beautiful milkshakes and Cokes, keep going..." Of course, there wasn't but they kept on and eventually, they got to the top. I want to tell you that they were so relieved. Folks we encourage them to keep going, they got to the top and you know when we got back to the farm, they sat on the lawn, we gave them 2L of Coke each, they could eat as much food as they wanted and they came to me and said to us that was the greatest time of their lives. They were pressed hard but with encouragement, they made it to the top. That's what Jesus Christ wants to do for you and me - He says "Come unto me all of you that are weary and heavy Laden and I will give you rest" Go out today and encourage somebody to keep on, we are nearly at home. Jesus bless you

We came around a corner and he was lying there, dead. A white rhinoceros, transformed from his trotting magnificence into a big grey heap. The bullet wound in his side was fresh. The blood had poured out of him but clearly he'd stayed upright for a bit before falling into the dirt. And as he lay there before us, turning to rot in the summer heat, that beautiful creature suffered one final indignity. Evidently, the poachers had taken his big horn, but they'd fled before collecting his smaller one. And before anyone could come back, the park rangers hacked it off with an axe. We arrived in Johannesburg and spent the first couple of days in the city. We were warned not to drive at night and so we didn't. But we drove through Soweto. We visited the apartheid museum. And we left. It was a green city, Jacaranda trees everywhere, but you wouldn't call it beautiful or welcoming. All around Jozi are massive dusty tailing heaps from the gold mines that made Johannesburg an economic powerhouse. I'm not sure I've never been to a place with such a stark difference between the rich and the poor. We hired a Hilux and drove south, taking off road tracks whenever possible. We spent days in the Drakensberg ranges, with some of the best hiking of my life. We drove up the Sani Pass into Lesotho, and then north from Durban along elephant coast. It's the unexpected little moments that always stick with me when I travel. One day, in the middle of Zulu country, we stopped for coffee in a white gated township designed as a perfect English village. You know the kind - the streets had names like Elderberry Lane and Badger's Hollow. Almost every house had carefully manicured primroses out the front. It felt like an episode out of Midsummer Murders. But just five minutes down the road, Zulu women were carrying baskets on their heads. All up, we did 3000km in the Hilux. We did three or four days of Safari, with rhinos, hippos, giraffes, and mighty, graceful African elephants. We crossed into southern Mozambique. I scuba dived with bull and tiger sharks. We spent a few days in the Kingdom of Eswatini, and we flew to Cape Town, which is a truly astonishing place. Sitting there on the Cape on a white sand beach, watching some of the World's best kite surfers launching themselves off waves, in the shadow of Table Mountain was an experience I will treasure. I reckon only Rio could maybe challenge Cape Town as the most spectacular city in the World. I was away for three weeks. It was fantastic. I didn't get robbed and I didn't get sick. And we were lucky with that kind of time, to get a good sense of the place. When I think back to my trip, I reckon that rhino was South Africa. In a way, it represented the promise and the pain of the place. A country with more wonder.. more diversity... of culture, language, landscapes, wildlife than almost anywhere on Earth. But a country shackled with such significant problems that it cannot fulfil its potential. A country with 70% of the World's rhinos that can't stop its citizens from shooting them dead. The thing that surprised me most about the whole experience was the way in which our guide reacted. He wasn't surprised when we came across that scene. He didn't even seem that sad. He seemed resigned to it, normalised even. Consumers in China and Vietnam maintain an insatiable demand for rhino horn. South Africa loses a rhino to poachers roughly every 36 hours. We finished our day in the game reserve. A few hours after first coming across him, we drove past that rhino's massive grey corpse once more. The wardens had moved on. The sun beat down. We left him to the hyenas and the birds.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

It's time to delve deeply into the other Ndebele, then what happened when Mzilikazi arrived in the area known as the Trans Vaal - across the Vaal, with his hungry wolves. The development of the highveld to the late 1820s is quite a tale, with the first Tswana people made their way here by the 1100s, although much of the high ground was avoided. However, by the late 1600s, people had moved onto hilltop defensive locations through the region. Rooikrans for example, a small stone-walled Sotho, Tswana and Pedi site on the Waterberg plateau north west of the Witwatersrand. There was also a similar development at Bruma on the Linksfield Ridge right in the heart of Johannesburg. I used to walk up that slope from the back of my house and the original stone settlements had been frittered away by Boer and British defenders during the Anglo Boer war who used the 500 year-old Tswana stone to build Sangars and trenches. So over hundreds of years, the original peoples of the highveld moved about a great deal, sometimes living on hilltops, sometimes in the valleys depending on how politically stable it was. Oral tradition points out the Hurutshe founded the hill-top village of Chuenyane - also called Witkoppies, which is near Zeerust by the early 1500s. By the 17th Century, there was significant Tswana state growth in the west where it is warmer than around Johannesburg, with the rise of the Kwena and Kgatla dynasties, but these shattered in the 18th Century as trading power shifted north. If you've followed the series to this point, you'll remember the descriptions of the trading routes from Delagoa Bay and how they criss-crossed central southern Africa. There were even traders who arrived here from the West Coast, modern day Angola. By the end of the 17th Century, the transvaal Ndebele began to emerge - and by the 18th Century they were regarded as a separate people by the Sotho, Tswana and Pedi speakers. They became known as the Matabele, and they lived on the steepest hills where they built fortifications around the Waterberg plateau. The southern Trans Vaal Ndebele were spread over the Witwatersrand high veld adjoining the Drakensberg, up to where Pretoria is today and they were in this region by the end of the 17th Century. They all trace their history to a man known as Busi, and the dating of this man is around 1630-1670. Busi's son was called Tshwane, and that's why we know Pretoria area today as Tshwane - because that was its first name. Oral stories are a bit more murky when it comes to the northern trans vaal Ndebele, who settled west of the Waterberg Plateau in the 1500s. Some headed further west across the Limpopo to the Tswapong hills in eastern Botswana. While they were migrating north west, the other transvaal Ndebele called the LAka aka, Langa, and the Hwaduba, remained behind in the WAterberg plateau. These people clung onto their linguistic identity, they spoke an Nguni language, whereas the others to the west became Tswana, Sotho, and Pedi speakers. One man by the name of Mogale refused to dilute his language, and it is his name that morphed into the Magaliesberg - that wonderful and imposing steep and craggy range of mountains the west of Johannesburg. The very phrase sounds Afrikaans - Magalies, but it is actually an early Ndebele word from the 1500s. By Mzilikazi's time in the mid-1820s, there was significant jostling for territory and ascendancy around inland southern Africa. A series of small wars amongst the Tswana which have become known as the ivory and cattle and fur wars, and some known as the Wives wars, were on the go around this time.

It's time to delve deeply into the other Ndebele, then what happened when Mzilikazi arrived in the area known as the Trans Vaal - across the Vaal, with his hungry wolves. The development of the highveld to the late 1820s is quite a tale, with the first Tswana people made their way here by the 1100s, although much of the high ground was avoided. However, by the late 1600s, people had moved onto hilltop defensive locations through the region. Rooikrans for example, a small stone-walled Sotho, Tswana and Pedi site on the Waterberg plateau north west of the Witwatersrand. There was also a similar development at Bruma on the Linksfield Ridge right in the heart of Johannesburg. I used to walk up that slope from the back of my house and the original stone settlements had been frittered away by Boer and British defenders during the Anglo Boer war who used the 500 year-old Tswana stone to build Sangars and trenches. So over hundreds of years, the original peoples of the highveld moved about a great deal, sometimes living on hilltops, sometimes in the valleys depending on how politically stable it was. Oral tradition points out the Hurutshe founded the hill-top village of Chuenyane - also called Witkoppies, which is near Zeerust by the early 1500s. By the 17th Century, there was significant Tswana state growth in the west where it is warmer than around Johannesburg, with the rise of the Kwena and Kgatla dynasties, but these shattered in the 18th Century as trading power shifted north. If you've followed the series to this point, you'll remember the descriptions of the trading routes from Delagoa Bay and how they criss-crossed central southern Africa. There were even traders who arrived here from the West Coast, modern day Angola. By the end of the 17th Century, the transvaal Ndebele began to emerge - and by the 18th Century they were regarded as a separate people by the Sotho, Tswana and Pedi speakers. They became known as the Matabele, and they lived on the steepest hills where they built fortifications around the Waterberg plateau. The southern Trans Vaal Ndebele were spread over the Witwatersrand high veld adjoining the Drakensberg, up to where Pretoria is today and they were in this region by the end of the 17th Century. They all trace their history to a man known as Busi, and the dating of this man is around 1630-1670. Busi's son was called Tshwane, and that's why we know Pretoria area today as Tshwane - because that was its first name. Oral stories are a bit more murky when it comes to the northern trans vaal Ndebele, who settled west of the Waterberg Plateau in the 1500s. Some headed further west across the Limpopo to the Tswapong hills in eastern Botswana. While they were migrating north west, the other transvaal Ndebele called the LAka aka, Langa, and the Hwaduba, remained behind in the WAterberg plateau. These people clung onto their linguistic identity, they spoke an Nguni language, whereas the others to the west became Tswana, Sotho, and Pedi speakers. One man by the name of Mogale refused to dilute his language, and it is his name that morphed into the Magaliesberg - that wonderful and imposing steep and craggy range of mountains the west of Johannesburg. The very phrase sounds Afrikaans - Magalies, but it is actually an early Ndebele word from the 1500s. By Mzilikazi's time in the mid-1820s, there was significant jostling for territory and ascendancy around inland southern Africa. A series of small wars amongst the Tswana which have become known as the ivory and cattle and fur wars, and some known as the Wives wars, were on the go around this time.

Port Natal and Delagoa Bay are far away from Cape Town and appeared even further in the early 1820s. The Cape Governor was inevitably more concerned with what lay immediately beyond the colonial frontiers than in these distant ports. Much of what concerned Lord Charles Somerset – and had concerned his predecessors – already lay along the frontiers. The colony had thrown out an ever increasing fringe of loose cannons, skirmishers, traders, trek-boers, escaped slaves, and even rebellious missionaries. The flood of missionaries turned into a tsunami by the mid-1820s, the London Missionary Society was already at work as you know, and by now they were established along both sides of the Orange River and into the eastern Frontier. The Moravians had arrived and were carving out new parishers even further east, while the Wesleyans were already amongst the far-distant amaPondo people. The Zulu had been raiding these people from Shaka's centre of power as you know. There were a number of Scots from Glasgow who found living amongst the amaXhosa to their liking, and even missionaries from Germany showed up, particularly from Berlin, and they began living amongst the amaXhosa too. The Rhenish and Paris Evangelicals arrived too, one to work within the colony and the other headed north into Bechuanaland, and then to the Basutho. The LMS and Paris Evangelicals were moving along the first stage of what became known as the Missionary Road which led all the way from the Cape into Central Africa. By now the chiefdoms of the Caledon Valley and the open plains north of the Orange River had been squeezed between three expanding zones of instability and conflict. From the south and south west parties of Griqua, Kora and Boers were raiding for cattle and cheap labour. To the northwest, the rivalries of Batswana chiefdoms were spilling across the Vaal River. To the East, the fighting that had seen the AmaZulu and amaNdwandwe at war, as well as the amaMthethwa, had displaced groups as you've heard and some had headed across the Drakensberg. Then Lord Bathurst the Secretary of State set up an Advisory Council in Cape Town which consisted of the Governor, muttering under his bewigged breath, the Chief Justice, the colonial Secretary, the Officer commanding, the Deputy-Quartermaster-General, the Auditor General and the Treasurer. The Council was to deal with quite an interesting proposal, and this was allowing the Eastern Cape to be represented by their own council, by some kind of representative assembly. They fired the first round in what was to become a long-sustained but ultimately unsuccessful battle for separation by Eastern Capers.

Port Natal and Delagoa Bay are far away from Cape Town and appeared even further in the early 1820s. The Cape Governor was inevitably more concerned with what lay immediately beyond the colonial frontiers than in these distant ports. Much of what concerned Lord Charles Somerset – and had concerned his predecessors – already lay along the frontiers. The colony had thrown out an ever increasing fringe of loose cannons, skirmishers, traders, trek-boers, escaped slaves, and even rebellious missionaries. The flood of missionaries turned into a tsunami by the mid-1820s, the London Missionary Society was already at work as you know, and by now they were established along both sides of the Orange River and into the eastern Frontier. The Moravians had arrived and were carving out new parishers even further east, while the Wesleyans were already amongst the far-distant amaPondo people. The Zulu had been raiding these people from Shaka's centre of power as you know. There were a number of Scots from Glasgow who found living amongst the amaXhosa to their liking, and even missionaries from Germany showed up, particularly from Berlin, and they began living amongst the amaXhosa too. The Rhenish and Paris Evangelicals arrived too, one to work within the colony and the other headed north into Bechuanaland, and then to the Basutho. The LMS and Paris Evangelicals were moving along the first stage of what became known as the Missionary Road which led all the way from the Cape into Central Africa. By now the chiefdoms of the Caledon Valley and the open plains north of the Orange River had been squeezed between three expanding zones of instability and conflict. From the south and south west parties of Griqua, Kora and Boers were raiding for cattle and cheap labour. To the northwest, the rivalries of Batswana chiefdoms were spilling across the Vaal River. To the East, the fighting that had seen the AmaZulu and amaNdwandwe at war, as well as the amaMthethwa, had displaced groups as you've heard and some had headed across the Drakensberg. Then Lord Bathurst the Secretary of State set up an Advisory Council in Cape Town which consisted of the Governor, muttering under his bewigged breath, the Chief Justice, the colonial Secretary, the Officer commanding, the Deputy-Quartermaster-General, the Auditor General and the Treasurer. The Council was to deal with quite an interesting proposal, and this was allowing the Eastern Cape to be represented by their own council, by some kind of representative assembly. They fired the first round in what was to become a long-sustained but ultimately unsuccessful battle for separation by Eastern Capers.

After you listen to this episode you will surely be pumped up to go and explore our beloved KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). It's absolutely jam packed with tips of places to go, what to do there and how to make the most of your time in KZN so scroll down the notes for as many of the links we could gather from the tips we brought you. Our guest for this episode is KZN expert travel writer & photographer Melanie Van Zyl. She live in sunny Pietermaritzburg at the start of the KZN midlands and has become an absolute fantastic of the region! Like all places there are just so many more things we didn't have time to talk about so we focus on 5 topics and regions to get you more than going. We start off with Durban the city - the hub of KZN and while we're not big into cities on this podcast, Mel tries to persuade us otherwise! The Drankensberg Mountain range. Superb hiking and Definitely South Africa's most significant mountain range.  Kosi Bay and the surrounding beaches & bays for remote, tropical wilderness experiences and incredible snorkelling and diving The KZN Midlands - a region that starts an hour inland from Durban all the way to the Drakensberg. Its one of the most perfect road trip areas full of quaint places to stay and explore. Its foodie heaven and also full if nature trails and outdoor things to do. The game-reserves & wildlife areas of KZN. Possibly overlooked because of the famous Kruger in South Africa.. we'll take you through the best places in KZN that offer truly unique ecosystems and African wildlife experiences. Thanks again to Melanie for agreeing to help us out it was lots of fun and you can find all her details in our notes on the site as well. To know more about Melanie Van Zyl our guest on this podcast and expert on all things Kwa-Zulu Natal follow her website link or find her on Instagram, and Twitter. The city life of Durban Check out Summer Hill for Mel's recommendation for a really fun Durban styled sustainable meal using local produce from local farmers (around 20-minutes from Durban). The amazing South African Indian curry restaurant we recommend near Florida road in Durban is Malis - Fantastic homemade curry! Don't let the looks deceive you. This place does an outstanding nosh! The Kosi Bay Area of KZN The incredible Isimangaliso Wetland Park. An extremely unique game reserve and ecosystem in Kwa-Zulu Natal. Kosi Forest Lodge for the amazing Raphia Palm walks where you can find the rare Palm-nut vulture and enjoy massive wide-open deserted wild beaches. Coral Divers - Mel's recommendation for an amazing place to stay for diving, fishing and exploring. Chilled, relaxed vibe and inside the park. The Drakensberg Mountains  One of Mel's favourite places for hiking, views and remoteness is the Mnweni Wilderness Area. You can find out more about this region and hikes here: Womxn for Wild offer these guides hikes of the Drakensberg. Mel's recommendation for escorted guided hikes in the Drakensberg - Path Finder SA. To get to the highest pub in Africa and enjoy the Sani Pass (although in Lesotho and not in KZN) you'll get epic views of KZN -

Someone sends you an event they think you may like to attend. You either: Open it and register to go right away.Open it and think about it.Don't even bother opening it.Ultra Trail Drakensberg as the name suggests is a trail race in the heart of the Drakensberg mountains of South Africa on the boarder of the very unique Lesotho. When I was sent it option 1 above was in full flow.In this show I share the experience.Enjoy the show!

Joining me is Barry Fitzgerald, co-author of THE DECEPTION OF GODS AND MEN. Banshees, controversial ancient Irish archaeological sites, the dark void, manipulative entities, and the divine Oneness are all covered in this episode!"Over the millennia we have relied on mystics, shamans and priests to explain what awaits us in the next life, but what if it's all an illusion? What really lurks behind the veil separating this world from the next? Might this other world be something real and tangible and literally ‘not of this earth'? In other words, might what we currently define as extraterrestrials perform an entirely different function. What if the afterlife is an illusion created by the beings that exist within that realm. The Deceptions of Gods and Men offers an alternative viewpoint using a hypothesis based on insights gleaned from ancient manuscripts and teachings that our ancestors left behind."Bio:Irish-born Barry Fitzgerald has over 30 years of experience within the world of the supernatural in which he is known and has taken him to new levels of intrigue and mystery. Appearing on all 56 episodes of Ghost Hunters International, he headed a team on the American NBC-owned SyFy network. He explored a quandary of paranormal and supernatural phenomena around the globe.Natural progression led him to write and publish books on subjects within his field of research such as ‘The Complete Approach, ‘‘The Influence,' ‘My Home Is Haunted Now What?', ‘In The Mist Of Gods,' ‘Banshee,' ‘Searching The Sídhe, a series of investigative stories into Irish mythology and folklore called ‘Legend Seekers' and a fictional trilogy ‘The Council of Three.' His most challenging cases drove him to explore the Mayan underworld in Belize, known as Xibalba, leading a team into the furthest depths of the Mayan version of Hell and hiking the Drakensberg mountains in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa to investigate a cave associated with ancestral worship for the Zulu nation. Recently, however, his most challenging research has come from Irish mythology and its exceptionally confrontational and direct deities of old. https://www.youtube.com/user/thelegendseekersPLEASE LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON YOUTUBE!Join us in chat: https://www.youtube.com/paranormalpopHumanitarian Aid for Ukraine:https://www.npr.org/2022/02/25/1082992947/ukraine-support-helpPLEASE LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON YOUTUBE!Join us in chat: https://www.youtube.com/paranormalpopAlien Coffee Bean discount code: MYSTERY20https://aliencoffeebean.comPine UFO and Paranormal Museum Lecture:https://pinebushmuseum.com/gallery-lectures/UAP Petitionhttps://www.change.org/p/kirsten-e-gillibrand-we-request-that-governments-release-all-unclassified-uap-videos-to-the-publicLINK TREE: https://linktr.ee/CoffeeandUFOsPlease consider supporting the channel by becoming a Patron: https://www.patreon.com/paranormalpopThank you!

In today's episode, we will be discussing Shaka Zulu, the founder of the Zulu Kingdom. His actual name was Sigidi kaSenzangakhona but is commonly known as Shaka. He was a great Zulu king and conqueror. Shaka lived in the South-East region of Africa between Drakensberg and the Indian Ocean. During his brief reign, more than a hundred chiefdoms were brought together in a Zulu kingdom. Shaka was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu, responsible for re-organizing the military into a formidable force through a series of wide-reaching and influential reforms. Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the Mfecane/Difaqane ("Upheaval" or "Crushing"), a period of devastating warfare and chaos in southern Africa between 1815 and about 1840 that depopulated the region. His role in the Mfecane/Difaqane is highly controversial and resulted in the deaths of one million to two million people.

This is episode 34 and we're going to take a close look at what was going on in the region bounded by the Orange River, the Kalahari Desert and the Indian Ocean. This is where the Zulu emerged but the story is not the simple tale most of us know about Shaka. As with other areas we've investigated, the popular narrative over time is not always an accurate reflection of real history. This will become very apparent particularly as we unearth facts about the period between 1760 and 1800. It's fairly recently in historical research that we've come to understand what was going on – earlier historians tended to pay very little attention to the decades before 1810 and the emergence of Shaka's Zulu. Before then the Zulu were a tiny clan washing around in a much bigger pool of tribes and clans. An important feature we all agree on now is that the upheavals of the early 1800s were not all about Shaka, it was caused partly by the increasing interaction between European commercial and colonial expansion and indigenous communities, as well as the expansion of Zulu and Ndebele and other warlike people. Traders and settler numbers rose swiftly as we're going to hear. Trading and raiding was always part of the southern African landscape, hundreds of years before Jan van Riebeeck setup shop in 1652. The processes of reorganisation and expansion of increasingly centralized kingdoms can be tracked to this time. While these changes were taking place between the Drakensberg and Indian Ocean, they were also happening among the Tswana speaking societies on the south eastern fringes of the Kalahari Desert. I've outlined the most important clans in the last podcast – don't forget these – they were the Bafokeng, Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Barolong and Bathlaping.