Podcasts about Kaga

Last time we spoke about the January 28th Incident. In January of 1932, tensions escalated in Shanghai as anti-Japanese sentiments surged after Japan's invasion of Manchuria. Orchestrated by Yoshiko Kawashima, a Japanese spy, a provocation led to violence, sparking outrage among Japanese expatriates. Japan demanded apologies and compensation from China, threatening military action if their demands were unmet. As the Japanese military amassed forces in Shanghai, the Chinese 19th Route Army prepared to resist, igniting the conflict known as the January 28th Incident, marking the beginning of a fierce struggle for control. Amidst chaos, the Nanjing government struggled to respond to Japan's escalating aggression in Shanghai. Chiang Kai-Shek prioritized avoiding war, urging a diplomatic approach to protect Shanghai's economy. Despite pressure, the 19th Route Army was ordered to withdraw, but tensions flared when Japan attacked the Chinese garrison. The 19th Route Army fiercely resisted, leading to intense battles. As Japan sent reinforcements, Chiang faced mounting protests and criticism for his passive stance, questioning whether he could maintain his strategy against the encroaching enemy.   #144 The First Battle of Shanghai 1932 Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. In the last episode we covered the January 28th Incident. At 11:30 pm on January 28, Japan ordered 2,300 Japanese Marines to advance westward along every branch road on the west side of North Sichuan Road, without waiting for a response. This road, which crosses into the northern area of the International Settlement and has frequently been designated as a Japanese defense zone, includes Target Road (now known as Wujin Road in Hongkou District, Shanghai), Qiujiang Road, and Yokohama Road. Their objective was to seize the Songhu Railway defense line at Tiantong'an Station. They faced strong resistance from the 19th Route Army, further escalating the conflict. In the early hours of the 29th, Japanese aircraft launched from the Notoro seaplane carrier, which was moored on the Huangpu River, attacked the Chinese district of Zhabei. Both the Commercial Press located at No. 584 Baoshan Road and the Oriental Library, the largest private library in China with over 300,000 books, were completely destroyed. That same day the 19th Route Army sent a telegram to the entire nation concerning the situation: Do forgive me it's a rough translation “Urgent. Dear Sir and Madam, the Japanese have occupied our three northeastern provinces, changing the color of our territory and making our nation perish. Recently, they have killed and set fire in Shanghai, and vagrants are everywhere, doing the most despicable and violent things in the world. Gunboats are coming one after another, and the Marines are all landed. At 12:00 a.m. on the 28th, they openly invaded our defense line in Zhabei, Shanghai, and challenged us. Guang Nai and others are soldiers, and they only know that it is their duty to defend themselves and defend their land. They cannot give up even an inch of land or an inch of grass. They resist to save the country and protect the race. Even if they sacrifice only one person and one bullet, they will never retreat and lose the personality of the soldiers of the Republic of China. This thing and this ambition are exposed to the sun and the sun and are known to the world. The spirits of our ancestors in heaven are truly relying on it”. On the morning of January 29, Chiang Kai-shek met with He Yingqin and Zhu Peide to discuss countermeasures. Simultaneously Zhu Peide convened a meeting with He Yingqin, Gu Zhutong, Li Jishen, Deng Shizeng, Lin Wei, and others to address issues such as defense deployment, the security of Nanjing and the Yangtze River, and resistance against Japan. Chiang Kai-Shek established the principles going forward for negotiations with Japan, emphasizing the need to prepare for talks while actively resisting. He stated that negotiations must have a clear final line of defense and a maximum limit that would not compromise administrative and territorial integrity, undermine the spirit of the Nine-Power Treaty, or jeopardize national sovereignty. If these limits were exceeded and unacceptable concessions were made, a decisive battle would be fought, even at the cost of defeat and death.  The defense and military strategy for Beijing and Shanghai included the 19th Route Army defending Shanghai with full strength, while the front guard army consisting of the 87th and 88th divisions would protect Nanjing. He Yingqin would remain in Nanjing, overseeing all party, government, and military personnel left behind. Chiang, along with the Central Political Council of the Kuomintang, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government, and Chen Mingshu, all expressed their commitment to resisting Japanese aggression. Chiang also sent a telegram to He Chengjun, director of the Hubei Province Pacification Office, and Xu Tingyao, commander of the Fourth Division, stating "Last night, the Japanese invaders attacked our 19th Route Defense Line in Zhabei, Shanghai, and the battle is ongoing. Our army is determined to fight to the death. Their naval forces in Han and Xun will likely engage in military operations. We urge you to remain vigilant and defend yourselves, never yielding to them. The Fourth Division should concentrate on strict defense in Wuhan and avoid dispersal. If military funds become scarce, local governments will need to raise them independently." The National Government Military Committee appointed Chiang Kai-shek, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, and Zhang Xueliang as members responsible for mobilizing the army and commanding the Shanghai War. Chiang Kai-Shek officially resumed power after resigning to prevent a surrender and committed to a prolonged resistance. On January 30, the Chinese Nationalist Government announced the relocation of the capital to Luoyang. Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram urging resistance against the Japanese and dispatched the elite Fifth Army to reinforce Shanghai. That night, Dai Ji, the commander of the Songhu Garrison, took charge of military operations in Shanghai, overseeing the 19th Route Army. The commander-in-chief was Jiang Guangnai, with Cai Tingkai as the army commander and division commanders Qu Shounian, Mao Weishou, and Shen Guanghan. Chiang Kai-Shek then issued a telegram to his troops across the nation and again I apologize for the rough translation. "Since the Northeast Incident began, the Central Government has been enduring humiliation and maintaining peace in order to avoid war and protect the lifeline of the country. It hopes to use justice and fairness to awaken the Japanese pirates. Unexpectedly, the more we tolerate, the more arrogant they become. When the Shanghai Incident occurred, we accepted their demands with great pain, but the Japanese pirates still brazenly pressed on, repeatedly attacking our Shanghai Defense Force, bombing civilian houses, throwing bombs on the streets, and our compatriots were ravaged. The country is about to perish. Anyone with blood in his veins would rather endure it. Since the 19th Route Army has risen up to defend itself bravely, our entire army In this time of national destruction and extinction, when the revolutionary soldiers are facing imminent danger, they should fight for the dignity of the country, strive for the survival of the nation, fulfill their responsibilities for the revolution, and be determined to die rather than live in disgrace, so as to deal with the brutal Japan that destroys peace and despises faith and integrity... Chiang Kai-shek and his comrades have shared hardships for a long time. Although I am now in the opposition, I am willing to swear to live and die with the soldiers and fulfill my bounden duty. I am here to inform you in advance with my blood and sincerity, and ask you to be determined and work hard, share the same hatred with the enemy, do not be arrogant, maintain the spirit of sacrifice, stay ready to fight, and save the country from danger." From that day on, the various ministries, commissions and committees of the National Government began to move to Luoyang, but the Military Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs remained in Nanjing . At the same time, the frontline troops were ordered to be jointly commanded by the Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin and the Chief of the General Staff Zhu Peide.  Typically Chinese sources breakdown what is known as the First Battle of Shanghai into three phases. In the previous episode we looked through the event up until the point of the first phase. After the initial fighting, both the 19th route army and Japanese agreed to a ceasefire so they could strengthen their positions and at least allow some form of diplomacy to occur. This went into effect on the 29th. As we mentioned, immediately afterwards the Japanese rapidly began reinforcing their position in Shanghai. They first sent the Sasebo 26th Squadron on the 30th, bearing 474 troops of the Sasebo 3rd Special Marine Corps alongside supplies. The next day the aircraft carriers Kaga and Hosho came over with 30 aircraft from the 1st air fleet. Then the cruisers Naka, Yura and Abukuma alongside 4 torpedo boats came bearing another 2000 marines. On February 1st the Terukoku Maru brought over the Yokosuka 1st Special Marine corps, roughly 525 men who landed at Huishan Wharf. With all that said and done, roughly 7000 Japanese troops had been brought over. On February 1st, the IJN warships began bombarding Nanjing from the Yangtze River, prompting Yu Jishi to frantically demand Chiang Kai-Shek transfer more troops to Shanghai. That night the Japanese light cruiser Tenryu, the protected cruisers Hirado and Taima, and the seven ships of the Navy's 23rd Destroyer Squadron fired upon Nanjing using four 140mm guns, 12 152mm single-mounted rapid-fire guns, 12 120mm single-mounted guns, and 20 76mm single-mounted rapid-fire guns. The rich and officials fled the city for refuge, but the Japanese army did not land any men to follow up the attack. Simultaneously 40,000 Shanghai workers from over 20 Japanese owned cotton mills began an anti-Japanese strike, being heavily backed by Communists. The workers began aiding the 19th route army to blockade the Japanese in the factories and streets and sabotage what they could.  On February 2nd, the Japanese army attacked Wusong several times, but was repelled each time. On the 3rd the Japanese expanded their attacks against Zhabei, Baziqiao and other locations, but the Chinese defenders successfully repelled these assaults as well. On the 4th, the Japanese launched their first major offensive, which extended the conflict to Jiangwan and Wusong. Following a day of intense fighting, the Wusong fort was destroyed by enemy bombardment; however, the Japanese army was unable to land due to the determined resistance of the Chinese defenders. The anti-aircraft artillery company from the 88th Division, reassigned to the 4th Regiment of the 156th Brigade of the 19th Route Army, managed to shoot down a Japanese aircraft. After the failure of the general offensive, Yukiichi Shiozawa was dismissed and sent back to Japan. Vice Admiral Yoshisaburo Nomura, the newly appointed commander of the Third Fleet, succeeded Shiozawa. After Nomura assumed his role, the Japanese army began to bolster its forces. Japan had initially planned to deploy troops when tensions escalated in Shanghai, but the navy had opposed this move. However, as the situation deteriorated, the navy was compelled to seek assistance from the army. On February 2, the Japanese cabinet officially decided to send troops. In response to the urgent circumstances in Shanghai, they resolved to dispatch the Shanghai Dispatch Mixed Brigade, led by Brigade Commander Major General Shimomoto Kuma, along with the 9th Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Ueda Kenkichi. The Shanghai Dispatch Mixed Brigade and the Second Independent Tank Squadron were prioritized for transport. Concurrently, the Japanese Navy also sent the Yokosuka 2nd Special Marine Corps to Shanghai. The 24th Mixed Brigade landed in Wusong on the afternoon of February 7. By this time, the combined forces of the Japanese navy, army, and air force had exceeded 10,000 personnel. At dawn on February 8, the Japanese Army's 24th Mixed Brigade launched an attack on Zhanghuabang, Yunzaobang, and Wusong Town along three routes, but they were repelled by our forces. Meanwhile on February 4, the National Government Military Commission sent out a telegram that divided the country into four defense zones. The first zone, which includes the area north of the Yellow River, was assigned to Zhang Xueliang as the commander-in-chief. The second zone, covering the area south of the Yellow River, was placed under the command of Chiang Kai-shek. The third zone, encompassing the area south of the Yangtze River as well as Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, was led by He Yingqin. The fourth zone, which includes Guangdong and Guangxi, was commanded by Chen Jitang. The telegram also stated that, aside from maintaining troops for local stability, all commanders were to concentrate their forces within their respective defense zones to confront the aggressive Japanese. Additionally, a directive was issued for the provinces of Sichuan, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Henan to send troops to serve as a general reserve. On February 5, upon learning that the Japanese army had been redeployed from mainland China to Shanghai, Chairman of the Military Commission Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram from Luoyang to He Yingqin. He instructed that if the Japanese forces landed, the Chinese Air Force would engage in combat. Additionally, Chiang sent a message of condolence to Jiang Guangnai, Cai Tingkai, and Dai Ji of the 19th Route Army, stating "Brothers, you have been fighting valiantly for a week. Each time I reflect on the tremendous sacrifices made by the soldiers and their dedication, I feel a deep sadness... If necessary, Zhong (Zheng) can come to lead in person. When the Air Force enters the fray, the Army must establish various signals in advance to communicate with it and ensure coordinated efforts..." On the same day, the 88th Division arrived in Suzhou. On February 6, Chiang ordered the 261st Brigade of the 87th Division to move from Nanjing to reinforce Kunshan. The troops reached Kunshan on February 7. On February 8, Chiang directed He Yingqin to transfer an artillery battalion to support the 19th Route Army. Then, on February 9, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized the First Division, led by Commander Hu Zongnan, and the Seventh Division, commanded by Wang Jun, to prepare for reinforcement of the 19th Route Army in Shanghai. February 8th marks the second phase of the battle. On the 10th, to ensure that the 88th Division of the Central Army complied with the orders from the 19th Route Army of the Guangdong Army, Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram to Yu Jishi insisting that "your troops must strictly follow the commands of Commander-in-Chief Chiang and coordinate their movements with allied forces." The Japanese Marine Corps, under Yukio Shiozawa, initiated a three-pronged encirclement attack from Hongkou. The National Army mounted a determined defense and ultimately repelled the Japanese forces, pursuing and destroying them, which significantly lowered their morale. On February 11, Chen Cheng, commander of the Central Army's 18th Army, sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek from Ji'an, Jiangxi, reporting that the troops had not been paid for nearly two months and were lacking food. At that time, the National Government was planning to redeploy the National Army that had been engaged in suppressing the Communists in Jiangxi to Zhejiang and Shanghai and to relocate the capital to Luoyang.  On February 12, following a battle at Caojiaqiao, the Japanese army's strategy to consolidate their forces was entirely disrupted. The next morning, February 13, the Japanese 24th Mixed Brigade crossed the Caojiaqiao Bridge in Zhuozaobang and engaged with the Nationalist army. Seizing the moment, the 19th Route Army Headquarters aimed to annihilate the Japanese forces. The Nationalist army surrounded the Japanese troops near the Yong'an Cotton Mill. Additionally, 60 members of a suicide squad launched a suicide attack, resulting in the complete destruction of 1,600 Japanese soldiers. The Japanese army faced significant losses, thwarting their attempt to swiftly capture Wusong. On February 14, Chiang ordered the 88th and 87th Divisions, which were already stationed in Nanxiang and Kunshan near Shanghai, to be reorganized into the Fifth Army. He appointed Zhang Zhizhong, a volunteer eager to fight against the Japanese, as the commander of the Fifth Army. This new army was placed under the unified command of the 19th Route Army and took over the defense line stretching from the northern end of Jiangwan through Miaoxing to the western end of Wusong. It served as the left-wing army, while the 19th Route Army acted as the right-wing, tasked with defending Jiangwan, the area south of Dachang, and the urban region of Shanghai. To replenish the 19th Route Army's losses, Chiang repeatedly ordered reinforcements from various locations. For instance, on February 15, Shangguan Yunxiang dispatched 500 active soldiers from Bengbu to the 19th Route Army; on February 17, Liang Guanying sent 500 unarmed soldiers from Qingjiangpu; and on February 19, Liu Zhi contributed 1,000 active unarmed soldiers from Henan. On February 16, Chiang Kai-shek communicated with Finance Minister Song Ziwen via telegram, stating, "Since the Japanese refuse to withdraw their troops from Shanghai, we must resist until the end. ... Food supplies in Jiangxi and Henan will dwindle, and assistance will be completely halted. Please arrange to deposit 10 million yuan in central banknotes in Nanchang and 20 million yuan in Zhengzhou. This will allow the government to continue functioning, the army to be sustained, and perhaps we can navigate this crisis and avert collapse. This is my final request. I hope you can find a way to assist." To prevent any friction between the Fifth Army and the Nineteenth Route Army over competing for military accolades, Chiang Kai-shek sent a telegram to Zhang Zhizhong and Yu Jishi on February 18. "The fight against Japan is a matter of national survival and is not a matter of honor for an individual or a certain unit. Our frontline officers and men should fully understand this. Therefore, the honor of the 19th Route Army is the honor of our entire National Revolutionary Army. There is absolutely no distinction between honor and disgrace. The Fifth Army's joining the front line is feared by the enemy and will also be slandered by the reactionaries (those who oppose the Nanjing Central Government). If we can continue to fight in the name of the 19th Route Army, it will be enough to demonstrate the strength of our National Revolutionary Army. We will share life and death, let alone honor and disgrace. I hope that this will be conveyed to the officers and men of the Fifth Army. They must unite and fight with our 19th Route Army and make no sacrifices to complete the revolutionary mission." Over on the other side, following reports of significant losses suffered by the Japanese army in Wusong, Tokyo received an imperial decree from Emperor Hirohito demanding the Shanghai incident get settled quick. In response, Chief of Staff Zairen urgently ordered the 9th Army Division, commanded by Ueda Kenkichi, to swiftly reinforce Shanghai. By the afternoon of February 13, the main contingent of the 9th Division had arrived at Shanghai Port, and by February 16, all personnel had disembarked in Wusong. Consequently, Lieutenant General Ueda took over command from Nomura. At this point, the Japanese invading forces comprised over 30,000 troops from naval, land, and air units, along with 60 to 70 field artillery pieces, more than 60 aircraft, and dozens of ships concentrated at the Wusong mouth. Ueda issued a statement late on the night of the 13th, asserting, "If anyone obstructs our division from fulfilling its mission, we will take decisive action without hesitation." On the 18th, he sent an ultimatum to Cai Tingkai, demanding, "Your army must immediately cease hostilities and withdraw from the following areas by 5:00 p.m. on February 20: on the west bank of the Huangpu River, retreat from areas connecting the western end of the concession, Caojiadu Town, Zhoujiaqiao Town, and Pushong Town to the north; on the east bank, withdraw from areas connecting Lannidu and Zhangjialou Town to the north, and retreat to a zone 20 kilometers away from the border of each concession Additionally, all military installations in the specified areas must be dismantled and no new ones established. If these demands are not met, the Japanese army will have no choice but to act freely against your forces, and your army will bear all resulting consequences." In response to Ueda's ultimatum, Tsai and Chiang ordered their front-line troops to fire heavily at Japanese positions as a warning. On the morning of February 20, Ueda commanded a full-scale attack across the front, employing tactics to break through the center while flanking from both sides. The 9th Division led the assault on the junction of Jiangwan and Miaohang, aiming to encircle Wusong from the north with the Kurume Brigade and Zhabei with the Marine Corps from the south. The Japanese began with artillery bombardments, followed by infantry and tank assaults on the Zhanghuabang and Yangshupu lines, both of which were successfully repelled by Chinese defenders. Over a thousand Japanese soldiers and several tanks in Zhabei were killed or wounded due to landmines. On February 21, Ueda personally directed thousands of infantry, supported by aircraft and artillery, to attack the Chinese defensive positions. Both sides incurred heavy casualties, and the battle continued until dawn on the 23rd. The Japanese forces attempted to encircle Jiangwan Town from Jiangwan Station, but the Chinese defenders fought valiantly, launching multiple charges and capturing Japanese Major Kong Sheng along with hundreds of soldiers. Ultimately, the Japanese army was unable to withstand the resistance and began to retreat. After the Japanese 9th Division arrived in Shanghai, it prepared to initiate a second major assault on the defenders of the city. The strategy involved a comprehensive attack stretching from Zhabei to Wusong to contain the Chinese army's strength, with primary forces concentrated on Jiangwan and Miaohang. The goal was to seize these two strategic points, achieve a breakthrough in the center, sever the link between the 5th Army and the 19th Route Army, and then defeat them individually. At dawn on February 20, the Japanese dispatched over ten aircraft for reconnaissance and bombing missions over the Miaohang area. Naval artillery and heavy army cannons heavily shelled the Miaohang positions. Simultaneously, Japanese artillery bombarded the Yunzaobang area in an effort to force a crossing and facilitate the Miaohang offensive.   By 9 am, part of the Japanese forces advanced towards the Xiaochang Temple and the Maijiazhai position, immediately conducting a fire search on our troops' positions. At noon, 3,000 Japanese soldiers launched an attack against our forces. The officers and soldiers of the 527th Regiment, defending the Maijiazhai and Zhuyuandun positions, mounted a counterattack, marking the beginning of the Battle of Miaohang. After three hours of intense fighting, the Japanese suffered significant casualties and were unable to continue, retreating to their original positions. Following this, over 2,000 Japanese troops attacked the Xiaochang Temple and Jinjiatang positions. The officers and soldiers of the 523rd Regiment, taking cover in the trenches, launched counterattacks and successfully repelled the Japanese forces. As dusk fell, the Japanese infantry halted their assaults, but naval and land artillery continued to bombard our positions in an attempt to weaken our defenses and personnel for a renewed attack the following day. On February 21, Japanese artillery relentlessly shelled the positions of the 88th Division of the Fifth Army in Miaohang. Following this, thousands of Japanese infantry launched an assault on the Yanjiazhai and Miaohang Town front. As the Japanese forces advanced, the officers and soldiers of the 523rd and 524th Regiments bravely counterattacked and successfully repelled them. However, a significant number of enemy troops coordinated a comprehensive assault on the Maijiazhai, Zhuyuandun, Xiaochangmiao, and Yanjiazhai lines south of Miaohang. Our 523rd, 524th, and 527th Regiments engaged in intense combat with the enemy, particularly at the Zhuyuandun front near Maijiazhai and Xu Xu, where the fighting was especially fierce. After a day of conflict, the enemy was temporarily pushed back. On February 22, the Japanese 9th Division launched a full-scale attack on the Miaohang position held by the 88th Division of the Fifth Army. Throughout the day, aircraft bombed the Chinese defenders, and thousands of artillery shells were fired at them. However, under the direct command of Zhang Zhizhong, the enemy faced a devastating defeat due to the coordinated three-pronged assault by the Sun Yuanliang Brigade, the Song Xilian Brigade, and the 61st Division of the 19th Route Army. The Miaohang position was ultimately saved from peril, inflicting heavy casualties on the elite forces of the Japanese 9th Division and the Kurume Mixed Brigade. This victory became known as the "Miaohang Victory." In the days that followed, the enemy continued their bombardment and attacks but were consistently repelled by the defenders. The Japanese army suffered significant losses, shifting from an all-out offensive to a more focused approach before ultimately halting their attacks. By the 25th, Ueda's overall offensive strategy had also failed. On February 24, the Japanese army decided to escalate the conflict once more, transferring the 11th and 14th divisions from Japan to join the Shanghai Expeditionary Force, which included troops already engaged in the war. At that time, the flagship of the Japanese Navy's Third Fleet, the Izumo, sustained damage from a bombing raid carried out by the suicide squad of the 19th Route Army, which sent shockwaves through Japan. Additionally, the large troop presence made a quick resolution to the war impossible. Consequently, on the 23rd, the Japanese cabinet decided to promptly reinforce the army. The General Staff then established the Shanghai Expeditionary Army Command, appointing General Shirakawa Yoshinori, the former Minister of War in the Tanaka Cabinet, to replace Ueda. They dispatched the 11th Division (led by Lieutenant General Atsutarou Atsuto), the 14th Division (led by Lieutenant General Naoaki Matsuki), and over 100 aircraft to China to initiate a larger-scale offensive in Shanghai. After several reinforcements, the Japanese forces in Shanghai, under Shirakawa's command, grew to over 90,000 troops, supported by 80 warships and 300 aircraft, significantly enhancing their combat effectiveness. In contrast, the total strength of the Chinese defenders was less than 50,000, with inadequate equipment. After a month of intense fighting, the Chinese forces had suffered heavy losses, leaving their river defenses in the Taicang Liuhe area vulnerable. Learning from the failures of the previous three commanders' frontal assaults, Shirakawa opted to land at Liuhe and flank the Songhu defenders. He directed the 9th Division and other units to launch a direct attack on Songhu and Shanghai while using the 3rd Fleet to escort the 11th Division into the Yangtze River estuary. They executed surprise landings at Liuhekou, Yanglinkou, and Qiyakou, quickly outflanking the defenders. On March 1, the Japanese forces initiated attacks in Naobei, Jiangwan, and Miaohang, employing heavy artillery, field guns, and aircraft for continuous bombardment. The infantry capitalized on this to engage in close-quarters combat, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Meanwhile, Shirakawa secretly instructed the 11th Division to exploit the weakness of the Chinese troops in Liuhe, forcibly landing at Qiyakou, Yanglinkou, and Liubinkou, ultimately capturing Liuhe. The fall of Liuhe posed a significant threat to the flank and rear of the Chinese army, compelling the entire force to retreat to the second line of defense (the Jiading-Huangdu line) by the evening of March 1.  After 34 days of intense fighting, they were forced to retreat to their second line of defense. At this point, the war had entered its final phase, resulting in a stalemate between the two sides. On the 2nd, the Japanese army seized Shanghai, and by March 3, they occupied Zhenru and Nanxiang, subsequently announcing a ceasefire. Now while we have been focused on the Japanese and Chinese perspectives in this, the international community was also heavily involved in the background. After the outbreak of hostilities, the British and American consuls in Shanghai offered to mediate. However despite a ceasefire being implemented the hostilities continued. So on February 2nd, Britain, America, France, Italy and Germany sent a notice to China and Japan "proposing to stop the conflict; (1) both sides immediately stop all violent acts according to the following conditions; (2) there will be no mobilization or preparation for any hostile acts between the two countries; (3) the Chinese and Japanese combatants in Shanghai will withdraw from the contact points; (4) a neutral zone will be established to separate the combatants of both sides to protect the public concession. The area will be garrisoned by neutral military and police, and various methods will be formulated by the consular corps; (5) once the two countries accept the treaty, they will not make any demands or reservations in advance, but will quickly negotiate with the assistance of neutral observers or participants in accordance with the spirit of the Kellogg-War Pact and the December 9th League of Nations resolution to resolve all outstanding issues..." Nanjing generally accepted the terms, but Japan instead proposed non-military zones be established 20 miles around the major ports of Shanghai, Hankou, Tianjin, Qingdao and Guangzhou as a sort of counter proposal. Meanwhile at the League of Nations, Yan Huiqing was drawing attention to the Shanghai incident, obviously linking it to the Manchuria incident and advocated for Article 10 of the League of Nations Charter, which was in regards to respecting territorial integrity and political independence of league nations. The League of Nations agreed and organized a committee to investigate the Shanghai incident. On February 4th Chiang Kai-Shek would write in his diary "As long as we do not lose our national sovereignty and territory, and the Japanese invaders do not put forward unacceptable conditions, we can take advantage of the opportunity of British and American intervention to negotiate with them; we cannot take a tough stance when other countries intervene, which will lead to adverse effects." By late February US Secretary of State Henry Stimson warned Japan for the second time, that the Nine Power Treaty and other treaties had to be maintained. Then on the 23rd he sent a letter reiterating the nine-power treaty and Kellogg War Pact to the League of Nations in regards to the Shanghai situation. On the 29th, a four-point plan for mediating the Shanghai incident was adopted at the League of Nations. The objective was to swiftly establish a local ceasefire agreement with the assistance of civil and military officials from various countries present in Shanghai. Following this, a round-table meeting was to be convened with representatives from nations with vested interests in Shanghai to discuss security measures for the International Settlement, the French Concession, and the local residents, as well as to address other issues. Subsequently, representatives from Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and other nations unanimously supported the plan, with Chinese representative Yan Huiqing and Japanese representative Sato Naotake also indicating their general agreement in principle. However, on March 2, the situation escalated when the Japanese army compelled the Chinese forces to retreat to their second line of defense. The Japanese side adopted a more aggressive stance, presenting four stringent conditions and insisting that the Chinese army withdraw first before halting their attacks. The Japanese forces were only willing to withdraw to the Shanghai and Wusong areas and refused to do so under the supervision of neutral countries, which the Chinese government firmly rejected. On March 3, the Japanese army launched another offensive. On that same day, U.S. Secretary of State Stimson summoned Japanese Ambassador to the United States Idebuchi, condemning Japan for accepting the League of Nations resolution on February 29 while simultaneously escalating military operations. On March 3rd a ceasefire came into effect as a formal meeting was held at the British consulate. The Chinese delegation was led by Guo Taiqi, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, along with military representatives Dai Ji, Huang Qiang, and seven others. The Japanese delegation included Shigemitsu Mamoru, Minister to China, and military representatives Ueda, Tashiro, and nine others. Officials from Britain, the United States, France, and other nations also participated in the meeting. During the negotiations, numerous contentious issues arose, particularly regarding the timing and location of the Japanese army's withdrawal. It would take until May 5th for a armistice agreement to be signed. The agreement designated Shanghai as a demilitarized zone, prohibiting China from stationing troops in the areas around Shanghai, Suzhou, and Kunshan, while permitting a limited number of Japanese units to remain in the city. China was permitted to maintain only a small police force within Shanghai. According to Chinese war reports, a total of 10,254 Japanese soldiers were killed or wounded in the Battle of Shanghai on January 28. According to Japanese data, a total of 3,091 Japanese soldiers were killed or wounded in the invasion of Shanghai: 620 Japanese soldiers were killed and 1,622 were wounded in the army; 149 Japanese soldiers were killed and 700 were wounded in the navy. Another Chinese report, stated the 19th Route Army and the Fifth Army suffered a total of 14,104 casualties 4,274 killed and 9,830 wounded. Among them, the 19th Route Army suffered 8,792 casualties, while the Fifth Army suffered 5,312 casualties. Shanghai residents faced bombardments from Japanese aircraft and artillery, resulting in over 6,080 fatalities, more than 2,000 injuries, 10,400 missing persons, and property losses totaling 1.6 billion yuan. At the onset of the war, the Japanese military intentionally targeted cultural institutions in Shanghai, such as the Commercial Press and the Oriental Library, leading to the total destruction of the Commercial Press, the oldest and largest publishing house in China. The Oriental Library, which housed millions of volumes, including over 100,000 rare ancient texts from the Song and Yuan dynasties and the Sikuquanshu compiled during the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty, was first devastated by artillery fire and then looted by Japanese forces. Reports from that time indicated that the Japanese army used trucks to transport the remaining books for seven consecutive days. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Thus what became known as the first battle of Shanghai had come to a not so swift end. Was its resolvement a victory for the League of Nations? Or was it just another indicator that the League of Nations was nothing but promises and pieces of paper? One man took notice of the Manchuria and Shanghai incidents, and he would soon bring Europe into a global war.  

Last time we spoke about the Jinzhou Operation and Defense of Harbin. After the Mukden Incident, Zhang Xueliang, despite commanding a large army, was pressured into non-resistance against Japan. As tensions escalated, the Japanese bombed Jinzhou to intimidate Zhang Xueliang and the Kwantung Army prepared to invade. By January 1, 1932, Zhang's forces retreated, marking a significant loss for China. Meanwhile, Ma Zhanshan emerged as a resistance hero, navigating complex alliances against Japanese aggression. In the face of Japanese aggression, Ding Chao rallied forces in Harbin, a crucial city in Northeast China. Together with Ma Zhanshan and other generals, they formed the Kirin self-defense army to resist the Japanese advance. Despite fierce battles, including victories at Shuiqu and Shulan, the Japanese ultimately launched a full-scale assault. After intense fighting, Harbin fell on February 5, 1932. The resistance crumbled, leading to Ma Zhanshan's defection and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.   #143 The January 28th Incident Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. In the words of Ron Burgundy, “phew, Boy, that escalated quickly... I mean, that really got out of hand fast”. Ishiwara Kanji unleashed the Mukden Incident, beginning a series of military conflicts. The Kwantung army invaded all three provinces of Manchuria, Ma Zhanshan tried to fight back at Heilongjiang, Ding Chao at Harbin and Zhang Xueliang at Jinhouz. All of this culminated in the conquest of Manchuria and the establishment of the new puppet state of Manchukuo. Yet another significant conflict also broke out in Shanghai of all places.  Now before we start this one I want to point out there are a lot of bias issues with how this incident began. It is known as the January 28th Incident or the First Battle of Shanghai. There are a few arguments as to how exactly it began, but the two main narratives are as such. During the invasion of Manchuria, anti-Japanese demonstrations broke out across China, particularly in large cities like Shanghai and Guangzhou. In most Japanese sources, these demonstrations got out of hand, requiring military action to defend Japanese citizens and property in Shanghai. Now as for Chinese sources, and I will say it here, I place a lot more credibility on the Chinese side on this one, during the Invasion of Manchuria, the League of Nations passed resolutions to get the Japanese to withdraw their troops and many of the members expressed support for China. Although the United States was not a member of the League, Secretary of State Stimson issued a "non-recognition" note in response to Japan's occupation of Jinzhou, aiming to pressure Japan. This isolation in the international arena heightened anxiety within the Japanese government and military, prompting them to seek conflicts in other regions of China to divert attention from their invasion of Manchuria.  Now a lot of trouble had been stirred up in Shanghai ever since the Mukden Incident broke out. Shanghai's business community initiated a boycott of Japanese trade, significantly impacting Japan's coastal and Yangtze River shipping industries. To give one example the "Nissin Steamship Company" halted all operations since the incident. Between July 1931 and the end of March 1932, Japanese merchants in Shanghai reportedly suffered losses amounting to 41,204,000 yen . To give you an idea, in 1930, Japanese goods accounted for 29% of Shanghai's average monthly imports, but by December 1931, this figure had plummeted to 3%. On October 5, 1931, the Japanese government convened a cabinet meeting, resolving that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs would issue a stern warning to the National Government, with the Foreign Minister and Navy Minister overseeing the issue of ship deployment. Shanghai was the key hub for Western powers in China. It was here they made significant investments and maintained strong commercial interests in the region. The political and economic dynamics among these powers were intricate. Shanghai held the largest amount of foreign settlements and concessions. Any outbreak of war in Shanghai would inevitably capture international attention and prompt intervention from nations with vested interests, such as Britain, the United States, and France.  On October 1, Tanaka Takayoshi, the assistant military attaché at the Japanese Consulate in Shanghai and head of the Shanghai Secret Service, was summoned to Shenyang by Colonel Seishirō Itagaki who told him "Our next move is to occupy Harbin and make Manchuria independent. We have sent Colonel Doihara to pick up Puyi. If we succeed, the League of Nations will have a big fight and the Tokyo government will have a headache. I want you to do something in Shanghai to divert the attention of other countries. When you cause a commotion, we will take Manchuria." Tanaka promised to complete the task and said that he was "training an excellent spy who can bribe Chinese troublemakers in Shanghai to start this fake war".  Itagaki then withdrew 20,000 yen from the Kwantung Army's secret service funds and provided it to Tanaka for operational purposes. Now here it gets wild. Tanaka took the funds and paid a Japanese female spy named Kawashima Yoshiko, known also as Jin Bihui, but whose birthname was Aisin Giori Xianyu with the courtesy name of Dongzhen, meaning “eastern jewel”. Yes Manchu royalty, to be more precise the 14th daughter of Shanqi a Manchu prince of the Aisin Gioro clan of the former Qing Dynasty. Shanqi was a descendant of Hooge, the eldest son of Hong Taiji, it all comes full circle sometimes. After the Xinhai revolution, Xianyu was given up for adoption in 1915 to her fathers friend Naniwa Kawashima, a Japanese spy and adventurer. Thus here she took the name Yoshiko Kawashima. She was raised in Tokyo and excelled at judo and fencing. In 1922 he biological father Shanqi died and as Manchu royal tradition dictated, her biological mother committed suicide to join her husband in death. On November 22nd of 1925, Yoshiko stated the she “decided to cease being a woman forever”. Henceforth she stopped wearing a kimono, undid her traditional female hair style and took a final photo to commemorate “my farewell to life as a woman”. That same evening she went to a barbershop and got a crew cut and from there went to a men's clothing store. A photo of this dramatic transformation appeared 5 days later in the Asahi Shimbun under the headline "Kawashima Yoshiko's Beautiful Black Hair Completely Cut Off - Because of Unfounded 'Rumors,' Makes Firm Decision to Become a Man - Touching Secret Tale of Her Shooting Herself". This title was in reference to a prior scandal where she allegedly shot herself in the chest with a pistol given to her by Iwata Ainosuke. Historians believe it is much more likely she chose to become a man because of the death of her parents, failed romances or possibly sexual abuse from her foster father. Kawashima would go on to explain to a new reporter two days later "I was born with what the doctors call a tendency toward the third sex, and so I cannot pursue an ordinary woman's goals in life... Since I was young I've been dying to do the things that boys do. My impossible dream is to work hard like a man for China, for Asia." She was in fact something of a tomboy in her youth, despite being quite beautiful.  Now obviously the times being the times, those close to her were, lets just say not very receptive to this dramatic change. Thus in November of 1927, at the age of 20, her brother and adoptive father arranged her marriage in Port Arthur to one Ganjuurjab, the son of the Inner Mongolian Army General Babojab, who had led the Mongolian-Manchurian Independence Movement in 1911. The marriage lasted only three years, ending in divorce. Following this, she left Mongolia and began touring coastal cities of China before adopting a bohemian lifestyle back in Tokyo, where she had relationships with both men and women. She then moved to Shanghai's foreign concession, where she met the Japanese military attaché and intelligence officer Ryukichi Tanaka. This takes us back to our story at hand.  On the afternoon of January 18th, 1932, Yoshiko Kawashima orchestrated an incident by enlisting two Japanese Nichiren monks and three other Japanese supporters to stir up trouble at the Sanyou Industrial Company headquarters on Mayushan Road, located near the East District of the Shanghai International Settlement. The group of five Japanese individuals watched the worker volunteer army training outside the factory and threw stones to provoke a confrontation, intentionally sparking a conflict. Prior to this, Yoshiko Kawashima had also hired thugs disguised as workers to blend in with the crowd. During the altercation, the five Japanese individuals were attacked by unknown assailants. The Japanese Consulate General later reported that one of the Japanese individuals had died and another was seriously injured. However, the police were unable to apprehend the culprits, prompting Japan to accuse the Chinese factory patrol team of being behind the attack. This event became known as the "Japanese monk incident."   At 2:40 am on January 20, following orders from  Yoshiko, the military police captain Chiharu Shigeto led 32 members of the Shanghai "Japanese Youth Comrades Association in China" to sneak into the Sanyou Industrial Company factory. They brought guns, bayonets, and other weapons, along with flammable materials such as saltpeter and kerosene. Dozens of members of the Japanese Youth Association set fire to the Sanyou Industrial Society at night , and hacked to death and injured two Chinese policemen from the Municipal Council who came to organize firefighting. That afternoon, Tanaka Takayoshi instigated 1,200 Japanese expatriates to gather at the Japanese Residents' Association on Wenjianshi Road, and marched along Beichuan Road to the Japanese Marine Corps Headquarters at the north end of the road, demanding that the Japanese Marine Corps intervene. When they reached Qiujiang Road, they started rioting and attacked Chinese shops. In response, Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng formally protested to Japan. Japan in return demanding a formal apology from the mayor and the apprehension of the person responsible for the death of the Japanese monk. Japan also insisted that China pay compensation for medical and funeral expenses, handle the anti-Japanese protests, and immediately disband any groups hostile to Japan. China had the option to firmly reject these unreasonable demands. On the morning of January 21, Japanese Consul General Murai Kuramatsu met with Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng to express regret for the Japanese arson and the killing of Chinese police officers. He promised to arrest the Japanese ronin responsible for the fire. At the same time, he presented a formal protest regarding the "Japanese monk incident" and outlined four demands: (1) The mayor must issue an apology to the Consul General; (2) The authorities should swiftly and effectively search for, arrest, and punish the perpetrators; (3) The five victims should receive medical compensation and consolation money; (4) All illegal actions against Japan should be prohibited, with the Shanghai Anti-Japanese National Salvation Association and other anti-Japanese groups disbanded promptly.  Starting on January 22, Admiral Shiozawa of the Japanese Navy and Consul General Murai demanded that Shanghai Mayor Wu dissolve anti-Japanese groups and halt any boycott activities. Representatives of Japanese business conglomerates also filed complaints with the Shanghai International Settlement's Municipal Council, calling for an official apology from China for the offensive report and attacks on monks, and demanding that the attackers be punished. As tensions rose, the Japanese Residents Association urged Japanese naval forces in Shanghai to take measures to protect their safety. That same day Yukichi Shiozawa, Commander of the 1st Japanese Expeditionary Fleet in Shanghai, made a threatening declaration, stating that if the mayor of Shanghai failed to respond adequately to the four demands presented by Matsui, the Japanese Navy would take "appropriate action." Even before this the Japanese Navy had deployed troops and sent additional warships to Shanghai under the pretext of protecting its citizens In addition to the warships that arrived in Shanghai after the Mukden incident, the Japanese Navy sent the cruiser Oi and the 15th Destroyer Squadron (comprising four destroyers) from the mainland Wu Port on January 21. They carried over 450 personnel from the 1st Special Marine Corps along with a large supply of arms and arrived in Shanghai on January 23. The following day, the Notoro special service ship (an aircraft carrier of 14,000 tons, carrying six aircraft) anchored in Port Arthur, also arrived in Shanghai. On January 22, the Japanese government convened a meeting and decided to take appropriate measures, with Navy Minister Osumi Tsuneo handling the situation as deemed necessary. By January 25, the heads of the Japanese Navy Ministry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a joint session, where they agreed that if the Chinese side failed to demonstrate sincerity or meet Japan's demands, force would be used to ensure compliance. They also agreed on specific “emergency actions." On January 26, the Navy Ministry met again and resolved to demonstrate Japan's military strength within the next day or two. The proposed measures were as follows: (1) If the Shanghai garrison was insufficient, the Second Fleet would be deployed; (2) Japanese citizens in Shanghai would be directly protected; (3) The Japanese Navy would secure the route from Wusong to Shanghai; (4) All Chinese vessels would be detained outside Wusongkou; (5) Additional warships would be sent to ports in Nanjing, Hankou, Guangzhou, Shantou, Xiamen, and other locations, with civil unrest in those areas also being addressed. Emperor Hirohito authorized the Japanese Navy's military actions. On the 26th, Hirohito's military meeting, led by Chief of Staff Prince Kan'in (Prince Zaihito), ordered Yukichi Shiozawa in Shanghai to "exercise the right of self-defense." That same day, the Japanese Navy Ministry urgently deployed the 1st Torpedo Squadron (flagship "Yubari" cruiser, accompanied by the 22nd, 23rd, and 30th Destroyer Squadrons, totaling 12 destroyers), with over 460 personnel from the 2nd Special Marine Corps, which arrived in Shanghai on the afternoon of January 28. By this time, the Japanese military had gathered 24 warships, over 40 aircraft, more than 1,830 marines, and between 3,000 to 4,000 armed personnel in Shanghai, stationed across the Japanese concession and along the Huangpu River. On January 28, the Japanese Navy Ministry instructed the deployment of the aircraft carriers Kaga and Hosho, the cruisers Naka, Yura, and Abukuma, and four mine carriers from the mainland to Shanghai. Back on the 24th, 1932, Japanese intelligence agents set fire to the residence of the Japanese Ambassador to China, Shigemitsu Mamoru, in Shanghai, falsely accusing the Chinese of the act. On the 27th, Murai issued an ultimatum to the Shanghai authorities, demanding a satisfactory response to four conditions by 18:00 on the 28th, threatening necessary actions if the deadline was not met. Meanwhile, with threats and rumors of a Japanese naval landing circulating in Shanghai, the nearby 19th route army units moved closer to the International Settlement's Little Tokyo. The 19th Route Army of the Guangdong Army was in charge of defending Shanghai at the time, with Jiang Guangnai serving as the commander-in-chief and Cai Tingkai as the commander. Chen Mingshu, the leader of the 19th Route Army and commander of the Beijing-Shanghai garrison, was a strong proponent of responding to the Japanese army's provocations. The Chinese public, along with critics of the Nanjing government, called for punishment of the Manchurian warlord forces who had failed to halt the Kwantung Army's blitzkrieg, which encouraged officers of the 19th Route army to take a firm stance. As the Nanjing government had not enacted any policies, General Cai Tingkai and his colleagues convened an emergency meeting on January 23, pledging to resist any potential Japanese naval invasion of Shanghai at all costs. Now the Nanjing government response to this crisis was quite chaotic as you can imagine. There was still a anti communist campaign going on, Manchuria was being taken over and Chiang Kai-Shek fully understood they could ill afford an all out war with Japan. There was a general feeling things were getting out of hand, the league of nations were failing to do anything. Thus Chiang Kai-Shek retained his passive stance. On January 23rd after extensive consultations with Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-shek, newly appointed Executive Yuan President Sun Ke urgently telegraphed Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng. "Our priority should be the preservation of Shanghai as the economic center, adopting a moderate stance towards Japan's demands. We must immediately gather all sectors to diplomatically explain our position and avoid conflict to prevent Shanghai from being seized by force." That same day, Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin also sent a telegram to Wu Tiecheng, emphasizing, "Shanghai is our economic hub, and we must continue peaceful negotiations and avoid conflict." On that same day He Yingqin instructed the 19th Route Army to withdraw from Shanghai and relocate west of Nanxiang within five days. Zhang Jingjiang then invited Cai Tingkai to Du Yuesheng's home, where he convinced the 19th Route Army to "withdraw to the Nanxiang area to avoid confrontation with the Japanese." Upon learning of the Nationalist government's position, both Chiang Kai-shek and Cai Ying-ying were disappointed, but they expressed willingness to follow military orders and withdraw from Shanghai. As Chiang Guangnai put it, "We must simply obey the government's orders." On the afternoon of January 27, Chief of Staff Zhu Peide and Minister of Military Affairs He Yingqin deployed the 6th Military Police Regiment to assume responsibility for defending the 19th Route Army's positions in the Zhabei area of Shanghai. The regiment departed Nanjing Station at 8 pm on January 27, reaching Zhenru by noon on the 28th. The first battalion arrived at Shanghai North Station that afternoon, preparing to take over defense from the 6th Regiment of the 156th Brigade of the 78th Division of the 19th Route Army in Zhabei at dawn on January 29. Back on the 27th, after Murai issued an ultimatum to the Chinese authorities in Shanghai, Mayor Wu Tiecheng, responding to a request from both the Nanjing National Government and various sectors of Shanghai, sent a letter on the 28th at 13:45 accepting all the unreasonable demands made by the Japanese. Later, at 11:05 pm the Shanghai Public Security Bureau received a response from Murai, which was directed to both Mayor Wu Tiecheng and the head of the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. In the letter, Murai expressed "satisfaction" with Shanghai's acceptance of Japan's four demands, but also insisted on the withdrawal of Chinese troops from Zhabei, citing the need to protect overseas Chinese. Wu Tiecheng received this response at 11:25 pm At 11:30 pm, without waiting for a reply from the Chinese side, the Japanese military launched an attack on the Chinese garrison in Zhabei. In response, Weng Zhaoyuan's troops from the 156th Brigade of the 78th Division of the 19th Route Army, along with part of the 6th Regiment of the Military Police that had been sent to reinforce the defense, fought back.  During the January 28 Incident, the 19th Route Army, stationed in the Beijing-Shanghai area, was the Chinese military force involved. Following the September 18 Incident, Chiang Kai-shek entered into negotiations with the Guangdong faction. As part of these discussions between Nanjing and Guangdong, the Guangdong side proposed that Chen Mingshu, a Cantonese leader, be appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Beijing-Shanghai garrison. On September 30, 1931, Chiang Kai-shek agreed to this proposal. Consequently, the 19th Route Army, under Chen Mingshu's command, was transferred from Ganzhou, Jiangxi, where it had been stationed after the September 18 Incident (following Chiang's decision to halt "suppressing the Communists"), to defend the Beijing-Shanghai area. By November, the army was fully deployed along the Beijing-Shanghai line. The military leadership included Jiang Guangnai as commander-in-chief, Cai Tingkai as army commander, and Dai Ji as the garrison commander. The army was composed of the 60th Division, led by Shen Guanghan, stationed in Suzhou and Changzhou; the 61st Division, led by Mao Weishou, stationed in Nanjing and Zhenjiang; and the 78th Division, led by Qu Shounian, stationed in Shanghai, Wusong, Kunshan, and Jiading. The total strength of the army was over 33,000 soldiers. By early November, after the 19th Route Army had secured the Beijing and Shanghai areas, the military leadership, influenced by the Shanghai populace's strong anti-Japanese sentiment, resolved to resist the impending Japanese invasion. On January 15th the 19th Route Army assessed intelligence indicating an inevitable Japanese attack and began preparing for defense, less than two weeks before the invasion. On th 19th Jiang Guangnai convened a meeting of the 19th Route Army officers in Shanghai. During the meeting, several strategic policies were decided, as recalled by Cai Tingkai. These included. Maintaining an invisible state of alert in response to potential enemy harassment. Ensuring that frontline units were adequately reinforced, with Qu Shounian's division tasked with holding for at least five days. Rapidly constructing fortifications in each defense zone, while rear units pre-select lines of resistance. Ensuring that the 60th and 61st divisions could reinforce Shanghai within five days of the start of hostilities. Establishing a stance on the Shanghai Concession. Issuing an order that, starting January 20, no officers or soldiers were to remain in the concession unless on official duty. On January 23, 1932, under mounting pressure from Japan, Chen Mingshu, Jiang Guangnai, Cai Tingkai, and others issued a "Letter to All Officers and Soldiers of the 19th Route Army," urging a great spirit of sacrifice. On the same day, the army issued a secret combat order, stating that they must be fully prepared for war to defend the nation. If the Japanese attacked, all efforts should be focused on repelling them. The 19th Route Army was poised to resist the Japanese invasion in the Songhu area.   On January 24, 1932, Cai Tingkai and his colleagues arrived in Suzhou and held an emergency meeting with senior garrison commanders, including Shen Guanghan, to communicate the secret order issued on January 23. The generals unanimously supported the directive. However, under pressure from the National Government to avoid war, Chiang, Cai, and others reluctantly agreed to comply with an order to withdraw from Shanghai. They ordered the Zhabei garrison to exchange duties with the 6th Military Police Regiment on the morning of January 29. Due to the tense situation, the commander of the 156th Brigade of the 78th Division instructed the 6th Regiment at Zhabei to remain on high alert. At 11:00 PM on January 28, Dai Ji also ordered strict vigilance to prevent the Japanese army from occupying Zhabei during the guard change, instructing all units to take their positions and be on high alert. At 11:30 pm on January 28, 1932, Major General Shiozawa and the Japanese Marine Corps unexpectedly attacked the Chinese garrison located on the west side of North Sichuan Road. In response, the 6th Regiment of the 156th Brigade of the 19th Route Army, commanded by Zhang Junsong, promptly initiated a strong counteroffensive. At that moment, the Japanese forces, spearheaded by over 20 armored vehicles, split into five groups and launched assaults from different intersections in Zhabei. Upon receiving news of the Japanese attack, Jiang Guangnai, Cai Tingkai, and Dai Ji hurried to Zhenru Station on foot during the night, established a temporary command center, and instructed the rear troops to advance swiftly to Shanghai as per the original plan. At dawn on the 29th, the Japanese forces launched a series of intense assaults, supported by armored vehicles. Aircraft from the carrier "Notoro" bombed the Zhabei and Nanshi districts, leading to rapid escalation of the conflict. The 156th Brigade of the defending forces fiercely resisted the Japanese advances, using cluster grenades against the enemy's armored units and organizing stealth squads to sabotage enemy vehicles. They held their positions and counterattacked at opportune moments under artillery cover, successfully repelling the relentless Japanese assaults. According to Japanese accounts, the battle was described as "extremely fierce, with fires raging everywhere, flames filling the sky, and the battlefield in a state of devastation." At around 10 am, Japanese aircraft dropped bombs, causing the Commercial Press and the Oriental Library to catch fire, resulting in the destruction of over 300,000 books, including many rare ancient texts. More than a thousand Japanese soldiers, shielded by heavy artillery and armored vehicles, launched a vigorous attack at the intersection of Baoshan Road and Qiujiang Road, aiming to seize the Shanghai North Railway Station. This station was a crucial land transport hub, and its control was vital for the safety of the entire Zhabei area. At 2 pm on the 29th, taking advantage of the chaos at the North Station, the Japanese forces mounted a fierce assault. A company from our military police engaged in combat with the Japanese for an hour before withdrawing from the station. By 5 pm on the 29th, the main force of the 156th Brigade entered the fray and launched a counteroffensive, reclaiming both the North Station and Tiantong'an Station. They pressed their advantage and captured the Japanese Shanghai Marine Corps Headquarters, forcing the Japanese troops to retreat east of North Sichuan Road and south of Target Road. The initial Japanese offensive ended in defeat. Following the setback, British and American consuls intervened to mediate in the afternoon of the 29th (the Shanghai government stated it was at the request of the Japanese consuls, while the League of Nations report indicated it was initiated by the mayor of Shanghai). The Chinese and Japanese forces agreed to cease hostilities at 8 pm that night. Although the 19th Route Army recognized this as a delaying tactic, they consented to the ceasefire to allow for troop redeployment. Concurrently, the 19th Route Army strengthened their positions, urgently ordering the 60th Division from east of Zhenjiang to move into Nanxiang and Zhenru, while transferring the 61st Division to Shanghai. The 78th Division, stationed in Shanghai, was fully mobilized to the front lines to bolster defenses and prepare for further combat. Following the ceasefire, the Japanese army made significant efforts to bolster its forces. The Japanese Navy Ministry promptly dispatched four destroyers from the Sasebo 26th Squadron, under the command of the cruiser "Tatsuta," to reach Shanghai on January 30 and dock at Huangpu Wharf. Accompanying the vessels were 474 soldiers from the Sasebo 3rd Special Marine Corps, along with a substantial supply of ammunition. On the morning of January 31, the Japanese aircraft carriers Kaga and Hosho reached Shanghai, bringing approximately 30 aircraft from the First Air Fleet. They anchored off the coast of the Ma'an Islands, about 130 kilometers east of Shanghai. By 4 pm, three cruisers Naka , Yura , and Abukuma along with four torpedo boats arrived in Shanghai, transporting over 2,000 marines who disembarked in groups. On February 1, the Japanese cruise ship "Terukoku Maru," carrying the Yokosuka 1st Special Marine Corps 525 men, docked at Shanghai Huishan Wharf. On the 2nd, the Japanese Navy Central Headquarters established the Third Fleet with ships from the First Overseas Fleet in the Yangtze River area, with the Izumo serving as the flagship (the Izumo arrived in Shanghai on February 6) under the command of Vice Admiral Yoshisaburo Nomura, to execute coordinated military operations. Following the reinforcement of Japanese forces, they resumed attacks on Chinese defenders in Zhabei, Baziqiao, and other locations on February 3 but were still repelled. On February 4, the Japanese launched their first major offensive, expanding the conflict to Jiangwan and Wusong. After a day of intense fighting, the Wusong open-air artillery fort suffered destruction from enemy bombardment, yet the Chinese defenders successfully prevented a Japanese landing. The anti-aircraft artillery unit from the 88th Division, assigned to the 4th Regiment of the 156th Brigade of the 19th Route Army, shot down a Japanese aircraft. Following the failure of the general offensive, Yukiichi Shiozawa was relieved of his command and sent back to Japan. Vice Admiral Yoshisaburo Nomura, the newly appointed commander of the Third Fleet, took over Shiozawa's position. Upon his appointment, the Japanese military began to bolster its forces. Even before the situation in Shanghai escalated, Japan had planned to deploy ground troops, but this was initially rejected by the navy. However, as the situation deteriorated, the navy had to request assistance from the army. On February 2, the Japanese cabinet officially decided to deploy ground forces. Due to the urgent circumstances in Shanghai, they resolved to send the Shanghai Dispatch Mixed Brigade, led by Major General Shimomoto Kuma and the 9th Division, led by Lieutenant General Ueda Kenkichi, with the Shanghai Dispatch Mixed Brigade and the Second Independent Tank Squadron being transported first. Concurrently, the Japanese Navy dispatched the Yokosuka 2nd Special Marine Corps to Shanghai. The 24th Mixed Brigade landed in Wusong on the afternoon of February 7.  Now within the backdrop of all of this Nanjing was certainly freaking out. What had started as a small incident, had escalated into a full blown battle. The Japanese were continuously sending reinforcements, and now so was China. Chiang Kai-Shek had recently resigned and came back as Generalissimo ushering in the slogan "first internal pacification, then external resistance." With that he had led a massive campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet, while avoiding a frontal war against Japan. Obviously this led to wide scale protest in China, which in turn contributed to this new incident in Shanghai. The Shanghai incident was certainly disrupting Chiang Kai-Shek's offensives against the communists, allowing those like Hu Hanmin's Guangdong based 19th Route Army to deal with the Japanese at Shanghai. Yet how long could Chiang Kai-Shek keep this up? Should he divert all attention to the Japanese? Will he step down again in shame for not facing the encroaching foreign empire?  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The January 28th Incident was yet another powder keg like moment for the very vulnerable and still fractured Chinese nation. Chiang Kai-Shek had internal enemies left-right and center and now the Empire of Japan was pressing its luck to keep seizing more and more from his nation. What was the Generalissimo to do in the face of these insurmountable odds?   

Today we read a tale from the Konjaku Monogatari about a warring Snake and Centipede. ~ Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/9CQhAqyK6F ~ Review us over on: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Podchaser⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Check out our growing database on Japanese History over at ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠historyofjapan.co.uk⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@japan_archives⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Youtube (Japan Archives): ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Japan Archives⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Youtube (Minecraft):  ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Mycenria⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ~~ Intro and Outro music Ocha by Harris Heller. ~~ Written and Researched by Thomas and Heather.

Soñar es sencillo. Ser popular en redes sociales puede ser el objetivo de muchas personas. En la edición 293, te compartimos la realidad detrás de iniciar un canal en YouTube, un podcast o una cuenta exitosa en Instagram.La musicalización está a cargo de Spring Gang con su canción Kaga.La Dosis el Podcast es presentado por Global Exchange International tu agencia con el programa internacional de intercambio con el cual puedes migrar si tienes entre 18 a 56 años. Si deseas saber cuales son tus oportunidades laborales en el exterior, escribe la palabra PODCAST al whatsapp que te lleva este link: https://wa.me/13057218760 y de manera muy concreta te pueden confirmar cuales oportunidades migratorias son para tí según las leyes y acuerdos entre embajadas y consulados. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Tinggalkan komentar dan berikan pendapatmu: https://open.firstory.me/user/clhyojn2g01v001v9hy1da8sp/comments (Telat Unggah) Eps. Alya dan Magfiroh "Momen Tuhan baik sama Demas Angin, Beneran bae banget dah pokonye.!"

For review:1.  IDF Confirms Death of Hezbollah Chief from 04 October Strike.Hashem Safieddine, the head of Hezbollah's executive council, was presumed to be the successor of Hassan Nasrallah following his assassination in late September.2. Israeli Air Force prepares for combat over Iran.Defense Minister Yoav Gallant on Wednesday told pilots and air crews at Hatzerim base that “after we strike in Iran, everyone will understand what you did in the preparation and training process.”3. US Sec Defense: 3000 N. Korean Troops Training in Russia.Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and other U.S. officials announced for the first time Wednesday that North Korean soldiers were in Russia. 4. US Security Assistance Package to Ukraine is Worth $400 million.Package includes: munitions for rocket systems and artillery; mortar systems and rounds; armored vehicles; and anti-tank weapons.5. Estonia tests defensive bunker prototypes.One of the bunker prototypes was “made from smaller elements that the military can install themselves,” while the other two were both “one piece” type constructs.6.  Australia to Produce 155mm Munitions.Australian Defense Acquisition Minster Pat Conroy confirmed that the NIOA-Rheinmetall team pitched on the deal, with French firm Thales also competing. However, the minister indicated that there is a third, currently unidentified, competitor as well. Currently, Australia imports its 155mm shells from a South African subsidiary of Rheinmetall. 7. Australia to procure Raytheon SM-2 & SM-6 missiles, in a deal with the US worth $4.7 Billion. No reported delivery timeline or amount.8. USMC F-35B lands on the Japanese Destroyer JS Kaga (DDH-184).The Kaga underwent several changes to allow for F-35B, the US Marine Corps' short-take-off-and-vertical-landing variant, to land on the ship, including painting the flight deck with a heat-resistant material, installing lights for nighttime operations and reshaping the flight deck's bow from a trapezoid to a rectangle.9. US Navy announces the future Virginia-Class Submarine (SSN-813) will be named after the city of Atlanta, Georgia.Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro: "Today, it is my honor and privilege to name the next Virginia-class submarine, SSN-813, USS Atlanta.”

A U.S. F-35B fighter jet has successfully landed on the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer Kaga for the first time, the MSDF said Monday.

By otrzymać środki, będzie trzeba spełnić bardzo wyśrubowane warunki - mówi europoseł PiS. 

Dans le village Goddo, comme dans toutes les localités environnantes, si les hommes prennent souvent quatre ou cinq femmes, ce sont elles qui prennent seules en charge le foyer tandis que les hommes préfèrent boire du vin de palme ou jouer aux dames. Ce phénomène prend de l'ampleur ces dernières années, ce qui inquiète des acteurs des droits de l'homme. De notre correspondant de retour de Kaga-Bandoro, L'air fébrile, Mireille revient du marigot avec son bébé au dos et un bidon de 25 litres d'eau sur la tête. Après avoir rempli les jarres, elle sort un mortier et se met à piler des feuilles de manioc pour préparer le repas du jour. « Le marigot se trouve à trois kilomètres du village. Je fais des allers-retours depuis le matin pour remplir nos jarres. J'ai cinq enfants dont l'âge varie de 1 à 10 ans et je suis actuellement enceinte de sept mois. Je fais à moi seule tous les travaux ménagers de la maison », fait-elle savoir.Sa voisine Ruth revient du champ avec un pousse-pousse contenant des sacs de tapiocas, de maïs, d'arachides et des fagots de bois. Âgée de 25 ans, la jeune femme transpire dans un t-shirt noir. Elle rattache son pagne déchiré. Elle ne porte pas de chaussures. « Mon champ est à 10 kilomètres dans la forêt. Les pistes sont impraticables avec des trous profonds, des mares. Il y a des collines. Je dois vendre ces marchandises pour m'occuper de mes neuf enfants et prendre en charge mon mari. »À écoutez aussiCentrafrique: au village Gaga, un paysage défiguré par l'exploitation aurifère [3/4]Pendant que les femmes se battent, les hommes, eux, partagent le vin de palme autour d'un jeu de dames. « J'ai quatre femmes, explique Francis, le mari de Mireille Chacune d'elles a un champ. Chaque année, pendant la période de semis, je m'arrange pour cultiver deux hectares sur chacun de ces champs. Après cela, elles ont la responsabilité d'entretenir ces champs jusqu'à la récolte. Elles vont commercialiser ces produits pour s'occuper de la famille. »Si les femmes refusent de se soumettre, elles sont menacées, battues ou renvoyées de la maison par leur époux. L'ONG Droit pour tous veut changer les choses. « Nous faisons des sensibilisations de masse et des porte-à-porte pour enseigner aux hommes l'importance des droits de l'homme et le respect de l'autre. Certains comprennent l'enjeu, mais d'autres sont résistants, constate Josiane Makala, coordonnatrice de l'ONG. La lutte continue, mais en cas de besoin, nous allons recourir aux appareils répressifs de l'État qui se trouvent dans les grandes villes. »Entre 2022 et 2024, selon les chiffres présentés par l'ONG Droit pour tous, au moins 11 500 femmes ont été violentées dans la Nana-Gribizi. L'agression physique conjugale représente un quart de ces violences. À écouter aussiCentrafrique: à Kaga-Bandoro, la formation professionnelle pour se reconstruire [2/4]

In this episode of Dakota Datebook, we'll hear from Kevin Locke, enrolled member of the Standing Rock Nation, in part three of Hinhan Kaga and the Milky Way.

À Kaga-Bandoro, à 380 km au centre du pays, de nombreux centres de formations professionnelles ont été créés pour soutenir la réinsertion socio-économique des jeunes. Fondé en 2021 après des années de conflits, le Centre des jeunes pour la renaissance donne aujourd'hui la possibilité à ceux qui ont été directement affectés par le conflit d'apprendre de petits métiers pour non seulement gagner leur vie, mais aussi oublier les traumatismes du passé. De notre correspondant de retour de Kaga-Bandoro, Ambiance conviviale, ce matin, dans le Centre de formation des jeunes pour la renaissance de Kaga-Bandoro. Dans des combinaisons bleues, une quarantaine de stagiaires sont réunis par groupe de quinze pour assister aux différents cours.Le centre possède une concession d'environ deux hectares pour l'agriculture, des salles de classes pour les cours théoriques et des ateliers bien équipés pour la pratique. « Je vais passer neuf mois ici pour apprendre différents métiers, dont la menuiserie. Pendant la crise, j'ai vu ma grande sœur se faire violer et mon grand frère assassiner. Cette formation va m'aider à oublier ces traumatismes », espère Gabriel.Arrosoir dans une main, sachet d'engrais dans l'autre, Fatima et ses amies se faufilent dans les allées du jardin, entre les choux et les carottes. Il est l'heure d'arroser les plantes. « J'ai une grande passion pour le jardinage, c'est pourquoi je suis là, explique-t-elle. Mon mari a été tué et j'ai l'entière responsabilité de nos quatre enfants. Je dois me battre pour m'occuper de ma famille. »À écouter aussiCentrafrique: à Kaga-Bandoro, des personnes handicapées s'émancipent grâce à l'agriculture [1/4]À Kaga-Bandoro, un nombre important de jeunes avait été enrôlé dans des groupes armés entre 2013 et 2016. Dans cette ville d'environ 30 000 habitants, l'apprentissage d'un nouveau métier permet la réinsertion de ces jeunes. « Cette formation arrive à point nommé pour me permettre d'oublier les scènes macabres qui hantaient mon esprit, confie Moustapha, 15 ans. Pendant la crise, mon quotidien se résumait à l'alcool, la cigarette et le banditisme. J'étais tombé dans la dépression. Aujourd'hui, je suis content, car ce centre me redonne de l'espoir. »L'accès au centre est gratuit et prend actuellement en charge 40 jeunes, en majorité des garçons. Les apprenants ont deux semaines de théorie et trois mois de pratique. « Nous formons chaque année une centaine de jeunes dans le domaine de la mécanique, de l'agriculture, de l'élevage et de la menuiserie afin de susciter en eux des vocations. Nous avons compris que si ces jeunes gagnent dignement leur vie, ils ne pourront pas rentrer dans la brousse pour rejoindre la rébellion », remarque Serge Bagaza, le coordonnateur du centre.Le Centre des jeunes pour la renaissance souhaite ouvrir dans les prochains mois des filières dans les domaines de la couture, de la saponification et de l'alphabétisation. L'ensemble de ces programmes est financé par l'Église catholique. 

En Centrafrique, certains handicapés de Kaga-Bandoro, au centre du pays, pratiquent l'agriculture. Ils ont créé il y a trois ans le groupement Wanzin en langue locale qui signifie « handicapé ». Ces personnes ont perdu un membre suite à une maladie, un accident ou une blessure de guerre. Même si c'est un travail difficile, ce n'est pas impossible pour ces hommes et femmes qui cultivent avec des béquilles ou dans des fauteuils roulants.  De notre correspondant de retour de Kaga-Bandoro,C'est avec son vélo à trois roues qu'Aboubacar sillonne les couloirs étroits de son champ de manioc. Le dos courbé, il se penche sur le côté et laboure le sol avec la houe. Avec fierté, Aboubacar utilise sa main droite pour conduire son vélo et l'autre pour labourer : « J'ai été victime de la poliomyélite à l'âge de 4 ans et je n'ai pas eu la chance d'aller loin dans les études. Aujourd'hui, j'ai 28 ans et je pratique l'agriculture pour gagner ma vie. Le travail est pénible sur un tricycle. Mais avec le courage et la détermination, on avance. »Le groupement Wanzin produit du maïs, du manioc, du sésame et de l'arachide. Dans les différents couloirs de la plantation, chacun dans son tricycle, les agriculteurs désherbent la terre pour débarrasser le champ de ses plantes indésirables. Marius se sent épanoui, dit-il, en faisant ce travail : « Certains d'entre nous ont été amputés à la suite à un accident et d'autres ont perdu une jambe lors du dernier conflit armé. Ce sont des choses qui arrivent, mais régulièrement, nous sommes stigmatisés et marginalisés. Nous voulons, à travers ce groupement, être enfin libres et indépendants. » Mais pour ces personnes handicapées, se procurer un tricycle reste un véritable challenge. À Kaga-Bandoro, il faut débourser entre 180 000 et 200 000 francs CFA, près de 300 euros. Ce bijou n'est pas à la portée de tous les agriculteurs handicapés. Accroupie dans un champ de carottes, Marie-Claire travaille depuis l'aube en rampant : « Comme vous voyez, je n'ai ni tricycle, ni prothèses. J'ai des béquilles, mais pour cultiver aisément, je dois ramper dans le champ. Je suis passionnée par l'agriculture et c'est ce qui me permet de vivre. »Cultiver avec un vélo à trois roues demande beaucoup d'efforts. Ali, par exemple, a quitté son travail d'agent de sécurité après un accident de la route pour se reconvertir dans l'agriculture : « Chaque année, on cultive environ cinq hectares. J'ai un handicap, mais ce n'est pas la fin du monde. L'année dernière, nous avons cultivé cinq tonnes de produits alimentaires. Ce qui nous a rapporté 4 millions de francs CFA. Cet argent nous permet d'acheter des tricycles à ceux qui n'en ont pas et de payer les salaires de nos membres. »Le groupement Wanzin commercialise également ses marchandises dans d'autres régions de la République centrafricaine et même dans la sous-région, notamment au Tchad et au Soudan.

In this episode of Dakota Datebook, we'll hear from Kevin Locke, enrolled member of the Standing Rock Nation, in part two of “Hinhan Kaga and the Milky Way.”

In this episode of Dakota Datebook, we'll hear from Kevin Locke, enrolled member of the Standing Rock Nation, in part one of “Hinhan Kaga and The Milky Way.”

海上自衛隊の護衛艦「いずも」に着艦する米軍のステルス戦闘機Ｆ３５Ｂ、２０２１年１０月、四国沖海上自衛隊は１０日、ステルス戦闘機Ｆ３５Ｂの運用に向け、１０月から護衛艦「かが」が、米軍機を使った発着艦などの艦上運用試験を米国で行うと発表した。 Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force said Tuesday it will conduct this autumn aircraft takeoff and landing tests on its helicopter-carrier Kaga in the United States by using U.S. fighter jets.

Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force said Tuesday it will conduct this autumn aircraft takeoff and landing tests on its helicopter-carrier Kaga in the United States by using U.S. fighter jets.

La paix est revenue à Kaga-Bandoro, dans la Nana-Gribizi, cette région située au centre de la Centrafrique, après plusieurs années de crise sécuritaire. Les principaux camps de personnes déplacées internes sont fermés et les occupants regagnent progressivement leurs quartiers, villages et villes respectives. Alors que les besoins humanitaires sont en baisse, le Bureau de la coordination des affaires humanitaires des Nations unies (Ocha) et le gouvernement centrafricain ont effectué une mission dans cette localité pour évaluer la situation et poser les bases d'un développement durable.  De notre envoyé spécial à Kaga-Bandoro,À perte de vue, des abris de fortune : le camp de Lazaret est l'un des plus importants de Kaga-Bandoro. Plus de 8 000 personnes y vivaient au temps fort de la crise et, aujourd'hui, le site abrite plus de 5 600 âmes. Julienne, 37 ans, revient du forage avec un bidon d'eau sur la tête : « Cela fait sept ans que je vis dans ce camp de fortune. Mon village a été incendié par des hommes armés, explique cette mère de six enfants qui porte une cicatrice sur la joue gauche. Celle-ci lui fait encore mal. Nous avions fui à travers la brousse, à pied, pendant deux semaines pour arriver ici. Dieu merci, nous sommes en sécurité dans ce camp et nos besoins essentiels sont pris en compte. »Au quartier Abaka, dans le 5ème arrondissement de Kaga-Bandoro, Célestin et ses neuf enfants mangent la feuille de manioc préparée dans le salon de leur nouvelle maison. « Ce sont les humanitaires qui ont réhabilité ma maison. Ma petite case en paille a été brûlée par des rebelles. Maintenant, j'ai une grande maison de trois chambres construite en brique cuite et en tôle, se réjouit-il. Mes besoins humanitaires ont diminué, je cherche à créer une activité génératrice de revenus pour aller vers le développement. »À lire aussiCentrafrique: réactions partagées après la levée par les Nations unies de l'embargo sur les armes« 46 % de la population centrafricaine a encore des besoins humanitaires »L'Organisation internationale des migrations (OIM) et le Haut commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés  (HCR) ont facilité le retour des personnes déplacées internes en construisant un millier de maisons dans la préfecture. « En tant qu'humanitaires, notre souhait, c'est que la population et le gouvernement aient moins besoin de nous, explique Mohamed Ayoya, coordonnateur humanitaire. Nous voyons les besoins humanitaires qui baissent, nous allons continuer à faire ce travail de résilience, de relèvement, pour faire en sorte que le pays transite de l'humanitaire vers le développement. Mais [les besoins] restent encore importants, car on parle de 46 % de la population centrafricaine qui a encore des besoins humanitaires. »Et pour soutenir ces personnes, le gouvernement centrafricain a mis en place un plan de développement durable. « La vision du chef de l'État, c'est le développement, et c'est pour cela qu'avec la Minusca [Mission des Nations unies en RCA], le Pnud [Programme des Nations unies pour le développement], le HCR et les autres partenaires, nous avons validé la Stratégie nationale des solutions durables, qui prend en compte les personnes vulnérables, indique Josiane Bemaka-Soui, la ministre de l'Action humanitaire. C'est la même vision dans l'humanitaire, d'aller vers le développement. »Presque tous les habitants rencontrés ne souhaitent plus revivre les atrocités du passé.À lire aussiÀ Kaga-Bandoro, en Centrafrique, musulmans et chrétiens cohabitent de nouveau

【2024年8月1日にライブ収録したもののを音声などの改善して聞き取りやすくしました。】 2025年6月、石川県加賀市で新しいトレイルランニングレース「Kaga Spa Trail Endurance 100 by UTMB」が開催されます。世界的に有名なUTMBシリーズの一環として行われるこの大会について、レースディレクターの滝川次郎さんに大会の概要や見どころ、開催に至った経緯などを伺いました。 100km、50km、20kmの3つのコースが用意され、変化に富んだ地形やブナ原生林など豊かな自然を堪能できるコースレイアウトとなっています。エイドステーションの充実など、海外からの参加者にも楽しんでもらえる工夫が凝らされています。 地元の協力も得ながら、世界中のランナーが訪れる一大イベントを目指す滝川さんの思いが伝わるインタビューです。 Kaga Spa Trail Endurance 100 by UTMB https://kagaspa.utmb.world 【チャプター】 00:00 オープニング 00:21 滝川次郎さん紹介 00:37 大会「Kaga Spa Trail Endurance 100 by UTMB」発表 01:35 大会開催に至った経緯 13:25 UTMBワールドシリーズのレースとなる意義 17:26 100kmコースの詳細 28:17 50kmコースの詳細 34:28 20kmコースの詳細 37:26 エントリー資格 38:51 試走する場合の注意 42:17 コースの魅力と見どころ 45:23 エントリー情報 46:58 クラウドファンディングを予定 49:00 滝川氏の思いと大会への期待 50:53 質問・エイドのクオリティは？ 52:18 大会にかかる費用は巨額だがまずは開催 55:51 海外大会の日本への招致の思い出 58:29 UTMBはお金儲けに走りすぎている？ 59:47 地元からの大会への期待 1:04:30 まとめ ポッドキャスト「Run the World, by DogsorCaravan」はSpotifyで公開し、Apple PodcastやYouTube Podcastなどの各種プラットフォームで配信しています。⁠⁠⁠⁠ https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dogsorcaravan このポッドキャストへのメッセージ、感想、リクエストをお待ちしています。エピソードやウェブサイトの中でご紹介します。 ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://forms.gle/E8iyHEMLLmyCtSEn6⁠⁠⁠⁠ DogsorCaravanのライブ配信イベントの予定はGoogleカレンダーで公開しています。登録すると見逃しを防げます。 ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://bit.ly/dcliveschedule #トレイルランニング #UTMBWorldSeries #KagaSpaTrail #滝川次郎

Fariin ii reeb :)Q-2aad|| Ku tiirsanaanta aan dheelitirnayni waa dabeecad dad badani leeyihiin se ayna ku baruurugsanayn. Waa dabeecad dadka badanka lagu amaano se saamaysa qofka cafimadkiisaa maskaxeed iyo jidheedba kuna keenta qanaacad darro iyo daganaanshiyo la'aan. Kaga boggo dabeecadan xalqada isbuucan oo la wadaag asxaabtaada. Dhagaysi wacan. https://www.instagram.com/xidhiidhadanoloshapodcast?igsh=emczMDAzMnEzemFp

Fariin ii reeb :)Ku tiirsanaanta aan dheelitirnayni waa dabeecad dad badani leeyihiin se ayna ku baruurugsanayn. Waa dabeecad dadka badanka lagu amaano se saamaysa qofka cafimadkiisaa maskaxeed iyo jidheedba kuna keenta qanaacad darro iyo daganaanshiyo la'aan. Kaga boggo dabeecadan xalqada isbuucan oo la wadaag asxaabtaada. Dhagaysi wacan. https://www.instagram.com/xidhiidhadanoloshapodcast?igsh=emczMDAzMnEzemFp

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

O Re Kaga Guru Ka Sandesha Kab Layega : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

１次改修を終えた護衛艦「かが」、８日、広島県呉市海上自衛隊は８日、ステルス戦闘機「Ｆ３５Ｂ」の運用に向けた１次改修を終えた護衛艦「かが」を報道公開した。 Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force unveiled to the media Monday the Kaga destroyer after completing the first stage of work to turn the vessel into a "flattop" for F-35B stealth fighter jets.

In this episode of the Scaling Japan Podcast, we welcome Kaga Yusuke from JETRO's Startup Support Division and Will Ferguson, an expert in international startup growth. We explored JETRO's role in aiding Japanese and foreign startups, uncovering case studies and tips for navigating the Japanese market. We will also discuss JETRO plans for 2024 to support startups, like their Techstars Accelerator program. This episode is perfect for those who wish to propel their startup journey in and out of Japan. Links from Guest Appearance: LinkedIn - Yusuke Kaga LinkedIn - Will Ferguson JETRO Startup Scouting Service Show Notes: (00:00): Introduction (4:39): What ministry is JETRO a part of? (5:13): JETRO'S expanding role in startups (7:06): JETRO's unique support system (11:04): How does JETRO help Japanese startups? (14:49): Japanese case studies and tips for Japanese companies and startups (23:20): How does JETRO help foreign startups? (27:04): Tips for foreign companies entering Japan (31:35): Additional information on how to help foreign startups or Japanese companies (33:52): JETRO's plans in 2024 (37:59): Application period for Techstars Accelerator (39:48): Connecting with JETRO: How can companies connect with Will and Yusuke? Coaching with Tyson Looking to take your business to the next level? Let our host Tyson Batino help you scale your business from $100,000 to $10,000,000 dollars with his coaching and advisory services. ⁠⁠⁠⁠Visit here to learn how he can help⁠⁠ --- Send in a voice message: ⁠⁠⁠https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/scalingjapanpodcast/message⁠ --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/scalingjapanpodcast/message

Síguenos en Instagram https://instagram.com/ladosisdiariaelpodcastSoñar es fácil. Ser popular en redes sociales puede ser el sueño de algunas personas. En la edición 293 te contamos cual es la realidad sobre comenzar un canal en Youtube, un Podcast, una cuenta exitósa en Instagram. La musicalización esta a cargo de Spring Gang y su canción Kaga.Este episodio 294 es presentado por https://www.global-exchange-international.online tu agencia internacional con el programa internacional de intercambio con el cual puedes migrar si tienes entre 18 a 56 años. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Join us in this empowering episode where we dive into Amanda's personal journey of rediscovering and embracing beauty after childbirth with Dr. Kaga. We explore the transformative experiences and decisions that have led to a renewed sense of self-love and confidence.Embracing Change: How motherhood reshapes our perception of beauty and self-identity.Dr. Kaga's Expertise: Insights from a renowned specialist on physical and emotional wellness postpartum.Personal Choices: Discussing the specific treatments and procedures I chose to enhance my postpartum recovery.This episode is more than just a story of physical transformation; it's a testament to the strength and resilience of mothers everywhere. Whether you're a new parent or simply seeking inspiration on your own journey of self-acceptance, this conversation with Dr. Kaga offers a blend of professional insight and personal revelation that's sure to resonate with everyone striving to feel beautiful, both inside and out.Connect with Dr. Kaga: Webiste Instagram Mention "The Related Podcast" For 30% OFF your truebody service (Valid until the end of 2023!!)Call for a free consultation: 1-855-DRKAGACLICK HERE For the 3 DAY MAGNETIC COACH CHALLENGE CLICK HERE For the Free HOW TO FACILITATE TRANSFORMATIONAL COACHING SESSIONS WorkbookAPPLY NOW For The Inner Beauty Bybel Multi-Modality Life + Success Coaching CertificationBOOK YOUR FREE CALL To Learn More About How The Inner Beauty Bybel Can Help You Achieve Your Coaching GoalsFIND OUT MORE NOW About The Inner Beauty Bybel Courses + OffersFOLLOW ME!!Instagram: CLICK HERE For business and collaboration inquiries, please email pr@therelatedpodcast.comHey Hey Hey! I'm Amanda, I'm a MASTER Certified Coach, Trainer + Business Mentor and I specialize in training and certifying new and established life coaches to stand out and create the impact and income they desire as a coach while getting paid to do the work that absolutely LIGHTS YOU UP from the inside out! Connect with me

This week Seth, Bill, and frequent and always welcome Wingman Jon Parshall take a look at the recently released underwater archaeological video footage of the wreck sites of AKAGI, YORKTOWN (CV-5), and KAGA. The trio breaks down what we see in the footage, how the damage shown relates to the battle, what happened in these historic locations, and much more. Tune in and see what the team has to say about the incredible video footage and (we think) pretty cool commentary.

Maxaa ku keena qofka inuu ku qanci waayo  waxqabadkiisa malin laha ah? Ma la odhan karaa waxay taasi hoos u dhigtaa kalsoonida uu qofku ku kalsoonyahay awoodihiisa wax qabad? Kaga bogo jawaabaha su'aalahan xalqadan iyo xalqadii hore Q-1aad.Dhagaysi wacan. Facebook https://www.facebook.com/amaalhaybe.coachingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/p/CpHdlduoJwD/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=

Kontrolę nad pisowskimi, rządowymi, mediami można przejąć już teraz i ja wiem jak to zrobić‼️

Maxaa ku keena qofka inuu ku qanci waayo  waxqabadkiisa malin laha ah? Ma la odhan karaa waxay taasi hoos u dhigtaa kalsoonida uu qofku ku kalsoonyahay awoodihiisa wax qabad? Kaga bogo jawaabaha su'aalahan xalqadan iyo ta xigtaba Insha'Allah. Dhagaysi wacan. Facebook https://www.facebook.com/amaalhaybe.coachingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/p/CpHdlduoJwD/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=

What can today's artists and storytellers learn from an ancient Japanese method? In this podcast, Chris is joined by Google brand expert Cláudia Cristovão, who practices Kintsugi, the art of taking old ceramics and repairing them with gold-infused sap that grows stronger with time. Building on her presentation at the THU festival in Kaga, Japan, Cláudia explains how Kintsugi's restorative, meditative process can apply to art and even people themselves. Claudia brings a refreshing perspective on creativity to the podcast, and she also reveals how upcoming artists can build their own brands.

Madaxweyne Xassan Sheekh Maxamuud aya Shir Jaraa'id oo uu Dhuusamareeb ku qabtay kaga hadlay dagaaladii ugu danbeeyey ee Ciidanka Xooga Dalka Soomaaliya ay la galeen Alshabaab.

We're focusing on a poem by renowned Somali poet Hadraawi in today's episode. Recently, Hadraawi passed away. May Allah grant him mercy. He was essentially the Somali people's Shakespeare, as I mentioned in the episode I am aware that poems can be challenging since poets must carefully select the words that best describe the situation they are describing. Therefore, don't worry if you stumble over a few words like I did. Dhalashada afkaygiyo Dhigashada fartaydaan Kaga baxay dhibaatoon Hawlihii ku dhaafee, Iyadaa dhaqaalaha Dhidibbada u aastoo Dheelliga u diiddaye, Dhulka wadajirkiisee Iyadaa dhammeesee. Through the fixing of its spelling my language is delivered: my difficulties done with, I'm freed from every hindrance. Settling the orthography's our economy's foundation; it defends against all defects in the oneness of our nation - it underwrites and it defines. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/learnsomalilanguage/support

We delve into the concept of developing a professional edge. We discuss a practical framework to help you build your professional edge by looking at our Inside Edge, Outside Edge, and Leading Edge. Additionally, we touch upon the power of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) in understanding and shaping our subjective experiences, enabling personal growth and fostering collaborative relationships. Don't miss this insightful episode packed with valuable insights for building your professional edge.Kerry Nickols (Chief Mischief Maker & NLP Master Practitioner)Kerry worked within Banking in the Financial Services industry sector. Throughout her career she worked in the front office, middle office Finance, Legal, Operations and Technology. It's fair to say she knows her way around a Corporate environment. She now inspires leaders to reach their fullest potential. She is an award-winning leader through her work in diversity and inclusion. With more than 20 years' hands-on experience working in the financial services industry she understands these challenges and opportunities facing leaders in the Age of Digital. Her internationally-focused work designing and implementing bespoke leadership and coaching programmes has afforded her the opportunity to learn what the difference is that makes the difference for people and organisations. She is a mischievous explorer of hearts and minds and enables growth and positive change.Website: KEPAGAEmail: kerry@kepaga.comLinkedIn

Waxa jira fursado maalinle ah oo nolosheena soomaraya se aynaan ahayn qaar ku baraarugsan ahmiyada ay inoo leeyihin amaba aynaan diyaar u ahayn wakhtiga ay fursado ina soo marayso Kaga bogo xalqadan fursadi waamaxay ? Maxaa ina dhaafiya janisyada iyo fursadahaa maalinlaaha ah ee ina soo marayaa ? Diinteena macaani maxay katidhi ahmiyada uu wakhtigu leyahay iyo qodobo kale oo xiiso leh Dhagaysi wanagsan Amal abdilaahi 

Mira Kaga, MD joins the #radioshow with the belief that looking better doesn't mean you need to look different. All on #NothingButTheTruth #radio with your Host Robert Bianchi & David Bruno. lookgoodfeelgood #beauty More of Doctor Mira Kaga: Mira Kaga, M.D. is a Board-Certified Internal Medicine Physician. She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Temple University with a degree in the bachelor of the arts. She went on to become a TempleMed Scholar and was awarded her medical degree from Temple University School of Medicine. She completed her Internal Medicine Internship at Georgetown University Hospital and received her residency diploma from Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. Dr. Kaga is also Board-Certified in Aesthetic Medicine by the American Academy of Aesthetic Medicine. Dr. Kaga uses the most advanced techniques in aesthetic medicine that produce beautiful, flawless results with reduced pain, bruising, and downtime. She prides herself in her ability to combine her injectable and laser training in order to achieve flawless, natural results that leave you looking better, not different.

Digrigu waa cibaadoyinka samaynta baladhan nolosha qofka bini adamka kuleh ee nooleeya qofka qalbigiisa , ruuxdiisa iyo jidhkiisaba saamayntiisuna ay dagdag qofka noloshiisa uga muuqato Kaga bogo xalqadan faaidada digrigu uu leyahay . 

Kaga We Mithdi Boli Bol : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

Kaga We Mithdi Boli Bol : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

Kaga We Mithdi Boli Bol : Shri Rama Bhai Bhajan

Khushuucdu waxay kamid tahay cibaadooyinka qalbiga ah ee smaayn baladhan kuleh daganashaheen nafeed iyo teen ruuxigaa waxayna ubahanatahay barasho samir iyo dadaal joogta oo aynu galino si aynu ugu raaxaysano gudashada salaada iyo xaqiijinta hadafka wayn ee uu ALLAH  inoo  amray cibaadooyinka . Kaga bogo xalqadan sida aynu isu bari karno khushuucda iyo waxybaha inaga caawin kara . RAMDAAN MUBARAK 

A succession dispute in Kaga Province leads to a social revolution launched by radical egalitarians --  followers of Rennyo called the Ikko.Support the show

Waa maxay risqigu ? Ma maalka ! Mise waa awlaada ! Mise waa cafimaadka ! Maxaa risqiga kordhiya ? Samayn inte leeg ayaa ka dhxaysa xidhiidhka aad Alle laleedahay oo wanaagsanada iyo risqiga oo siyada ? Kaga bogo xilqadan arimahasoo faahfasan .

It's a sad fact: diet and exercise cannot do anything to tighten loose skin on your stomach. Traditionally the only option to remove loose skin was to go under the knife, but new technologies for skin resurfacing and deep dermal remodeling can help restore some of the laxity caused by pregnancy, weight loss, or general aging. Secret™ PRO takes on a non-conventional approach to skin revitalization by uniquely combining two clinically proven technologies in a single device. Utilizing fractional CO2 for skin resurfacing and radio frequency microneedling for deep dermal remodeling effectively treats the full thickness of the skin from the epidermis to the deeper dermal layers independently or together.We took the treatment for a test drive at The Kaga Institute and our guest Dr. Kaga is here with everything you need to know about this treatment!