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ภายใต้เศรษฐกิจโลกาภิวัตน์เสรีนิยมใหม่ โลกแห่งความเหลื่อมล้ำนี้ไม่ได้มีแค่นายทุนและชนชั้นกรรมาชีพอีกต่อไป คำถามคือเราจะเข้าใจความสัมพันธ์ทางชนชั้นในปัจจุบันได้อย่างไร กาย สแตนดิง (Guy Standing) อดีตศาสตราจารย์ประจำวิทยาลัยบูรพคดีและแอฟริกาศึกษา มหาวิทยาลัยลอนดอน และที่ปรึกษาคนสำคัญของพรรคแรงงานอังกฤษ เป็นผู้พัฒนาแนวคิด ‘Precariat' (ชนชั้นเสี่ยง) เพื่ออธิบาย 'ชนชั้นใหม่' ที่ไร้สวัสดิการ ไร้สัญญาจ้าง มีรายได้ไม่แน่นอน และสูญเสียเวลาส่วนใหญ่ในชีวิตไปกับการทำงาน 101 In Focus สัปดาห์นี้ ชวนสนทนาว่าด้วยหลักคิดของ กาย สแตนดิง ต่อความเหลื่อมล้ำ ชนชั้นเสี่ยง และข้อเสนอรูปธรรมของเขาต่อการพัฒนาหลังยุคเสรีนิยมใหม่ เพื่อความเป็นธรรมทางเศรษฐกิจอย่างแท้จริง ดำเนินรายการโดย สมคิด พุทธศรี บรรณาธิการบริหาร The101.world และ ณัชชา สินคีรี กองบรรณาธิการ The101.world ………………. อ่านเพิ่มเติม ความเหลื่อมล้ำ ชนชั้นเสี่ยง และทางเลือกการพัฒนาหลังยุคเสรีนิยมใหม่ : บทสนทนาว่าด้วยความเป็นธรรมทางเศรษฐกิจ กับ กาย สแตนดิง https://www.the101.world/guy-standing-interview/ ‘เกษียร เตชะพีระ' มองการเมืองไทยยุคหลังฉันทมติภูมิพล https://www.the101.world/kasian-tejapira-interview/ ‘Precarious Thailand' มองอนาคตสังคมไทยจากประวัติศาสตร์กดขี่ กับ อรรถจักร์ สัตยานุรักษ์ https://www.the101.world/attachak-sattayanurak-interview/
Precarious times, phenomenal times. As protests for peace and freedom explode across the country and around the world, we're searching for and finding democracy in the streets and in the campus encampments, in prison study groups and collectives of artists and writers. We're honored tonight to be meeting up at our beloved Pilsen Community Books with Zeke Caligiuri, co-editor with a unique collective of incarcerated writers, for a discussion of their dazzling collection, American Precariat: Parables of Exclusion. While the class of people whose lives lack stability and security, and are increasingly dominated by uncertainty about our jobs and our incomes, our housing and our safety—about our futures—grows steadily and exponentially, it's particularly illuminating to explore this political moment with the unseen and the unheard, the excluded and the marginalized, those deemed by power the leastwise of the land.
We finish our discussion of Chapter 9 - “Is the Precariat a Class''.Da Slides:https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1oNY1SPxFk0Xg-NndRJPh0l_cOWyLMOGY6rFhC0zGIyc/edit?usp=share_linkBook Project:https://theclasslesssocietyinmotion.com/Patreon:https://www.patreon.com/FromAlpha2Omega
Writer and editor Zeke Caligiuri joins co-hosts Whitney Terrell and V.V. Ganeshananthan to discuss American Precariat: Parables of Exclusion, a new collection of essays on class he co-edited along with eleven other incarcerated writers. The volume's contributors include Eula Biss, Kao Kalia Yang, Lacy M. Johnson, Valeria Luisielli, Kiese Laymon, and many others. Caligiuri, who worked on the book while in Minnesota correctional facilities and is now free, discusses the challenges of creativity and the literary life in prison settings, as well as how the book came to be. He also reflects on the idea that “the history of class hasn't always been written by the powerful, but they have always been its editors,” as he writes in a foreword, which he reads from during the episode. To hear the full episode, subscribe through iTunes, Google Play, Stitcher, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app (include the forward slashes when searching). You can also listen by streaming from the player below. Check out video versions of our interviews on the Fiction/Non/Fiction Instagram account, the Fiction/Non/Fiction YouTube Channel, and our show website: https://www.fnfpodcast.net/ This episode of the podcast was produced by Anne Kniggendorf. Zeke Caligiuri American Precariat: Parables of Exclusion (ed.) This is Where I Am Prison Noir (ed. Joyce Carol Oates) The Sentences That Create Us: Crafting a Writer's Life in Prison (ed. Caits Meissner) How a Collective of Incarcerated Writers Published an Anthology From Prison - Electric Literature “Before I Was Anything” (poem) Literary Hub Others: Minnesota Prison Writing Workshop What Incarcerated Writers Want the Literary Community to Understand: Caits Meissner on Why "Prison Writer" Is a Limiting Label (featuring Zeke Caligiuri, Literary Hub, Sept. 11, 2019) C. Fausto Cabrera Kiese Laymon Valeria Luiselli Steve Almond Jen Bowen Kristin Collier Sarith Peou Toni Morrison Eula Biss Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Precariat is a noun that refers to someone whose employment and income are considered unstable. Our word of the day came around in the 1980s as a blend of the words ‘precarious,' meaning ‘insecure' or ‘likely to collapse' and ‘proletariate' meaning ‘a member of the working class.' As with proletariat, our word of the day is often used to describe the precariat collectively. Here's an example: Back in my days as a waiter in a greasy spoon diner, it was often tough to watch those wealthy businessmen come in wearing expensive tailored suits while those of us in the precariat weren't sure if we'd have a job the next week.
We continue our discussion of Chapter 9 - “Is the Precariat a Class''. Our socialist planning book project: theclasslesssocietyinmotion.com
We start our discussion of Chapter 9 - “Is the Precariat a Class''. Book Project: theclasslesssocietyinmotion.com. The slides: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1oNY1SPxFk0Xg-NndRJPh0l_cOWyLMOGY6rFhC0zGIyc/edit?usp=share_link
Guy Standing, economist and author, looks at the current economic system and its impact on labour and society as a whole. Standing is a campaigning economist responsible for some of the most innovative solutions to inequality of recent times and he calls on us to wake up to the threat posed by capitalism's violent policies for extraction, exploitation and depletion of that which is both common to us all, but also vital to our survival. Austerity and neoliberal policies have depleted our shared commons - this plunder depriving us all of our centuries-old common rights to share fairly and equitably in our public wealth. Standing also looks at the increasingly global phenomenon of the Precariat and the rise of political extremism - and offers solutions, including the potential of a Universal Basic Income system as a tool for tackling inequality, climate change, and authoritarian populism. Guy Standing is a Professorial Research Associate and former Professor of Development Studies at SOAS University of London. His latest book is “The Blue Commons” in which he focuses on the economy of the sea and how it can provide solutions to economic inequality. He is also the author of "The Precariat” - the hugely influential first account of an increasingly global phenomenon where an emerging class of people faces insecurity, moving in and out of precarious work that gives little meaning to their lives. This episode of SystemShift comes from Greenpeace Nordic and is hosted by Greenpeace campaigner and former Swedish politician and Green MEP, Carl Schlyter, and produced by Alexia Fridén, with additional support from Ariadna Rodrigo, Juliana Costa, Christian Aslund and Attila Kulcsár at Greenpeace. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Is there a new 'transformative' class? [Patreon Tier II & III Exclusive] We close of the 2022 Reading Club, and the final section on 'Neo-Feudalism', by discussing how class is changing. Through readings by Guy Standing and Ruy Braga, we ask if the precariat are the new serfs in a supposed feudal-ish social formation. It's clear the old Fordist arrangements have broken down, so what does the working class look like today? Is it still a class in the old sense? Braga argues we are witnessing 'class struggle without class'. But why then do the precariat's revolts only target state political authority, and not property relations? Readings: A return of class struggle without class? Moral economy and popular resistance in Brasil, south Africa and Portugal, Ruy Braga, Sociologia & Antropologia The Precariat: Today's Transformative Class?, Guy Standing, GTI
The framework of this social model has been designed to actually create more benefits for families when they break up. The breaking up of the household is common in the United States and the added welfare benefits provided to those families are great incentives and also great traps to accept the coddling of a predatory nanny state.Originally Broadcast On 06/09/2016
Left Politics and Christianity with @whoisdamon! topics: youth pastors a preference for the poor idealism vs materialism “Progressive” Chistianity white christians and black pagans backdoor dialectics Jesus was not a reformist a history of police The Sassy Christ Identity vs Goodness Calvinism and Otherization reshaping the faith from the bottom up the anticapitalist sabbath The Young Lords Jesus Loves Minneapolis crime vs harm Nobody cares about Roman law being annoying on passover a materialist forgiveness praying with your feet Franco "Bifo" Berardi and the Precariat trauma and rejection in the church cringe prayer Subscribe today to get access to the full episode along with all previous bonus episodes and content. our patreon (https://www.patreon.com/DumbandAwful) music by Aylo Beats
Georges Van Den Abbeele discusses his article "Can the Precariat Be Organized?: The Gig Economy, Worksite Dispersion, and the Challenge of Mutual Aid," from Telos 198 (Spring 2022).
Ways of looking at the world are rarely wholly right or wrong; they are more or less useful, depending on the questions they conjure.It is hard for the average American to care about the world when they have to care about how they are going to balance work, finances and family life. We have already determined that healthy functional families are the biggest threat to the globalist social model.Originally Broadcast On 06/09/2016
It's unlikely that you've heard of it, but it's likely that you're part of it. As neoliberalism rages on, the human scrap heap gets bigger and bigger, and this is creating a dangerous new class called the Precariat. Ross Ashcroft is joined by Prof. Guy Standing to discuss the growing Precariat and why the political class should be taking them seriously.
Five labor-related films were inducted into the National Film Registry last year: The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971), Requiem-29 (1971), The Wobblies (1979), Chicana (1979) and Who Killed Vincent Chin? (1987). Films in the Registry are selected for their cultural, historic or aesthetic importance to preserve the nation's film heritage, and the Library of Congress, which maintains the Registry, says that the 2021 selections “represent one of the most diverse classes of films” yet, a fair description for a list that includes both 'Return of the Jedi' and ‘The Murder of Fred Hampton'. We asked Pat Aufderheide and Tom Zaniello to join us for a discussion about the labor selections. Pat is Professor of Communication Studies in the School of Communication at American University in Washington, D.C., where she founded the School's Center for Media & Social Impact. Tom is the author of a bunch of books on film and work, including Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff, The Cinema of Globalization and The Cinema of the Precariat. NOTE: With Babies and Banners (with filmmaker Lyn Goldfarb and CLUW president – and LaborGoes to the Movies podcast co-host – Elise Bryant) screens online FREE on Thursday, January 27, 2022 starting at 7p ET; RSVP here. Produced by Chris Garlock @dclabor @LaborHeritage1 @DCLaborFilmFest --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/labor-goes-to-the-movies/message
Founded in 2016, we are a film and theater production company based in New York.We aim to disrupt storytelling as usual and make our stuff by any means necessary.We're makers, not salespeople.We're outsiders, and we're inclusive, we're rigorous, we're generous, we make our own space and help others make theirs,We're straight-forward, all-in,We take risks, give no fucks, and never quit.Who we areCo-Founders Isabel Ellison & Ryan GuitermanManaging Members Isabel Ellison, Sam Encarnación, Franco González, Ryan Guiterman and Russell PeckSocial Media Manager Brian PollockMain Collabs Max Carpenter, Kevin Hourigan, Rosie SokoIG: https://www.instagram.com/precariatproductionsIMBD: https://pro.imdb.com/company/co0627131/?ref_=instant_co_1&q=precariatW: http://precariatproductions.com/watchAlso, you can check out my documentary The People of Brixton, on Kwelitv here: https://www.kweli.tv/programs/the-people-of-brixtonDamien Swaby Social Media Links:Instagram https://www.instagram.com/filmmaker_damien_swaby/Twitterhttps://twitter.com/DamienSwaby?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5EauthorWebsite http://filmmakingconversations.com/If you enjoy listening to Filmmaking Conversations with Damien Swaby, I would love a coffee. Podcasting is thirsty work https://ko-fi.com/damienswaby
It's unlikely that you've heard of it, but it's likely that you're part of it. As neoliberalism rages on, the human scrap heap gets bigger and bigger, and this is creating a dangerous new class called the Precariat. Ross Ashcroft is joined by Prof. Guy Standing to discuss the growing Precariat and why the political class should be taking them seriously.
Are you a 'contractor', not an employee? Better call the Independent Workers of Great Britain and win yourself a crumb of statutory sick pay. We talk to President Alex Marshall about the union's successes tackling the beast of precarious labour and shitty apps that are trying to kill you. /// SHOW NOTES /// /// CREDITS /// Hosts: Aarjan /// Ruairi Guest: Alex Marshall Production: Aarjan Music: Cardio /// Hard-Fi - Cash Machine
Connor (The Neo-Futurists) and I ponder the possibility of handing out T-Mobile gift cards at your funeral. He talks about what a hassle life is. And he's the first guest not to bring a concrete "coma" to the table, so instead we talk through what waiting for one of these drastic life-rearranging moments is like. There are also a couple long silences. Nothing's wrong. That's just Connor thinking. Content warning: There's talk of suicidal ideation. We're not therapists, we don't solve anything, but we've both had SI before, and hopefully anyone who can relate feels a little less alone from the casual way we talk about it rather than alienated. But if you're sensitive now, that's okay! Check out Connor's extended episode at https://www.patreon.com/davemaher (patreon.com/davemaher). Transcript: https://app.podscribe.ai/series/1246109 (This Is Your Afterlife on Podscribe) --- Learn more about the Neo-Futurists: https://neofuturists.org/ (neofuturists.org) See the Neos in Chicago when they return to doing live performances of their show The Infinite Wrench starting September 18! Listen to Connor's band, PRECARIAT: http://precariat.us/ (precariat.us) Follow me @thisisdavemaher on https://www.instagram.com/thisisdavemaher/ (Instagram) and https://twitter.com/ThisIsDaveMaher (Twitter), and subscribe to my weekly newsletter, Hella Immaculate, at http://thisisdavemaher.com/ (thisisdavemaher.com). --- Intro Song = Future: "Use Me" Transitional Music = James Blackshaw: "The Cloud of Unknowing" Outro Song = Johnnie Frierson: "Miracles" Support this podcast
This episode deals with some of the ideas from the concluding chapters of Guy Standing's book The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class--A Politics of Inferno and A Politics of Paradise. He warns that without major changes we will be facing more and more interest in what he calls neofascism, or the populist and nationalist right. In the last chapter he outlines some solutions, the most discussed being a universal basic income. I spend time on that, but also on the guilt trip societies put on precariat workers, as though it is all their fault. A huge government apparatus exists to encourage the existence of a lot of precarious workers to provide cheap just in time labor, and a huge apparatus exists that employs thousands, if not millions, in administering paternalistic and judgmental programs to the "poor." When you think about it, that's sick, and a basic income sounds rational by comparison. … More Basic Income vs. Gaslighting the Precariat (Podcast)
Guy Standing's chapter on "tertiary time" in his book The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class" deals with some important (and very recognizable) evils of our current work environment. The loss of control over our time is the main theme, and the harm that comes from this is sometimes very obvious and sometimes not at all. This video deals with the hidden cost of maintaining what it takes to work in the precariat, including time to maintain themselves and the personal equipment they use, and dealing with constantly changing schedules which means they have to constantly think about how to take care of children and elderly. Hidden traps having to do with taxes and contracts make it harder for the precariat to ever leave their condition. … More Multitasking Ourselves to Death (Precariat 6-Audio)
This is a conversation with Guy Standing, a Professorial Research Associate at SOAS University of London and a founding member and honorary co-president of the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), a non-governmental organisation that promotes a basic income for all. Get early access + more perks at Patreon.com/firethesetimes Blog: https://thefirethisti.me You can follow on Twitter or Instagram @ firethesetimes too. Topics Discussed: What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)/ Basic Income Why it's so important that basic income be unconditional Towards a new class system: Precariat, Salariat, Proficients, Oligarchs, Plutocracy, Working Class, Lumpen Underclass etc What is the precariatized mind? Types of Precariats: Atavists who look to the past/Nostalgics: The migrants, the roamers, the refugees, the minorities/Progressives Towards a new politics of time How the global COVID-19 pandemic makes the case for a basic income Recommended Books The Human Condition by Hannah Arendt The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time by Karl Polanyi The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All by Peter Linebaugh Music by Tarabeat.
In this video, I discuss Ch. 4 of Guy Standing's The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, which is on migration. Many in developed countries with large numbers of migrant laborers blame these laborers for taking jobs and reducing their economic prospects. Looking deeper, though, we see that they are there because globalized economic interests want the ultimate flexible and vulnerable labor pool and governments make sure they get them. Many leaders and parties talk about wanting their citizens to have good jobs but their actions and the results of their policies say otherwise. Ultimately no one wins in the current system, certainly not illegal migrants living in serfdom to survive. To get to the heart of the problem, we have to look at who/what benefits from large numbers of legal and illegal migrants. … More Migrants and Underemployment in Context: What’s Really Going On? (Precariat 5-Audio)
Focusing on the arguments in her latest book – Capitalism On Edge: How Fighting Precarity Can Achieve Radical Change Without Crisis or Utopia – Ivan Vejvoda and Albena Azmanova discuss the future of Guy Standing's “precariat”, that class of people whom late capitalism has condemned to live without predictability or security and who are asked to take ever greater risks with ever diminishing prospects of reward. They look at the possibilities for change, the insufficiency of ‘inequality” as an explanatory narrative and the challenges around the conflict between the desire for safety in academia and the imperatives of free speech and enquiry.Find Albena Azmanova on twitter @AAzmanova or on her website at azmanova.com.Her latest book, Capitalism On Edge is available everywhere.Ivan Vejvoda is Head of the Europe's Futures program at IWM where, in cooperation with leading European organisations and think tanks IWM and ERSTE Foundation have joined forces to tackle some of the most crucial topics: nexus of borders and migration, deterioration in rule of law and democracy and European Union's enlargement prospects.The Institute for Human Sciences (IWM) is an independent institute for advanced study in the humanities and social sciences. Since its foundation in 1982, it has promoted intellectual exchange between East and West, between academia and society, and between a variety of disciplines and schools of thought. In this way, the IWM has become a vibrant center of intellectual life in Vienna.The IWM is a community of scholars pursuing advanced research in the humanities and social sciences. For nearly four decades, the Institute has promoted intellectual exchange across disciplines, between academia and society, and among regions of the world. It hosts more than a hundred fellows each year, organizes public exchanges, and publishes books, articles, and digital fora. you can find IWM's website at:https://www.iwm.at/
Guy Standing, author of The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class answers this question this way: because there just aren't enough stable, well paying jobs in the new economy. In this video I discuss some of the realities of university education today, especially the trend towards trying to sell education as a commodity with a promise of being qualified for specific jobs. The watering down of education is a serious concern of Standing. This education saddles students with debt, can't necessarily deliver the job they were trained for, and meantime has not encouraged them to think critically and creatively but to keep their heads down and do what's required, even if it's not at all what they wanted. The Precariat is therefore deprived of a key element in achieving some sort of political influence and the ability to push back--a good education. … More Why is My University Degree Not Enough? (4-Audio)
I discuss some of the many important points made in Ch. 2 of Guy Standing's The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, entitled "Why the Precariat is Growing." Standing details what happened in OECD countries when emerging market countries started to out-compete them in terms of production and availability of low-cost labor. He shows how globalization, smoothed by government policies, led to the ultimate "flexible" labor force, with subsequent insecurity and strain on individuals, families and communities. Being ultimately flexible means not having any hope for a career, not identifying with an employer, and not being rewarded for the development of skills, among many other effects. People are most often blamed (and blame themselves) for their difficulty in finding a good job, but the deck is stacked against them like never before, and Standing does not think there is any way to turn back the clock. … More Why Can’t I Find a Good Job? (Guy Standing, The Precariat 3-Audio)
To start this series, I introduce the author Guy Standing and discuss a few prominent themes in his book The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Standing writes in the 2017 preface: "Those in the precariat have lives dominated by insecurity, uncertainty, debt and humiliation. They are denizens rather than citizens, losing cultural, civil, social, political and economic rights built upper generations. The precariat is the first class in history to labour and work at a lower level than the schooling it typically acquires." … More Intro to The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing (Audio)
Across the political spectrum, there’s a widely held view that the decades-long increase in immigration to the U.S. has put U.S. workers in competition with new immigrants for scarce jobs and has led to depressed wages and working conditions. Ruth Milkman’s important and timely new book, Immigrant Labor and the New Precariat, upends this notion, arguing that it gets cause and effect wrong. Instead, she contends that immigrants have tended to fill jobs already badly degraded, thanks largely to deregulation and de-unionization. In an interview with Samir Sonti, she speaks about the particular industries in which this trend has played out, as well as the political implications of failing to properly understand the role that immigrant workers play in the U.S. economy.
Elise and Chris talk pandemics, movies and class with Tom Zaniello, a film and media scholar who has written several books on films about work and class, including Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff, The Cinema of Globalization, and The Cinema of the Precariat. He recently posted Not Just Viruses: What Epidemic Cinema Teaches Us about Working-Class Vulnerability on the Working Class Perspectives blog. Includes clips from District 9, Brother From Another Planet and Contagion. Outro clip from Brother From Another Planet. Labor Goes to the Movies is produced by Chris Garlock and the video is edited by Evan Papp of Empathy Media Lab. Listen on Anchor at: https://anchor.fm/labor-goes-to-the-movies/episodes/Not-Just-Viruses-Epidemic-Cinema-and-Working-Class-Vulnerability-er669a Contagion - "Don't Touch Anyone" Scene https://youtu.be/AAgfn4CUn18 District 9 - Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyLUwOcR5pk The Brother From Another Planet - Wanna See A Card Trick? https://youtu.be/lYs46BxweEU
Elise and Chris talk pandemics, movies and class with Tom Zaniello, a film and media scholar who has written several books on films about work and class, including Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff, The Cinema of Globalization, and The Cinema of the Precariat. He recently posted Not Just Viruses: What Epidemic Cinema Teaches Us about Working-Class Vulnerability on the Working Class Perspectives blog. Watch the video version on Empathy Labs. Includes clips from District 9, Brother From Another Planet and Contagion. Outro clip from Brother From Another Planet. Labor Goes to the Movies is produced by Chris Garlock --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/labor-goes-to-the-movies/message
On this episode of the Bitter Hearts Podcast Mike and I talk bedroom moshing, our drunk hobbies, Seymore from Futurama, and serial killer books. We also listen to some amazing songs from Precariat, Bite Down, Freeze, Nude Shoes, and Unrising. Also, shout to Death Before Decaf Supply Co. Check them out if you want some dope tattoo flash inspired clothing or some amazing pop punk inspired flash sheets. Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/Bitterheartspodcast)
Dan is a Fest-going, chicken wing loving punk from Ottawa, Canada that moved to Toronto more than a decade ago. He runs Last Wishes Supply Co with Chris Cresswell of The Flatliners and can grow a beard.Josh got a job as a bartender 15 years ago so hasn't been going to too many shows since then. Before that though he worked with the label Underground Operations and hosted a weekly punk rock show on Toronto's 102.1 The Edge. He runs bartenderatlas.com with his wife Jess. His ankle clicks from skateboarding. He cannot grow a beard.Boise: 2:45Flies First Class: 9:55Precariat: 15:00Article about the Precariat class and Populism:https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/precariat-global-class-rise-of-populism/Which Classic Punk Band Are You?: https://www.buzzfeed.com/perpetua/which-classic-punk-band-are-you
The devastating force of neoliberalism has accelerated during the pandemic. Employment has shifted from conventional jobs to "gig" jobs that provide no security. Meanwhile, the accessibility and proliferation of new technologies have intensified the sense that cultural workers—artists, musicians, photographers, filmmakers, communicators...even clergy—should offer their labor for free, since the fruits of such labor seem astonishingly abundant on the web. US billionaires gain over $1 trillion in wealth during this pandemic. Meanwhile, precarity rises and creative work is devalued. What can we do to nurture a different economy? A better society that honors the contributions of its people?
What is the future of jobs? Why is there so much uncertainty about our future today? Do we need radical change, or do we just need to prepare ourselves better? In Episode 1, Niraj and Osho explore the idea of The Precariat - a working class that has emerged after globalisation, and is making its anxieties known to the world. Tune in to hear their perspective on today's economy, jobs, politics and much more! The inspiration for this episode: Guy Standing explains The Precariat: YouTube link here Jason Hickel - The Divide: Spotify link here About Blind Men and the Elephant: When a few blind men come across a large elephant for the first time in their lives, they imagine the elephant to be what their hands tell them. This, without them ever knowing that the legs or the tusks that they feel are but one small part of this mammoth beast. Where else have we seen this phenomenon? We all love talking about how we see the world. And we are always convinced that how we see it makes sense. But does it? Or, to really think about it, do we really see it? Or are we always just groping in the dark? Niraj and Osho bring a podcast where they share new ideas that are hidden within echo chambers, algorithmic blindspots, or simply highlight anomalies in plain sight. This is a show which will have super engaging conversations between two friends who have tried to build successful careers in the fields of consulting and public policy, while always chasing novel perspectives on what's going on around us. It is these perspectives that we dive into - from sport to finance, politics to wellness, technology to fashion - and invite you to see the world through our blind eyes. You can follow them on: Blind Men and the Elephant page: Instagram Niraj Chitnis: LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook Osho Chhel: LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook
This session explores the higher degree supervisory charter and its value to and for student diversity. This specialist session for Business, Govenrment and Law offers some strategies to think about professional development, work and supervision in tough times for students and the world.
This episode carries a content warning... best not to listen if hearing about the pain of losing a job is triggering for you.Jason's job has been 'dis-established' and we get real with the state of universities and what it's like to lose a job you love. In this epic, no holds barred discussion Inger recounts her perception-shifting experience of being unfairly treated as a young academic and Jason reflects on how to approach work when you have had the veil ripped from your eyes. We went long on this one - it ended up being 1hr and 45m - so we've edited for length. Our regular ‘work problems' segment has been snippety-doo-dah'd and we'll hold it over for next episode where we'll double down on practical, implementable productivity hacks to help you live a more balanced life.Jason mentions:The Precariat: the new dangerous class by Guy StandingInger mentions:How to be an academic - her (now poorly named!) book where she talks about the university as a bad boyfriendCal Newport's latest podcast Episode 32 Habit tune up.How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project - Elizabeth HumphreysHer nice new desk lamp that doubles as a Zoom lighting rig (Instagram)‘Is it Do You Have ‘Zoom Fatigue' or Is It Existentially Crushing to Pretend Life Is Normal as the World Burns?' by Devon Price Digital Minimalism: choosing a focused life in a noisy world - Cal Newport John Perry's structured procrastination essayLeave us a message on www.speakpipe.com/thesiswhisperer. Email Inger, she's easy to find. You will not be able to find Jason's email (he likes it that way).Talk to us on BlueSky by following @thesiswhisperer and @drjd. Inger is sadly addicted to Threads, but cannot convince JD to join. You can find her there, and on all the Socials actually, as @thesiswhisperer. You can read her stuff on www.thesiswhisperer.com. You can support the pod by buying our Text Expander guide for academics from the Thesis Whisperer website.
We start with Inger's aborted holiday in a cottage in the country when Thesis Whisperer Jnr and Mr Thesis Whisperer had to be tested for Covid (it's ok, they both had colds, but it's not a pandemic unless you have had something stuck up your nose). Jason is counting the days to the end of the pandemic and smelling the spring flowers as RMIT announces there will be involuntary redundancies.In our work segment we go long and deep on Textexpander and Omnifocus and how we still feel the love heart emoji eyes for both programs. The competitive book club continues. Inger describes an article about why we feel deflated in times of upheaval and that to do about it. Jason has put down his book about Colonel Hackwell in favour of reading about 'The Precariat' and an article entitled '100 productivity hacks', which rates hacks on degree of difficulty and will power required to implement them. This naturally leads to a conversation about coffee and Inger makes a surprising confession about Navy Seal Romance books. We close out with advice on how to under function in public and how to seize that opportunity for individual learning and growth.In this episode we referred to: Deep Questions Podcast by Cal NewportYour surge capacity is depleted, which is why you feel awful by Tara HealleGuy Standing's TEDx presentation about the 'Precariat'; Coffee Dosage and Navy Seals; The Tall Dark and Dangerous Books By Suzanne BrockamnnThe Definitive 100 most useful productivity tips; And you can buy the PDF version of Inger's 'Tame your PhD' ebook straight from the Thesis Whisperer blog here.Note: in this article we did disuss how only men can be Navy SEALS. This is not strictly true as women have been able to apply since 2016, but so far the one woman who has made it through decided being a SEAL was not for her (a pity, because Inger would have totally loved a 'gender flipped' Navy SEAL romance). This fact does mean, however, that Inger is still correct about the peer reviewed advice about the exact dosage of caffeine being a man sized serving :-)Leave us a message on www.speakpipe.com/thesiswhisperer. Email Inger, she's easy to find. You will not be able to find Jason's email (he likes it that way).Talk to us on BlueSky by following @thesiswhisperer and @drjd. Inger is sadly addicted to Threads, but cannot convince JD to join. You can find her there, and on all the Socials actually, as @thesiswhisperer. You can read her stuff on www.thesiswhisperer.com. You can support the pod by buying our Text Expander guide for academics from the Thesis Whisperer website.
For the better part of the last decade, one of the best circulated critiques of the economy much of the world lives within refers to 'the precariat' - a class of people that numbers the billions. As Julie unpacks, the current virus is hitting the most vulnerable, which at a class level are those workers that have been made insecure and expendable. The crisis poses a chance to create better security and conditions for workers, but will that opportunity be taken? See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
In this latest episode we talk with Professor Guy Standing, who has been at the forefront of Basic Income research for 30 years, running pilots all over the world. We discuss his original concept of “The Precariat”, a new class that might be familiar to many listeners, the moral case for a basic income and its fans in US politics and Silicon Valley, and his vision of a future of a new left built upon enlightenment principles. Links!Guy Standing: https://www.guystanding.com/Basic Income Earth Network: https://basicincome.org/The Precariat: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-precariat-9781849664561/Plunder of the Commons: https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/308/308407/plunder-of-the-commons/9780141990620.html
Birth process involves pain and controlled violence. Birth of 12SMART. Precariat class social union.
Precariat class recording 12SMART Overcoming Interruptions
In this episode, Matthew talks to Dr. Mike Savage from LSE about his work in the field of social Class. Mike discusses the Great British class survey, his book 'Social class in the 21st Century' and also his 7 tier social class hierarchy scale.
right around this time the trespasser came onto the property...
Audit is latin for he hears. Precariat class bookkeepers audited by illiterate business owner.
The meek shall inherit the earth.
Deriving concepts from the book "The One Minute Manager", another book called "The No Asshole Rule" for work environments. Accessing external truthfulness based mediated/moderated/immediated solutions available for cheap for the precariat class who is becoming more media savvy, the mediat precariat, rather than the mediots who are media idiots.... This Civil class won't be applicable to everyone, the way that Civilian class is applicable to Everyone who is supposedly Subject to the Rule of Law because that has become twisted in modern society in such a way that the wealthy and powerful have access to much more resources of the law than the precariat class do. It's not Civilian it is Precariat. Free or cheap or easy access to Agape based rules to move forward on, such that the Meek will Inherit this Earth. We are the precariat meek.
Even scientists face deportation in an anti-immigration environment. But Dr. Furaha Asani cautions that academics shouldn't think of themselves as "one of the good ones." Biochemist Dr. Asani is now one of the migrant precariat because her visa was denied for questionable reasons. PhDiva Xine Yao interviews Dr. Asani about reimagining STEM PhD training and the scientific method. It's okay to be a "very average scientist" -- Dr. Asani questions putting scientists on pedestals in terms of their claims to objectivity and upholding colonial standards of meritocracy. Dr. Furaha Asani on migrant solidarity: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/25/phd-migrants-good-immigrant-deportation Dr. Furaha Asani on Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrFuraha_Asani Support the Work of PhDivas Podcast: https://www.patreon.com/phdivaspodcast
In our latest episode of Marxist Voice, we're joined by Ian Hodson - President of the Bakers Food and Allied Workers Union - who discusses the impact of the pandemic on precarious workers, and the need to fight back against the unscrupulous bosses. Follow us on Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Soundcloud: Facebook - Socialist Appeal YouTube - youtube.com/c/SocialistNet1917 Twitter - twitter.com/socialist_app Podcast - soundcloud.com/socialist-appeal
Yang bisa #dirumahaja jangan bandel, yang belom bisa tetep semangat & stay safe.
John R. Dallas, Jr. is Founder CEO of Hillview Partners Network, an alliance of independent consultants, coaches, and professional speakers; individuals with expertise related to strategic alignment of people, money, technology, and other resources, as well as Co-Founder CEO of ENCLAVE for Entrepreneurs Foundation Inc. In this episode John talks about the psychological challenges entrepreneurs face when their ventures are in their early stages. John also brings light to the concept that most entrepreneurial education programs do not make aspiring entrepreneurs fully cognizant of the intellectual, physiological,emotional, social, physical, and financial demands that come with choosing to be among the "entrepreneurial precariat". Listen in as John and Scott "peel the orange" on the entrepreneurial precariat.
Co-hosts Medaya Ocher and Kate Wolf speak with Sally Rooney about her two novels Conversations with Friends and Normal People. Dubbed the "Jane Austin of the Precariat" and called "the first great millennial novelist" Sally addresses the acclaim she's received; and how she's grown into the person and writer she is today. Also, William E. Jones returns to recommend The Imposter byJavier Cercas, which tells the story of Spaniard Enric Marco, who was a national hero until he was exposed as a fraud in 2005.
Co-hosts Medaya Ocher and Kate Wolf speak with Sally Rooney about her two novels Conversations with Friends and Normal People. Dubbed the "Jane Austin of the Precariat" and called "the first great millennial novelist" Sally addresses the acclaim she’s received; and how she’s grown into the person and writer she is today. Also, William E. Jones returns to recommend The Imposter byJavier Cercas, which tells the story of Spaniard Enric Marco, who was a national hero until he was exposed as a fraud in 2005.
- Mein Jahr im Rückblick - Schöne und negative Familienerfahrungen - Urlaube in Österreich, Bali - Start Podcast - Politisierung (https://www.gruene.de/startseite.html) - Neuer Job - Mehr Umweltbewusstsein und persönliche Umstellungen: Deutsche Bank Wechsel, CO2 Reduktion (www.gls.de; https://www.atmosfair.de/de/; ) - Meine Bücher 2018 * American War, Omar El Akkad (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID61249645.html * Platform Disruption Wave - Haydn Shaughnessy (https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/30287637-platform-disruption-wave) * Master Algortihm - Pedro Domingos (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID44905138.html) * Wiener Strasse - Sven Regener (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID64483861.html) * Quality Land - Marc Uwe Kling (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID140970334.html) * Fleckenteufel - Heinz Strunk (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID87933230.html) * Hard boiled Wonderland - Haruki Murakami (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID10169245.html) * Bios - Daniel suarez (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID64190241.html) * So und jetzt kommst du - Arno Frank (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/suggestartikel/ID88702442.html?sq=So,%20und%20jetzt%20kommst%20du&stype=productName) * 21st lessons for the 21st century - Yuval Harari (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/suggestartikel/ID106869486.html?sq=21%20Lektionen%20für%20das%2021.%20Jahrhundert&stype=productName) * Jäger, Hirten, Kritiker - Richard David Precht (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/suggestartikel/ID94633773.html?sq=Jäger,%20Hirten,%20Kritiker&stype=productName) * Sapiens - Yuval Harari (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID38904361.html) * Das trügerische Gedächtnis - Julia Shaw (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID45165019.html) * Kurze Antworten auf große Fragen - Stephen Hawking (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID122972267.html) * Cyberwar - Constanze Kurz, Frank Rieger (https://www.thalia.de/shop/home/artikeldetails/ID115538887.html) - Vorstellung der Sendeformate - Inspiration für „DNA Berlin“ ist „Berlin DNA“ von Tamer Yigit - https://www.hebbel-am-ufer.de/programm/spielplan/tamer-yigit-berlin-dna/ - 35C3 Impressionen - Engelsystem (https://engelsystem.de/35c3/) - Congress-Website - https://events.ccc.de/congress/2018/wiki/index.php/Main_Page - Workshop Ultraschall - https://ultraschall.fm - Talks, die gesehen habe: - All Your Gesundheitsakten Are Belong To Us (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9992-all_your_gesundheitsakten_are_belong_to_us) - Mind the Trap: Die Netzpolitik der AfD im Bundestag (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9513-mind_the_trap_die_netzpolitik_der_afd_im_bundestag) - Du kannst alles hacken, Du darfst Dich nur nicht erwischen lassen (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9716-du_kannst_alles_hacken_du_darfst_dich_nur_nicht_erwischen_lassen) - Introduction to deep learning (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9386-introduction_to_deep_learning) - Jahresrückblick CCC 2018 (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9975-jahresruckblick_des_ccc_2018) - The Ghost in the machine - an artificial intelligence perspective on the soul (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-10030-the_ghost_in_the_machine) - The Precariat: A Disruptive Class for Disruptive Times. Why and How the Precariat will define the Global Transformation to save our planet. (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-10021-the_precariat_a_disruptive_class_for_disruptive_times) - Archäologische Studien im Datenmüll: Welche Daten speichert Amazon über uns? (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9858-archaologische_studien_im_datenmull) - "Das ist mir nicht erinnerlich." − Der NSU-Komplex heute. Fünf Monate nach dem Urteil im ersten NSU-Prozess (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9766-das_ist_mir_nicht_erinnerlich_der_nsu-komplex_heute) - Inside the Fake Science Factories (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9744-inside_the_fake_science_factories) - Desinformation und Fake News - Bekämpfung und Verifizierung leicht gemacht (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9667-desinformation_und_fake_news_-_bekampfung_und_verifizierung_leicht_gemacht) - Analyze the Facebook algorithm and reclaim data sovereignty (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9797-analyze_the_facebook_algorithm_and_reclaim_data_sovereignty) - Afroroutes: Africa Elsewhere: VR experience "Beyond Slavery" (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-10009-afroroutes_africa_elsewhere) - Hacking the Human Microbiome (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9758-hacking_the_human_microbiome) - How medicine discovered sex (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9775-how_medicine_discovered_sex) - Neusprech Crashkurs (https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3chaoswest-50-neusprech-crashkurs)
Alissa Quart discusses her latest book, Squeezed, on living in a middle-class that is being crumpled by meritocracy and converted into what Quart terms the “Precariat,” which Scheer describes as “people who think they're in the middle class, and they have the education, very often they find themselves living paycheck to paycheck.”
On today's show Javi talks with special guest Sue Ellen Stone about UBI, and more.
The warnings about automation and artificial intelligence changing our lives are evey increasing. Philippa Tolley asks are employers and employees a like really thinking about what lies ahead and will everyone cope with the change?
Eric Laursen walks us through all the causes and consequences of freelance workers and their transformation from proletariats to precariats. To support this podcast and our publication, it´s as easy as visiting our Patreon page and becoming a monthly subscriber. bit.ly/2xsDpRQ To read Eric's full article go to http://bit.ly/2ti3fL3 Illustration by Marguerite Dabaie
Tara is joined by some of the most talented and innovative PhD students at Flinders to talk about Guy Standing's The Corruption of Capitalism.
Tara, Steve and Anne align Terry Johnson's theories of the profession to a post-GFC economic and social climate.
Cameron Johnson is the Lone Reader. Music: "Feeling Dark Behind the Mask," by 700P3D
Anne, Tara and Steve present some alternative modelling for Guy Standing's Precariat and Terry Johnson's theorization of professionalism.
Mardin Artuklu Pelin Tan, sosyoloji ve sanat tarihi eğitim aldı; Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Öğretim Üyesi Pelin Tan'la çağdaş sanatta emek üzerine bir konuşma
Technology has shaken up working culture. Large multinationals are rethinking the ways they let their staff work. While for many people outside the structure of big companies, work is increasingly freelance and insecure. We'll hear from those who say the traditional eight-hour working day is on its way out. But what is replacing it? Join Manuela Saragosa and guests as they debate how to make work pay fairly for everyone. Manuela hears from Guy Standing, author of "The Precariat" ; Edward Conard, from the American Enterprise Institute and author of "The Upside of Inequality", and Douglas Rushkoff, author of "Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus". Picture: People walk outside the New York Stock Exchange. Credit:Spencer Platt/Getty Images
This week it's Siôn Parkinson on the podcast who is a fantastic, artist, singer and musician with an amazing booming voice. He took on the role as producer for the Dundee Design Festival last year and will be continuing it into 2017. We cover this year's festival, the ambitions for the city of Dundee and a bit about sharks. Twitter - https://twitter.com/sionparkinson Tumblr - http://sionparkinson.tumblr.com/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/sionparkinson/ Soundcloud- https://soundcloud.com/sionparkinson Dundee Design Festival - http://www.dundeedesignfestival.com The precariat - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precariat
Tara, Anne and Steve discuss Guy Standing's precariat and how the early childhood educator fits into such a category and concept.
The 'Precariat': Laurie Taylor talks to Guy Standing, Professor in Development Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His highly influential 2011 book introduced the 'Precariat' as an emerging mass class, characterized by inequality and insecurity. Professor Standing argues that that the increasingly global nature of the Precariat is leading to the kind of social unrest which carries grave political risks. Marking the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta, he takes his work a stage further, outlining A Precariat Charter which might award greater rights to this new 'class'. They're joined by Dr Lisa Mckenzie, Research Fellow in Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Also, whilst humour and laughter have been studied by social scientists, scholars who use wit, jokes and satire may get marginalised from the academy. Cate Watson, Professor in the School of Education at the University of Stirling, argues against this neglect of humour's potential. Producer: Jayne Egerton.
On Monday 26 January 2015 Professor Standing spoke at the Cambridge University Faculty of Law, where he discussed his latest book, 'A Precariat Charter: from Denizens to Citizens' with Professor Simon Deakin. Guy Standing is Professor of Development Studies at SOAS, University of London, and a founder and co-President of the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), an NGO promoting basic income as a right. He has held chairs at the Universities of Bath and Monash (Australia) and was previously Director of the Socio-Economic Security Programme of the International Labour Organisation. He is currently working on pilot basic income schemes in India and on issues relating to his two recent books, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class (2011) and A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens (2014). The event was kindly supported by the Cambridge Public Policy Strategic Research Initiative and the Cambridge Socio-Legal Group.
On Monday 26 January 2015 Professor Standing spoke at the Cambridge University Faculty of Law, where he discussed his latest book, 'A Precariat Charter: from Denizens to Citizens' with Professor Simon Deakin. Guy Standing is Professor of Development Studies at SOAS, University of London, and a founder and co-President of the Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), an NGO promoting basic income as a right. He has held chairs at the Universities of Bath and Monash (Australia) and was previously Director of the Socio-Economic Security Programme of the International Labour Organisation. He is currently working on pilot basic income schemes in India and on issues relating to his two recent books, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class (2011) and A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens (2014). The event was kindly supported by the Cambridge Public Policy Strategic Research Initiative and the Cambridge Socio-Legal Group.
What happens to a working class when there is no longer work? How do we think about middle class in relation to a digitized, globalized, casual workplace? Steve and Tara talk about reproletarianization and its relationship with Guy Standing's Precariat.
Podcast of the UNRISD Seminar "A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens", in which Guy Standing, Professor of Development at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, talks about the precariat: an emerging mass class characterized by inequality and insecurity, and about how their rights—political, civil, social, cultural and economic—have been denied. The event took place in Geneva in November 2014.
Professor Guy Standing of SOAS discusses his new book, A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens
We examine the last 40 years of the U.S. economy, as a more flexible business and labor system emerges with vastly increasing inequality.
The 'precariat', those precarious people who have no secure foothold in the world of work, are a dangerous new class, argues Professor Guy Standing.
Part 12 Zechariah learns that God's ways are not our ways. Jesus came the first time as a humble servant but when He comes again He will be the Conquering King.
Loic Wacquant is professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley and is a researcher with the European Centre of Sociology and Political Science in Paris. His research focuses on comparative urban marginality with a focus on Chicago?s 'hyper-ghetto' and Paris?s racialized urban periphery. Wacquant?s research also looks at broader issues of urban poverty, ethnoracial domination, the penal state, and social theory. He is the author of many books and articles, including Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality, Prisons of Poverty, and Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity.On 1 November 2012, Loic Wacquant gave a public lecture organized by the University of British Columbia?s Liu Institute for Global Studies and the Department of Geography. His talk is entitled, ?The Production and Penalization of the Precariat in the Neoliberal Age.? This is the second podcast of a two-part series, focusing on the transformation of the ghetto and the emergence of workfare and prisonfare under neoliberalism.
Loic Wacquant is professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley and is a researcher with the European Centre of Sociology and Political Science in Paris. His research focuses on comparative urban marginality with a focus on Chicago?s 'hyper-ghetto' and Paris?s racialized urban periphery. Wacquant?s research also looks at broader issues of urban poverty, ethnoracial domination, the penal state, and social theory. He is the author of many books and articles, including Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality, Prisons of Poverty, and Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity.On 1 November 2012, Loic Wacquant gave a public lecture organized by the University of British Columbia?s Liu Institute for Global Studies and the Department of Geography. His lecture is entitled, ?The Production and Penalization of the Precariat in the Neoliberal Age.? This is the first podcast of a two-part series.
A growing number of people, including millions from Britain, have been entering a global precariat, part of an emerging class structure shaped by globalisation. In this lecture, drawing on his new book, The Precariat: A New Dangerous Class, Professor Standing examined the labour market dynamics that underpin the growth of the precariat and set out the nucleus of a new 'politics of paradise' that is beginning to take shape outside the political mainstream.