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Persian, Dari, Tajik: Language Evolution and Varieties The transition from the Sasanian Empire to the Islamic period marked a crucial shift in the Persian language. Following the Arab-Islamic conquest (632-651 CE), Persian evolved into Early New Persian (ENP), spanning from the 8th to the 12th centuries. This period, characterized by gradual linguistic transformation rather than abrupt change, saw Persian shift from Middle Persian (MP) to a form written in Arabic script. Despite these changes, the linguistic differences between 7th-century MP and 10th-century ENP were less pronounced compared to those between ENP and modern Persian. ENP is notable for its regional and religious varieties. Key types include Standard ENP, used by Muslim Iranians and written in Arabic script; Early Judaeo-Persian (EJP), written in Hebrew script by Persian-speaking Jews; Manichean NP, from northeastern Iran; Christian NP, mainly in Central Asia; and Zoroastrian NP, with texts in Middle Persian and Avestan scripts. Manuscripts from these periods vary in preservation and authenticity, with EJP texts providing particularly valuable insights. The Islamic conquest integrated Iran into the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, yet Persian retained its cultural significance. The Samanid Dynasty (819-1005) and later dynasties like the Ghaznavids and Saljuqs played a key role in establishing Persian as a prominent literary and administrative language. By the late 11th century, Persian had become a major language of literature and scholarship, extending its influence across Central Asia and North India. In Afghanistan, Persian (Dari) and Pashto are the primary languages, with Dari serving as the most widely spoken language and Pashto holding official status. Afghanistan's linguistic landscape reflects its diverse history and geography, with various languages being promoted and preserved. Tajik Persian, or Tojik, is a variant of New Persian used in Central Asia, particularly in Tajikistan and parts of Uzbekistan. It features significant Russian and Uzbek influences and retains some archaic elements of Persian.

Show Notes and Transcript Morton Klein, President of the Zionist Organization of America joins Hearts of Oak to emphasize the significance of Zionism and what the term really means.  He delivers the case for the Jewish people's right to their ancestral homeland, discussing historical, legal, and biblical support for Israel, dispelling misconceptions about the region, and addresses ongoing struggles faced by them. The discussion covers ZOA's role in promoting U.S-Israel relations, combating anti-Semitism, and supporting security through education and advocacy efforts. Morton delves into the religious and political aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, critiquing media bias and highlighting support for Israel. He criticizes the current U.S. administration's stance on Israel and emphasizes Israel's efforts to minimize civilian casualties during conflicts. The conversation concludes with reflections on Israel's challenges in international relations and combating terrorism, acknowledging the importance of advocating for truth amid anti-Israel narratives. Morton A. Klein is National President of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), the oldest pro-Israel group in the U.S., founded in 1897. He is a member of the National Council of AIPAC. Mr. Klein is widely regarded as one of the leading Jewish activists in the United States.  The US Department of State has awarded Klein a “Certificate of Appreciation” “in recognition of outstanding contributions to national and international affairs,” after he delivered a major address there. He is a member of the International Board of Governors of the College of Judea and Samaria in Ariel, Israel. He is an economist who served in the Nixon, Ford, and Carter Administrations. He has served as a biostatistician at UCLA School of Public Health and the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine in Palo Alto, California. He has been a lecturer in mathematics and statistics at Temple University. His successful campaigns against anti-Israel bias in leading textbooks, travel guides, universities, churches, and the media, as well as his work on Capitol Hill, were the subject of 30 feature stories both here and in Israel. His scientific research on nutrition and heart disease was cited by Discover Magazine as one of the Top 50 Scientific Studies of 1992. He has been invited to testify before the US Congress, Including the US House International Relations Committee, and the Israeli Knesset. He travelled to Germany and persuaded the publishers of Baedeker's, the world's leading travel guide, to correct the many anti-Israel errors in its guides to Israel and Jerusalem. He launched a campaign to correct dozens of anti-Israel errors in D.C. Heath's “The Enduring Vision,” the most widely used American high school and college history textbook.  More than 300 of his articles and letters have been published in newspapers, magazines, and scientific journals around the world. Klein has appeared on TV and radio. Lines from his speeches appear in the respected volume entitled “Great Jewish Quotations,” He is on the speaker's bureau of UJC, and Israel Bonds. Connect with Morton and ZOA... X                         x.com/MortonAKlein7                            x.com/ZOA_National WEBSITE             zoa.org  Interview recorded 11.4.24 Connect with Hearts of Oak... WEBSITE              heartsofoak.org/ PODCASTS          heartsofoak.podbean.com/ SOCIAL MEDIA    heartsofoak.org/connect/ SHOP                   heartsofoak.org/shop/ *Special thanks to Bosch Fawstin for recording our intro/outro on this podcast. Check out his art https://theboschfawstinstore.blogspot.com/ and follow him on X twitter.com/TheBoschFawstin  TRANSCRIPT (Hearts of Oak) And it is wonderful to have Morton Klein with us from the Zionist Organization of America. Morton, thank you so much for your time today. (Morton Klein) It's great to be here during these very extraordinary and important times. They are, and that's probably what makes this conversation even more interesting with what is happening currently over in Israel. People can obviously follow you @MortonAKlein7. That is your Twitter handle. And ZOA, not Z-O-A, like the Americans like to say, ZOA.org, ZionistOrganisationOfAmerica.org. I'd encourage our viewers and listeners to use both of those resources and understand what is happening in the Middle East at the moment. Now, there's lots to talk about. You're obviously president of the Zionist Organization of America. You've got a number of other accolades into your name, but it is this specifically which I'm intrigued and want to have a conversation about. And actually, I saw your name on the back of Robert Spencer's book. We had him on a few weeks ago on the Palestinian delusion. And you were there as an individual promoting the book and endorsing it. So I thought, I need to reach out to Morton. So it's great to have you on. Lots to discuss. And I think probably if we can step back and ask about the term Zionism before we jump into what is happening in the current day Israel. And I certainly call myself a Christian Zionist. And that's from a biblical understanding 3,000 years since Jerusalem was founded as a capital of Israel under King David. And then much further back, the promise given to Abraham. But maybe that's a spiritual understanding of the term, and the term Zionism is not necessarily a spiritual concept. Maybe you can unpack a little bit the term Zionism before we delve into some of the other issues. It's really a very simple term. All it means is that the Jews have a right to their ancient homeland that was given to them, for those who believe in the Bible, and a couple of billion people do, by God. In fact, he gave the Jews the land that Israel controls now, and much more. So this is a fraction of what the Jewish homeland consists of, according to the Bible and what God has promised in the Bible. It is called the promised land because God promised it to the Jewish people. We are the people who God promised the land to. That's why it's called the promised land. But it's not only a biblical right to have a Jewish state, but numerous international legal resolutions also give that right. The League of Nations Covenant, Article 22, the British Mandate for Palestine, the UN Charter, Article 80, the San Remo Resolution, the Lodge-Fist Resolution, the Anglo-American Resolution, and more. Legally, under international law, gave this land to the Jews when it was essentially a wasteland, just a desert. When the Balfour Declaration said this land is going to be given as a mandate in trust for the Jewish people in 1917. And historically, the Jews have lived in this land for thousands of years. This has been the place where Jewish people lived and occupied and lived in for all this time. And so all Zionism means is the Jews have a right to a country, just like the French have a country, the Italians have a country, even the Irish have a country, and the British have a country, and the Jews. There are 56 Muslim countries in the world, 56 or 57, why can't there be one small, little, tiny Jewish country, which is one-eighth of 1% of the landmass of the Middle East? There are 22 Arab countries in the Middle East. Israel is one-eighth of 1% of that land. So Zionism is not a complicated term. It simply means the Jews have a right to a homeland, just like so many other people have it. And this is a homeland, unlike most other countries in the world, where the Jews have lived in for thousands and thousands of years. That's what Zionism means. Nothing more, nothing less. Over the weekend, I actually went to the Churchill war rooms in London. And part of the story on Churchill, obviously, is involvement in the Belfort Declaration. And you see those maps and the discussion of British politicians and their relationship with Israel and whether they were pro-Israel or not. And you realize Israel is tiny. And you expand it out. Now, the Middle East is large and Israel is tiny. And it makes you realize that most people, I think, have forgotten the size of Israel in comparison to the Middle East. And it is really quite small. The Arab countries are 800 times the size of Israel. As I said, it's one-eighth of 1% of the land mass of the Middle East. It is smaller than New Jersey. It is smaller than Rhode Island. It is a tiny, tiny land. With 7 million Jews and 2 million Arabs. It's remarkable. The Arabs have a right to live in Israel, the Muslim Arabs and the Arab Christians as well. They have a right to vote. They're in the parliament, Israel's parliament. They're in the Supreme Court. They're in judges and courts throughout Israel. Their doctors, almost half of the doctors in Hadassah, Israel's major hospital, are Arabs. And yet the world, the Arab world, says the Jews have no right to be there. And it's really a racist, anti-Semitic, hateful disgrace to say that the Jews can't have this little tiny homeland. We talked about the term Zionism, but I want to ask you about the Zionist Organization of America, their role, why it's needed. You've headed up the ZOA away for, what, 28 years now, I think? 31. 31, sorry. I've got my three years. I blame COVID for that. So that three years have disappeared. Do you want to just let us know why it exists and why it's needed? The Zionist Organization of America is the oldest and one of the largest pro-Israel groups in the United States, founded in 1897 for a sole purpose, to reestablish the Jewish state of Israel. That's why it was re-established. Past presidents include Louis Brandeis, a famous Supreme Court justice, Abahel Silver, Stephen Wise. These are famous Jewish leaders. And that's its original purpose. Once Israel was re-established in 1948, ZOA's role has been to fight for strong U.S.-Israel relations and for the safety and security and prosperity of the Jewish state of Israel. And also, by the way, in recent years, fight against the scourge, the ugly scourge of irrational, mindless, anti-Semitism, Jew hatred and Israel bashing. So that's really been our purpose. We have a legal division. We have people on Capitol Hill who are educating members of Congress about these issues. We take young kids to Israel twice a year. We take adults to Israel. We have a trip coming up in June for adults where we go all over Israel, including Judea and Samaria, Hebron, Afrat, Ariel, Maladumim, Eli, those smaller areas in Israel. And we also have a campus department. We're on 80 different campuses bringing in speakers, disseminating literature, telling the truth of the Arab-Islamic war against Israel and the West because that's what it is. It is an Arab-Islamic war against Israel and the West. We now see it in all the rallies on campuses and around the world. They say from the river to the sea, meaning Israel should not exist. They don't say there should be a Palestinian state in Judea and Samaria, the West Bank and Gaza and half of Jerusalem. They say no Israel. So these are despicable, vicious, ugly human beings that want to destroy this tiny little Jewish state of Israel within any borders. They're not looking for a Palestinian state solution. They're looking for an end of Israel solution. And we're fighting against this with all of our heart and soul. Tell us about, because you mentioned it's the political fight, it's the media fight, you mentioned about on campuses with students. I mean, kind of break those down, because it is about winning hearts and souls and minds over to the position that Israel do have a right to exist like any other nation. And yet there seems to be a lot of pushback, certainly in our media and massively in our universities and educational establishments. It's incredible. After 80 years of re-establishing the state of Israel, remember 2,000 years ago, there was a Jewish state that was destroyed really by the Romans 2,000 years ago. This was the first Holocaust. The Romans murdered 600,000 Jews. And then they renamed this area Judea and Samaria, the Jewish state, Philistinia, translated to Palestine. So this is a Roman word. If this really was an Arab country, which it never was, why would they use a Roman name to name it? Palestine is a Roman name. Moreover, Arabs can't pronounce the letter P. They say Palestine with a B. They can't pronounce it. Would they name their own country with a letter that they can't even pronounce? There was never a Palestine. There were never any Palestinian kings and queens. The only state that ever existed in this area has been a Jewish state. In fact, 99% of the Palestinian Arabs live under their own control. Israel has given away Gaza and 40% of Judea and Samaria, the West Bank. 99% of the Arabs live in those areas under Abbas's rule, the dictator, terrorist, Abbas's rule. They have their own parliament, their own schools, their own textbooks, their own newspapers, their own radio and TV businesses, police force. They run their own lives totally in Gaza under Hamas, the Nazi-like dictatorship, and in Judea and Samaria under Abbas, another terrorist dictator. By the way, I don't know how many of your listeners know this, an ugly fact. Mahmoud Abbas pays Arabs a lifetime pension to murder Jews. If an Arab kills a Jew, They get a lifetime pension at five times the average rate of a salary of a Palestinian. It is very lucrative to murder Jews. They spend $400 million a year to murder Jews. How many people know this? Why would our college kids are defending a regime that pays people to murder Jews? By the way, and Americans, they've murdered Americans in Israel. And the Arab who murders Americans also gets a lifetime pension. And if the Arab was killed murdering a Jew or an American, his or her family gets the lifetime pension. So this is the most heinous regime on the face of the earth. And it is just mind-boggling that people around the world are supporting this regime and supporting Hamas in Israel's existential war. Hamas, Article 7 of their charter calls for the murder of every Jew on earth, every Jew on earth. Article 13 calls for the destruction of Israel. They massacred 1,200 innocent Jews, raped them, mutilated them, tortured them, and then kidnapped 250 mostly Jews. Six Americans, I might add, are left. And now they're saying that out of the 140 left, that they released 100, out of the 140 left, they're saying they don't think they have 40 Jews there. In other words, it's likely that these Hamas monsters have murdered all of the Jewish hostages, murdered them all. The world should wake up and understand this is an Islamic, radical Islamic war against the West and against the Jews. Mahmoud al-Zahar, the co-founder of Hamas, two months ago on the Internet, said, I want the world to understand this. This is the co-founder of Hamas. First, we're going to kill all the Jews, but we're not done after that. Next, we're going to kill all the despicable Christians. And then all the non-Muslims establish a caliphate where Islam rules the world. He said it two months ago. And so you have these non-Muslims supporting Hamas, who wants to kill every one of them. Not to mention, they immediately say every gay person will hang and kill immediately. The gay people, the transgender, they're dead immediately. So how are these left-wing students and left-wing people around the world supporting the most despicable ideology on the face of the earth, the ideology of the Hamas and Abbas regimes. I want to pick up on a few of those, and I would love for the Western liberals to have a pride rally through Gaza or West Bank and see how long that lasts. But that's a whole other issue. Modern-day Israel has been for 75 years, give or take a year, since 1948. And re-establishing that entity, that territory that had been Israel before the Romans removed, basically removed it from the face of the map. But tell us about that, because you obviously look closely at, since 1948, at the establishment, Israel has had to fight for its survival on a nearly daily basis. Israel's military spending is huge compared to other countries, and it must do that because it has to defend itself. I mean, tell us about that, because that 75 years, I see it as a Christian that Israel have the right to exist, have the right to take the land that is theirs, and seem to be a natural, progression from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire to actually Israel re-establishing that in that vacuum. And yet many critique and mock and attack Israel simply for the right of existing in their land, which should be a given, really. Those who oppose the Jewish state's right to exist are mocking God Almighty from the Christian and Jewish Bibles, are mocking the United Nations resolutions and England's resolutions who controlled this legally, this land legally, since 1917. And it's nothing less than overt Jew hatred that's all it is. It's pure Jew hatred and Israel has offered a Palestinian state to the Arabs four times in the last 20 years, four times. Ehud Olmert was the most recent one, where Ehud Olmert, the prime minister, offered 97% of Judea and Samaria, the West Bank, 3% of Israel proper to make up for the 3% he couldn't give away because there's a half a million Jews living there. So Olmert offered virtually all of the West Bank, half of Jerusalem, billions of dollars in aid, and Mahmoud Abbas said, said, no. I called up the prime minister. How could he not turn down? This is not a compromise. You've given them every single part of the disputed territories and half of Jerusalem. And Olmert said to me, Abbas said to me, you must eliminate three clauses in the agreement. One, you must eliminate the clause that says we accept Israel as a Jewish state. Abbas said, I'll never accept Israel as a Jewish state. Two, you must eliminate the clause that says you must limit the number of Arabs we bring into Israel proper to 150,000. I want to bring in millions if I went into Israel. I will not accept a limitation on the number of Arabs I bring into Israel proper. And three, you must eliminate the clause that says no further claims. And the Olmert says, but that's the deal. We're giving you everything, virtually everything. It ends all the claims. It's done. Peace. And Abbas said, I won't sign it until you get rid of those three clauses. So they've been offered a state four times, turned it down every time in the last 20 years. In the last 80 years, they've been offered a state eight times, starting with the Peel Commission in 1937, where they offered 95% of the rest of Palestine, 80% of original Palestine mandate went to Jordan. There's only 20% left of the original Palestine mandate. The Peel Commission offered 95% of the rest of Palestine to the Arabs, not 5% of the Jews, the Arabs said no. In other words, they say no. They don't want a state. They want Israel destroyed. They won't accept a Jewish state. That's the deal. Because from 1948 to 1967, the Arabs controlled all of the West Bank, all of Gaza, half of Jerusalem. They had it. Did they establish a state when they personally controlled it? No. Because the goal is not a Palestinian state. It's Israel's destruction. It's Israel's destruction. Let me show you a picture if you can see this. This is the Palestinian Authority's official emblem that they commissioned. This is their official emblem. You notice it's the shape of all of Israel with a keffiyeh over all of it, not just the West Bank and Gaza and Eastern Jerusalem, all of it. Arafat, the arch terrorist in the centre, and a Kalashnikov rifle. So their official emblem is all of Israel is ours. What more proof do you need that they have no interest in a Palestinian state solution? They have in an end of Israel solution. That's what they're interested in. And by the way, I can show you another thing. It's quite interesting. Every Arab that murders a Jew gets a poster. This is one of the Arabs who murdered a Jew. This is on all the high school walls, all the university walls, calling him a martyr and a hero. This is just one of hundreds of posters honouring Jews. And when a terrorist who killed Jews dies, they have a parade and they honour him. What a great man or woman he was. And they hand out candy and sweets to each other, praising murder. They glorify murder. They glorified massacres. They glorify rape. They glorify terrorism. This is a vicious, Nazi-like, despicable regime. And the world has to wake up because the radical Muslims are coming after everyone that's not Muslim, not just the Jews. People better start to understand this and start supporting Israel, who's fighting a war against Hamas, to protect the entire world from radical Islam, not just Israel. Is part of the problem that, I know on the Jewish side, you've got a weird mix of those who support Israel and Israel's right to exist from a biblical point of view, from a spiritual point of view, and those who support it from probably a social, historical, cultural point of view. So you've got that weird mix in Judaism, which always confuses me. But then on the other side, you've also got the world refusing to recognize that this is a clash between Islam and Judaism. And the West thinks that you can come up with a solution which is a land-based solution. And if you've got one side wanting to destroy the other, actually, you've got a problem. And the world doesn't seem to want to wake up to the reality that this is not simply a land issue, that the Islamic nations will not be happy until Israel doesn't exist. Am I correct in my assumption or am I completely off? The proof of what you just said is the fact they've been offered a state, the Palestinian Arabs, eight times in the last 80 years, four times in the last 20 years. They've said no. When they controlled all this land themselves for 19 years, 48 to 67, they didn't establish a state. They still were committing terrorist acts. This is a religious war. war. The radical Muslims believe that the Jews or the Christians have no right to any land in the Middle East that is all theirs. Lebanon was a Christian country. The radical Muslims destroyed Lebanon. It is now a Muslim country. They massacred hundreds of thousands of Christians until Hezbollah. Now Hezbollah has taken control of Lebanon. So this is a religious war, and that's why it has nothing to do with land. Land for peace is nonsense. It's been offered repeatedly. They say no. It's a religious war. The issue is they don't want Israel in their midst. They don't want a Christian country in their midst. They don't want non-Muslims in their midst. I've met with many Christians who live in various parts of the Arab world. They're scared to death for their lives. Their lives are made miserable and dangerous by their fellow Muslims. This is a reality, so yes land for peace has been offered repeatedly, turned down every single time, it's a religious war. The radical Arabs will not be satisfied until Israel doesn't exist, just like they weren't satisfied until Lebanon was no longer a Christian country. Tell us I'm curious the ZOA obviously exists in the US in America and America, I think was Truman was one of the first leaders to actually recognize the state of Israel uh back in, just after the creation of Israel in 48 and there is that close link between America and Israel. Do you want to just expand on that a little bit? Because geopolitically, that's a fascinating relationship. And maybe then we can get up later into where it now sits at the moment between that maybe being more fractured than it has been. But yeah, America and Israel have always been strong allies, starting with that Truman Declaration of Israel's right to exist in 1948. Harry Truman, as president of the United States in 1948, was the first country in the vote at the United Nations to recognize the state of Israel. Or maybe they cast the deciding vote, I'm not sure. But they certainly cast the vote to support Israel. But the polls at that time in America showed Americans supported Israel by 80% of Americans supported the right of the Jewish people to have a state. So this was overwhelming support in the United States. The chief of staff to White House counsel to Truman was begging Truman to recognize it. Quoting from the Bible, he repeatedly quoted the lines from the Bible saying, this land was given to the Jews, Mr. President, you must recognize it. And by the way, many presidents since then have publicly stated there should be an Israel before there was an Israel. John Adams, Franklin Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt, and many others have in their speeches, I've said, we hope and pray that a Jewish state is re-established. So there's been a love affair with the leaders of America and the American people and the Jewish state since America was created. George Washington was a supporter. In fact, this is an interesting story. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and I believe John Adams, I think. Proposed that the seal of the United States, which is now an eagle holding out its wings, they proposed the seal should be Moses splitting the sea as the pharaoh and the military Egyptians were coming across the sea to come and kill all the Jews who had just escaped. All the Israelis, the Hebrews who had just escaped, and the sea splits and swallows up all the military while the Jews are watching in the scene beforehand and cheering. That's the seal that Franklin Jefferson and Adams wanted as a seal of America. That's the kind of connection America's had to the Jewish people. It was barely voted down, barely voted. It almost became the seal. So to this day, in a recent poll, who do you support in this war in America, Hamas or Israel? I'm shocked. It's only 82 percent should be 100 percent. But it's 82% say Israel should be fighting against this vicious regime of Hamas. So there's overwhelming support in America. There's even overwhelming support in Congress. It has weakened. There are now a number of congressmen who are speaking out inappropriately in a hostile way toward Israel. But nonetheless, the overwhelming majority of the Congress is supportive of Israel. And that's been true really since Israel was – America was established in 1776. There's been support for the re-establishment of a state and now for the state itself. Well let me throw in some other kind of facts on that, I think the US is Israel's largest trading partner, I think I read is about 50 billion trade back and forward and of course you got the military aid that goes to Israel every year of billions and you mentioned the beginning about the U.S. backing Israel in the U.N. And the U.S. has used a veto dozens and dozens of times in the U.N. Supporting Israel, backing Israel. And, of course, President Trump moved the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem despite all the pushback, despite the debate over that. But all of that is actually Israel is shoulder to shoulder. And there have been a time where maybe Britain was shoulder-to-shoulder with Israel. That is still there in relation to Europe, but actually it is the U.S. that seems to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Israel. Well, let me first tell you about, you mentioned the aid, billions of dollars in aid. Let me tell something that I'm sure most of your viewers do not know. Israel was getting half a billion dollars in aid, 500 million, until the late 70s. Then Carter was pushing the deal with Israel to give away the entire Sinai which was five times the size of Israel. Israel when they controlled the Sinai developed four major oil wells themselves in the Sinai these oil wells gave Israel two and a half billion dollars in income in 1978. And Menachem Begin, the prime minister, then said, we cannot give away the Sinai because we will lose two and a half billion dollars of oil wells we found, we developed ourselves. And we can't do it. Carter said, I will make up the difference. I'll give you the extra two and a half billion. So it went from 500 million to three billion. But this is not really America's money per se. Israel gave up two and a half billion. So $2.5 billion of the aid Israel gets is the fact that they gave up the oil wells. And do you know, Peter, how much income today those four oil wells would be delivering to Israel? $10 billion because oil prices have gone up dramatically. So they've given up a tremendous amount. And people forget. Do you know how much aid Egypt gets from America? It's never mentioned. $2.5 billion. $2.5 billion for Egypt. Jordan, $1 billion. The Palestinian Authority, a terrorist dictatorship, gets almost $1 billion in aid right now. So people forget about the aid others get. And with Israel, 97% of the aid they get is spent in America, buying equipment here in America. So it comes right back to America in any event. And you mentioned that Trump moved the embassy to Jerusalem. I was intimately involved in that issue with Senator John Kyle, who's a hero that no one even remembers. He's the one who really pushed this issue more than anyone else. And the vote to move the embassy in 1995 was 93 to 5 in the Senate, 93 to 5, 347 to 37 in the House. In other words, over 95% of Congress voted to move the embassy. Bill Clinton was against it. Now, he couldn't veto it because it would be overridden because it was such an overwhelming support. So he ignored it. If you ignore a law, if a president ignores a law, it automatically becomes law in 30 days. and it became law. And then Senator Dianne Feinstein had put in what's known as a poison pill. She said, any president can say, I'm not moving it if there's a security issue. And each president for 18 years said there's a security issue and never moved it. But people, of course, predicted if you move it, there'll be violence all over the place. Of course, it turned out to be completely false. There was no violence. But let me tell you something else that I'm sure most of your viewers do not know. Of course, they want to move the embassy to Jerusalem because Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. Jerusalem has been the holiest state to the Jewish people since time immemorial. But the Arabs say this is their holy city. Well, is it? Is Jerusalem holy to Muslims? Jerusalem was the capital only of Israel throughout history, never of any other country. When the Palestinians conquered Palestine in 716, they made Ramleh their capital, not Jerusalem. It's called the Temple Mount, not the Mosque Mount because the Jewish temple was on this area. The majority of people living in Jerusalem since 1850, the first census, have been Jews. The overwhelming majority of people living there since 1850 have been Jews. The Jewish holy books mention the word Jerusalem 700 times. How many times is the word Jerusalem in the Koran? How many times is the word Jerusalem, if it's so holy to Muslims, this is their holy book, how many times is it mentioned? Zero. Not a single time. How can it be so holy to them if it's not in their holy book? So they say, Muhammad went from Jerusalem to heaven. But that's not what the Koran says. Read the Koran. It says that Muhammad went from the furthest mosque to heaven. It didn't say Jerusalem. And they say, well, the furthest mosque was in Jerusalem. Well, when the Koran was written, there was not a single mosque in all of Jerusalem. So if Muhammad went from the furthest mosque, it couldn't be in Jerusalem. There were no mosques there. So the truth is that Jerusalem is not holy to Muslims. In fact, from 48 to 67, when they controlled Jerusalem, When they captured that war, they captured it. They allowed it. The Jordan and the Arabs allowed it to become a slum. There was virtually no water, electricity or plumbing. There were 58 synagogues in Jerusalem that they captured. They destroyed all 58 of them to eliminate proof that Jews, this was a holy place to them. So that's another thing that most people don't understand. Jerusalem is minimally holy to Muslims at most. It is a holy to Jews and possibly Christians. I'm not a Christian, so I don't know the Bible so well, the Christian Bible, that may be holy to Christians, but it is not holy to Muslims. Yeah, well, I think the holiness to Christians is simply because of the biblical story. And without Judaism, there'd be no Christianity. Without Judaism, there'd be no Jesus. But I love the way Muslims can claim hold of a city because Muhammad flew there on a winged donkey in his dreams. So if we could all actually take our dreams and claim to hold, we could be in paradise more. We could be anywhere. But again there was no, it wasn't from Jerusalem it's from the furthest mosque, no mosque in Jerusalem, it can't be Jerusalem and by the way this is interesting, not a single Arab leader except from Jordan ever visited Jerusalem when the when the Arabs controlled it. It meant nothing to them, Mecca and Medina are the holy cities for Muslims, not Jerusalem, it's high time we make that publicly clear. No 100 % and Muhammad probably never went to Jerusalem if Muhammad did exist, but that's a whole other conversation I'll take up with Robert Spencer. Can I ask you, because the support for Israel comes from different sections of society, and certainly there is a strong support from churches, from Christianity, not across the board, certainly, but there is. Can you tell us, where does the support, the backing, individuals, organizations standing up for Israel's right to exist, where does that come from? I mean, have you been surprised maybe with some of the areas it's come from that you weren't expecting? The strongest support in America for the Jewish state and the Jewish people comes from the 80 million evangelical Christians. Why are they so supportive of Israel as a Jewish state? Because it's in the Bible. Because God gave the land to the Jews. When I speak at churches, they say it's in the Bible. This land was given to Jews by God. End of discussion. So and the Jewish people are not nearly as strong Bible believers as the Christians. So you have stronger support for Israel among the Christian evangelicals than you do, frankly, among the Jews. So for most Christians, it's simply a matter of religion and God. For others who are not religious, they recognize that this land was given to Israel under international law. In 1917, the Balfour Declaration and many UN resolutions after it, and they accept the fact that that's right. Plus, they see it's reasonable. Why should there be 56 Muslim states and not a single Jewish state where the Jews can practice their religion in the way they're supposed to? So I think it's just a rational support for what's right, for what's moral, for what's decent, for what's just, that most non-religious people support the right of the Jews to have the state. It's a tiny little state. There's over 200 million Muslims in the Middle East. There's only 7 million Jews. Imagine if there were – there's 22 Arab states. Imagine if there were 22 Jewish states and one tiny little Arab state the size of Israel. And the Jews would be saying, we want a 23rd Jewish state carved out of this tiny Arab state. The world would say, this is ridiculous. The Arabs have nothing, this little tiny state. Leave them alone. But that's the situation we have. 22 Arab states, 99.5% of the land mass, and they still want to make Israel even smaller in order to make it easier to destroy. That's the basis. It's a religious war to destroy the Jewish state. It has nothing to do with land per se. It has nothing to do with the Palestinian state. Nothing. Because they could have had it eight times in the last 80 years. They said no every single time. Can I finish just with the current situation, which we'll not give justice to in our time, but just to touch on it. And I am perplexed at how Israel seemed to be so bad at the PR war, at the publicity war, the media war. But I've been intrigued watching kind of different countries holding with Israel and then pulling back in the media conversation. And what is it like, maybe for our viewers, I mean, our viewers are 50-50, US, UK and Europe. Maybe just give us your thoughts on where the media and the government is in terms of support for Israel over the last six months. You mean the US government? Yeah, yeah. This government in America under Joe Biden and Barack Hussein Obama, Obama never left Washington. Every president, when they're finished their term or terms, they go back home. Obama stayed in Washington. Obama is running the show behind the scenes. How do I know this? Because almost every person that Biden has appointed that affects Israel is a friend of Obama's, virtually every one, and is hostile to Israel. This government of Biden, Obama, Blinken is the most hostile to Israel we've ever had in America, I'm sorry to say. So, and when the war started, Biden did come to Israel two days after the Hamas massacre. And he said he has total support for Israel. But in that speech, the original speech on the tarmac, Biden said we need to establish a Palestinian state. Now, that is his first speech two days after the massacre of 1,200 innocent Jews. What's he bringing up a state for? It shows the hostility he has toward Israel. And now he's pushing for a state relentlessly. He condemns Israel for killing too many civilians. Let me tell you something. The record is this is the smallest number of civilians per capita ever killed in any war in history. And the reason for that is Israel drops leaflets before they hit a building to tell the Arabs to get out of the building. They put knock bombs where they knock on the top of the roof as a signal, get out of here. They call on cell phones, get out of here. They protect civilians to the detriment of their own soldiers. And when Hamas says 32,000 civilians were killed, first of all, Hamas is a terrorist Nazi-like monster group. Who believes them anyway? But the fact is 15,000 of the alleged 30,000 or so have been terrorists. These are combatants. And the other 15,000, a number of distinguished statisticians have studied the data from Hamas and say these are grotesquely exaggerated. It is only a few thousand that have been killed. And moreover, they say, look at what they say every day, Hamas' division telling you how many civilians died. The same number of civilians die every single day according to the data of Hamas. That's not possible. This showed you how fraudulent the data is. So we have to really thank Israel for being extraordinarily humane in protecting civilians And let me tell you, in any war, innocent civilians die. You can't have war without civilians dying. If you say to yourself, I won't go to war unless I can assure no civilians will die, the tyrants will win. Hitler will win. Hamas will win. Because civilians naturally will die in a war. It's tragic. And now when Biden went crazy, when Israel mistakenly killed seven aid workers, in wars, these types of tragic mistakes happen all the time. In America's wars, we have killed many civilians' envoys, mistaking them for terrorists. In Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, I can list them. I won't. We've hit wedding parties by mistake, killing 50 people attending a wedding, including the bride. So this happens in war. So the fact that Biden is making a major deal out of this tragic mistake just shows he is trying to find anything to put enormous pressure on Israel to set up a Palestinian terrorist state. And remember, Israel gave away all of Gaza. And what did they get in return? They got a Hamas regime and 30,000 rockets aimed at civilians, 30,000 since 2005 when the regime was established. Why is it wise to give them even more land, the West Bank and Gaza, headed by who, Hamas, by Abbas, by another terrorist? It'll give them more power to endanger Israel. And this state would be on Israel's longest border, directly adjacent to 70% of Israel's population. It would be a tragic mistake to establish a state. That's why the Israeli people, 80% and more say we cannot have it, it's too dangerous. Biden has become enormously hostile to Israel, despite the fact that overwhelming numbers of Americans support Israel, and we are devastated by this. We're terribly disappointed by this. But outside of this regime and Obama's first regime, the American governments have been extraordinarily supportive of Israel throughout the establishment of Israel and throughout America's own establishment in 1776. You know, well we'll finish it up, there my criticism of Israel is they were for 13 years, they were far too patient with Hamas whenever they pulled out in 2010 to actually going in 2023 and it wasn't of their own accord, they went in actually, it was because of that attack on 7th October, so Israel had been remarkably reserved I think in how how they've dealt with them, and maybe they should have been a heck of a lot stronger. But that's another conversation. Morton, I really appreciate you coming along. I do thoroughly love and admire the work that ZOA do there. I know people go on the website, they can find not only your work on campuses, they can find news articles, they can donate, and there's many ways they can support you on ZOA.org. So thank you so much for your time today. Peter, thank you for your holy and important work to give a podium to people who are telling the truth of the Arab-Islamic war against Israel and the West. Very holy work you do. Thank you.

The Chinese Foreign Ministry has announced that a joint Arab-Islamic delegation will visit China from Monday to Tuesday.

Your daily news in under three minutes.

Religious Studies scholar Jumana Al-Ahmad, Washington & Lee University, VA, USAexamines the relationship between Islam and human rights in Tunisia, analyzing how a number of Tunisian academics and activists deal with the situation where human rights are seemingly incompatible with conservative and traditional interpretations of Islam. How do these academics use Islamic texts in combination with modern methods and references to human rights to promote gender equality and justice? New Generation of Tunisian Feminists In doing so, Jumana Al-Ahmad focuses primarily on a new wave of Tunisian feminist activist and academic work that seeks to promote social justice and human rights and is grounded in Tunisian studies of Arab Islamic civilization. The focus is on three women researchers: Amel Grami, Zahia Jouirou, and Olfa Youssef. They dig deep into the Islamic tradition in search of contemporary solutions to what they see as stagnation and social injustice. The thesis shows how these feminist scholars promote gender equality, and social justice by bringing Islamic sources and publications into conversation with modern methods and references to human rights. Social change based on traditional Arabic texts themselves Jumana Al-Ahmad uses an interdisciplinary perspective based on religion and cultural studies, sociology, philosophy, and intellectual and social history. The works studied are mainly in Arabic, largely produced by women scholars, and deserve attention at the international level, especially since there is a gap between the writing and scholarship of Muslim feminists in the Anglophone world and that of Arab Muslim feminists writing in Arabic. This thesis contributes to bridging this gap and gaining knowledge. See: https://vu.nl/en/news/2022/tunisian-women-academics-reinterpret-texts-islam

Audio reading: Lev 6:14-30, Luke 1:26-56, Psalm 57:1-11, Prov 11:9-11 I invite you in to Jacob's tent where we dive in to the Word of God. Join me in this Journey through the entire bible in one year focusing on the biblical calendar, the feasts and the Torah reading cycle. In Matthew 4:4, Yeshua said these words: “Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.” Taking in the word of God every day is LIFE to our spirit and health to our bones! Topic we cover in this session: We hear from Jeremy Gimpel from the Land of Israel Fellowship. The topic: Will Iran Experience Revolution This Purim? He interviews Dr. Mordechai Kedar, one of the world's experts in the Arab/Islamic world. He served for 25 years in the IDF military intelligence. Mordechai brings in a keen insight about what is happening behind the scenes in Iran and how it relates to Purim. Purim falls on March 16/17 this year. Love your families. Be a light and a lover of truth! Visit us at our website: https//www.dailyaudiotorah.com

Audio reading: Lev 6:14-30, Luke 1:26-56, Psalm 57:1-11, Prov 11:9-11 I invite you in to Jacob's tent where we dive in to the Word of God. Join me in this Journey through the entire bible in one year focusing on the biblical calendar, the feasts and the Torah reading cycle. In Matthew 4:4, Yeshua said these words: “Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.” Taking in the word of God every day is LIFE to our spirit and health to our bones! Topic we cover in this session: We hear from Jeremy Gimpel from the Land of Israel Fellowship. The topic: Will Iran Experience Revolution This Purim? He interviews Dr. Mordechai Kedar, one of the world's experts in the Arab/Islamic world. He served for 25 years in the IDF military intelligence. Mordechai brings a keen insight about what is happening behind the scenes in Iran and how it relates to Purim. Purim falls on March 16/17 this year. Love your families. Be a light and a lover of truth! Visit us at our website: https//www.dailyaudiotorah.com --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/bridge-connector/support

Can you imagine what it would be like to be enslaved by Arab Islamic slave traders at 7 years old? As a 7 year old, could you imagine walking 250 miles to freedom? Boi Gai Deng is raising awareness of persecution of Christians in South Sudan. Text the word “Encouragement” to 44222 to download 5 Steps of Grace: A Journey Guide to Freedom by Sue Detweiler To support Healing Rain Podcast  Give to Life Bridge Today

Our guest today is Jean Druel, a member of the Dominican Order (a part of the Catholic Church) who lives in Cairo. After a Master's Degree in theology and Coptic patrology, he graduated in Teaching Arabic as Foreign Language at the American University of Cairo. In 2012, he completed a PhD thesis in the history of Arabic grammar at the University of Nijmegen, in the Netherlands titled “Numerals in Arabic grammatical theory.” He managed the 200 Project (2013‒2016), which aimed to historically contextualize the works of 200 authors of the Arab Islamic heritage. He served as director of the Dominican Institute for Oriental Studies (IDEO) in Cairo between 2014 and 2020. He currently studies a manuscript of Sībawayh's (180/796?) Kitāb that has never been edited.

After more than a decade--a new political landscape in Israel. Netanyahu is out and a new coalition has taken power. One of the parties making up this new government: the Arab-Islamic party, with ties to the Muslim Brotherhood. Bureau Chief Christ Mitchell and correspondent Julie Stahl from our Mideast team are on today's CBN News Daily Rundown with what this means for Israel's security.  And, Joe Biden is back from his first international trip as president. The biggest item on the agenda: a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin. White House correspondent Eric Philips is on today's episode with details on what we can expect to come from that Summit.

We outline the Arab/Islamic conquests of the Middle East to 1948.  From there we view the history of Israel to the modern day and explain our support for the Jewish nation.  

Sponsored in association with Elahé Omidyar Mir-Djalali, Founder and Chair, Roshan Cultural Heritage Institute. With Professor Anoush Ehteshami (Professor of International Relations in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University) The event is chaired by Dr Stephanie Cronin (St Antony's College, Oxford), Q and A moderated by Professor Eugene Rogan (St Antony's College, Oxford). Part of the MEC Friday Seminar series The Arab uprisings of a decade ago threatened to redraw the political map of the Middle East and North Africa region, and set in motion forces that as first sight appeared to be out of the control of ruling regimes, dominant regional powers, and external interested parties. Within the region, the one country whose policies and behaviour was profoundly influenced by the early-2010s uprisings was the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran’s mood music swung between a celebration of the Arab ‘Islamic awakening’ and euphoria about Iran’s new geopolitical opportunities, to the need and duty to mobilise in defence of the Assad presidency in Syria and the protection of the ‘resistance front’. What determined Iran’s policies in the uprisings and how the uprisings shaped Iran’s regional role and political posture will form the body of this lecture.

Dr. Sara Verskin joins us to discuss gender and infertility in the medieval Arab-Islamic world. Listen to learn more about implications for marriage, midwives, and infertility tests. Follow us on Twitter @knightschool_

Dr. Christian Sahner gives a fluent and concise introduction to Christian life prior and after the Arab-Islamic conquests of the Levant including the phenomenon of conversion and martyrdom of executed Christian converts from Islam. Sponsored by IHRC bookshop. Visit shop.ihrc.org. Use discount code AHP15 for 15% off purchases. Terms and conditions apply. 

Israel and UAE's historic peace deal has implications not just on India, but on Pakistan which is slowly pivoting from the Arab Islamic world towards Turkic Islamic world, though the Imran Khan govt has been silent so far. In episode 549 of Cut The Clutter, Shekhar Gupta explains how the strategic picture is changing radically to the west of India.----more----Read Iranian diplomat Mohammad Javad Zarif's piece in ThePrint https://theprint.in/opinion/the-us-is-using-the-un-to-destroy-the-un-writes-irans-foreign-minister-jawad-zarif/480362/----more----Read Pakistan’s former ambassador to US Husain Haqqani's piece in ThePrint https://theprint.in/opinion/bajwa-going-to-saudis-but-imran-khan-dreams-of-neo-ottoman-world/481107/----more----Read American diplomat Richard N. Haass' tweet on Israel-UAE deal https://twitter.com/RichardHaass/status/1293939741692497922 ----more----Read British-Israeli writer Jonathan Spyer's piece in The Jerusalem Post https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/turkey-pakistan-malaysia-and-qatar-form-troubling-new-alliance-629519----more----Read this piece that quotes International security expert Paul Sullivan https://theprint.in/world/israel-uae-accord-isnt-deal-of-the-century-but-still-a-foreign-policy-win-trump-wants/481372/

General Summary: Professor Rasha Diab discusses her research on peacemaking rhetoric in the Arab-Islamic tradition and her academic journey within the discipline. Undergraduate students in Dr. Longaker's Fall 2019 RHE321 Principles of Rhetoric class share their impressions of Dr. Diab's work, and their feelings toward the unfamiliar modes of peacemaking and conflict resolution that Diab's work reveals. Detailed Summary & Timestamps: Dr. Diab's experience and work in peacemaking, the Arab-Islamic tradition in cultural rhetoric studies, and understanding violence (00:00-04:15); “Sulh” practices as modern peacemaking rhetoric and the Chancery in Al-Qalqashandi's Encyclopedia (04:16-13:18); Punitive versus non-punitive justice and the tradition of “Dafn,” as well as classroom discussion featuring Dr. Mark Longaker and Rebecca Atwood (13:19-18:06); The asymmetry of power inherent in peacemaking and the example of “Ubuntu,” as well as classroom discussion featuring Dabya Alrafaei and Cason Hunwick (18:07-21:16); The Arabic vocabulary for peace and the art of apology (21:17-25:37); “Eye for an eye”: a tradition in justice (25:36-27:35); The challenges of learning and teaching peacemaking rhetoric (27:36-32:05); Scholarly Article informing this Production: Diab, Rasha. "Peacemaking and the Chancery in Medieval Cairo: Revisiting Medieval Arabic Rhetoric." Rhetoric Across Borders, Parlor Press, 2003, pp. 121-31. Credits: This podcast was produced by Lillie Munoz, Dabya Alrafaei, and Rebecca Atwood, with resources and assistance provided by the Digital Writing and Research Lab at the University of Texas at Austin. It features the voices of Rasha Diab, Mark Longaker, Dabya Alrafaei, Rebecca Atwood, and Cason Hunwick. Music featured in this podcast, titled “commonGround,” was created by airtone and has been repurposed here under Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial license 3.0. Additionally, conversation.wav was adapted and incorporated under Creative Commons 1.0 license.

Dr. Lara Lengel is a professor of communication at BGSU whose research focuses on international communication and gender in communication. She discusses her research on “Community Organizations’ Role in combating Sex Trafficking,” which she developed in Fall 2018 while an ICS Faculty Fellow. Specifically, Dr. Lengel focused on how Costa Rica has changed its laws around sex work, and the effects of that change on women, religious organizations, and human trafficking in the Americas. Transcript: Jolie Sheffer:                          Welcome to the BG Ideas podcast, a collaboration between the Institute for the Study of Culture and Society and the School of Media and Communication at Bowling Green State University. I'm Jolie Sheffer, an associate professor of English and American culture studies and the director of ICS. Today I'm talking to Dr. Lara Martin Lengel, professor of communication here at BGSU. Dr. Lengel received her PhD in mass communication from Ohio University, and her research focuses on international communication and how communication can advance social, economic, and environmental justice, especially pertaining to gender and identity in a transnational context. Jolie Sheffer:                          Some of her published work includes a study on memory around wartime sexual violence, and the use of social media for social change in the Middle East and North Africa. Dr. Lengel is an ICS faculty fellow in fall 2018. The ICS fellowship program allows full time faculty to take a full semester off from their research and service obligations to dedicate their attention to an interdisciplinary humanities topic of their choosing. At the end of the semester, fellows present their work publicly and hold a community engagement event that brings their knowledge to the wider community and in turn reinvigorates their academic research. Jolie Sheffer:                          Dr. Lengel is here today to discuss the work she's performed during her semester long fellowship. While taking part in the fellowship, she studied the fraught relationship in Costa Rica between faith based organizations, FBOs, their efforts to abolish sex work and human trafficking and the government of Costa Rica's efforts to decriminalize sex work. I'm very pleased to welcome Dr. Lengel to the program as the second ICS faculty fellow speaking in our 2018-2019 speaker series. Thank you for joining me, Lara. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Thank you Jolie. Jolie Sheffer:                          It's so great to have you here, and I wonder if you could just start us off by talking about how you first began working on the subject of sex work and human trafficking in Costa Rica in particular. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Thank you. It goes way back actually to my PhD research in North Africa. I had a Fulbright grant to spend a year in Tunisia, which is a small North African country on the Mediterranean, to look at the role of women in professional contexts, most notably music, in the country. I was very surprised to learn from numerous respondents that there is still a mythical connection between public performers of music, even serious music, classically trained in the Western music tradition and so forth, to prostitution. Because of that, many of the respondents who I came to know during that year, their parents, their brothers, their sisters, or their husbands, did not want them to be in a really respected organization, which is called El Azifet, which is the first all women's orchestra in the Arab world. This tremendous organization actually was missing key voices and instrumentations from women who were just not allowed to be in the organization. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    I found this really perplexing, because there was absolutely no evidence that there was any contemporary connection between any woman getting on a public stage to sing or play the oud or the violin or piano would have any connection to sex trades at all. I learned through historical research that there may have been a connection with colonial infiltration from the French establishing pubs where women would do belly dancing and so forth, but that was completely different, and literally that doesn't exist today anyways. That was 1993-1994, so this idea of women in the public sphere more broadly as problematic bodies in space was something that has been essentially on, you know, in the backstage, if you will. But, it wasn't until first traveling to Costa Rica first in 2011 and then subsequently thereafter that I learned a very different context of women's bodies in public spaces in a very unique decriminalized sex work model in that country. Jolie Sheffer:                          When did Costa Rica decriminalize sex work? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    The law is based on Roman law, which is something I know very little about, I'm trying to learn more about it, that there is no codified law that says sex work is either legal or illegal, and thus it's not illegal, meaning it's not necessarily legal. However, what is illegal is what's commonly known as pimping, procuring people to work for the pimps, the controllers, financial gain, and also prostitution gangs are illegal and brothels are illegal. What I appreciate about this decriminalized, not illegal, model of sex work is that sex workers can choose to do this work in a relatively regulated and relatively safe environment. There was an important piece of legislation turned into law in 2013 at the Costa Rica national level where sex tourism promotion and other nuances of the broader sex trade was established as illegal under a human trafficking law of 2013. Jolie Sheffer:                          How do you see this project, and perhaps your work more broadly using interdisciplinary methods? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    It's interdisciplinary to an almost overwhelming standpoint because I started out this project as a feminist scholar, primarily in cultural studies and media studies, but have realized that I need so much more knowledge from legal studies, from political science, from the whole broad domain of human trafficking is very new to me. Urban planning, I mean, all of these nuances of disciplinary studies that are entirely new to me. My work has primarily focused on women in the Arab Islamic world, in the Middle East and North Africa, most notably North Africa, and also identity construction and safety and security and wellbeing of Muslim Americans and Arab Americans and issues of Islamophobia in the media and in interpersonal interactions and so forth. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    So, taking on human trafficking in an entirely different national and arguably transnational context, because what I focus on is men primarily coming from North America to Costa Rica, so there is a transnational component. The tourism industry, which is a whole other discipline, critical tourism studies touches upon this and so forth. The short answer is yes, very much so. It's been fantastic for me to learn about all of these different disciplines and the research strategies inherent in them, and the ways that different modes of thought, different experiences and different academic disciplines can come together in a really profound way. Jolie Sheffer:                          One of the issues that your work explorers are the overlapping but distinct terrain between consensual sex work and human trafficking. Could you sort of define those terms and explain their similarities and differences? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Absolutely. Human trafficking has several official legal definitions. The United Nations first put forth a definition of human trafficking in the year 2000. The United States government established the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, also in the year 2000, amended in 2015 with the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act. So for instance, and the definitions are quite similar, but I'll give you the one from the US Department of Justice. They define specifically sex trafficking as, "Recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining, patronizing, or soliciting of an individual through the means of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of commercial sex." Human trafficking is the same definition, but instead of for specifically the purpose of commercial sex, for the purpose of any labor that benefits financially the trafficker. Then, the question about ... Jolie Sheffer:                          Consensual sex work. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Consensual sex. Certainly, it involves the age of consent in the given jurisdiction. In a place like Costa Rica that's 18, elsewhere that might be slightly different, might be slightly younger. I tend to, you know, go with the age 18 as the age of consent. It would involve two or more adults age 18 and over engaging in an act that they choose to do that may or may not involve some transactional exchange, either money or its equivalent. Jolie Sheffer:                          What are the conditions in Costa Rica in particular that drive that country's industry for sex work and/or trafficking? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    With the rise of not only the opening of borders and the increase of attention to the tourism industry, just the general neoliberal capitalist push the past 20, 30 years have added to this as well. It is very much a balance, and I think the authorities understand that decriminalized sex work is what brings a lot of people and a lot of money into that country. Being a Catholic nation, they just don't want to talk about it. Jolie Sheffer:                          That's a really fascinating way of thinking about this research site for you, as perhaps offering indicators for countries like the US and what paths might be possible in the future. In touching on religion, another element of your research is the study of faith based organizations. Can you first explain what an FBO is, and what their goals looked like in Costa Rica for addressing both human trafficking and this increase in sex tourism? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Under the Bush administration, I believe it was the year 2000, there was a specific move to support financially nonprofit organizations that have faith as a mission or they're emerging from a particular religious organization, and so forth. It's been very problematic and contested because, for all kinds of reasons that I can go into further if you wish, but the fact that churches are not taxed, that adds to the contentiousness of this particular move to support faith based organizations. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    In in the US context, a faith based organization more often than not is constituted officially as an organization under IRS code 501C3, which is the broader code to designate a nonprofit organization. They are a subset of nonprofits, essentially. As I said, they may be directly affiliated with a church, they may not be, and because of that legislation or that recodification under tax code in the year 2000 under the Bush administration, they've had more leeway to get funding at the federal level as well as from individual and group donations and so forth. There's been quite a growth of FBOs since that year, so now we're going on about 20 years, nearly 20 years of a different funding structure for these organizations. Jolie Sheffer:                          How are they approaching the subject of sex work in Costa Rica? What are those organizations that you're looking at, how do they tend to respond to the decriminalization that's happening there? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    It's challenging for me to respond to this question because, in many ways, the FBOs that I've come to know and have interacted with are doing really important work. One in particular that I've written about and talked about has set up afterschool programs for at risk youth, in particularly impoverished areas in Puntarenas Province, which is fantastic. What I would invite them to consider doing is being a little more open to the fact that they could support women who continue to work in the sex trade. There seems to be a very clear, perhaps unstated, but a very clear effort to convert people from sex workers to post sex workers, rather than support people who are continuing to engage in sex work. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    This is even more the case, there's a fantastic scholar by the name of Megan Rivers-Moore, an anthropologist who has done amazing work, particularly in San Jose, the capital city of Costa Rica. One very recent article that she had published in Signs, the feminist journal, focused on her ethnographic work with a particular FBO in San Jose that would just not help current sex workers at all. Her research in San Jose confirms that that's pretty much the case across these faith based organizations in San Jose. I don't yet have definitive evidence because I haven't met with every single FBO in Puntarenas Province which is my particular site, but from the field work I've done thus far, that seems to be consistent. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Another thing that I find interesting is that most of these organizations, even though they are operating in a predominantly Catholic country, are not Catholic organizations. They tend to be, although they're quiet about their organizational affiliations, they would be commonly constituted as evangelical, and that, I would assume when you were mentioning the fraught relationships with FBOs, the national government, local government, and sex workers themselves, that that is part of the fraught relationship. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    There's a lot of God talk in their mission, and as a person raised Roman Catholic, I don't reject that entirely, but I can see why the one FBO that I've had most interaction with, they actually say publicly on their site that they tend to not have as much interaction with sex workers as they would like. Well, they're probably turned off to the way that they're stating their mission and going about their work. Again it's fraught, it's sensitive, and as a researcher I don't feel it's my place to go in and give some advice. If it's asked for it, I will certainly give it. But, I think their way of communicating their religious identity hurts their purpose. Jolie Sheffer:                          Well, and that really also speaks to what you're talking about with tourism as well as the FBOs are also kind of North American organizations coming into another nation with ideas about how things ought to be done. Then, for the most part going back, many of them sort of there for short times to do volunteer work of some kind and then go back home to North America. I imagine that creates certain tensions between local people, whether it's local elected officials or local women engaged in this kind of sex work that that may feel like outside interference. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Absolutely, and that's not just the case in a place in what's known broadly as the global South like Costa Rica. But, it's also the case here in the US. There are numerous sex workers who are highly critical of what they call the kind of do-gooders. Right? People who have very good intentions, but do not have a fundamental understanding of the socioeconomic and cultural context in which sex workers operate, the marginalization that they have experienced that has either occurred since they've chosen this work or what led them to this type of work and so forth. That's absolutely the case. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    It's hard for me to be a white, essentially middle class feminist and critique white middle class feminists. I do have, I would humbly suggest, more lived experience understanding financial insecurity than perhaps many middle class feminists and activists and advocates who are doing this type of work. But, that certainly, as you said, increases the tensions between sex workers, those persons who can be most helped by support, and the people who have a vision for how they want the world to be. Right? The vision is not bad. Right? Much of the goal of faith-based advocates in trying to mitigate trafficking, either sex trafficking, human trafficking more broadly, or sex work even in a decriminalized consensual domain is that they're upset about demand. Right? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    The one FBO that I've touched upon during this discussion, the founder was inspired to create the organization after overhearing a conversation with two men talking about who they were going to do, right, once they got to Jaco, this particular beach town, and she was unsettled by that. I understand that. I'm unsettled by these conversations as well, but I don't think trying to end demand is feasible. Whereas, someone like that person thinks it's possible. It's a wonderful goal, but I don't see that as possible. Jolie Sheffer:                          One of the issues clearly is about differing attitudes about what the effect of decriminalization of sex work is. Right? On one side, you have those who argue that all sex work is in some way non-consensual and therefore is part and parcel of human trafficking. Could you sort of explain a little more about that position, and you know, what are its potential merits, and then the ways in which you might or might not agree with that? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    I would like to quote, not directly because I don't remember it word for word, but a very profound response to a similar question posed to a sex worker in London. The question also focused on, how can you participate in an industry that is notoriously patriarchal and capitalist. Her response was, what work is not a part of patriarchal capitalism? I thought that was really actually quite brilliant, because there are so many professions, careers, jobs, labor that are socially and culturally sanctioned. Sex work is absolutely not, but we're all operating in problematic systems. Maybe there are some careers that fall on the outskirts of that, and I honor those people who have found those careers, and even a fantastic life as is the case of what we do as professors, there's still constraints. I think that's the best way that I can respond to that question, is to actually, you know, amplify the voices of current sex workers on that topic. Jolie Sheffer:                          You quoted the statistic that 70% of the world's poor are women. Part of what you're talking about are throughout much of the world, women are impoverished, they lack education and resources. And so, sex work is often one of the few areas to earn money without resources, training, things like that. That seems to be part of what your argument and what those who seek decriminalization believe is, make it safer rather than driving this stuff further underground. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    One small aspect but one fundamentally important aspect is the flexibility of deciding when you work. Right? As a former single mother, I can tell you, you know, how challenging that can be. I was very, very fortunate to have a profession that would allow me to take my child to a pediatrician or to stay home with an extended case of mono or strep. Think about the number of women in this country and elsewhere that would quickly be fired from their job for caring for a child. It's absolutely awful, and especially in a place like the United States. I had my children in the United Kingdom where there's far more support overall for parents to care for their children in a time of need than there is here in these right to work states and employment at will context. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    That's one way that perhaps white middle class women can look at sex work in a new perspective. It would be important for them, I would argue, to think about their own histories. If they were ever under threat of losing not only their job but their home, their livelihood because they had a sick child. I would guess most have not. I don't want to apologize for being critical of some of the people who are at the forefront of this type of work. As I said, it's good work, but I think having a much more nuanced perspective of financial insecurity would be really welcome for the people doing this type of work. Jolie Sheffer:                          Again, that speaks to your ongoing commitment to listening to the voices of marginalized peoples; economically, socially, and other ways rather than presuming to speak for them. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    There's a very profound statement that I hear more and more frequently in peaceful public protests, etc, and policy debates, "Nothing about us without us." Put the people most effected at the table to help forge new debates, new dialogues, new perspectives, and ideally, policy and law that can help people who are most disenfranchised. Jolie Sheffer:                          Right. We've talked a lot about consensual sex work. I want to shift gears now and talk about, what are the issues that drive human trafficking both locally here in Toledo and internationally? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Okay, thanks. At the heart is economic injustice and patriarchal capitalism. If a person who chooses, who makes this horrible choice to be a trafficker can acquire, can coerce, can fraud a person into their domain to the tune of on average globally $90 and we can talk about how that money is spent, et cetera. You don't necessarily buy a slave in the 21st century as one dude in the 19th, which actually costs quite a bit more, if you correct for the inflation, cost inflation over the past 200-some years. Whatever the case, 90 bucks to own an enslaved human being. Profits vary greatly depending on national, local, regional context. But in the US, for instance, a sex trafficker can make on average between $10-15,000 per month per enslaved person. The factor is money. Right? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Human trafficking, and in particular sex trafficking, is the most profitable industry, be it an illicit industry, it is the most profitable industry in the world next to drug trafficking. That's the factor. It's money. What's interesting about human trafficking, trafficking in persons currently being the second most profitable industry, I would unfortunately predict that that will easily transcend and take the number one spot, primarily because drugs are a finite commodity. You sell a drug, it's used. You sell more, right, but you still have to get more product. Whereas, a person can be sold many times a day, and hundreds of times a month, and thousands of times a year. It's awful, but it's profit, and that's what fuels this. Jolie Sheffer:                          What are some of the things that ordinary citizens can do to be more aware of who might be at risk of being trafficked in our own neighborhoods? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    There are strategies that I'm hoping to continue to develop and share in workshops with middle school and high school, even elementary school teachers. I have some planned in January in honor of human trafficking awareness month. Health practitioners are starting to be trained and starting to gain awareness about how to identify a person at risk. The estimations are as high as 80% of people who are trafficked have visited a health practitioner, either in an emergency room, urgent care, a nurse practitioner, et cetera. What kind of questions can those health practitioners ask to help identify someone at risk? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    It's very difficult because traffickers are experts in psychology and experts in threats, both explicit and veiled. Someone who's being trafficked will likely not admit to that on the first interaction with someone, say a teacher or a health practitioner. It takes time to develop trust and it takes the effort to understand how to communicate with someone who is experiencing trauma and whose lives and whose family's lives are under threat if they disclose that they are a trafficked, enslaved person. The understanding of how to communicate with others is important, but that takes some time. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    More doable at the outset strategies are to understand how to identify the victims from, you know, if one sees signs of bruises, which again that might be difficult in this winter when everyone's covered up. Eye contact, lack of eye contact may be evident. If a person, usually a young person is uncomfortable saying where they're from, where they live, where they might be going. If they seem to have very few possessions. If they have no identification on their person, no money on their person. I think it's important to connect this question with studies of traumatology. Right? How can we identify a person who's currently or surviving post-trauma and try to understand what that looks like. They may be malnourished. They may just have a look of fear on their face and so forth. There are various ways, but it's very subtle. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    One of the things that I think is really important and I hope to be developing this in the upcoming year, is some type of peer to peer mentoring and identification of young people at risk. Because I'm 54, I'm old, I don't know who's talking to who on social media, et cetera. Even teachers will not necessarily be privy to that. However, if I'm a 12 year old girl and I sense that my friend or an acquaintance is expressing something of concern via social media, how can I report that to someone who can help that person? Jolie Sheffer:                          Well, that leads me to another question. I mean, I think we tend to have ideas in our minds about who the victims of trafficking are and it tends to often be someone from another country who might look different than us. But, really, thinking about trafficking being a worldwide phenomenon, it's happening here in our own community. Who are the typical victims of trafficking, if there is such a thing? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    I think one of the things from this entire project that has disturbed me the most is the notion of what is called boyfriending. Like, to boyfriend as a verb. I had never heard this even, you know, just before a few months ago. Traffickers will put specific types of recruiters in the field, and those fields may in fact be our backyard. They might be high school football games. They're certainly at malls at, at shopping malls, and that's very much the case in a place like Lucas County. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    I do want to take a moment to commend the Lucas County Human Trafficking Coalition and police officers, both Toledo police and also the FBI, who've actually done a really good job at identifying and convicting traffickers in the Toledo area. That primarily emerges because Toledo has ranked as high as third in the nation for a hub of human trafficking. Now, that was some time ago. These statistics are difficult to assess. It may be contentious, but the first time that there was a full study of recruitment and trafficking of human beings in the Toledo area, which was I believe 2006, it was ranked as third after places like Los Angeles, New York, et cetera. So, it raised a lot of attention, which is great. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Back to this recruitment idea of boyfriending. It would be, presumably, an attractive, most likely attractive young man in the age range of the targeted population, young girls, young women. They actually pretend to be their boyfriend and tell them beautiful things and make them feel good. Jolie Sheffer:                          To those young women, they believe it is their boyfriend. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Yeah, absolutely. Jolie Sheffer:                          They don't see it as pretense. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Right, because it happens over time, and it's not until that girl or that young woman or that woman is kind of snared into what they think is a proper relationship that the violence, either verbal, physical occurs, followed usually with immediate effect by putting them out into the sex trade against their will. What disturbs me the most about this is that, when I was saying a few moments ago that traffickers are really good at psychology, they prey on vulnerability. They can sense when a young person is not feeling great about themselves and that doesn't necessarily have to be in a face to face context. I mean, if somebody puts out on social media, "Oh, I'm not feeling very pretty today," or something, that's sending out messages for recruitment. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    I'm a person who has suffered with very severe depression since that age range, since around eight 12, 13. I think back to, you know, could I have been a victim? Could I have believed one of these boyfrienders? It's really horrifying. If anything, in a local context, that's what I'm most committed to trying to help raise awareness and do whatever I can to mitigate this. Jolie Sheffer:                          Because, basically what you're saying is, and in your work with local middle schools and high schools, is that really anyone could be a victim of human trafficking. Anyone who is young and feeling vulnerable, insecure. Right? Who isn't at that age? We all have a responsibility to sort of be on the alert and to try and intervene. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Absolutely, absolutely. It goes hand in hand with cyber bullying. It arguably goes very hand in hand with the opioid epidemic. There are so many intersecting phenomena that exacerbate this crisis. Jolie Sheffer:                          What kinds of advocacy are you seeing either locally or internationally in regard to human trafficking that seems promising to you? Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Well, just the example of Lily's Wings. The play co-written by Roxanne Schroeder-Arce, Dr. Jo Beth Gonzales, and in collaboration with their high school students. Using drama, theatrical, filmic, televisual drama to help raise awareness about something like human trafficking as well as all kinds of potential ills; climate change, et cetera, is a way to really reach out to people. Young people are not going to read the trafficking and persons report of the US Department of Justice, they're just not. But, they're going to pay attention to this play that they see of the case of one of the scenes of which is a boyfriending scene of a boyfriend who looks lovely and is saying all the right things, and then that one little moment changes where you see him grab the woman's arm and you get a sense, it's a very visceral sense of how this type of process works. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Certainly, creative practice; art, visual design, performance, art, theatrical performance, et cetera, is a fantastic way to enter people into a dialog who may not be a part of this dialogue. Certainly, efforts at middle school and high school levels across this country, and arguably across Western Europe as well and elsewhere, will help raise awareness for not only young people but their parents, their teachers. As I mentioned, these new efforts to help raise awareness with health care practitioners are great. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    And, to continue to have open discussions of with people who are at the forefront. Right? Again, not nothing about us without us. People who are survivors of trafficking as well as people who are currently engaged in the consensual sex trade. Because, one of the key problems is a conflation between human trafficking and consensual sex work. I think there are moral issues that problematize and create these mythical blurred boundaries between forced labor and consensual labor. I think, you know, and all of this is relatively new and most people hadn't even heard of the concept of contemporary or modern slavery as it is often called until a few years ago. So, great things are happening, much more needs to happen, and I'm honored to be a part of these efforts in any way. Jolie Sheffer:                          Thank you so much Lara. It's been a pleasure talking with you. Dr. Lara Lengel:                    Thank you so much, Jolie.

A fugitive Imam in a remote prison in the Sahara was an unlikely candidate to establish the most powerful state in the Muslim world. With the Abbasid Caliphate in decline, the Isma'ili Shi'a established a rival Caliphate whose capital, Cairo, would grow to be the largest city in the world and the center of the Arab/Islamic world for centuries.  Although we associate Shi'a with Iran and Persia today, this Arab Shi'ite empire would be the foundation of the modern Arab world as we know it.  

Iasmin Omar Ata joins Kevin to talk about Mis(h)adra, the dystopian world of the trivia app HQ, and fandoms Isamin's website Iasmin Omar Ata is a Middle Eastern / Muslim / epileptic comics artist, game designer, and illustrator who creates art about coping with illness, understanding identity, dismantling oppressive structures, and Arab-Islamic futurism. best of 2017s So Pretty Very Rotten - An Nguyen and Jane Mai Pashmina - Nidi Chanani La Raza - edited by Fat Fajardo and Pablo Castro Buncha Jokers - Kris Mukai My Brother's Husband - Gengoroh Tagame You & A Bike & A Road - Eleanor Davis

Dr. Diya Abdo believes private colleges and universities can play a pivotal role in housing and resettling refugees. That is why Dr. Abdo, chair of the English and Creative Writing Department at Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina, began "Every Campus a Refuge," an initiative which calls on colleges and universities around the world to assist in resettlement by hosting one refugee family on campus. Her inspiration for the effort comes from a combination of sources: her own personal story, the Pope's call on every church parish to host one refugee family, Guilford College's Quaker tradition, and the Arab-Islamic word for campus which means "sanctuary." Dr. Abdo shares her experiences on February 7, 2017 in helping people #FindSanctuary.

Villanova University presents The Christians in the Contemporary Middle East Conference: Christian Contributions to Art, Culture, and Literature in the Arab-Islamic World

Is it because the Blackman built the world’s first civilizations? Is it because the Blackman is the only man to equal or surpass White men in every field of human achievement?  Is it the Whiteman’s sexual inferiority complex they feel regarding the Black Man?Understand why the Whiteman fears the Blackman and you will understand the root cause of White racism. This book looks at the historic conflict between Black men and White men in a geo-political Machiavellian style.  The sharpness of Truth will shock, upset and educate but the Truth is spoken no matter whose feelings get hurt. What is the Truth?  The Truth is the Blackman built and ruled the civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia when the Whiteman was a nomadic barbarian living in caves and holes in the ground.A Truth the Black world must acknowledge is the Africentric worldview of” Islamist-Arabs as an enemy of African people and our culture. The Sudan is the new South Africa Arab-Islamic oppressors have killed hundreds of thousands of black people raped thousands of black woman and enslaved thousands more. Where is the outrage from the Black world?  The Truth is the Blackman’s fight against Arab-Islamic invaders dates to the 7th century this war was already 700 years old when the Whiteman first arrived in West Africa.

Mariam al-Attar, Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought (Routledge, 2010)  explores the meaning, origin and development of “Divine Command Theory” in Islamic thought. In the process, al-Attar underscores the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations. Challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the prominent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine Command Theory. The author argues that, in fact, early Arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theories of value and theories of obligation. She traces the development of Arabo-Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between the Kharijites and the Murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-Mu’tazilite ethical thought. Highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics, Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Mariam al-Attar, Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought (Routledge, 2010)  explores the meaning, origin and development of “Divine Command Theory” in Islamic thought. In the process, al-Attar underscores the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations. Challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the prominent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine Command Theory. The author argues that, in fact, early Arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theories of value and theories of obligation. She traces the development of Arabo-Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between the Kharijites and the Murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-Mu’tazilite ethical thought. Highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics, Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Mariam al-Attar, Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought (Routledge, 2010)  explores the meaning, origin and development of “Divine Command Theory” in Islamic thought. In the process, al-Attar underscores the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations. Challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the prominent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine Command Theory. The author argues that, in fact, early Arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theories of value and theories of obligation. She traces the development of Arabo-Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between the Kharijites and the Murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-Mu’tazilite ethical thought. Highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics, Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Mariam al-Attar, Islamic Ethics: Divine Command Theory in Arabo-Islamic Thought (Routledge, 2010)  explores the meaning, origin and development of “Divine Command Theory” in Islamic thought. In the process, al-Attar underscores the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations. Challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the prominent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine Command Theory. The author argues that, in fact, early Arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theories of value and theories of obligation. She traces the development of Arabo-Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between the Kharijites and the Murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-Mu’tazilite ethical thought. Highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics, Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Some say that Persian theologian al-Ghazali was solely responsible for the end of the Golden Age of science.

Chicago attorney Deema Khalidi reports on the campaign and petitions to save destruction by Israel of Old Jerusalem's Arab cemetery currently underway; "A Damascus street": Syrian student Bara'a Khadra produced this radio feature in the course of a journalism workshop by BNAziz in Damascus (starting at 24:04). Syria-based Muslim scholar Abdellah Adhami talks about Arab Islamic semantics (part 2 of 3 interviews with BN Aziz).  Music by HipHop Palestinian-London based artist Shadia Mansour.

PODCAST SATELLITE  /  The Voice of IsraelWWW.PODCASTSATELLITE.COMwith Prince Handley SECRET ISRAELI HIGHWAY BETWEEN EGYPT & SYRIA Click the center of the pod circle ... give it 30 seconds to load.Listen now  ... or download for later.DESCRIPTION:An Israeli highway will be built for Jews connecting Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. A war between Israel and probably ALL of the Middle East will happen, not just bordering Arab states like Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan: the Palestinians, Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, and others. In the previous podcast I showed you WHY this takes place. In this podcast I will show you HOW. Also, information on the NEW super highway that will be constructed.SECRET ISRAELI HIGHWAY BETWEEN EGYPT & SYRIAIn the last teaching we studied Isaiah Chapter 11, verses 12-16. We read a description of a war that will happen BEFORE Messiah comes to earth again (the second time). The first 11 verses tell us about Messiah's return and his rule of peace on earth. Verses 12-16 cannot happen during this time because Messiah's reign is characterized by peace. Another distinctive feature of the prophecy in verses 12-16 is that the war therein described has not happened historically.A war between Israel and probably ALL of the Middle East will happen, not just bordering Arab states like Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Israel will "fly down upon the shoulder of the Philistines (the Palestinians) to the west". In context Israel will strike against Egypt and Iraq (Assyria) and "plunder the people of the East." Israel will control these nations, and evidently, their wealth as a result of the plundering. Lexicographically, the "people of the East" include the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, and others.It is very evident  here (in this passage) that Israel will control the East Bank of Jordan (Ammon, Moab, and Edom). This happened in Joshua's time and has NOT happened SINCE the days of Isaiah. This is a future prophecy that WILL happen!You might wonder how this will happen. Israel could not even control Lebanon in recent years and finally pulled their military presence from their neighbor to the north. How can Israel control SEVERAL Arab / Moslem nations with 80 million Arabs against them? The answer is: Jehovah-Nissi: the LORD our Banner! It will be a supernatural conquest like when Israel came up out of Egypt from the bondage of Pharaoh!Yes, if you and I are "believers" then we BELIEVE in these things. We believe in G-d, and we believe His Holy Word … we believe His prophecies in the Tanach, the Old Testament. G-d is NOT some old man in a rocking chair. He is eternally young and powerful, full of love … and just in all His works! The G-d of Israel is the Protector and Warrior of Israel. To fight against Israel is to fight against God.Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Deborah, and David … for whom God fought … are all witnesses of His delivering power over the nations and over any people who would try to subdue, oppress, and resist Jacob's seed line: Israel.Look at Isaiah 11:15-16. Verse 15 says:    "The Lord will utterly destroy (dry up) the tongue of the Sea of Egypt (that is, He will dry up the gulf of the Egyptian Sea)."        "With His mighty (scorching) wind He will shake His fist over the (Euphrates) River. He will strike it, (or, break it up) in the seven streams. And make men cross over dry-shod (or, in sandals)."God will cause to happen (super) natural happenings in Egypt AND Assyria (the confines of present day Syria and Iraq). These happenings will be so evidently "acts of G-d" … divinely planned and implemented … that the Arab / Moslem nations, and their individual inhabitants, will be cognizant of the fact that an assault against Israel is not just a military assault, but a "spiritual" opposition … and that against God!The Arab / Moslem nations and people will be aware and know that THE G-D is the G-d of Israel and NOT a false god named "Allah." Isaiah tells us in verse 16 (of Chapter 11): "There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria (Iraq and Syria) as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt (under Moses)."What does this "highway" mean? What purpose does it fulfill in prophecy … or in end times fulfillment? The word in Hebrew is "m'cillah" which means a "thoroughfare".Are there that many Jews living in these areas? Let's investigate some of these countries or geographic areas.IRAQ - At one time, Baghdad, Iraq, was one-fifth Jewish. Other communities had first been established 2,500 years ago. Today, approximately 38 Jews live in Baghdad, and a handful more in the Kurdish-controlled northern parts of Iraq. [1]SYRIA - By the middle of 2001, Rabbi Huder Shahada Kabariti estimated that 150 Jews were living in Damascus, 30 in Haleb and 20 in Kamashili. Every two or three months, a rabbi visits from Istanbul, Turkey, to oversee preparation of kosher meat, which residents freeze and use until his next visit. Two synagogues remain open in Damascus.Although Jews are occasionally subjected to violence by Palestinian protesters in Syria, the government has taken strict protective measures, including arresting assailants and guarding the remaining synagogues. [2]According to the State Department, Jews still have a separate primary school for religious instruction on Judaism and are allowed to teach Hebrew in some schools. About a dozen students still attend the Jewish school, which had 500 students as recently as 1992. Jews and Kurds are the only minorities not allowed to participate in the political system. In addition, "the few remaining Jews are generally barred from government employment and do not have military service obligations. They are the only minority whose passports and identity cards note their religion." [2]EGYPT - Egyptian Jews began leaving their homes after Israel was established as a nation in 1948. Between 1948 and 1956, more than 30,000 Jews left Egypt. About 20,000 moved across the border to Israel and another 10,000 embarked to farther destinations in North America, South America and Europe. The rest of the community left in the late fifties and early sixties, continuing the pattern of immigration to Europe, North America and Israel. [3]Today, the Egyptian Jewish community numbers in the hundreds, estimated by an American student to be mostly old women in Cairo and Alexandria. He states, "The Rosh Hashanah service I went to had no more than twenty "real" Egyptian Jews in attendance. The remainder was made up of American and Israeli diplomats, travelers, business executives, and foreign students from the American University of Cairo." [3]ETHIOPIA - Operation Solomon, named for the king from whom one of the theories suggest that the Beta Israel draw their lineage, ended almost as quickly as it began. Timing was crucial, since any delay by Israel could have allowed the rebels to hold the Jews as bargaining chips with Israel or the United States. A total of 14,324 Ethiopian Jews were rescued and resettled in Israel, a modern exodus of the grandest design.Operation Solomon rescued twice the number of Jews in Operation Moses and Joshua, in a mere fraction of the time. Though it is too early to predict their impact on Israeli society, the 36,000 Ethiopian Jews now living in Israel (rescue efforts are under way to transport the remaining 2,100 Ethiopians who wish to emigrate to Israel) will play an important role in Israel for generations to come. [4]Why would God cause a supernatural event just for a FEW people???Let's look at this passage again. "There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria (Iraq and Syria) as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt (under Moses)." Let me suggest that this could mean ANY or ALL of the following:    A. G-d may make a way for even ONE of the children of Israel (the "remnant"). Look at Daniel in the lion's den … and the three Hebrew children.        B. G-d is going to make a "highway of deliverance" for all Jews and, also, Messianic believers (real Christians) from the Arab / Islamic nations described above.        C. Arab nations will realize their defeat is from YHWH and many Arab / Islamic will become Messianic believers in Yeshua, G-d's Messiah for all nations.        D. There may be many more Jews in these areas than we know about. Many of them, themselves, may NOT realize they are children of Israel. [5]        E. Impossible as it may seem, Israel's present occupation MAY NOT be the FINAL regathering. Jews may once again, either partially or wholly, be dispossessed from the Promised Land until the time of the FINAL regathering. Note: there is nothing in the Tenach to guarantee that THIS is THE TIME of the final regathering, although many prophecies point to it. I believe we are seeing the FINAL regathering. However, we know there WILL BE a final regathering if this is not the time.         “On that day I will raise up the tabernacle of David, which has fallen down, and repair its damages; I will raise up its ruins, and rebuild it as in the days of old; that they may possess the remnant of Edom, and all the Gentiles that are called by My Name,” says YHWH who does this thing.  (Amos 9:11-15)The G-d of Israel is a G-d of power who loves mankind and wants to redeem them. What a beautiful project: the construction, through a supernatural MIRACLE, of a "thoroughfare" for the remnant of His people.    "In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria (Iraq and Syria). The Assyrians (Iraq and Syria) will go to Egypt and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. In that day Israel will be the third. Along with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing on the earth. The Lord Almighty will bless them, saying, 'Blessed be Egypt my people, Assyria my handiwork, and Israel my inheritance'."  (Isaiah 19:23-25)In our next podcast we will discuss further aspects leading up to Israel's ascendancy into international prominence. Also, HOW G-D will draw Russia and Iran into battle with Israel ... and WHAT G-D uses to defeat them.Many people, some scholars (or so-called scholars), confuse the Battle of Armageddon with the battle(s) described in Ezekiel Chapters 38 and 39. Some wrongfully associate these battles as the same. They are NOT the same battles and it is simple to discern. Listen next time! And ... remind your friends to listen.In the meantime, read and study the Tanach.         Know where you’re at ...             Know where you’re going ...                  Know what’s happening today ...                       Know what’s happening in the future!Bar’khoo et adonai hamvorakh!Your friend,Prince HandleyFOOTNOTES: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES USED IN THIS PODCAST[1]. Jerusalem Post, (Dec. 13, 1997); Arieh Avneri, The Claim of Dispossession, (Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press, 1984), p. 274; Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, (Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, 1977), pp. 29-30; Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times, (NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), pp. 117-119; Howard Sachar, A History of Israel, (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 399.[2]. Associated Press, (January 27, 2000). U.S. Department of State, 2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, Released by the Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Washington, DC, (September 5, 2000). U.S. State Department Report on Human Rights Practices for 2001.[3]. Glimpse Magazine: An American Jew in Egypt, "Rosh Hashanah in Cairo", by Michael Lukas (2002).[4]. The Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews (IAEJ). Written by the staff of PRIMER - Promoting Research in the Middle East Region.[5]. Quest for the Lost Tribes: an A&E Television Video Production. Copyright 1998. Written, produced, and directed by Simcha Jacobovici.Podcast time: 14 minutes, 19 seconds (with music)Podcast size:  13.1 MBIf you have been helped or received a miracle as a result of this study, email us and let us know what G-d has done for you. You may contact us by email at: PrinceHandley@gmail.comRemember to tell your friends about Podcast Satellite podcast.You can subscribe to all of Podcast Satellite podcasts and receive previous shows and all new ones automatically downloaded for you. Click here for instructions: SUBSCRIBEYou can download Prince Handley podcasts for your iPhone on Blubrry (or listen). Note the spelling of Blubrry. www.blubrry.com/messiah/For free literature to distribute, write to:WORLD SERVICES PO Box ADowney, CA 90241 USAFor rabbinical studies, go to: www.realmiracles.com/rabbinical.htmCAUTION:  G-d is calling out a separate people who know His Word and WIll. Watch this video about the DANGEROUS "New World Order." Also, RDIF chips to replace UPC codes on products ... and WHY this is happening NOW! The New World Government ... Don’t miss the following video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuBo4E77ZXoMy Odeo Channel (odeo/413398b7070f1daa) My Podcast Alley feed! {pca-c19edb0fd3f59f4f8c59be3fa8551f50}My Odeo Channel (odeo/b0ebadc898624b9e)

PODCAST SATELLITE  /  The Voice of IsraelWWW.PODCASTSATELLITE.COMwith Prince Handley SECRET ISRAELI HIGHWAY BETWEEN EGYPT & SYRIA Click the center of the pod circle ... give it 30 seconds to load.Listen now  ... or download for later.DESCRIPTION:An Israeli highway will be built for Jews connecting Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. A war between Israel and probably ALL of the Middle East will happen, not just bordering Arab states like Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan: the Palestinians, Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, and others. In the previous podcast I showed you WHY this takes place. In this podcast I will show you HOW. Also, information on the NEW super highway that will be constructed.SECRET ISRAELI HIGHWAY BETWEEN EGYPT & SYRIAIn the last teaching we studied Isaiah Chapter 11, verses 12-16. We read a description of a war that will happen BEFORE Messiah comes to earth again (the second time). The first 11 verses tell us about Messiah's return and his rule of peace on earth. Verses 12-16 cannot happen during this time because Messiah's reign is characterized by peace. Another distinctive feature of the prophecy in verses 12-16 is that the war therein described has not happened historically.A war between Israel and probably ALL of the Middle East will happen, not just bordering Arab states like Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Israel will "fly down upon the shoulder of the Philistines (the Palestinians) to the west". In context Israel will strike against Egypt and Iraq (Assyria) and "plunder the people of the East." Israel will control these nations, and evidently, their wealth as a result of the plundering. Lexicographically, the "people of the East" include the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, and others.It is very evident  here (in this passage) that Israel will control the East Bank of Jordan (Ammon, Moab, and Edom). This happened in Joshua's time and has NOT happened SINCE the days of Isaiah. This is a future prophecy that WILL happen!You might wonder how this will happen. Israel could not even control Lebanon in recent years and finally pulled their military presence from their neighbor to the north. How can Israel control SEVERAL Arab / Moslem nations with 80 million Arabs against them? The answer is: Jehovah-Nissi: the LORD our Banner! It will be a supernatural conquest like when Israel came up out of Egypt from the bondage of Pharaoh!Yes, if you and I are "believers" then we BELIEVE in these things. We believe in G-d, and we believe His Holy Word … we believe His prophecies in the Tanach, the Old Testament. G-d is NOT some old man in a rocking chair. He is eternally young and powerful, full of love … and just in all His works! The G-d of Israel is the Protector and Warrior of Israel. To fight against Israel is to fight against God.Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Deborah, and David … for whom God fought … are all witnesses of His delivering power over the nations and over any people who would try to subdue, oppress, and resist Jacob's seed line: Israel.Look at Isaiah 11:15-16. Verse 15 says:    "The Lord will utterly destroy (dry up) the tongue of the Sea of Egypt (that is, He will dry up the gulf of the Egyptian Sea)."        "With His mighty (scorching) wind He will shake His fist over the (Euphrates) River. He will strike it, (or, break it up) in the seven streams. And make men cross over dry-shod (or, in sandals)."God will cause to happen (super) natural happenings in Egypt AND Assyria (the confines of present day Syria and Iraq). These happenings will be so evidently "acts of G-d" … divinely planned and implemented … that the Arab / Moslem nations, and their individual inhabitants, will be cognizant of the fact that an assault against Israel is not just a military assault, but a "spiritual" opposition … and that against God!The Arab / Moslem nations and people will be aware and know that THE G-D is the G-d of Israel and NOT a false god named "Allah." Isaiah tells us in verse 16 (of Chapter 11): "There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria (Iraq and Syria) as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt (under Moses)."What does this "highway" mean? What purpose does it fulfill in prophecy … or in end times fulfillment? The word in Hebrew is "m'cillah" which means a "thoroughfare".Are there that many Jews living in these areas? Let's investigate some of these countries or geographic areas.IRAQ - At one time, Baghdad, Iraq, was one-fifth Jewish. Other communities had first been established 2,500 years ago. Today, approximately 38 Jews live in Baghdad, and a handful more in the Kurdish-controlled northern parts of Iraq. [1]SYRIA - By the middle of 2001, Rabbi Huder Shahada Kabariti estimated that 150 Jews were living in Damascus, 30 in Haleb and 20 in Kamashili. Every two or three months, a rabbi visits from Istanbul, Turkey, to oversee preparation of kosher meat, which residents freeze and use until his next visit. Two synagogues remain open in Damascus.Although Jews are occasionally subjected to violence by Palestinian protesters in Syria, the government has taken strict protective measures, including arresting assailants and guarding the remaining synagogues. [2]According to the State Department, Jews still have a separate primary school for religious instruction on Judaism and are allowed to teach Hebrew in some schools. About a dozen students still attend the Jewish school, which had 500 students as recently as 1992. Jews and Kurds are the only minorities not allowed to participate in the political system. In addition, "the few remaining Jews are generally barred from government employment and do not have military service obligations. They are the only minority whose passports and identity cards note their religion." [2]EGYPT - Egyptian Jews began leaving their homes after Israel was established as a nation in 1948. Between 1948 and 1956, more than 30,000 Jews left Egypt. About 20,000 moved across the border to Israel and another 10,000 embarked to farther destinations in North America, South America and Europe. The rest of the community left in the late fifties and early sixties, continuing the pattern of immigration to Europe, North America and Israel. [3]Today, the Egyptian Jewish community numbers in the hundreds, estimated by an American student to be mostly old women in Cairo and Alexandria. He states, "The Rosh Hashanah service I went to had no more than twenty "real" Egyptian Jews in attendance. The remainder was made up of American and Israeli diplomats, travelers, business executives, and foreign students from the American University of Cairo." [3]ETHIOPIA - Operation Solomon, named for the king from whom one of the theories suggest that the Beta Israel draw their lineage, ended almost as quickly as it began. Timing was crucial, since any delay by Israel could have allowed the rebels to hold the Jews as bargaining chips with Israel or the United States. A total of 14,324 Ethiopian Jews were rescued and resettled in Israel, a modern exodus of the grandest design.Operation Solomon rescued twice the number of Jews in Operation Moses and Joshua, in a mere fraction of the time. Though it is too early to predict their impact on Israeli society, the 36,000 Ethiopian Jews now living in Israel (rescue efforts are under way to transport the remaining 2,100 Ethiopians who wish to emigrate to Israel) will play an important role in Israel for generations to come. [4]Why would God cause a supernatural event just for a FEW people???Let's look at this passage again. "There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria (Iraq and Syria) as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt (under Moses)." Let me suggest that this could mean ANY or ALL of the following:    A. G-d may make a way for even ONE of the children of Israel (the "remnant"). Look at Daniel in the lion's den … and the three Hebrew children.        B. G-d is going to make a "highway of deliverance" for all Jews and, also, Messianic believers (real Christians) from the Arab / Islamic nations described above.        C. Arab nations will realize their defeat is from YHWH and many Arab / Islamic will become Messianic believers in Yeshua, G-d's Messiah for all nations.        D. There may be many more Jews in these areas than we know about. Many of them, themselves, may NOT realize they are children of Israel. [5]        E. Impossible as it may seem, Israel's present occupation MAY NOT be the FINAL regathering. Jews may once again, either partially or wholly, be dispossessed from the Promised Land until the time of the FINAL regathering. Note: there is nothing in the Tenach to guarantee that THIS is THE TIME of the final regathering, although many prophecies point to it. I believe we are seeing the FINAL regathering. However, we know there WILL BE a final regathering if this is not the time.         “On that day I will raise up the tabernacle of David, which has fallen down, and repair its damages; I will raise up its ruins, and rebuild it as in the days of old; that they may possess the remnant of Edom, and all the Gentiles that are called by My Name,” says YHWH who does this thing.  (Amos 9:11-15)The G-d of Israel is a G-d of power who loves mankind and wants to redeem them. What a beautiful project: the construction, through a supernatural MIRACLE, of a "thoroughfare" for the remnant of His people.    "In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria (Iraq and Syria). The Assyrians (Iraq and Syria) will go to Egypt and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together. In that day Israel will be the third. Along with Egypt and Assyria, a blessing on the earth. The Lord Almighty will bless them, saying, 'Blessed be Egypt my people, Assyria my handiwork, and Israel my inheritance'."  (Isaiah 19:23-25)In our next podcast we will discuss further aspects leading up to Israel's ascendancy into international prominence. Also, HOW G-D will draw Russia and Iran into battle with Israel ... and WHAT G-D uses to defeat them.Many people, some scholars (or so-called scholars), confuse the Battle of Armageddon with the battle(s) described in Ezekiel Chapters 38 and 39. Some wrongfully associate these battles as the same. They are NOT the same battles and it is simple to discern. Listen next time! And ... remind your friends to listen.In the meantime, read and study the Tanach.         Know where you’re at ...             Know where you’re going ...                  Know what’s happening today ...                       Know what’s happening in the future!Bar’khoo et adonai hamvorakh!Your friend,Prince HandleyFOOTNOTES: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES USED IN THIS PODCAST[1]. Jerusalem Post, (Dec. 13, 1997); Arieh Avneri, The Claim of Dispossession, (Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press, 1984), p. 274; Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, (Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, 1977), pp. 29-30; Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times, (NY: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), pp. 117-119; Howard Sachar, A History of Israel, (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 399.[2]. Associated Press, (January 27, 2000). U.S. Department of State, 2000 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, Released by the Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Washington, DC, (September 5, 2000). U.S. State Department Report on Human Rights Practices for 2001.[3]. Glimpse Magazine: An American Jew in Egypt, "Rosh Hashanah in Cairo", by Michael Lukas (2002).[4]. The Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews (IAEJ). Written by the staff of PRIMER - Promoting Research in the Middle East Region.[5]. Quest for the Lost Tribes: an A&E Television Video Production. Copyright 1998. Written, produced, and directed by Simcha Jacobovici.Podcast time: 14 minutes, 19 seconds (with music)Podcast size:  13.1 MBIf you have been helped or received a miracle as a result of this study, email us and let us know what G-d has done for you. You may contact us by email at: PrinceHandley@gmail.comRemember to tell your friends about Podcast Satellite podcast.You can subscribe to all of Podcast Satellite podcasts and receive previous shows and all new ones automatically downloaded for you. Click here for instructions: SUBSCRIBEYou can download Prince Handley podcasts for your iPhone on Blubrry (or listen). Note the spelling of Blubrry. www.blubrry.com/messiah/For free literature to distribute, write to:WORLD SERVICES PO Box ADowney, CA 90241 USAFor rabbinical studies, go to: www.realmiracles.com/rabbinical.htmCAUTION:  G-d is calling out a separate people who know His Word and WIll. Watch this video about the DANGEROUS "New World Order." Also, RDIF chips to replace UPC codes on products ... and WHY this is happening NOW! The New World Government ... Don’t miss the following video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuBo4E77ZXoMy Odeo Channel (odeo/413398b7070f1daa) My Podcast Alley feed! {pca-c19edb0fd3f59f4f8c59be3fa8551f50}My Odeo Channel (odeo/b0ebadc898624b9e)