Podcasts about Trypsin

 While soybean meal prices have left producers searching for other options, they need to consider trypsin inhibitor levels in their chosen protein sources.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533392v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, U.-T. T., Tian, X., Liou, Y.-H., Lee, S.-P., Lu, C.-H., Chen, P., Chen, B.-C. Abstract: Expansion microscopy, whereby the relative positions of biomolecules are physically increased via hydrogel expansion, can be used to reveal ultrafine structures of cells under a conventional microscope. Despite its utility for achieving super-resolution imaging, expansion microscopy suffers two major drawbacks, namely proteolysis and swelling effects that, respectively, induce protein loss and dilute fluorescence signals. Here, we report two improvements to expansion microscopy that overcome these two challenges, i.e., deploying trypsin digestion to reduce protein loss and tyramide signal amplification to enhance fluorescence signal. We name our new methodology TT-ExM to indicate dual trypsin and tyramide treatments. TT-ExM may be applied for both antibody and lipid staining. Notably, we demonstrate better protein retention for endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial markers in COS-7 cell cultures following 2-h trypsin treatment. Subsequent lipid staining revealed the complex 3D membrane structures in entire cells. Through combined lipid and DNA staining, our TT-ExM methodology highlighted mitochondria by revealing their DNA and membrane structures in cytoplasm, as well as the lipid-rich structures formed via phase separation in nuclei at interphase. We also observed lipid-rich chromosome matrices in the mitotic cells. Thus, TT-ExM significantly enhances fluorescent signals and generates high-quality and ultrafine-resolution images under confocal microscopy. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Impactful findings with reverberating consequences – this is what AJP-Heart and Circ Rapid Reports are here for. Listen as Associate Editor Dr. Jonathan Kirk (Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine) interviews lead author Dr. Susan Steinberg (Columbia University) and expert Dr. Michael Kapiloff (Stanford University) about this novel work by Zhu and Steinberg. More than 20 years ago, Steinberg and collaborators used immunoblot analysis to implicate compartmentalization as a mechanism that imparts beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling specificity. Of note, these studies also provided the unexpected observation that the beta1-adrenergic receptor subtype accumulates as both full-length and N-terminally truncated species; in contrast, beta2-adrenergic receptors are expressed exclusively as a single full-length species. The Steinberg laboratory went on to identify the molecular mechanisms that control the maturational processing of the full-length receptor to an N-terminally truncated form (including the role of a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes) and the functional importance of this finding. They showed that full-length and N-terminally truncated beta1-adenergic receptors differ in their signaling phenotype; the N-terminally truncated beta1-adenergic receptor plays a unique role to constitutively activate an AKT signaling pathway that is cardioprotective.   This Rapid Report expands upon the previous studies by showing that the beta1-adrenergic receptor is also cleaved by trypsin, an enzyme used in protocols to isolate cardiomyocytes from ventricular tissue. This finding suggests that studies on cardiomyocytes isolated in this manner should be interpreted with caution. In the broader context, the cleavage mechanism that regulates beta1-adrenergic receptor signaling uncovered by Zhu and Steinberg has important clinical implications given the fact that beta-adrenergic receptors are first-line targets for heart failure (with beta blockers one of the most prescribed medications). The podcast discusses several questions. Are beta1-adrenergic receptors also cleaved (and hence catecholamine responsiveness also altered) by functionally relevant inflammatory proteases in the setting of cardiac injury or myocarditis? Do the full-length and truncated forms of the beta1-adrenergic receptor play distinct roles in the evolution of heart failure? This research clearly is a springboard for future studies. Listen and find out why.   Jing Zhu and Susan F. Steinberg Trypsin cleavage of the beta1-adrenergic receptor Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, published March 1, 2022. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00005.2022

The Case:  Jessica has Hashimoto's Disease and can't seem to balance her thyroid Her doctors say her levels are fine but she's experiencing bloating, fatigue, hair loss, GI issues, and brain fog. She met with several doctors but none were able to address her concerns.    The Investigation When I met Jessica, I knew that we had to go beyond supporting the thyroid, we had to slow or stop the attack on her immune system. There are many triggers and Jessica had already cut out gluten. This was great but that told me we had to dig deeper.  I noticed that Jessica came from a family of farmers and had quite a bit of exposure. Figuring out her specific triggers was how we were going to solve her autoimmune mystery.  Autoimmune Triggers and Glyphosate I talk a lot about the four most common triggers for autoimmune disease and they are: stress, toxins, infections and foods. There is one thing that intersects with all four of these triggers - glyphosate. To explain it fully, I invited Jeffrey Smith on the show. He is the Founder and Executive Director of the Institute for Responsible Technology and Protect Nature Now. He's also a bestselling author, award-winning filmmaker, and an in-demand speaker. I could think of nobody better to explain what's going on for those with autoimmune disease and even for those who do not have an autoimmune disease.  What is Glyphosate? Glyphosate is the main ingredient found in Roundup (a herbicide) created by Monsanto which is now owned by Bayer. This chemical has been found (in a US lawsuit) to have contributed to Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and cancer. It has also been linked to more than 30 diseases. It was originally patented as a descaler for industrial builders because it chelates minerals. When it gets into the human body, it also grabs minerals from our system and prevents these minerals from doing their work in keeping us healthy.  How are we Exposed to Roundup and Glyphosate? Since the late 1990's, Roundup has been used on human food including genetically modified crops such as soy, corn, cotton, canola, sugar beets, and alfalfa. These GMO crops are engineered to be Roundup-ready which means they can withstand it. Other crops that are often sprayed are oats, wheat, mung beans, lentils, chickpeas, and even orchard fruits and grapes used for wine. It is found throughout the food chain.  Effects of Glyphosate Exposure There are many ways that glyphosate exposure can affect the body, including:  Mineral deficiencies (which can cause metabolic pathways to shut down) Acts as an antibiotic that kills off the beneficial bacteria in our microbiome.  Can break down the cellular walls of our gut, brain, kidneys, or other organs in the body Can damage and mutate the DNA which can lead to cancer.  Can damage the mitochondria which has been linked to chronic fatigue, cancer, aging, and several other diseases. Interferes with intercellular communication causing gap junctions (also linked to cancer). Blocks the production of good gut bacteria. Can throw off hormonal balance between estrogen and testosterone.  Acts as an endocrine disruptor.  Can cause epigenetic changes in gene expression in future generations. Suppresses cellular detoxification pathways and downgrades Nrf2. How Can Glyphosate Trigger Autoimmune Disease? Several of the effects listed above can then contribute to the development of an autoimmune disease. Jeffrey points to GMOs and BT toxin. BT toxin works by creating tiny holes in the insects and that is how it acts as an insecticide. While this can help grow those plans, it can also have the same effect on human cells. This is why he believes that leaky gut can be directly related to BT toxins and that leaky gut can lead to a variety of autoimmune diseases because the gut is now allowing bigger proteins that don't below in the bloodstream, directly into the bloodstream and the immune system starts to see these as an invader and attacks them. The thing is that when the  immune system attacks them, it can also by accident attack our other tissues.  For example, in the case of Hashimoto's, the immune system is attacking the thyroid because it's mistaking it as an intruder. Because the gap junctions are permanently open due to leaky gut, more and more proteins get into the bloodstream and this creates a lot of inflammation.  Scientific studies have found that lab animals fed GMOs will develop inflammation and issues with the immune system, leaky gut, and the destruction of the good bacteria in the gut. Diseases That May Be Linked to Glyphosate and GMO Foods Jeffrey shares that correlational charts show a rise of specific diseases in parallel with the increased use of glyphosate on soy and corn in the US as well as the increased prevalence of genetically modified soy and corn. The specific diseases that appear in the correlation include: Inflammatory Bowel Disease  Deaths from intestinal infection Liver disease Various cancers (liver, bile duct, kidney, breast) Autism ADHD  Deaths from Alzheimer's Deaths from Senile Dementia Deaths from Parkinson's  Anxiety Suicide by overdosing  Schizophrenia Celiac disease Insomnia and other Sleep Disorders Skin problems Birth defects Eye problems Diabetes Obesity  Stroke and Hypertension Anemia While of course correlation does not prove causation, Jeffery says that he's seen the correlations first hand. He recently surveyed 3256 people who switched to an organic diet and they reported that they felt better. In fact, 85.2% said their digestive issues were resolved. They also reported improvements in fatigue, weight problems, brain fog, anxiety, depression, food sensitivities and allergies. In addition, 21.4% of respondents reported improvements with their autoimmune diseases.  Additional Threats from Engineered Microbes We often focus on the microbes in our gut but the atmosphere is full of microbes. And, all of these different microbes belong to microbiomes. For example, there is a microbiome in the dirt, in trees, in other organisms, and in the atmosphere. The threat to these microbiomes (and our own) comes from genetically engineered microbes. Microbes can mutate, swap genetic material, and travel around the world. This is how an engineered microbe created for one purpose could end up inside the DNA of hundreds or thousands of other types of microbes and enter the ecosystems with unknown effect.  Jeffrey is trying to stop the release of engineered microbes and has created a film about the threat. You can watch “Don't Let the Gene Out of the Bottle” on his website protectnaturenow.com How to Avoid Glyphosate, BT and GMO Foods Jeffrey gets asked all the time about how to avoid these harmful chemicals. Is going organic enough given the exposure so many of us have already experienced? Jeffrey says it is possible to heal from GMO and Glyphosate exposure but it's more than just switching to organic. You will likely need to remineralize, restore your leaky gut, heal the mitochondria and rebalance hormones (especially if there are sleep issues causing anxiety or depression). The good news is that reducing the GMO and Glyphosate burden has helped people regain their health. He suggests tracking how you feel before you switch to organic and then each day on a clean diet.  If going organic feels like a financial challenge, he outlines a few areas to focus and a few ways to reconsider your budget for health and food. There are also certain foods to avoid because they have the highest concentration of Glyphosate or BT toxin. Are GMO and Glyphosate Related to Peanut Allergies? There could be a connection between GMO soy and the increase in peanut allergies as these have a cross reactivity. Plus, genetically modified soy has trypsin inhibitors. Trypsin makes it possible for the body to break down certain proteins including peanut proteins. Genetically modified soy has seven times more trypsin inhibitors compared to natural soy. When these proteins are not broken down properly, they remain in the stomach long enough to create an allergic reaction. Glyphosate and BT (which may damage the mitochondria, destroy the microbiome, and cause leaky gut) can also contribute to an allergic reaction.  Testing for Glyphosate and BT Exposure It is possible to find out if you have toxins like Glyphosate and BT in your system. There are urine tests available. If you plan to detox, it can be helpful to do a test before you start and then again afterward to get a sense of the change in toxin levels in the body.    Next Steps in Solving Jessica's Health Mystery After spending 2 hours with Jessica reviewing her health history and diet, I saw that she came from a long family of farmers and has not only been exposed to many herbicides on the farm, she also has never really eaten organic foods. She was also gluten-free but was eating quite a bit of conventional corn and soy.  Our first step was to clean up her diet by switching to organic, non-GMO corn and lowering how much of it she was eating. She also switched her other foods to organic.  We also had to support her gut and liver. We did this with a cleanse, as well as microbial nutrients like GI MicrobX and FC Cidal  and supported her digestion with digestive enzymes and Hydrochloric acid. We also supported the healing of her gut with Glutamine and EnteroVite, as well as probiotics. After the gut cleanse, I wanted to make sure that we restored the microbiome because glyphosate can be so damaging. I recommended R's Koso. This is a Japanese fermented drink made from more than 100 different vegetables, fruits, and plants that I find delivers great results. It's like a natural prebiotic and probiotic and a great way to rebalance and continue to support the microbiome. By the way, I have a code for anyone that may want to try it and save 10%, it's INNA10. Use it at checkout on their website. We also had to help out her liver so we did a Push Catch Detox followed by 3 months of phase 2 support using NAC. Happy Ending In just 3 months of the new protocol, Jessica was feeling much better and her brain fog was gone. Eliminating Health Mysteries For Jessica, we were able to find that missing piece of the health puzzle and help her regain her health. Could Glyphosate and GMO exposure be the missing clue for you or someone in your life?    Links: Thanks to my guest Jeffrey Smith. He mentioned several resources in this episode. If you are looking for his 90Day healthy eating program, it can be found on https://livehealthybewell.com/. This is also where you will find The Secret Ingredient program. You can research toxin levels in your food at https://www.responsibletechnology.org/ If you want to learn more about engineered microbes, you can view his film “Don't Let the Gene out of the Bottle” on his website protectnaturenow.com   Suggested Products R Koso Japanese Fermented Drink (don't forget to save 10% by using INNA10 at checkout) PushCatch Liver Detox Digestive Enzymes Betaine HCl L-Glutamine GI MicrobX  FC CidalEnteroVite (please create an account to access this supplement) Probiotics Related Podcast Episodes: Could Glyphosate be Causing Gluten Intolerance? The Case of fatigue, brain fog and muscle weakness w/ Dr. Tim Jackson The Case of the False Negative Celiac Test w/ Dr. Peter Osborne The Dangers of Ignoring your Mouth's Microbiome w/ Dr. Kourosh Maddahi, DDS   Thanks for Listening If you like what you heard, please rate and review this podcast. Every piece of feedback not only helps me create better shows, it helps more people find this important information.   Never miss an episode -  Subscribe NOW to Health Mysteries Solved with host, Inna Topiler on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher or Google Podcasts and remember to rate and review the show! Find out more at http://healthmysteriessolved.com     PLEASE NOTE All information, content, and material on this podcast is for informational purposes only and is not intended to serve as a substitute for the consultation, diagnosis, and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. Some of the links provided are affiliate links. This means we may make a very small amount of money should you choose to buy after clicking on them. This will in no way affect the price of the product but it helps us a tiny bit in covering our expenses.

Listen as Dr. London Smith (.com) and his producer Cameron discuss Alpha-1 Anti-Trypsin Deficiency with Cassie (Cassie Walker). Not so boring! https://www.patreon.com/join/jockdocpodcast Hosts: London Smith, Cameron Clark. Guest: Cassie Walker. Produced by: Dylan Walker Created by: London Smith

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.21.262162v1?rss=1 Authors: Sun, Z., Kolossvary, I., Kozakov, D., Sahin-Toth, M., Vajda, S. Abstract: The N34S variant of the trypsin inhibitor SPINK1 is the clinically most significant risk factor for chronic pancreatitis, but the underlying molecular mechanism could not be identified. Molecular dynamics simulations and docking of the generated conformational ensemble of SPINK1 to trypsin show that the mutation reduces the fraction of conformations that can directly participate in productive association, thereby reducing the association rate. The small change is difficult to detect by measuring the kinetics of SPINK1 binding to trypsin. However, kinetic modeling reveals that even a small change in the inhibition rate affects the trypsinogen to trypsin conversion rate at the early stage of the reaction when the trypsin concentration is very low, and the impact is substantially amplified by the autocatalytic mechanism of the conversion. Thus, the slightly reduced inhibition rate shortens the delay in the activation of trypsin release, which is therefore occurs within the pancreas. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Far from becoming monomeric and unimodal in effect, the anti-trypsin protease inhibitor functions to modulate the transcriptome and proteome of induced pro-inflammatory responses in both systemic and tumor microenvironments. Dr Dan Guerra 30 June 2020 --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Ep. 308: All About Amino Acids In this episode, Stacy and Sarah talk about amino acid supplementation, empty stomaches and how your supplements compete for the attention of protein transports like they're hailing cabs in the big city! Click here to listen in iTunes   If you enjoy the show, please review it in iTunes! The Paleo View (TPV), Episode 308:  All About Amino Acids Intro (0:00) News and Views (0:40) It is almost our 6-year podcast-iversary! We are recording in advance this week because Sarah will be gallivanting around Canada soon. Most all of Sarah's family lives there, and she hasn't been back to visit in two years. She is very excited to have a vacation and visit family! Sarah is excited about this week's topic- she did a lot of research and "nerding out." We got a lot of great feedback on last week's show about Collagen. This week's show is a great sister show to that topic. Listener Question from Tess: "I have heard people talk about amino acid competition, is this is a thing I should keep in mind? I bring it up because I eat lots of bone broth, collagen, eat meat and also take amino acids as supplements (l-glutamine and l-tyrosine). I started melting my brain about trying to take these all separate from one another, but does it matter? I would love to wash my l-tyrosine down with my collagen water in the morning, then support my gut health all day by drinking little bits of l-glutamine with or without meals! Thank for for the show, and I’m not just saying that because I want to suck up to you and get my question answered!!! I truly appreciate the sensible, practical info you both put out. I’m the type of person who really likes to know the WHY!!!" Protein Digestion Occurs in the stomach and first section of the small intestine. This process is driven by hydrochloric acid. Three main enzymes break food proteins into polypeptides. Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin. Polypeptides are then broken down into peptides and amino acids by peptidase enzymes. Exopeptidases and Dipeptidases. About 30% of protein is absorbed as peptides, not individual amino acids. These peptides are endocytosed or hydrolyzed inside enterocytes. About 70% of protein is absorbed as amino acids. In the digestive tract are 5 main families of amino acid transporters. Divided by the types/properties of the amino acids they transport. Neutral amino acid transporters transport: alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, asparagine, threonine, glycine, proline, histidine, serine, glutamine, cysteine, tryptophan. Different members of transporter families have higher affinity for specific amino acids. For example, B0AT1 neutral amino acid transporter transports L-leucine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-valine before it will transport L-asparagine, L-phenylalanine, L-alanine, L-serine before it will transport L-threonine, glycine, L-proline. Cationic/Basic amino acid and cysteine transporters transport: lysine, arginine, histidine, cysteine. Anionic/Acidic amino acid transporters transport: aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Imino acid and glycine transporters transport: proline, hydroxyproline, glycine. beta-Amino acid and taurine transporters transport: beta-alanine, taurine, betaine. Generally, there are multiple pathways for any given amino acid. Amino acids compete for binding with other high-affinity amino acids for each specific transporter. The transporter system is extremely complex. The body may be able to detect which amino acids are available and which the body needs, in order to prioritize amino acids. Generally, 90% of protein we eat is digested and absorbed. 10% will pass through to the large intestine, where it may be digested by bacteria. Low protein diets cause the body to up-regulate transporters. Typically 1.3-10 grams per hour of amino acids can be absorbed. If you eat a complete protein, you don't need to worry about amino acid content. Is there a need for amino acid supplementation? Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) have been shown to improve muscle recovery and performance. If you are working out really heavily, these can benefit. It has to do with what the system can produce and what we can get from food. Glycine is a commonly deficient amino acid. We aren't eating organ meats and similar things like people used to. Supplementing with glycine can be beneficial. Glutamine has compelling science for supplementation. Glutamine deficiency alone can cause leaky gut. If you are supplementing amino acids, you want to be able to absorb them all. Consuming them with food can create a competitive binding situation. Taking amino acids on an empty stomach is usually recommended. 2 hours after a meal or 1 hour before. However, amino acids are absorbed quickly, so this window is probably smaller. We just don't know everything about amino acid absorption and competition. It is a very complex system. Until more is known, you are probably best off sticking with the instructions on the label. Sarah has been trying BCAA during the past week or so. She takes them post-workout right when she gets home. She has been using Kion Branched Chain Amino Acid Tablets. Stacy could notice a difference in her recovery after lifting heavy when she used to take them. She used plain BCAA and it made her water taste like "dirty feet." If you've enjoyed the show, please recommend it to someone who might enjoy it. We love when you share and when you leave reviews for us! Thanks for listening! Real Everything The Paleo Mom References: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227744279_Intestinal_absorption_of_peptides_through_the_enterocytes https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18195088 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223487/

The TWiVome explores induction of antiviral responses by repeating patterns of capsids, and a fungus in the mosquito gut that aids dengue virus replication. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Innate immune detection of capsid patterns (mBio) Mosquito gut fungus aids dengue virus replication (eLife) Nominate MicrobeTV for a Keck award Image credit Letters read on TWiV 479 Weekly Science Picks Kathy - Great Lakes, false color Rich - Times 360 Lego factory tour Dickson - 3D printed houses Alan - The new terms for trust in journalism Vincent - A Tale of Two Cultures and Why Science Blogging Still Matters Listener Picks Jolene - Immune Quest Intro music is by Ronald Jenkees. Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Spring is here again… and with that comes that feeling of new beginnings. I’ve been wanting to put out a new high-energy circuit podcast lately. So, in line with this sentiment of spring, I’m going to begin again with my #PugLife podcast series – the installments of which will all consist of big room high-energy remixes intent on getting you dancing. I’ve done several edits on some of my favorite current tracks for this podcast. Also, I hope you enjoy the first full length listen online of George Figares and I’s new remix of Seth Cooper + Trypsin’s “Bad Chick”! I received such an unexpected positive response to my first “House Is A Feeling” podcast that you can expect more soon from that series, as well as from my “Tech-nically Speaking” sets. And I still haven’t forgotten about that latest “Deep House” series podcast. (it’s just been about finding the time to create it!) I have some huge announcements coming up in the next month that I can’t wait to share with everyone, including news about my first single! Be sure to follow me on social media (links below) to hear the news as soon as it’s public. The Tracklist: 1) Just Fine (Edson Pride Private Dub) – Mary J. Blige vs. All The Lovers (Edson Pride Total Mix) – Kylie Minogue 2) Nobody Knows Me (Leanh 2k16 Club Mix) - Madonna 3) Get Naked The Beat (Enrry Senna Mash! Untiled Works Mix) - Party Crasher vs. Tannuri vs. Xookwankii 4) I Will Love Again (GSP & Tristan Jaxx Remix) – Lara Fabian 5) Impossible (Yan Bruno Remember Mix) - Shontelle 6) Bang My Head (DJ Suri & Oscar Velazquez Remix) – David Guetta feat. Sia 7) Meet Her At Love Parade (Eduardo Lujan Remix) – Da Hool & No Big Deal 8) Relentless Bitch to the Bone (DJ Blacklow Edit) - Wayne G & Andy Addler feat. Stewart Who? vs. Ralphi Rosario vs. Tim Rex vs. Escape vs. Ben Onono 9) Work the Formation (DJ Blacklow Edit) - Beyonce vs. Felipe Angel 10) This Joy (Rosabel's Razor N Guido Tribute Mix) – Vernessa Mitchell 11) Here Comes That Sound (Again) (Xavier Santos Remix) - Love De Luxe 12) February (Our Last Kiss) (Luque & Thiago Remix) - Joe Gauthreaux feat. Abigail 13) (It's Gonna Be A) Lovely Day (Leo Blanco Reconstruction Mix) - Peter Rauhofer vs. Wer*ship - DJ Escape 14) Bad Chick (George Figares & DJ BLACKLOW Club Mix) - Seth Cooper & Trypsin feat. Sasha 15) Work (The Perry Twins Remix) – Rihanna 16) With or Without You (GSP Mash Mix) - U2 vs. Carlos Gallardo Bookings: Michael Benedetti – michael@executiveprandtalent.com Twitter and Instagram: @DJBlacklow | www.facebook.com/DJBlacklow | www.soundcloud.com/DJBlacklow | www.mixcloud.com/DJBlacklow | www.hearthis.at/DJBlacklow

Host: Vincent Racaniello Guest: Julius S. Youngner Vincent speaks with Julius about his long career in virology, including his crucial work as part of the team at the University of Pittsburgh that developed the Salk inactivated poliovirus vaccine.   Links for this episode Trypsin for cell cultures (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med) Interferon induction by nonviral stimuli (J Gen Physiol) Interferons of different molecular weight (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med) Poliovirus thermal mutants (J Bacteriol) Combination of different cells in culture (Science) Equine influenza vaccine (Eq Vet J) Younger role in Salk vaccine (interview, amednews) Cutter Incident (JRSM) Video of this episode - coming as soon as I can get home! Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Thu, 16 Jan 2014 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16826/

Kaayla Daniel, also known as the Naughty Nutritionist, talks to me this week about how to recover from soy. Yes, I said recover, because soy is not a health food, but damages our health in many ways. We’re also going to talk about her new book about bone broths called Nourishing Broth, on which she is collaborating with Sally Fallon Morell. Transcript Click here to view the full transcript for #39 Recovering from Soy with Kaayla Daniel. Soy is not a health food. It should be avoided completely or eaten only on rare occasions and in fermented forms. The soybean is now being linked to breast cancer, thyroid disease, menstrual and fertility issues, as well as severe allergies, compromised immunity and brain damage. SOY DANGERS SUMMARIZED High levels of phytic acid in soy reduce assimilation of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc. Phytic acid in soy is not neutralized by ordinary preparation methods such as soaking, sprouting and long, slow cooking. High phytate diets have caused growth problems in children. Trypsin inhibitors in soy interfere with protein digestion and may cause pancreatic disorders. In test animals, soy containing trypsin inhibitors caused stunted growth. Soy phytoestrogens disrupt endocrine function and have the potential to cause infertility and to promote breast cancer in women. Soy phytoestrogens are potent antithyroid agents that cause hypothyroidism and may cause thyroid cancer. In infants, consumption of soy formula has been linked to autoimmune thyroid disease. Vitamin B12 analogs in soy are not absorbed and actually increase the body’s requirement for B12. Soy foods increase the body’s requirement for vitamin D. Soy infant formula can cause lifelong allergies, autoimmune thyroid disease, asthma, and attention deficit disorder. Fragile proteins are deformed during high temperature processing to make soy protein isolate and textured vegetable protein, making them very difficult to digest. Processing of soy protein results in the formation of toxic lysinoalanine and highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. Free glutamic acid or MSG, a potent neurotoxin, is formed during soy food processing and additional amounts are added to many soy foods. Soy foods contain high levels of aluminum that is toxic to the nervous system and the kidneys. Soy HEALTH PROBLEMS SUMMARIZED Thyroid problems: including weight gain, lethargy, depression, fatigue, hair loss, and loss of libido Premature puberty Weight gain Estrogen Dominance Syndrome Developmental delays and problems in babies, children, and adolescents Asthma Causes and exacerbates endometriosis Cancer Brain damage, reducing production of new brain cells Dementia Reproductive disorders Reduced Fertility Kidney stones Weakened immune system Severe food allergies Man boobs and reduced sex drive in men About Kaayla Daniel Kaayla T. Daniel is known as The Naughty Nutritionist. Her writing and blog get a bit naughty at times! She earned her PhD in Nutritional Sciences and is board certified as a clinical nutritionist (CCN). She serves as Vice President of the Weston A. Price Foundation and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Farm-to-Consumer Legal Defense Fund. In 2005, Dr. Daniel received the Weston A. Price Foundation's Integrity in Science Award. Works by Kaayla Daniel Dr. Daniel’s book The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of America 's Favorite Health Food, has been endorsed by leading health experts, including Drs. Russell Blaylock, Larry Dossey, Nicholas Gonzalez, Joseph Mercola, Kilmer McCully, Doris J. Rapp and Jonathan Wright. The Whole Soy Story is a groundbreaking expose that tells the truth about soy that scientists know but that the soy industry has tried to suppress. Soy is not a health food, does not prevent disease and has not even been proven safe. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies link soy to malnutrition, digestive problems, thyroid dysfunction, Are toxic metals causing your fatigue and health issues? Find out by taking Wendy’s Heavy Metals Quiz at

Objectives: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to misfolded proteins inside the ER and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR). Unfolded protein response components are involved in pancreatic function and activated during pancreatitis. However, the exact role of ER stress in the exocrine pancreas is unclear. The present study examined the effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER chaperone, on acini and UPR components. Methods: Rat acini were stimulated with cholecystokinin (10 pmol/L to 10 nmol/L) with or without preincubation of 4-PBA. The UPR components were analyzed, including chaperone-binding protein, protein kinaselike ER kinase, X-box-binding protein 1, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, caspase 3, and apoptosis. Effects of 4-PBA were measured on secretion, calcium, and trypsin activation. Results: 4-Phenylbutyric acid led to an increase of secretion, whereas trypsin activation with supraphysiological cholecystokinin was significantly reduced. 4-Phenylbutyric acid prevented chaperone-binding protein up-regulation, diminished protein kinaselike ER kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation, prohibited X-box-binding protein 1 splicing and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein expression, caspase 3 activation, and apoptosis caused by supraphysiological cholecystokinin. Conclusion: By incubation with 4-PBA, beneficial in urea cycle deficiency, it was possible to enhance enzyme secretion to suppress trypsin activation, UPR activation, and proapoptotic pathways. The data hint new perspectives for the use of chemical chaperones in pancreatic diseases.

Tracklist : 1) Roland & Sherman - "Somewhere Down The Lane" 2) System Overload - "Rise Of the God" 3) Placid K - "Lose it" 4) Trypsin & Dj Only - "Re-Activate" 5) Re-Style - "Give Ya House (T-Juncion & Rudeboy Remix)" 6) Dj Mad Dog & Amnesys - "Game Over" 7) Amnesys - "Elevation" 8) Tensor & Re-Direction - "Fear (Embrionyc's Bound By Blood Remix)" 9) Mr. Sinister - "Heart Of Darkness" 10) Tha Playah - "Mastah Of Shock (Angerfist Remix)" 11) The Executer & Ofearia Vs Human Resource - "Lifebinder" 12) Javi Boss & Dj Juanma - "The Prophecy (T-Juction Remix)" 13) Tommyknocker - "T-2012" 14) Evil Activities - "It's Ok" 15) Dyprax Feat Mc Syco - "Culture Of Chaos" 16) Hellsystem - "Salvation" 17) Juanma - "Living changes" 18) Nosferatu Feat Evil Activities - "Sick Of It All" 19) NeoX - "Artz" 20) Dj Kristof & X-clusive - "Hardcore Universe Anthem" 21) Dyprax - "Dead Presidents" 22) Javi Boss - "Faka two" 23) Endymion - "To Claim The Future" 24) Anime - "A-Bomb" 25) Quitara - "Poisonous" 26) Rob Da Rhythm - "Chainsaw" Total time : 51:56

Inventor and self-described hacker Mitch Altman talks about Noisebridge, the San Francisco hackerspace he co-founded. Altman is responsible for co-founding 3-ware is now the President and CTO of Cornfield Electronics. His many inventions include TV-B-Gone and NeuroDreamer sleep mask.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible]. Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k l x Berkeley, a biweekly Speaker 1: 30 minute program bringing you interviews, featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift on today's show. Rick Carnesi and I interview Mitch Altman. [00:00:30] Mitch is an inventor and self-described hacker. He cofounded the company three where and is now the president and CTO of cornfield electronics. We're talking to him about Noisebridge, the San Francisco hackerspace that he co founded, as well as some of his many inventions. These include the TVB gone a remote that turns off most TVs and his recently successful Kickstarter project, the neuro dreamer sleep mask. Mitch Altman. Welcome to spectrum. [00:01:00] Thanks. Would you mind telling us sort of that career path? Speaker 4: How I got to sitting here today? Uh, I've been a geek all my life. You know, I dreamed about this stuff when I was a little kid. I actually did a, I remember having this recurring dream where I saw the inside of my mom's radio, which, uh, they were tubes. I didn't know what tooks were though. They were just glowing. They look cool. And I dreamed about pushing it off the counter to see what was in it. And in my dreams I actually did it. But in real life [00:01:30] I was always too timid. But I really wanted to see what was inside. And eventually I started taking apart my parents things and somehow they let me and eventually I learned to put them back together, making my own things from scratch. It's been fun in electronics, I always want to know how things work. I mean that's, that's what makes us geeks tick, you know. Speaker 4: But the thing that fascinated me the most was electronics. So I started playing with wires and alligator clips and putting forks into electrical outlets and having my parents scrape me off the ceiling [00:02:00] and learning from my mistakes, learning and growing. And eventually I was making my own intercoms between my brother's bunk bed and mine below him in high school, making an electronic bong. And, uh, that was one of the things that actually got me talking to other kids rather than just being alone geek. So, uh, inventing, making things. It's been part of my life since I can remember thinking. But you've also had this entrepreneurial spirit as well, I suppose. Yeah. And I'm not really sure [00:02:30] where that came from. Maybe from my parents. My father was an architect, you know, and I see a lot of what I do as art, you know, expressing ourselves truthfully and doing things in a way that give other people an opportunity to think about themselves in the world around them. Speaker 4: And my father did his art architecture and it made him a living without really being conscious of it. That's probably the path that I followed. I actually quit the job that I had created for myself, which was consulting in electronics [00:03:00] for usually small companies. But I quit that so I could explore ways of doing more of what I loved and that's how I came across TV be gone. And I was lucky enough that it actually makes me a living. It's really cool to be able to make a living by doing what you love, making enough money, doing what you love to keep doing what you love. I mean, that's my idea of success. Where does the inspiration come from your projects? Well, that's a good question. Where does inspiration come from? You know, obviously, uh, other people can be inspiring random [00:03:30] events in our lives and people are a great random elements in our lives. Speaker 4: And if we relate to people when they throw something at us that really sticks in our [inaudible] and uh, nibbles away at us, uh, it's like sticking in there. Maybe it's subconscious. Eventually it becomes an idea for a project that screaming to come out, TV gone. I got the idea of sitting in a Chinese restaurant in 1993 talking with some friends and we were there [00:04:00] to talk to each other, not to watch TV. And yet there was a TV on and we were watching the TV and that was crazy. So we started talking about that and then I thought, wouldn't it be wonderful if I could just turn off these horrible distractions everywhere I went? And instantly I knew I could because I'm a geek. Of course. It took me 10 years to get to a point in my life where I had time and energy to do it. Speaker 4: And I'm glad I did. And I had to make that time though. You know, inspiration is really important. Ideas are really important, but they don't go anywhere unless [00:04:30] you make the time to do something with them. And you just prioritize it because you're passionate about it. Or how, how do you make sure that you actually finish something? You start o finishing what you start. Well, you know, I think that's overrated. I've done zillions of projects as have we all that we have that I haven't finished. That's great. You know, and if I'm not motivated to finish it, that leaves time for doing something else. TV began I think is the first project in my entire life where I actually finished it. Totally. And I had to, if I was going to make [00:05:00] it a product, you know, and uh, I don't think we've mentioned TV beyond for people that don't know, it is a key chain that turns TVs off in public places and it really does work. Speaker 4: And I did it cause I got rid of TV in my life at home. I am a TV addict. Uh, I watched it every waking moment of my life as an unhappy child, but I didn't have to keep doing it later in life. And I chose not to, but in public, no one chooses those things to be on. People don't leave their home to watch television except me for sports [00:05:30] bars or something. But I don't like bars and I don't like sports so I don't go to those but everywhere else. So I made it so I could turn them off and other people wanted them. And then when their friends wanted them in friends of friends, that's when I decided I would make a bunch. So, um, I started it like many projects and it got on a roll unlike many projects. But I actually was so passionate about it continually and I had so many people that are kept asking me when's that going to be done? That that probably helped me follow through and actually finish it [00:06:00] and get it to a point where it's a manufacturable product. Speaker 2: [inaudible] you are listening to spectrum Inka LX Berkeley. Our guest is inventor Mitch Altman. Speaker 4: And once you get something at that point, what's next? Do you tinker and invent more stuff or do you spend time supporting TVB gone or, yeah. Well when you do what you love, all sorts of [00:06:30] interesting things open up that you might notice where you wouldn't if you're consumed doing something that just exhausts you like a job, you know, you don't like that too. Many of us, unfortunately on our planet are in that position. I have been working on many other projects along the way. I started getting into hacker conferences and maker fairs as a result of TVB gone. People invited me to these things and I, um, would give talks, [00:07:00] which is kind of bizarre for me. A totally introverted geek, terrified of public speaking. Like so many other of us introverted geeks. But, uh, it turned out I liked it. It makes it easier to talk about something you love. Speaker 4: Yeah. I don't like being pedantic. Uh, I like making things fun and if other people relate then maybe they'll learn something, maybe make a new choice in their life that serves them better and I don't want to tell anyone else what to do. Well sometimes I do, but I like making it more fun for people to choose for themselves what's good for themselves. [00:07:30] I found a place where at hacker conferences, at maker fairs where I could teach doing what I really love, which is soldering and making cool things with electronics and that led to me finding things to teach with. So I started making my own little kits for total beginners and I started doing that by hacking other people's kids and then making my own and that's been supplementing my income a little bit, but mostly it's been paying for me to be able to travel around the world and teach doing this, which I also [00:08:00] love. Speaker 4: That led to going to more hacker conferences and maker fairs and things related and going to hacker spaces that existed but not too many back then. Back then was 2007 okay. The first maker fair was 2006 which led me to meet people who invited me to the first hacker conference also in 2006 that I went to a hope in New York every other year. And I've been actually helping organize those now, which is another thing I make time for at one [00:08:30] of these hacker conferences in Germany, put on by the chaos computer club who have been responsible for creating hackerspaces in Germany and then the world for over a quarter century now of in 2007 it was about a quarter century of that and they gave a presentation on how to start your own and I was way inspired to come home and do that in my home town and with my friend Jake, we Noisebridge and instantly we just put out the word and we got lots [00:09:00] of way cool people to help and with our ideas and their ideas collected more people. Speaker 4: And Noisebridge was a just a natural growth out of all of our enthusiasm and inspiration for having the energy and the high really of being at one of these hacker conferences where people do what they love, explore it, they love Sharon, teach and learn from each other. Uh, but not just once a year, uh, but every day, all night, all day, all year round. [00:09:30] And Wow. Hundreds of us go through there every week. And it constantly amazes me how many cool people are doing cool things there now. And what kinds of things happen at Noisebridge? It's very diverse. A, it's not just tech. You know, I teach soldering and electronics, but [inaudible] Mondays. Yeah. So every Monday, uh, since 2007, I've been teaching how to solder and I love doing that. I'm really good at it by now too. And when I'm not in town, I'm on the road. Other people do [00:10:00] it on Wednesdays. Speaker 4: There's a similar kind of thing for craft and art folks to get together and that's called scow sewing, crafting or whatever. Also on Mondays is people. There's someone who's teaching a class on how to do your own website. There's a python language class, there's German language, human language class, there's a space exploration program, there's food classes. We have a full kitchen, we have a dark room, there's lithography classes. He printing three d printers. We got lots of those. And we understood [00:10:30] sewing machines and lots of cool, uh, electronics equipment as well as the machine shop and laser cutter and a library. We've got classrooms, we've got events, spaces, all this and more. And everything happens just because people think it would be cool to do. And they, they do it and people help. And this is just one of about a thousand hackerspaces in the world. Now it's another thing I love doing is going around helping people start these supportive communities, which are hackerspaces for people to explore and do what they love and hopefully even make a living out of it [00:11:00] so they can do what they enjoy and find fulfillment in their lives. Speaker 4: You know, now there's only a thousand in the world. What will the world be like when there's a million? Uh, more opportunities for people to do. Way more cool things. Earlier guests on our show did talk about the makerspace project of which you're fairly vocal critics. So can you say why you're a critic? I wouldn't say I'm a critic. I love maker fair and I love make magazine. They've created opportunities for so many people and my life has been [00:11:30] changed for the positive by it and so it was so many other people and it will continue to be that kind of positive role model for others as well. They recently sought and received a grant for $10 million from DARPA, which is an arm of a research arm of the u s military. Their goal is to help create new technology for the u s military. That's their stated goal. So they have a bunch of grants now available. Speaker 4: Most of them are because they [00:12:00] see the u s education system as horribly flawed as do I. People in the u s military see that just as clearly as many of us too. And making grants for hands on learning is a way to give more people opportunity to at least have a start and becoming high quality engineers, which they need to further the goals of their organizations, which is in my view, simply put to hurt and kill people. Of course, that's [00:12:30] my personal view. You know, other people will see it differently. What I would love to see happen is for people to explore and continually reevaluate what it means to them to receive funding from organizations or people whose goals don't align with your own cause. There's consequences, so anything we do, there's consequences. There's pluses and minuses for everything. When you accept funds from sources that have goals that don't [00:13:00] align with your own, of course you're helping your goals because you have funding to do so, but you're also helping the goals of the funding source, which don't align with your own. Speaker 4: How do you actually weigh the pluses and minuses in that way? It's not easy, but for me, after struggling with it for months, I can't feel good about associating myself with helping the goals of DARPA. Even though good things come from what DARPA has [00:13:30] done, I would rather put my energy directly into doing things that I believe are helping people rather than helping the goals of an organization that does things that I find well, use the word reprehensible, so I'm not trying to talk anyone into not associating with makerfair or make magazine. I still respect many of the people at make and a maker fair, great deal. I think they'll do great things. I just can't feel [00:14:00] good about helping myself and I really would hope that people do consider the funding sources because it does change what you'll do maybe consciously, maybe subconsciously. So what are you willing to do that you might not have done to make it more likely to get funding renewed funding? Speaker 4: What are they going to stop doing that they might have done because it doesn't look so good to the funding source? I see these as very, very much related. It's really important [00:14:30] to explore these things before making a conscious choice about whether to accept these funding sources. Maybe it's worth it. Maybe it isn't. It's up to each and every individual. I need a couple points of clarification just to make sure we got everything right. Yeah. So the DARPA funding at all go to maker fair to your knowledge? Uh, sort of the, with some of the other projects that those same people were doing well before making my choice. I talk to the person who started maker fair and make magazine, [00:15:00] uh, Dale Dougherty and he's a great guy. We've done lots of cool things through the years together. And my main goal was to explore the possibility of helping with maker fair without being associated with DARPA funding. And the funding that they got is for a program they call mentor program a but that's intertwined with making makerfair. So there's no way to dissociate the funding Speaker 2: [inaudible] [00:15:30] this is spectrum k a l x Berkeley. Our guest is Mitch Altman, Co founder of the hackerspace Noisebridge. Speaker 4: I also see this theme of wanting to help people. So for instance, you host these depression and Geek meetups. Life isn't all totally wonderful. Life is full of things that are amazingly wonderful and rapturous and blissful and it's full of things [00:16:00] that totally suck and anything in between up, down and all around. And any given life, no matter how wonderful your life is, uh, there's ups and downs. And I, um, started off my life as a totally depressed geek and, um, I was brutally bullied. I was, you know, I'm introverted geeks when I was a little kid, did not farewell. And not only that, but, uh, I was an am queer and little kids take any difference big and small, and they brutalize [00:16:30] people for it. Uh, life was horrible for me and my parents were terrible parents. Lucky for me. They turned out to be cool people as adults for me when I was at adult. Speaker 4: And uh, no matter what childhood can be rough for people and there's unhealed stuff and we carry all of that with us if we survive into adulthood. And here we all are as adults living our lives, hopefully exploring and doing what we love with the help of, uh, our supportive communities, including hackerspaces, but still there was a huge [00:17:00] amount of depression in geek communities. Uh, last November a friend of mine killed himself. It was the first time in my life where I felt close to someone who killed themselves. And, uh, it's rough. It really, really sucks. There's nothing like it. And still, uh, by this time in my life I tried to see opportunity in anything to help not only myself but other people. It's part of my healing process. So I wrote up [00:17:30] a very personal blog post on the Noisebridge blog site about my feelings and hundreds or more people responded. Speaker 4: It was overwhelming. And, uh, it really showed me that way more people are dealing with depression than I could imagine. And, and my friend, I had no clue he was, and I'm very sensitive to it. He hit it so well and I hit it well when I was a first half of my life living with depression. But yeah, a lot of us in the geek world. And in our planet are suffering [00:18:00] with depression. So after all these responses, I thought, you know, maybe we could have a meetup where we can talk about this and openly and if we talk about this openly as a community, maybe maybe someone will reach out for help rather than harm themselves and maybe someone will live another night. And any case, these geek and depression meetups that I started are now happening in various cities around the world and hopefully more as, as we become [00:18:30] more open about this cause, you know, I think we really can benefit all of us, each of us and as a community, if everyone is able to be totally open about all of who we are and not have to be shameful or secretive about something, you know, we can be open about everything but this then, then soon we're closing off huge parts of our lives and we have this part we can't even explore ourselves cause we can't talk about it to anyone. Speaker 4: We're not open about it with ourselves and not just about being queer or [00:19:00] whatever, but also being depressed, feeling suicidal, has a lot of shame associated with it. And a lot of people feel, unfortunately, sadly, tragically, that the easiest way out is killing themselves rather than just asking for help. And that's just so awful and unnecessary. So, uh, there are geeking depression meetups now that happened in San Francisco. I would like to see more happen elsewhere, bigger, small, whatever, and I'm [00:19:30] always available if anyone wants to contact me for any reason, project help how to start a company. Uh, if you're depressed, if you want someone to talk you into quitting a job, you don't like anything. I'm totally willing to communicate any time. Just please email me mitch@cornfieldelectronics.com. Speaker 2: [inaudible]. Our Guest Today on spectrum is Mitch Altman, enter hackerspace activist. This is KALX Berkeley. Speaker 4: [00:20:00] You had, uh, mentioned this sort of lackluster state of science, technology, engineering and math education or education in general. Do you see other possible solutions to bringing that up? Yes. This is one of the huge reasons why I started Noisebridge and why help other hackerspaces start. These are places where education happens in a very real wonderful way. Noisebridge is a 500 C3 public [00:20:30] benefit corporation in the state of California, but it's not your traditional kind of education organization. We teach and learn and share through hands on whether it's with computers, whether it's in a kitchen, a sewing machine, a soldering iron, a machine shop, whether it's exploring biology and growing mushrooms or using a laser cutter or exploring space. It's all about learning and teaching and sharing. People can try stuff if they know they love something, they can blurt more, they can [00:21:00] teach it. Speaker 4: It's really fantastic and this is an opportunity for some people to actually learn what they want to learn to live lives that they want to live. I wish the u s education system were more of that way, but it's very unfortunate that the only schools, well most of the schools that actually provide that opportunity are very expensive. Private schools in our country and there are fortunately some exceptions. I was just teaching some kids over at them, met West School in [00:21:30] Oakland who are providing hands on learning for their kids and it's public. It's really cool that, that, that exists. But it's only, I think 165 kids are allowed there. I would love to see more of that. So hackerspaces around the world are providing these opportunities right now. It's very few opportunities compared to what we need. There's only a thousand hackerspaces in the world and we need a million and we'll get there. Speaker 4: Uh, because hackerspaces are incredibly cool. People are [00:22:00] spontaneously creating them. There's all sorts of ways we can create these niches within which we can provide ourselves the services that our governments are not providing us. Hackerspaces just happened to be a really wonderful way near and dear to my heart and Mitch, our hackerspaces able to reach out to younger students populations that are stuck in those schools that you were talking about that aren't doing any of this hands on stuff. Yeah, well they, it's already, uh, it's already there. I mean, Noisebridge has [00:22:30] always been welcoming to people of all ages and most hackerspaces are, although some are afraid of liability issues a and they only have 18 and over, which I think is absurd. Yeah, there's, there's no age limit for learning. Not If we don't have it beaten out of us. That is, I'm not doing hackerspaces to get rid of schools. Speaker 4: I would love schools to become places where people can actually learn, but kids can have these often totally free and it Noisebridge [00:23:00] it's always free opportunities as an alternative during lunch or before or after school, they can come to Noisebridge over weekends, uh, with or without their parents. People are always welcome to come. Hopefully as there were more and more hackerspaces, there'll be more opportunities for these kids. There are hackerspaces in the East Bay, there's ace monster toys. There's one that's just forming now called pseudo room, s u d o room, [00:23:30] and there's mothership hacker moms, which is primarily for moms who are hackers and there's also a lowel space. I can't remember what the acronym stands for, unfortunately, but therefore liberating ourselves locally. There you go. Liberating ourselves locally. There are a bunch of cool people primarily for, uh, hackers of color, of various sorts and we need more. There's actually people just now starting to talk about another hackerspace in [00:24:00] San Francisco. What I would love to see is a hackerspace in every neighborhood of San Francisco, every neighborhood of every city around the country. We need a million of these things. Okay. Well, Mitch, thanks for joining us. Yeah, it's been great being here. Thanks for having me. Awesome. Speaker 5: Mm. Speaker 6: A regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening locally over the next two weeks. Rick Kaneski at Lisa kind of joined me for the calendar. The next science [00:24:30] at cal lecture will be given at 11:00 AM on August the 18th in genetics and plants biology room 100 the lecture will be given by Dr Anton Trypsin and will be titled, can one see a flower through a granite wall? Amazing capabilities of neutron imaging. The detection technology developed for NASA astrophysical missions at UC Berkeley space science lab has been successfully extended to such diverse areas as synchrotron instrumentation, biomedical imaging, ground-based astronomy [00:25:00] and neutron micro tomography. Dr Trypsin will talk about his experience with neutron imaging and how it's useful find new applications. He got his phd in Applied Physics in 1992 at the Russian Academy of Sciences and was then a British royal society fellow with University of Lye Chester and joined the space scientist lab at UC Berkeley in 1996 where he is currently a research associate Speaker 7: on Saturday, August 18th the exploratorium at three six zero one line street at the Palace of fine arts in San Francisco [00:25:30] and celebrating founder of Frank Oppenheimer's hundredth birthday. Standard admission is $25 but college students, seniors, teachers, persons with disabilities and youths age six to 17 pay only $19 members and children five and under are free during regular museum hours of 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM visitors can take part in a variety of events and activities. Honoring Frank at the explorer bowls table from 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM you can make a spinning top when [00:26:00] a Frank's favorite DIY projects throughout the day in the mine theater. You can see a series of exploratorium home movies featuring the early days of the museum as well as footage of frank engaging with visitors and staff. Today's events will also feature a frank themed presentation in the McBean theater and screenings of some of his favorite films from the museums, cinema arts archives, including the Em's classic powers of 10 there will also be birthday cake exploratory members can go [00:26:30] to a special celebration from six [inaudible] 9:00 PM for more information, visit exploratorium.edu no news with [inaudible] Speaker 6: Karnofsky and Lisa Katovich. The Berkeley Earth surface temperature reports that the average temperature of the earth land has risen by 2.5 Fahrenheit over the past 250 years, including an increase of 1.5 degrees over the most recent 50 years. The good match between the new temperature record and historical carbon dioxide records suggest [00:27:00] that the most straightforward explanation for this warming is human greenhouse gas emissions. Five Times more station records were used than in previous analyses and a new statistical approach allowed Berkeley Earth to go about a hundred years farther back in time than previous studies allowing the team to conclude that the contribution of solar activity to global warming is negligible. Five scientific papers including the raw data are available online@berkeleyearth.org Elizabeth Mueller Co founder and executive director [00:27:30] of Berkeley Earth says that one of our goals at Berkeley Earth is complete transparency. We believe that everyone should be able to access raw climate data and do their own analysis. Mueller was a guest on spectrum and her interview is available on iTunes university Speaker 7: science daily reports that UCLA researchers found that older adults who regularly used a brain fitness program played on the computer demonstrated significantly improved memory and language skills. The team studied 59 participants with an [00:28:00] average age of 84 recruited from local retirement communities in southern California. The volunteers were split into two groups. The first group you used the brain fitness program for an average of 73 and a half, 20 minute sessions across a six month period. Well a second group. You use it less than 45 times. During that same period, researchers found that the first group demonstrated significantly higher improvement in memory and language skills compared to the second group. The study's findings add to the field exploring whether such brain fitness tools may help improve language [00:28:30] in memory and may ultimately help protect individuals from the cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease. Age-Related memory decline affects approximately 40% of older adults and is characterized by self perception of memory loss and decline in memory performance. Previous studies have shown that engaging in mental activities can help improve memory. That little research has been done to determine whether the numerous brain fitness games or memory training programs on the market are effective. This is one of the first studies to assess the cognitive effects [00:29:00] of the computerized memory training program. Speaker 1: [inaudible]Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 1: [inaudible].Speaker 2: The music heard during the show is by Anna David from his album folk acoustic made available by a creative Commons license 3.0 attribution. [00:29:30] Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum.at Speaker 1: yahoo.com join us in two weeks at the same time. [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Inventor and self-described hacker Mitch Altman talks about Noisebridge, the San Francisco hackerspace he co-founded. Altman is responsible for co-founding 3-ware is now the President and CTO of Cornfield Electronics. His many inventions include TV-B-Gone and NeuroDreamer sleep mask.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible]. Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k l x Berkeley, a biweekly Speaker 1: 30 minute program bringing you interviews, featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift on today's show. Rick Carnesi and I interview Mitch Altman. [00:00:30] Mitch is an inventor and self-described hacker. He cofounded the company three where and is now the president and CTO of cornfield electronics. We're talking to him about Noisebridge, the San Francisco hackerspace that he co founded, as well as some of his many inventions. These include the TVB gone a remote that turns off most TVs and his recently successful Kickstarter project, the neuro dreamer sleep mask. Mitch Altman. Welcome to spectrum. [00:01:00] Thanks. Would you mind telling us sort of that career path? Speaker 4: How I got to sitting here today? Uh, I've been a geek all my life. You know, I dreamed about this stuff when I was a little kid. I actually did a, I remember having this recurring dream where I saw the inside of my mom's radio, which, uh, they were tubes. I didn't know what tooks were though. They were just glowing. They look cool. And I dreamed about pushing it off the counter to see what was in it. And in my dreams I actually did it. But in real life [00:01:30] I was always too timid. But I really wanted to see what was inside. And eventually I started taking apart my parents things and somehow they let me and eventually I learned to put them back together, making my own things from scratch. It's been fun in electronics, I always want to know how things work. I mean that's, that's what makes us geeks tick, you know. Speaker 4: But the thing that fascinated me the most was electronics. So I started playing with wires and alligator clips and putting forks into electrical outlets and having my parents scrape me off the ceiling [00:02:00] and learning from my mistakes, learning and growing. And eventually I was making my own intercoms between my brother's bunk bed and mine below him in high school, making an electronic bong. And, uh, that was one of the things that actually got me talking to other kids rather than just being alone geek. So, uh, inventing, making things. It's been part of my life since I can remember thinking. But you've also had this entrepreneurial spirit as well, I suppose. Yeah. And I'm not really sure [00:02:30] where that came from. Maybe from my parents. My father was an architect, you know, and I see a lot of what I do as art, you know, expressing ourselves truthfully and doing things in a way that give other people an opportunity to think about themselves in the world around them. Speaker 4: And my father did his art architecture and it made him a living without really being conscious of it. That's probably the path that I followed. I actually quit the job that I had created for myself, which was consulting in electronics [00:03:00] for usually small companies. But I quit that so I could explore ways of doing more of what I loved and that's how I came across TV be gone. And I was lucky enough that it actually makes me a living. It's really cool to be able to make a living by doing what you love, making enough money, doing what you love to keep doing what you love. I mean, that's my idea of success. Where does the inspiration come from your projects? Well, that's a good question. Where does inspiration come from? You know, obviously, uh, other people can be inspiring random [00:03:30] events in our lives and people are a great random elements in our lives. Speaker 4: And if we relate to people when they throw something at us that really sticks in our [inaudible] and uh, nibbles away at us, uh, it's like sticking in there. Maybe it's subconscious. Eventually it becomes an idea for a project that screaming to come out, TV gone. I got the idea of sitting in a Chinese restaurant in 1993 talking with some friends and we were there [00:04:00] to talk to each other, not to watch TV. And yet there was a TV on and we were watching the TV and that was crazy. So we started talking about that and then I thought, wouldn't it be wonderful if I could just turn off these horrible distractions everywhere I went? And instantly I knew I could because I'm a geek. Of course. It took me 10 years to get to a point in my life where I had time and energy to do it. Speaker 4: And I'm glad I did. And I had to make that time though. You know, inspiration is really important. Ideas are really important, but they don't go anywhere unless [00:04:30] you make the time to do something with them. And you just prioritize it because you're passionate about it. Or how, how do you make sure that you actually finish something? You start o finishing what you start. Well, you know, I think that's overrated. I've done zillions of projects as have we all that we have that I haven't finished. That's great. You know, and if I'm not motivated to finish it, that leaves time for doing something else. TV began I think is the first project in my entire life where I actually finished it. Totally. And I had to, if I was going to make [00:05:00] it a product, you know, and uh, I don't think we've mentioned TV beyond for people that don't know, it is a key chain that turns TVs off in public places and it really does work. Speaker 4: And I did it cause I got rid of TV in my life at home. I am a TV addict. Uh, I watched it every waking moment of my life as an unhappy child, but I didn't have to keep doing it later in life. And I chose not to, but in public, no one chooses those things to be on. People don't leave their home to watch television except me for sports [00:05:30] bars or something. But I don't like bars and I don't like sports so I don't go to those but everywhere else. So I made it so I could turn them off and other people wanted them. And then when their friends wanted them in friends of friends, that's when I decided I would make a bunch. So, um, I started it like many projects and it got on a roll unlike many projects. But I actually was so passionate about it continually and I had so many people that are kept asking me when's that going to be done? That that probably helped me follow through and actually finish it [00:06:00] and get it to a point where it's a manufacturable product. Speaker 2: [inaudible] you are listening to spectrum Inka LX Berkeley. Our guest is inventor Mitch Altman. Speaker 4: And once you get something at that point, what's next? Do you tinker and invent more stuff or do you spend time supporting TVB gone or, yeah. Well when you do what you love, all sorts of [00:06:30] interesting things open up that you might notice where you wouldn't if you're consumed doing something that just exhausts you like a job, you know, you don't like that too. Many of us, unfortunately on our planet are in that position. I have been working on many other projects along the way. I started getting into hacker conferences and maker fairs as a result of TVB gone. People invited me to these things and I, um, would give talks, [00:07:00] which is kind of bizarre for me. A totally introverted geek, terrified of public speaking. Like so many other of us introverted geeks. But, uh, it turned out I liked it. It makes it easier to talk about something you love. Speaker 4: Yeah. I don't like being pedantic. Uh, I like making things fun and if other people relate then maybe they'll learn something, maybe make a new choice in their life that serves them better and I don't want to tell anyone else what to do. Well sometimes I do, but I like making it more fun for people to choose for themselves what's good for themselves. [00:07:30] I found a place where at hacker conferences, at maker fairs where I could teach doing what I really love, which is soldering and making cool things with electronics and that led to me finding things to teach with. So I started making my own little kits for total beginners and I started doing that by hacking other people's kids and then making my own and that's been supplementing my income a little bit, but mostly it's been paying for me to be able to travel around the world and teach doing this, which I also [00:08:00] love. Speaker 4: That led to going to more hacker conferences and maker fairs and things related and going to hacker spaces that existed but not too many back then. Back then was 2007 okay. The first maker fair was 2006 which led me to meet people who invited me to the first hacker conference also in 2006 that I went to a hope in New York every other year. And I've been actually helping organize those now, which is another thing I make time for at one [00:08:30] of these hacker conferences in Germany, put on by the chaos computer club who have been responsible for creating hackerspaces in Germany and then the world for over a quarter century now of in 2007 it was about a quarter century of that and they gave a presentation on how to start your own and I was way inspired to come home and do that in my home town and with my friend Jake, we Noisebridge and instantly we just put out the word and we got lots [00:09:00] of way cool people to help and with our ideas and their ideas collected more people. Speaker 4: And Noisebridge was a just a natural growth out of all of our enthusiasm and inspiration for having the energy and the high really of being at one of these hacker conferences where people do what they love, explore it, they love Sharon, teach and learn from each other. Uh, but not just once a year, uh, but every day, all night, all day, all year round. [00:09:30] And Wow. Hundreds of us go through there every week. And it constantly amazes me how many cool people are doing cool things there now. And what kinds of things happen at Noisebridge? It's very diverse. A, it's not just tech. You know, I teach soldering and electronics, but [inaudible] Mondays. Yeah. So every Monday, uh, since 2007, I've been teaching how to solder and I love doing that. I'm really good at it by now too. And when I'm not in town, I'm on the road. Other people do [00:10:00] it on Wednesdays. Speaker 4: There's a similar kind of thing for craft and art folks to get together and that's called scow sewing, crafting or whatever. Also on Mondays is people. There's someone who's teaching a class on how to do your own website. There's a python language class, there's German language, human language class, there's a space exploration program, there's food classes. We have a full kitchen, we have a dark room, there's lithography classes. He printing three d printers. We got lots of those. And we understood [00:10:30] sewing machines and lots of cool, uh, electronics equipment as well as the machine shop and laser cutter and a library. We've got classrooms, we've got events, spaces, all this and more. And everything happens just because people think it would be cool to do. And they, they do it and people help. And this is just one of about a thousand hackerspaces in the world. Now it's another thing I love doing is going around helping people start these supportive communities, which are hackerspaces for people to explore and do what they love and hopefully even make a living out of it [00:11:00] so they can do what they enjoy and find fulfillment in their lives. Speaker 4: You know, now there's only a thousand in the world. What will the world be like when there's a million? Uh, more opportunities for people to do. Way more cool things. Earlier guests on our show did talk about the makerspace project of which you're fairly vocal critics. So can you say why you're a critic? I wouldn't say I'm a critic. I love maker fair and I love make magazine. They've created opportunities for so many people and my life has been [00:11:30] changed for the positive by it and so it was so many other people and it will continue to be that kind of positive role model for others as well. They recently sought and received a grant for $10 million from DARPA, which is an arm of a research arm of the u s military. Their goal is to help create new technology for the u s military. That's their stated goal. So they have a bunch of grants now available. Speaker 4: Most of them are because they [00:12:00] see the u s education system as horribly flawed as do I. People in the u s military see that just as clearly as many of us too. And making grants for hands on learning is a way to give more people opportunity to at least have a start and becoming high quality engineers, which they need to further the goals of their organizations, which is in my view, simply put to hurt and kill people. Of course, that's [00:12:30] my personal view. You know, other people will see it differently. What I would love to see happen is for people to explore and continually reevaluate what it means to them to receive funding from organizations or people whose goals don't align with your own cause. There's consequences, so anything we do, there's consequences. There's pluses and minuses for everything. When you accept funds from sources that have goals that don't [00:13:00] align with your own, of course you're helping your goals because you have funding to do so, but you're also helping the goals of the funding source, which don't align with your own. Speaker 4: How do you actually weigh the pluses and minuses in that way? It's not easy, but for me, after struggling with it for months, I can't feel good about associating myself with helping the goals of DARPA. Even though good things come from what DARPA has [00:13:30] done, I would rather put my energy directly into doing things that I believe are helping people rather than helping the goals of an organization that does things that I find well, use the word reprehensible, so I'm not trying to talk anyone into not associating with makerfair or make magazine. I still respect many of the people at make and a maker fair, great deal. I think they'll do great things. I just can't feel [00:14:00] good about helping myself and I really would hope that people do consider the funding sources because it does change what you'll do maybe consciously, maybe subconsciously. So what are you willing to do that you might not have done to make it more likely to get funding renewed funding? Speaker 4: What are they going to stop doing that they might have done because it doesn't look so good to the funding source? I see these as very, very much related. It's really important [00:14:30] to explore these things before making a conscious choice about whether to accept these funding sources. Maybe it's worth it. Maybe it isn't. It's up to each and every individual. I need a couple points of clarification just to make sure we got everything right. Yeah. So the DARPA funding at all go to maker fair to your knowledge? Uh, sort of the, with some of the other projects that those same people were doing well before making my choice. I talk to the person who started maker fair and make magazine, [00:15:00] uh, Dale Dougherty and he's a great guy. We've done lots of cool things through the years together. And my main goal was to explore the possibility of helping with maker fair without being associated with DARPA funding. And the funding that they got is for a program they call mentor program a but that's intertwined with making makerfair. So there's no way to dissociate the funding Speaker 2: [inaudible] [00:15:30] this is spectrum k a l x Berkeley. Our guest is Mitch Altman, Co founder of the hackerspace Noisebridge. Speaker 4: I also see this theme of wanting to help people. So for instance, you host these depression and Geek meetups. Life isn't all totally wonderful. Life is full of things that are amazingly wonderful and rapturous and blissful and it's full of things [00:16:00] that totally suck and anything in between up, down and all around. And any given life, no matter how wonderful your life is, uh, there's ups and downs. And I, um, started off my life as a totally depressed geek and, um, I was brutally bullied. I was, you know, I'm introverted geeks when I was a little kid, did not farewell. And not only that, but, uh, I was an am queer and little kids take any difference big and small, and they brutalize [00:16:30] people for it. Uh, life was horrible for me and my parents were terrible parents. Lucky for me. They turned out to be cool people as adults for me when I was at adult. Speaker 4: And uh, no matter what childhood can be rough for people and there's unhealed stuff and we carry all of that with us if we survive into adulthood. And here we all are as adults living our lives, hopefully exploring and doing what we love with the help of, uh, our supportive communities, including hackerspaces, but still there was a huge [00:17:00] amount of depression in geek communities. Uh, last November a friend of mine killed himself. It was the first time in my life where I felt close to someone who killed themselves. And, uh, it's rough. It really, really sucks. There's nothing like it. And still, uh, by this time in my life I tried to see opportunity in anything to help not only myself but other people. It's part of my healing process. So I wrote up [00:17:30] a very personal blog post on the Noisebridge blog site about my feelings and hundreds or more people responded. Speaker 4: It was overwhelming. And, uh, it really showed me that way more people are dealing with depression than I could imagine. And, and my friend, I had no clue he was, and I'm very sensitive to it. He hit it so well and I hit it well when I was a first half of my life living with depression. But yeah, a lot of us in the geek world. And in our planet are suffering [00:18:00] with depression. So after all these responses, I thought, you know, maybe we could have a meetup where we can talk about this and openly and if we talk about this openly as a community, maybe maybe someone will reach out for help rather than harm themselves and maybe someone will live another night. And any case, these geek and depression meetups that I started are now happening in various cities around the world and hopefully more as, as we become [00:18:30] more open about this cause, you know, I think we really can benefit all of us, each of us and as a community, if everyone is able to be totally open about all of who we are and not have to be shameful or secretive about something, you know, we can be open about everything but this then, then soon we're closing off huge parts of our lives and we have this part we can't even explore ourselves cause we can't talk about it to anyone. Speaker 4: We're not open about it with ourselves and not just about being queer or [00:19:00] whatever, but also being depressed, feeling suicidal, has a lot of shame associated with it. And a lot of people feel, unfortunately, sadly, tragically, that the easiest way out is killing themselves rather than just asking for help. And that's just so awful and unnecessary. So, uh, there are geeking depression meetups now that happened in San Francisco. I would like to see more happen elsewhere, bigger, small, whatever, and I'm [00:19:30] always available if anyone wants to contact me for any reason, project help how to start a company. Uh, if you're depressed, if you want someone to talk you into quitting a job, you don't like anything. I'm totally willing to communicate any time. Just please email me mitch@cornfieldelectronics.com. Speaker 2: [inaudible]. Our Guest Today on spectrum is Mitch Altman, enter hackerspace activist. This is KALX Berkeley. Speaker 4: [00:20:00] You had, uh, mentioned this sort of lackluster state of science, technology, engineering and math education or education in general. Do you see other possible solutions to bringing that up? Yes. This is one of the huge reasons why I started Noisebridge and why help other hackerspaces start. These are places where education happens in a very real wonderful way. Noisebridge is a 500 C3 public [00:20:30] benefit corporation in the state of California, but it's not your traditional kind of education organization. We teach and learn and share through hands on whether it's with computers, whether it's in a kitchen, a sewing machine, a soldering iron, a machine shop, whether it's exploring biology and growing mushrooms or using a laser cutter or exploring space. It's all about learning and teaching and sharing. People can try stuff if they know they love something, they can blurt more, they can [00:21:00] teach it. Speaker 4: It's really fantastic and this is an opportunity for some people to actually learn what they want to learn to live lives that they want to live. I wish the u s education system were more of that way, but it's very unfortunate that the only schools, well most of the schools that actually provide that opportunity are very expensive. Private schools in our country and there are fortunately some exceptions. I was just teaching some kids over at them, met West School in [00:21:30] Oakland who are providing hands on learning for their kids and it's public. It's really cool that, that, that exists. But it's only, I think 165 kids are allowed there. I would love to see more of that. So hackerspaces around the world are providing these opportunities right now. It's very few opportunities compared to what we need. There's only a thousand hackerspaces in the world and we need a million and we'll get there. Speaker 4: Uh, because hackerspaces are incredibly cool. People are [00:22:00] spontaneously creating them. There's all sorts of ways we can create these niches within which we can provide ourselves the services that our governments are not providing us. Hackerspaces just happened to be a really wonderful way near and dear to my heart and Mitch, our hackerspaces able to reach out to younger students populations that are stuck in those schools that you were talking about that aren't doing any of this hands on stuff. Yeah, well they, it's already, uh, it's already there. I mean, Noisebridge has [00:22:30] always been welcoming to people of all ages and most hackerspaces are, although some are afraid of liability issues a and they only have 18 and over, which I think is absurd. Yeah, there's, there's no age limit for learning. Not If we don't have it beaten out of us. That is, I'm not doing hackerspaces to get rid of schools. Speaker 4: I would love schools to become places where people can actually learn, but kids can have these often totally free and it Noisebridge [00:23:00] it's always free opportunities as an alternative during lunch or before or after school, they can come to Noisebridge over weekends, uh, with or without their parents. People are always welcome to come. Hopefully as there were more and more hackerspaces, there'll be more opportunities for these kids. There are hackerspaces in the East Bay, there's ace monster toys. There's one that's just forming now called pseudo room, s u d o room, [00:23:30] and there's mothership hacker moms, which is primarily for moms who are hackers and there's also a lowel space. I can't remember what the acronym stands for, unfortunately, but therefore liberating ourselves locally. There you go. Liberating ourselves locally. There are a bunch of cool people primarily for, uh, hackers of color, of various sorts and we need more. There's actually people just now starting to talk about another hackerspace in [00:24:00] San Francisco. What I would love to see is a hackerspace in every neighborhood of San Francisco, every neighborhood of every city around the country. We need a million of these things. Okay. Well, Mitch, thanks for joining us. Yeah, it's been great being here. Thanks for having me. Awesome. Speaker 5: Mm. Speaker 6: A regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening locally over the next two weeks. Rick Kaneski at Lisa kind of joined me for the calendar. The next science [00:24:30] at cal lecture will be given at 11:00 AM on August the 18th in genetics and plants biology room 100 the lecture will be given by Dr Anton Trypsin and will be titled, can one see a flower through a granite wall? Amazing capabilities of neutron imaging. The detection technology developed for NASA astrophysical missions at UC Berkeley space science lab has been successfully extended to such diverse areas as synchrotron instrumentation, biomedical imaging, ground-based astronomy [00:25:00] and neutron micro tomography. Dr Trypsin will talk about his experience with neutron imaging and how it's useful find new applications. He got his phd in Applied Physics in 1992 at the Russian Academy of Sciences and was then a British royal society fellow with University of Lye Chester and joined the space scientist lab at UC Berkeley in 1996 where he is currently a research associate Speaker 7: on Saturday, August 18th the exploratorium at three six zero one line street at the Palace of fine arts in San Francisco [00:25:30] and celebrating founder of Frank Oppenheimer's hundredth birthday. Standard admission is $25 but college students, seniors, teachers, persons with disabilities and youths age six to 17 pay only $19 members and children five and under are free during regular museum hours of 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM visitors can take part in a variety of events and activities. Honoring Frank at the explorer bowls table from 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM you can make a spinning top when [00:26:00] a Frank's favorite DIY projects throughout the day in the mine theater. You can see a series of exploratorium home movies featuring the early days of the museum as well as footage of frank engaging with visitors and staff. Today's events will also feature a frank themed presentation in the McBean theater and screenings of some of his favorite films from the museums, cinema arts archives, including the Em's classic powers of 10 there will also be birthday cake exploratory members can go [00:26:30] to a special celebration from six [inaudible] 9:00 PM for more information, visit exploratorium.edu no news with [inaudible] Speaker 6: Karnofsky and Lisa Katovich. The Berkeley Earth surface temperature reports that the average temperature of the earth land has risen by 2.5 Fahrenheit over the past 250 years, including an increase of 1.5 degrees over the most recent 50 years. The good match between the new temperature record and historical carbon dioxide records suggest [00:27:00] that the most straightforward explanation for this warming is human greenhouse gas emissions. Five Times more station records were used than in previous analyses and a new statistical approach allowed Berkeley Earth to go about a hundred years farther back in time than previous studies allowing the team to conclude that the contribution of solar activity to global warming is negligible. Five scientific papers including the raw data are available online@berkeleyearth.org Elizabeth Mueller Co founder and executive director [00:27:30] of Berkeley Earth says that one of our goals at Berkeley Earth is complete transparency. We believe that everyone should be able to access raw climate data and do their own analysis. Mueller was a guest on spectrum and her interview is available on iTunes university Speaker 7: science daily reports that UCLA researchers found that older adults who regularly used a brain fitness program played on the computer demonstrated significantly improved memory and language skills. The team studied 59 participants with an [00:28:00] average age of 84 recruited from local retirement communities in southern California. The volunteers were split into two groups. The first group you used the brain fitness program for an average of 73 and a half, 20 minute sessions across a six month period. Well a second group. You use it less than 45 times. During that same period, researchers found that the first group demonstrated significantly higher improvement in memory and language skills compared to the second group. The study's findings add to the field exploring whether such brain fitness tools may help improve language [00:28:30] in memory and may ultimately help protect individuals from the cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease. Age-Related memory decline affects approximately 40% of older adults and is characterized by self perception of memory loss and decline in memory performance. Previous studies have shown that engaging in mental activities can help improve memory. That little research has been done to determine whether the numerous brain fitness games or memory training programs on the market are effective. This is one of the first studies to assess the cognitive effects [00:29:00] of the computerized memory training program. Speaker 1: [inaudible]Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 1: [inaudible].Speaker 2: The music heard during the show is by Anna David from his album folk acoustic made available by a creative Commons license 3.0 attribution. [00:29:30] Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum.at Speaker 1: yahoo.com join us in two weeks at the same time. [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

1 Deep Horn (Radio) A.S. Project 2 Rasmus Faber Plays the Marimba Tiger Stripes 3 Bar A Thym (Supernova Remix) Kerri Chandler 4 This Side That Side (Frank Lk Remix) DJ Wady and Outcode featuring Alan T. 5 Soleil (Original Mix) Sideburn 6 Takin Ovah Mikel Curcio 7 You Will Remember Me (Danism's Dub 4 Life) Michael Gray, Danism, and Rae 8 Sweet Sensation (Original Mix) Etienne Ozborne 9 Master & Servant (Ralphi Rosario's Dub Remix) DJ Paulo featuring Lula 10 Feel the Rhythm (Original Mix) Seth Cooper & Trypsin 11 Imitated Never Duplicated (CCW Club Mix) Barry Harris pr. Whoosh! Boom! featuring Simone Denny 12 Sexy, Sexy (Barona & Hull vs Rafael M Club Remix) Charo 13 Jumpin', Jumpin' (HytraxX Original Mix) Leo Granieri 14 Get Away (Edson Pride Remix) DJ Ximena 15 Feel the White (Edson Pride Circuit Mix) J. Zuart featuring Maya Karunna 16 Imagine (Main Club Mix) Robbie Rivera 17 Carry Me Home (Hard Rock Sofa Remix) Grant Smillie featuring Zoe Badwi 18 Cult of Snap (Sebastian Krieg Remix) Jerome Isma-Ae vs Snap! 19 Magic Is All Around (Reza Dub Mix) Jesse Voorn featuring Mavis Acquah 20 Stick Shift (Danny Wild Remix) Antoine Clamaran featuring Soraya 21 Running (Festival Mix) Fedde Le Grand vs Sultan & Ned Shepard ft. Mitch Crown 22 Ready 2 Go (Hardwell Club Mix) Martin Solveig featuring Kele 23 Yeke Yeke 2011 (Timothy Allen Remix) Mory Kante vs Loverush UK! 24 Thank You (MYNC Exclusive Edit) Swanky Tunes and Hard Rock Sofa 25 Jailbait (Sneaker Fox Remix) Avicii 26 A Monster In My Closet (Original Mix) Jerome Isma-Ae and Weekend Heroes 27 Enlevez-Moi (Paul Thomas Remix) Christian Falero featuring Jei 28 Flawless (Hard Rock Sofa Remix) Steve Forest vs The Ones 29 XOXO (Originalo Mix) Swanky Tunes 30 Fight Club is Closed (It's Time for Rock 'N' Roll) Jacob van Hage Remix) Dada Life 31 Sliced (Original Mix) Bingo Players and Nicky Romero 32 Friday (Steve Prior Remix) Ignacio Demaria and Steve Prior

Happy Halloween everyone! Thought I would use this time to make a more seasonally dark mix, as it gives me an excuse to use some songs that may not normally make it onto my mixes. I never know what makes me like some dark songs... sometimes all it takes is a rightly timed woodblock or mystery tambourine. Lol. Although I do like a lot of darker, more electronic music, it is sometimes a lot more difficult to mix them together smoothly. In addition, I find that a lot electronic music tends to drone, so I needed to chop a lot of songs up. Do to all this, I actually had to spend quite a bit more time on this mix than most. I did manage to squeeze in one semi-discoey-house song on here, but it is called Piano In The Dark (a cover of an 80's song), so I would say it is still on topic. You can chalk it up to my queen-out moment for the mix and I got it out of the way at the beginning. You didn't think I could get away with not having one, did you? :-) A few songs do standout to me on here. Bleeding Love is of course not a new song, but I just ran across this mashup of it and Thriller a few weeks ago and Trypsin was kinda enough to share it. And what kind of spooky mix would it be without Thriller? I just thought it was kinda a fun mashup and loves me some Leona. I will tell you that Funkerman feat. Shermanology - Automatic is one of those simple songs that just really grabbed me a first listen. I'm not really sure why, but I think it has got to be the vocals. I almost wish there was an extended mix with more. The true standout here, though, is Plumb - Hang On (Dave Audé Extended Mix). Oh my gosh. This song gave me goose bumps the first few seconds I heard it. The lyrics are very touching and uplifting. Tiffany's vocals are pleading and gorgeous, with a very Imogen quality. Dave's mix is just perfect -- great breakdown/bridge and subtle builds. The whole production is just beautiful. I can't say enough good things about it. Song listing: Leona Lewis vs. Michael Jackson - Bleeding Thriller (Trypsin Club Mix)Shanie - Piano In The Dark (7th Heaven Club Mix)Eric Kupper, Peyton - Here I Am (Original Mix)DJ Vivo feat. Shahar - Creation (Original Mix)Esmee Denters - Outta Here (Dave Audé Club Mix)Britney Spears - 3 (Esmee Bit Error Does Audé Mixshow L3)Sugababes - About A Girl (Martin Roth NuStyle Remix)Rustler - Around the World (Original Mix)Rec. Pro - Sweet Dreams (Chriss Ortega & Thomas Gold House Remix)Hott 22 - Wicked Games (Thomas Gold Mix)Plumb - Hang On (Dave Audé Extended Mix)Deadmau5 and Kaskade - I Remember (Vocal Mix)Richard Grey, Erick Morillo feat. Maboo & Nicole Da Silva - Say The Word (Thomas Gold Remix)Cascada - Fever (D.O.N.S. Remix)DJ Chus pres. The Groove Foundation - That Feeling (DJ Chus 2010 Revisited Mix)Capilari & Salvavida - Oye Como Va (Jerry Ropero 2009 Remix)Wolfgang Gartner - Wolfgang's 5th Symphony (Original Mix)Max Zotti - Shiver (Maurizio Gubellini Remix)Funkerman feat. Shermanology - Automatic (Original Mix)Offer Nissim feat. Epiphony - Story Ending (Original Mix) Happy Listening,

Atherosklerose wird heute als entzündliche Gefäßerkrankung verstanden, an deren Beginn ein Funktionsverlust des Endothels steht. Genablationsversuche zeigen, dass der Protease-aktivierte Rezeptor 2 (PAR-2) eine Rolle bei der Vermittlung inflammatorischer Reaktionen des Endothels spielt. PAR-2 gehört zur Familie der heptahelikalen G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren und wird durch proteolytische Spaltung seines N-Terminus aktiviert. Zusätzlich zu bekannten PAR-2-Liganden wie Trypsin und Gerinnungsfaktoren Xa und Tissue Factor/VIIa wurde mittels positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library die Typ II transmembrane Serinprotease Matriptase/MT-SP1 als PAR-2-aktivierende Protease identifiziert. MT-SP1/Matriptase wird bislang ausschließlich eine Rolle bei Tumorinvasion und Metastasierung zugeschrieben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine entzündungsfördernde Wirkung der katalytischen Domäne von MT-SP1/Matriptase in primären Gefäßendothelzellen und der daran beteiligte Rezeptormechanismus untersucht. MT-SP1/Matriptase induzierte die de novo-Synthese der proinflammatorischen Mediatoren Interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6 und Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 abhängig von der katalytischen Aktivität und über die Aktivierung von PAR-2. Die MT-SP1/Matriptase-induzierten Signalwege beinhalteten die Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kB in Abhängigkeit von der Aktivität der MAPK p38 und p42/44. Die IL-8-Induktion durch MT-SP1/Matriptase erforderte dabei lediglich die Aktivität von p38. Zusätzlich wurde ein zweiter, PKCalpha-abhängiger Signalweg zur MT-SP1/Matriptase-induzierten IL-8-Expression nachgewiesen, der unabhängig von p38, p42/44 und NF-kB war. Die endotheliale Dysfunktion in der Atherosklerose kennzeichnet sich nicht nur durch Inflammation, sondern auch durch prothrombotische Veränderungen. MT-SP1/Matriptase induzierte zusätzlich zu inflammatorischen Zytokinen die Neusynthese des Gerinnungsfaktors Tissue Factor und könnte dadurch proatherogen wirken. Tissue Factor selbst induzierte wiederum IL-8 unabhängig von seinem Liganden FVIIa, aber abhängig von den Serinresten 253 und 258 in der zytoplasmatischen Domäne des Rezeptors. Expressionsstudien zeigten die erhöhte Expression von MT-SP1/Matriptase in der endothelialen Innenwand atherosklerotischer Gefäße im Vergleich zu gesundem Gefäß. Auch am Endothel adhärierte Blutzellen wiesen MT-SP1/Matriptase-Expression auf. Die Basalexpression von MT-SP1/Matriptase war nicht in Endothelzellen, aber in Monozyten nachweisbar, die im atherosklerotischen Prozess mit dem Endothel interagieren können. MT-SP1/Matriptase könnte daher eine Rolle bei der PAR-2-vermittelten Entzündungsreaktion in der atherosklerotischen Gefäßwand spielen.

Prions have been extensively studied since they represent a new class of infectious agents in which a protein, PrPSc (prion scrapie), appears to be the sole component of the infectious particle. They are responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which affect both, humans and animals. Human prion diseases occur in infectious, sporadic or genetic forms. The "protein only" hypothesis argues that the key event in the pathogenesis represents the conversion of the normal host protein, PrPc, into its pathogenic isoform PrPSc. Prion diseases have been associated with the accumulation of this abnormally folded protein and its neurotoxic effects. However, it is not known if PrPc loss of function is an important factor since the normal biological function of PrPc, a cell surface-anchored glycoprotein predominantly expressed in neuronal cells, and the cellular processes in which this protein is involved remain obscure. Recently, the human 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor (LRP), which represents the precursor of the human 67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor (LR), was identified as a binding partner for the cellular prion protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen. In order to characterize the possible role of LRP/LR as a cell surface receptor for PrPc, cell culture studies were performed to investigate the cellular localization of PrP and LRP/LR and to analyse the binding and internalization behaviour of PrP depending on the presence of LRP/LR on the cell surface of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of non-permeabilized murine neuroblastoma cells demonstrated that PrP and LRP/LR co-localize on the surface of these cells. In addition, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells transfected with recombinant Semlik-Forest virus RNAs overexpressed human PrP and human LRP at their cell surface, the latter one orientated as a type II transmembrane protein with its C-terminus outside and its N-terminus inside the cell. Co-localization of both proteins was observed on BHK cells co-transfected with LRP and PrP encoding recombinant SFV RNAs. Cell binding and internalization assays with recombinant human PrP demonstrated the LRP/LR-dependent binding and endocytosis of externally added human PrP. An increased, dose-dependent cell binding of recombinant PrP was demonstrated by BHK cells overexpressing full-length human LRP on their cell surface. Trypsin treatment of the cell surface revealed the LRP dependent internalization of GST-tagged and untagged, glycosylated PrP. In contrast to wild-type LRP, the expression of an LRP mutant lacking its transmembrane domain led to the secretion of this mutant from transfected BHK cells and totally abolished the binding and internalization of exogenous, recombinant PrP. This LRP mutant could function as a decoy recetor in therapy of TSEs. The strict LRP/LR specificity of the PrP binding to neuronal cells was verified by testing the displacement capacity of a series of different antibodies in the LRP-PrP binding reaction. Only LRP and PrP specific antibodies were able to block totally the binding of human GST-fused PrP to N2a and NT2 cells whereas various control antibodies used for competition showed no effect. Mapping analyses in the yeast two-hybrid system and cell-binding assays identified direct and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-dependent interaction sites mediating the binding of cellular PrP to the 37-kDa/67-kDa LRP/LR. The relationship between the 37-kDa LRP and the 67-kDa high-affinity LR is unknown so far. Both forms were observed in plasma membrane fractions of N2a cells. We conclude from these data that the 37-kDa/67-kDa laminin receptor acts as the main cell surface receptor for PrP. High-level expression and purification of recombinant, glycosylated prion proteins in mammalian cells is essential for a better understanding of the physiological function of PrPc and biochemical processes responsible for prion diseases. Due to the presence of important organelles, membranes and other cellular cofactors which are necessary for the correct processing, trafficking and localization of prion proteins mammalian cell culture systems such as the Semliki-Forest virus (SFV) system allow the synthesis and characterization of wild-type as well as mutant PrP to get a better insight into the biology of these proteins. Therefore, the SFV system was used to generate recombinant highly glycosylated human wild-type and human disease-associated mutant prion proteins as well as FLAG-tagged human and bovine PrP in cultured BHK cells. Both mutated variants, which are related to the human prion diseases fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) reveal proteinase K (PK) resistance, one of the most typical biochemical properties characteristic for the infectious scrapie isoform of the prion protein. The subcellular location of both PrP mutants at the cell surface and in intracellular compartments of transfected BHK cells was similar to that of wild-type PrP without any significant differences regarding the cellular distribution and expression level. In addition, FLAG-tagged prion proteins were expressed with high efficiency in BHK cells showing the typical glycosylation pattern allowing the rapid and simple purification via anti-FLAG antibody chromatography. PrP dimers could play an essential role in the PrPc to PrPSc conversion process and might be involved in PrP interspecies transmission. Recently, crystallization of the prion protein in a dimeric form was reported. Size exclusion chromatography showed that native soluble homogeneous FLAG tagged prion proteins from hamster, man and cattle expressed in the baculovirus system were predominantly dimeric. The PrP/PrP interaction was confirmed in rec. SFV-RNA transfected BHK cells co-expressing FLAG and oligohistidine tagged human PrP. The yeast two-hybrid system identified the octarepeat region and the C-terminal structured domain (aa90-aa230) of PrP as PrP/PrP interaction domains. The identification of the 37-kDa/67-kDa laminin receptor as the receptor for the cellular prion protein might represent an important step for a better understanding of the molecular biology of prion diseases and might lead to the development of powerful therapeutics such as LRP/LR specific antibodies for the treatment of these unconventional diseases.

A complete cDNA encoding the acrosin-trypsin inhibitor, HUSI-II, was used as a probe to isolate genomic clones from a human placenta library. Three clones which cover the entire HUSI-II gene were isolated and characterized. The exon-intron organization of the gene was determined and found to be identical to other known Kazal-type inhibitor-encoding genes. The striking similarity in the amino acid sequences which was found previously in HUSI-II and glycoprotein hormone β-subunits, is neither reflected in codon usage nor in the exon-intron arrangement of the genes. A 1.8-kb segment 5′ of the gene was sequenced. The analysis of this sequence showed that HUSI-II contains a G + C-rich region upstream from the transcription start point (tsp) which fulfills the criteria for a CpG island. Furthermore, in the first intron, a potential glucocorticoid-responsive element was found as a half-palindrome flanked by two CACCC elements. Determination of the tsp by S1 mapping revealed that HUSI-II has multiple tsp. Genomic Southern hybridization was used to show that HUSI-II is a single-copy gene. The localization of the gene to chromosome 4 was determined by hybridization of a 5′ genomic fragment to the DNA of a panel of somatic hybrids between human and rodent cells.

A complete cDNA clone encoding the human acrosin-trypsin inhibitor HUSI-II has been isolated from a cDNA library of human testis and completely sequenced. The cDNA of 594 bp contained an open reading frame of 252 base pairs, The deduced amino acid sequence comprised the complete amino acid sequence of HUSI-II[1] and a putative signal peptide. Northern blotting analysis revealed that HUSI-II is synthesized in testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle, but not in the prostate gland.

The amino acid sequence of the acrosin-trypsin inhibitor HUSI-II from human seminal plasma is presented which unequivocally identifies HUSI-II as being of Kazal-type. In addition, the HUSI-II sequence shows a striking similarity to the middle part of glycoprotein hormone β-subunits thus revealing a hitherto unknown structural and evolutionary relationship between Kazal-type inhibitors and glycoprotein hormones

Mon, 1 Jan 1990 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9777/1/serum_contents_of_immunoreactive_pancreatic_secretory_trypsin_inhibitor_9777.pdf Ohlsson, K.; Jochum, Marianne; Nast-Kolb, Dieter; Hehlein-Fink, C.; Fink, Edwin

Mon, 1 Jan 1990 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9761/1/Fink_Edwin_9761.pdf Ohlsson, K.; Jochum, Marianne; Nast-Kolb, Dieter; Hehlein-Fink, Christa; Fink, Edwin

Mon, 1 Jan 1990 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9758/1/9758.pdf Fritz, Hans; Fink, Edwin; Schomburg, Dietmar; Vasel, Birger; Hecht, Hans-Jürgen; Frank, Ronald; Blöcker, Helmut; Maywald, Friedhelm; Szardenings, Michael; Collins, John

Sat, 1 Jan 1983 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9447/1/9447.pdf Bittner, A.; Jochum, Marianne ddc:610, Medizin

An analytical method is deseribed for the separation of bradykinin, Lys-bradykinin, and Met-Lys-bradykinin by equilibrium chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 eluted in 0.02 Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.10, 0.12 NaCl. A second elution buffer, 0.02 Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.70, 0.06 NaCl, serves as a second parameter for the identification of bradykinin and also separates the hormone from plasma bradykinin-potentiating peptides. Ten to one-hundred nanomoles of each peptide can be recovered in high yields, identified by elution position, and measured by bioassay with the isolated guinea pig ileum. The identification of bradykinin as the peptide released by trypsin acting on acid-denatured plasma is documented as an illustration of the method.

Wed, 1 Jan 1975 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9473/1/Fink_Edwin_9473.pdf Greene, Lewis J.; Camargo, Antonio C. M.; Fink, Edwin; Reis, Marina L.; Sampaio, Misako U.

Tue, 1 Jan 1974 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9472/1/9472.pdf Truscheit, E.; Greene, Lewis J.; Tschesche, Harald; Fritz, Hans ddc:610,

Sat, 1 Jan 1972 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9466/1/9466.pdf Tschesche, Harald; Fink, Edwin; Arnhold, Marianne; Fritz, Hans; Schießler, Hans ddc:610, Mediz

Sat, 1 Jan 1972 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9465/1/9465.pdf Fritz, Hans; Arnhold, Marianne; Schießler, Hans; Fink, Edwin ddc:610, Medizi

Sat, 1 Jan 1972 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9464/1/9464.pdf Fink, Edwin; Tschesche, Harald; Förg-Brey, Bruni; Schießler, Hans; Fritz, Hans

Sat, 1 Jan 1972 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9463/1/9463.pdf Fink, Edwin; Arnhold, Marianne; Schießler, Hans; Förg-Brey, Bruni; Fritz, Hans

Sat, 1 Jan 1972 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9462/1/9462.pdf Arnhold, Marianne; Jaumann, Eugen; Schießler, Hans; Fink, Edwin; Förg-Brey, Bruni; Fritz, Hans

Fri, 1 Jan 1971 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9456/1/9456.pdf Fink, Edwin; Meister, Renate; Gebhardt, Maria; Fritz, Hans

Thu, 1 Jan 1970 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9459/1/9459.pdf Klein, Gernot; Meister, Renate; Fink, Edwin; Fritz, Hans