Podcasts about human immunodeficiency virus hiv

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the fight against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Europe has committed to end the HIV epidemic by 2030 and EU-wide progress has been made towards the UNAIDS goals.However, many countries – including in Europe – are not on track to meet the global goals. HIV continues to pose a public health threat in the EU/EEA countries where an estimated 765 000 people are living with the virus and approximately 23 000 new cases are diagnosed every year. Advocates have been calling for stronger actions at EU and national levels to end the HIV epidemic in Europe.A new report published by BCG (commissioned by Gilead Sciences), “Going the extra mile to end the HIV epidemic”, lays out the need for sustained funding and investment in HIV prevention, innovation, and other policy efforts such as adopting a range of testing options. The report also highlights the importance of coordination and commitment from a variety of stakeholders, including governments, public health leaders, healthcare providers, and community-led organisations and people living with HIV.Significant progress has been made in the fight to end the HIV epidemic, but we are currently at risk of falling short of the 2030 targets. An extra effort is required to achieve the global goal. Just 5 years out from 2030, join this Euractiv Hybrid Conference to discuss the actions needed to end the HIV epidemic in the EU. Questions to be addressed include:- Considering the UN SDGs, what steps can the EU take to accelerate its efforts to end the HIV epidemic in Europe by 2030?- To what extent can the EU support its Member States in their fight against HIV? How can the Commission coordinate initiatives at EU and national levels?- What role do biomedical innovations play in ending HIV in Europe and worldwide? How can they be accelerated?- How can the EU and its Member States contribute to sustained funding and guarantee access to innovative treatments?- What are the best practices for HIV testing?- What is the role of the new EU Institutions in this important fight and to maintain the political momentum for action?

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠from the Infectious Disease section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/medbullets

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a chronic illness that disproportionately affects the Veteran community. In this episode of the PTSD Bytes podcast, Dr. Hemmy discusses risk factors for contracting HIV, challenges after receiving a positive diagnosis, and tips for people who have both HIV and PTSD to help navigate treatment.Closed Caption Transcript is available at: https://www.sharedfedtraining.org/Podcasts/PTSDBytes_EP37.pdf ===============================

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is arguably one of the highest yield topics on USMLE Step 1/COMLEX Level 1 exam. In this episode, third-year medical student Alexa Rae Churan will discuss HIV and all the critical facts you need to know. From basic biology, including genes, viral structure, and lifecycle, to clinical presentation, workup, and treatment, we cover it all. Be sure to tune in and check it out!

Hingga saat ini Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Kasus HIV di Indonesia meningkat di tahun 2023. Data Kementerian Kesehatan menyebut penularan kasus didominasi oleh kelompok ibu rumah tangga yang mencapai 35% kasus HIV baru, bertambah sebesar 5.100 kasus setiap tahunnya. Angka tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kasus HIV pada kelompok lainnya seperti suami pekerja seks dan kelompok MSM (men sex with men). Juru bicara Kemenkes dr. Muhammad Syahril menyebut, penyebab tingginya penularan HIV pada ibu rumah tangga karena pengetahuan akan pencegahan dan dampak penyakit yang rendah serta memiliki pasangan dengan perilaku seks berisiko. Dampaknya, sebanyak 45% bayi yang lahir dari ibu yang positif HIV akan lahir dengan HIV. Dan sepanjang hidupnya akan menyandang status HIV Positif. Data Kemenkes juga menyebutkan, kasus HIV pada anak usia 1-14 tahun mencapai lebih dari 14 ribu kasus. Angka ini setiap tahunnya bertambah sekitar 700-1000 anak dengan HIV. Saat ini pemerintah terus melakukan upaya untuk melakukan skrining pada setiap individu untuk mencapai eliminasi, termasuk pemutusan mata rantai penularan HIV secara vertikal dari ibu ke bayi. Melalui upaya ini, diharapkan angka dan data anak yang terinfeksi HIV sejak dilahirkan dapat ditekan, angka kesakitan dan kematian dapat ditekan dan yang terpenting adalah menekan beban negara dalam penanggulangan masalah Kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk membahas lebih dalam tentang tema kita hari ini, kita akan berbincang bersama: 1. Solihin, M.pd - Kepala Sekolah SMAN 51 2. Mulyadi, M.pd - Komite Sekolah SMAN 51 3. Hartini - ODHIV 4. Dr. Nadia Alaydrus - Dokter & Selebgram *Kami ingin mendengar saran dan komentar kamu terkait podcast yang baru saja kamu simak, melalui surel ke podcast@kbrprime.id

Hingga saat ini Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Kasus HIV di Indonesia meningkat di tahun 2023. Data Kementerian Kesehatan menyebut penularan kasus didominasi oleh kelompok ibu rumah tangga yang mencapai 35% kasus HIV baru, bertambah sebesar 5.100 kasus setiap tahunnya. Angka tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kasus HIV pada kelompok lainnya seperti suami pekerja seks dan kelompok MSM (men sex with men). Juru bicara Kemenkes dr. Muhammad Syahril menyebut, penyebab tingginya penularan HIV pada ibu rumah tangga karena pengetahuan akan pencegahan dan dampak penyakit yang rendah serta memiliki pasangan dengan perilaku seks berisiko. Dampaknya, sebanyak 45% bayi yang lahir dari ibu yang positif HIV akan lahir dengan HIV. Dan sepanjang hidupnya akan menyandang status HIV Positif. Data Kemenkes juga menyebutkan, kasus HIV pada anak usia 1-14 tahun mencapai lebih dari 14 ribu kasus. Angka ini setiap tahunnya bertambah sekitar 700-1000 anak dengan HIV. Saat ini pemerintah terus melakukan upaya untuk melakukan skrining pada setiap individu untuk mencapai eliminasi, termasuk pemutusan mata rantai penularan HIV secara vertikal dari ibu ke bayi. Melalui upaya ini, diharapkan angka dan data anak yang terinfeksi HIV sejak dilahirkan dapat ditekan, angka kesakitan dan kematian dapat ditekan dan yang terpenting adalah menekan beban negara dalam penanggulangan masalah Kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk membahas lebih dalam tentang tema kita hari ini, kita akan berbincang bersama: 1. Triyanto, S.pd - Wakil Kepala Sekolah Bidang Kesiswaan SMPN 102 Jakarta 2. Taryani - Ketua Komite Sekolah SMPN 102 Jakarta 3. Hartini - ODHIV 4. dr. Nadia Alaydrus - Dokter & Selebgram *Kami ingin mendengar saran dan komentar kamu terkait podcast yang baru saja kamu simak, melalui surel ke podcast@kbrprime.id

Hingga saat ini Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Kasus HIV di Indonesia meningkat di tahun 2023. Data Kementerian Kesehatan menyebut penularan kasus didominasi oleh kelompok ibu rumah tangga yang mencapai 35% kasus HIV baru, bertambah sebesar 5.100 kasus setiap tahunnya. Angka tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kasus HIV pada kelompok lainnya seperti suami pekerja seks dan kelompok MSM (man sex with man). Juru bicara Kemenkes dr. Muhammad Syahril menyebut, penyebab tingginya penularan HIV pada ibu rumah tangga karena pengetahuan akan pencegahan dan dampak penyakit yang rendah serta memiliki pasangan dengan perilaku seks berisiko. Dampaknya, sebanyak 45% bayi yang lahir dari ibu yang positif HIV akan lahir dengan HIV. Dan sepanjang hidupnya akan menyandang status HIV Positif. Data Kemenkes juga menyebutkan, kasus HIV pada anak usia 1-14 tahun mencapai lebih dari 14 ribu kasus. Angka ini setiap tahunnya bertambah sekitar 700-1000 anak dengan HIV. Saat ini pemerintah terus melakukan upaya untuk melakukan skrining pada setiap individu untuk mencapai eliminasi, termasuk pemutusan mata rantai penularan HIV secara vertikal dari ibu ke bayi. Melalui upaya ini, diharapkan angka dan data anak yang terinfeksi HIV sejak dilahirkan dapat ditekan, angka kesakitan dan kematian dapat ditekan dan yang terpenting adalah menekan beban negara dalam penanggulangan masalah Kesehatan masyarakat. Dalam rangka Hari Anak Nasional tahun 2023, kita akan berbincang tentang apa itu HIV, seperti apa penyebarannya khususnya bagi anak? Dan seperti apa pencegahannya? kita akan perbincangkan bersama narasumber : 1. Husein Habsyi, SKM, MHComm - Sekretaris Badan Pengurus YKIS (Yayasan Kemitraan Indonesia Sehat) 2. Hartini - ODHIV *Kami ingin mendengar saran dan komentar kamu terkait podcast yang baru saja kamu simak, melalui surel ke podcast@kbrprime.id

Episode 120: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) Abeda Faharti and Dr. Schlaerth present the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of IRIS. Moderated by Dr. Arreaza. Written by Abeda Farhati, MS4, Ross University School of Medicine. Editing and comments by Katherine Schlaerth, MD, and Hector Arreaza, MD.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Definition.Have you heard of IRIS? No, not the color portion of our eyes. IRIS is short for Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. This condition occurs in immunocompromised patients with HIV/AIDS due to an overactive inflammatory response. In most cases, it occurs after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). To understand IRIS in HIV patients, we must first understand HIV.HIV.The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection was first reported in 1981. The virus attacks the immune system, destroying white blood cells called CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are part of our body's defense mechanism. These cells are also known as "helper T cells" and are responsible for destroying viruses, bacteria, and other germs that make us sick.When your CD4+ count is low, you are more likely to get serious infections from viruses, bacteria, and fungi, which usually do not cause problems in otherwise healthy individuals. These infections are called Opportunistic infections, and they can be deadly. To restore CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV patients are started on ART to normalize their immune response to pathogens. As a result of these treatments, HIV patients' lives have been significantly improved and prolonged. [Comment by Dr. Arreaza: It is paradoxical, but some HIV patients are among the healthiest patients I have seen.]Despite this, no treatment is guaranteed to be without side effects. Increases in CD4+ T lymphocytes trigger the immune system to respond to any persisting antigen, regardless of whether it is fragments or intact organisms. As a result, a hyperinflammatory response may occur.Diagnosis.There are no established criteria for diagnosing IRIS. It is generally accepted that IRIS requires the worsening of an existing infection or an unrecognized, preexisting infection in the context of improved immune function. For a diagnosis to be made, most, if not all of the following features must be present:The presence of a low CD4 count (less than 100 cells) before initiating treatment with ART (Except IRIS secondary to preexisting TB infection can occur with CD4 counts >200 cells).The presence of an inflammatory condition, especially after ART is initiated.The absence of drug-resistant infection, bacterial superinfection, drug allergy, or other adverse drug reactions.The absence of patient noncompliance or reduced drug levels due to drug-drug interactions or malabsorption.Clinical Manifestations.IRIS can be presented in patients in 2 ways:Patient's with a preexisting infectious disease that has NOT been treated, getting paradoxically worse after initiating treatment with ART ---this is known as “unmasking IRIS” ORPatient's with a preexisting infectious disease that has been previously diagnosed and treated but regained capacity after treatment with ART, causing it to mount an inflammatory response – this is known as “paradoxical IRIS.”In summary: Unmasking IRIS and paradoxical IRIS.Patients with IRIS have clinical features that vary widely. The presentations are strongly dependent on the type of preexisting opportunistic infection. For example, about 75% of patients with a mycobacterial or cryptococcal-related infection will develop a fever. In contrast, fever is rarely seen in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.Risk & Prevention.Researchers have found that lower CD4 cell counts or high HIV RNA levels at the time of anti-retroviral treatment initiation increase the risk of developing IRIS. One way to prevent IRIS development is to treat opportunistic infections prior to starting ART. Although this reduces the risk of IRIS development, it does not guarantee it.Treatment.In “unmasking IRIS,” patients can be treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals against the underlying infectious organism. In severe cases, steroids can also be used to suppress inflammation until the infection has been eradicated. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for paradoxical IRIS. Most patients who experience “paradoxical IRIS” reactions will get better spontaneously without additional therapy.Incidence of IRIS.The overall incidence of IRIS is unknown; however, studies have shown that anywhere from 25 to 30% of HIV patients who start antiretroviral treatment develop IRIS in the first six months. You may ask, which preexisting infections can lead to patients developing IRIS?Pathogens associated with IRIS.Different pathogens have been associated with the development of IRIS. The leading pathogens include:Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium avium complexCytomegalovirusCryptococcus neoformansPneumocystis jiroveciiHerpes simplex virusHepatitis B virusHuman herpes virus 8 (associated with Kaposi sarcoma)Non-HIV etiologies.IRIS can also be seen in other immunocompromised conditions, such as:Solid organ transplant recipients Postpartum period – 3 to 6 weeks after giving birthNeutropenic patients – with an absolute neutrophil count of less than 500Patients on Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists (TNF antagonists)- are used to treat chronic conditions such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or sarcoidosis.In summary, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) is a hyper-inflammatory state seen after initiating ART in HIV patients whose improved immune system responds to previously acquired opportunistic infection, whether treated or not.The treatment is directed to the unmasked specific opportunistic infection or support therapy if no active infection is found.____________________________Conclusion: Now we conclude episode number 121, “Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS).” This syndrome presents in about 30% of HIV patients when they start ART. A stronger immune system means a stronger immune reaction. So, keep in mind this diagnosis when your HIV patients get sicker when they are supposed to get better after starting ART. This week we thank Hector Arreaza, Abeda Farhati, and Katherine Schlaerth. Audio edition by Adrianne Silva.Even without trying, every night you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you, send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! _____________________Links:“CD4 Lymphocyte Count: MedlinePlus Medical Test.” Medlineplus.gov, accessed on November 4, 2022.https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/cd4-lymphocyte-count/#:~:text=A%20CD4%20count%20is%20mostly,have%20trouble%20fighting%20off%20infections.Sun HY, Singh N. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Aug;22(4):394-402. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32832d7aff. PMID: 19483618. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19483618/Thapa, Sushma, and Utsav Shrestha. “Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.” PubMed, StatPearls Publishing, 2022, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567803/.Wolfe, Cameron. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, UpToDate. ww.uptodate.com, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/immune-reconstitution-inflammatory-syndrome. Accessed November 14, 2022.Royalty-free music used for this episode: “Keeping Watch,” New Age Landscapes. Downloaded on October 13, 2022, from https://www.videvo.net/royalty-free-music-albums/new-age-landscapes/. 

The first reported case(s) of HIV/AIDS was in 1981. Today majority of those that are HIV positive live in low and middle income countries, and many of them were not born in 1981. In this episode we look at the HIV global statistics and a recap on how the virus attacks in preparation of the HIV/AIDS drug classes discussions.

This week Let's Talk Micro is talking virology, specifically about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This episode features an interview with Dr. Hsu, a stem cell specialist from the Weill Medical College at Cornell University in New York. She discusses an article about a patient that has been possibly cured from HIV after a stem cell transplant with cord blood cells. What is the CCR5 gene? What is its relationship to HIV? Tune in to find out about this interesting article.Link to article: https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2022/02/patient-possibly-cured-of-hiv-infection-by-special-stem-cell-transplant

In 1981, the first case of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was diagnosed. The virus that causes AIDS, became a thing to be feared for people in the LGBTQ+ community, who also became a scapegoat for its existence. On World AIDS Day, we remember that even when things have changed since then in the treatment and prevention of HIV and AIDS, activists around the world have learned that this epidemic is also a battle for access to sexual and reproductive healthcare, and it's still a fight against stigma. In this episode:  Dázon Dixon Diallo (@DazonDiallo), Founder of SisterLove, Inc., a women's HIV/AIDS & Reproductive Justice organization in Atlanta and South Africa  Justin C. Smith, Director of the Campaign to End AIDS at Positive Impact Health Centers (@PIHC_Atlanta) Connect with The Take:  Twitter (@AJTheTake), Instagram (@ajthetake) and Facebook (@TheTakePod)

This week we discuss Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with special guest Nikki J. (Educator and Advocate). This episode is educational but, also personal as Nikki J. shares her intimate experiences in hopes of being a support to others. You can find more about Nikki J. on her Linktree, https://linktr.ee/nikkijtheauthor YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/user/Nkeisa89 Social media handle @nikkijtheauthor Take a listen and share with others! BWH healing workbook can be found at: amzn.to/3kpZZF1 Looking for an editor, graphic designer, or any other freelancer check out Fiverr Link: fvrr.co/3xIpVA1 Buy "Healing on the Daily" Glass Mugs: www.bwhpodcast.com/product-page/he…f8-799ecc7033cb Check out BWH website at: www.bwhpodcast.com If you are interested in being a guest, please find form here: linktr.ee/bwh_pod

Episode 70: HIV Prevention. Prevention is key in controlling HIV-AIDS. Listen to ways to prevent HIV, mainly by using condoms, PrEP and PEP.Introduction: HIV and AIDSBy Robert Dunn, MS3.Introduction: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that is primarily transmitted via sex, needles or from mother to fetus. Once infected, the virus increases in its copies and decreases the individual's CD4+ cell count, thus leading to an immunocompromised state known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Once with AIDS, the patient is susceptible to opportunistic infections. Prevention from AIDS includes several options. Condoms for safe sex practices are the least invasive and most readily accessible option for all patients. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is also an option for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women. If the patient is also exposed to HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may also be an option to prevent infection but must be administer ideally 1-2 hours after exposure but no later than 72 hours after. Today we will briefly discuss how to prevent HIV infection.This is Rio Bravo qWeek, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California. Our program is affiliated with UCLA, and it's sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home.___________________________HIV Series IV: HIV Prevention. By Robert Dunn, MS3.Participation by Huda Quanungo, MS3; Bahar Hamidi, MS3; and Hector Arreaza, MD.  HIV PreventionIntroductionThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that is primarily transmitted via sex, needles or from mother to fetus. Once infected, the virus increases in its copies and decreases the individual's CD4+ cell count, thus leading to an immunocompromised state known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Once with AIDS, the patient is susceptible to opportunistic infections. Prevention from AIDS includes several options. Condoms for safe sex practices are the least invasive and most readily accessible option for all patients. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is also an option for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women. If the patient is also exposed to HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may also be an option to prevent infection, but it must be administered ideally 1-2 hours after exposure but no later than 72 hours after. We will concentrate in prevention during this episode.   What is HIV?The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. When the virus gains access to our body via cuts on the skin or mucosa:The virus injects its 10kb sized RNA genome into our cells. The RNA is transcribed to DNA via viral reverse transcriptase and is incorporated into our cellular DNA genome. This causes our cells to become a virus producer. Viral proteins translated in the cell are transported to the edge of the cell and can bud off into new viruses without lysing the cell.  Acute HIV symptoms. Some potential early symptoms of HIV can include fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, and mouth ulcers. The most common acute symptom is NO SYMPTOM. Many people do not feel sick with the acute infection of HIV. Some people can live years with HIV in “clinical latency” without knowing they are infected, but they can still be contagious during this time. As viral load (the amount of virus copies you have in your blood stream) increases, the CD4+ cells that contribute to our adaptive immunity continues to fall. That's why the best test during this period is not going to be HIV antibody but you should test for antigens. Specifically, the 4th Generation HIV test, which tests for both antibody and p24 antigens.Chronic symptoms. Once patients begin to present with opportunistic infections (i.e. Pneumocystis pneumonia – PCP), or have a CD4 count below 200, the patient is considered to have Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and makes them susceptible to more serious infections. Without treatment, patients with AIDS typically survive about 3 years. Epidemiology of HIVHIV incidence: In 2019, there were 34,800 new HIV infections in the United States. This is an 8% decline from 2015. Amongst age groups: Age 25-34 had the highest rate of incidence (30.1 per 100,000)Age 35-44 had the second highest rate (16.5 per 100,000)Age 45-54 remained stableAge 13-24 had decreasing rates of incidence Amongst ethnic groups: Black/African-American groups has the highest rate of incidence (42.1 per 100,000)Hispanic/Latino had the second highest rate (21.7 per 100,000)Person of multiple races had the third highest (18.4 per 100,000) Amongst sex: Males had the highest rate of incidence (21 per 100,000)Females had the lowest rate of incidence (4.5 per 100,000) HIV Prevalence:In 2019, 1.2 million people (Ages 13 and older) in the US have HIV and 13% of them do not even know it. In 2020, there were an estimated 1.5 million people worldwide that acquired a new HIV infection. This is a 30% decline since 2020. An estimated 66% are receiving some HIV care and 57% were virally suppressed. Mortality: In 2019, there were 15,815 deaths among adults and adolescents diagnosed with HIV in the US. Preventative ScreeningThe USPSTF gives a Grade A recommendation for HIV screening for: Pregnant people and everyone between 15-65 years of age. All pregnant people at any point of their pregnancy, including those who present in labor or delivery and have an unknown status of HIV.The USPSTF only recommends a one-time screening and shows no benefit of repeat screening thereafter. Women may also be screened for subsequent pregnanciesAlso screen all Adolescents and adults ages 15-65.  An effective approach is routine opt-out HIV screening. This approach includes HIV screening as part of the standard preventive tests. This approach removes the stigma associated with HIV testing, it promotes earlier diagnosis and treatment, reduces risk of transmission, and it is cost-effective. The determination for repeated screening of individuals should take into account the following risk factors: -Men who have sex with men (MSM)-Individuals who live in areas with high prevalence of HIVIncluding attending to tuberculosis clinics, stay in a correctional facility, or homelessness-Injection drug use-Transactional/commercial sex work-1 or more new sexual partners -History of previous STIs Annual screening for HIV is reasonable, however, clinicians may want to screen patients every 3-6 months if they have an increased risk of HIV.  CondomsA simple and very effective method in HIV prevention is the use of condoms for safe sex practices. In 2009, the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the HIV medicine Association called for the wider availability of condoms and education to minimize HIV transmission. A meta-analysis of 12 HIV studies amongst heterosexual couples demonstrated the use of condoms in all penetrative sex acts reduced the risk of HIV transmission 7.4 times in comparison to those who never used condoms. Other studies show a 90-95% effectiveness in HIV prevention when “consistently” using condoms. A Cochrane review shoed that the use of a male latex condom in all acts of penetrative vaginal sex reduced HIV incidence by 80%. Overall, condoms are effective in HIV prevention.Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)Truvada and Descovy:Another option for prevention amongst HIV negative individuals is the use of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). It is an anti-retroviral pill that is taken daily to maintain a steady-state level of the medication in the blood stream. The medication specifically a combination of 2 antiretroviral medications – Tenofovir and Emtricitabine. Both medications are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that work by blocking the viral reverse transcriptase from HIV and prevent the enzyme from copying the RNA genome into DNA. Therefore, it stops viral replications. There are 2 formulations of PrEP: Truvada and Descovy. Truvada's primary side effects are renal and bone toxicity with long-term use. Descovy's primary side effects are mild weight gain and dyslipidemia. Truvada is the most commonly prescribed PrEP because it has the most data since it has been around the longest. However, extra consideration should be taken for: Adolescents should weigh at least 35 kg before being prescribed PrEPDescovy may be preferred for adolescents by the prescribing physician as it is not associated with reduction in bone density, as Truvada is. Estimated GFR between 30 – 60Truvada is associated with acute and chronic kidney disease whereas Descovy is safe for patients with a GFR greater than 30Patients with osteoporosisTruvada is associated with bone toxicity, whereas Descovy is not. It is important to note that PrEP has only been studied in men or people who were assigned men at birth. So, its efficacy in vaginal sex and with vaginal fluids cannot be generalized at this time. Future of PrEP: In May 2020, the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 083 randomized trial demonstrated the potential of an injectable PrEP. Carbotegravir, is an integrase inhibitor, which prevents the HIV integrase from incorporating the HIV genome into the cellular genome. This study demonstrated its efficacy as PrEP in comparison to Truvada with few new infections (13 versus 39, respectively). Carbotegravir would be given via injection once every 8 weeks. In September 2021, the pharmaceutical company Moderna will begin 2 human clinical trials for an HIV vaccine that use mRNA technology. Previous studies conducted with non-mRNA vaccines demonstrated that B cells can be stimulated to create antibodies against HIV. Since HIV becomes integrated in the cellular genome within 72 hours of transmission, a high level of antibodies must be produced and present in the body to offer an adequate level of immunity. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)If an individual is exposed to blood or bodily fluids with high risk of HIV via percutaneous, mucus membrane or nonintact skin route, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may be an option. PEP is indicated when the HIV status of the exposure source is unknown and are awaiting test results, or if the exposure source is HIV positive. Therapy should be started within 1 or 2 hours of exposure and it is not effective after 72 hours of initial exposure. The recommended duration of therapy is 4 weeks but no evidence has been shown for an optimal duration. Occupational exposure. There are 2 regimens for PEP: Truvada with Dolutegravir Truvada  with Raltegravir Both Doltegravir and Raltegravir are integrase inhibitors which block the integration of the viral genome into the cellular DNA. The regiments are chosen based on efficacy, side effects, patient convenience, and completion rates. Dolutegravir is chosen because it is given once daily. While Raltegravir is taken twice daily, most experience with PEP has been with Raltegravir. Other risk with Raltegravir are potential skeletal muscle toxicity and systemic-cutaneous reactions resembling Steven-Johnson syndrome. One final word about prevention of vertical transmission is making sure pregnant women are treated during pregnancy and if the baby is delivered from a patient whose viral load is “detectable”, the baby needs to be treated, but we'll let that topic for another time to discuss. Joke: What do you call the patient zero of HIV? First Aids.HIV incidence is decreasing thanks to many prevention measures taken globally, and we discussed screening, condoms, PrEP and PEP as part of this prevention efforts. Stay tuned for more relevant medical information in our next episode. ____ Now we conclude our episode number 70 “HIV Prevention.” Robert, Huda and Bahar explained some ways to prevent HIV, mainly by screening those at risk, using condoms, PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) and PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). Let's also remember that having a monogamous relationship and avoiding high risk sexual behaviors confer significant protection against HIV. Even without trying, every night you go to bed being a little wiser.Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek. If you have any feedback about this podcast, contact us by email RBresidency@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. This podcast was created with educational purposes only. Visit your primary care physician for additional medical advice. This week we thank Hector Arreaza, Robert Dunn, Huda Quanungo, and Bahar Hamidi. Audio edition: Suraj Amrutia. See you next week!   References:About HIV. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC.gov, June 1, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html . Accessed September 21, 2021. Simon V, Ho DD, Abdool Karim Q. HIV/AIDS epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Lancet. 2006 Aug 5;368(9534):489-504. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69157-5. PMID: 16890836; PMCID: PMC2913538. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16890836/]   US Statistics. HIV.gov, June 2, 2021. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics . Accessed September 21, 2021.  The global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. HIV.gov, June 25, 2021. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics. Accessed September 21, 2021.  Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening. U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, June 11, 2019. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening. Accessed September 21, 2021.  Holmes KK, Levine R, Weaver M. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 Jun;82(6):454-61. PMID: 15356939; PMCID: PMC2622864. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15356939/] Weller S, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD003255. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003255. PMID: 11869658. [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003255/full] Mayer, Kenneth H, MD, and Douglas Krakower, MD. Administration of pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV infection. UpToDate, June 24, 2020. Accessed September 21, 2021. [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/administration-of-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-against-hiv-infection?search=8)%09Administration%20of%20pre-exposure%20prophylaxis%20against%20HIV%20infection&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1] Zachary, Kimon C, MD. Management of health care personnel exposed to HIV. UpToDate, June 07, 2019. Accessed September 21, 2021. [https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-health-care-personnel-exposed-to-hiv?search=9)%09Management%20of%20health%20care%20personnel%20exposed%20to%20HIV&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1]

Episode 67: Covid, Food, and HIV.  Medical students discuss the relationship between high cholesterol and COVID-19, the effect of food order in postprandial glucose and insulin, and HIV history. Moderated by Hector Arreaza, MD.  During this episode you will listen to three medical students discussing some topics that they found interesting during their family medicine rotation. All the credit goes to them because they read these topics and provided a very good summary. I hope you enjoy it.____________________High Cholesterol and COVID-19By Milan Hinesman, MS3, Ross University School of MedicineGiven the current state of the world, there's been a lot more attention to COVID-19 presentation, risks, and treatment. One study conducted by Dr. Kun Zhang and collaborators shows that there may be a relationship between higher total cholesterol levels and ApoB levels to increased risk of COVID-19 infection[1]. Dr. Zhang used a mendelian randomization from the UK Biobank data to test for lipid effects on COVID susceptibility and severity. The study performed analysis of data from the host genetics initiative consisting of more than 14,000 cases and more than one million controls showing a potential positive causal effect between high total cholesterol and ApoB and COVID susceptibility. A mendelian randomization is a process of taking genes which functions are already known and measuring their response to exposure to a disease in observational studies[2]. In short, high cholesterol and high ApoB are linked to COVID-19 infection.This is Rio Bravo qWeek, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California. Our program is affiliated with UCLA, and it's sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. __________________________Impact of food order on glucose after meals.   By Yvette Singh, MS3, American University of the CaribbeanIn the management of diabetes, health care providers usually assess glycemic control with fasting plasma glucose and pre-prandial glucose measurements, as well as by measuring Hemoglobin A1c. Therapeutic goals for Hemoglobin A1c and pre-prandial glucose levels have been established based on the results of controlled clinical trials. Unfortunately, many patients with diabetes fail to achieve their glycemic goals. Elevated glucose after eating may be the cause of poor glycemic control leading to vascular complications. Postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the earliest abnormalities of glucose homeostasis associated with type 2 diabetes. This is one of the important therapeutic targets for glycemic control. Current studies show that the amount and timing of carbs in the diet primarily influence blood glucose levels. Other studies also show that eating whey protein before meals, as well as changing the macronutrients in meals, reduces postprandial glucose levels; however, these studies did not have patients with type 2 diabetes. The main author of this study was Alpana P. Shukla and many other collaborators. The title is Food Order Has a Significant Impact on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels, published by the American Diabetes Association on Diabetes Care in July 2015.This study was performed to analyze the order of food consumption with vegetables, protein and carbohydrates and its effects on postprandial glucose in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes being treated with metformin. Subjects were studied for 1 week. They were given a meal with the same number of calories, after fasting for 12 hours: 55g protein, 68g carbs, and 16g fat. They were asked to eat carbs first, then to eat vegetables and protein fifteen minutes later. This order was reversed during the second week. Their postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured at 30/60/120 mins after meals. The statistical studies showed an average post prandial glucose decrease by more than 25% when protein was consumed first. As well as the average post prandial insulin levels decreased by more than 40%. These results demonstrated that the timing of carbs during a meal has a significant impact on glucose and insulin levels comparable to some pharmacological agents. Reduced insulin excretion with this meal pattern may also improve insulin sensitivity. This may help patients with type 2 diabetes control their HbA1c, and possibly help reverse early diabetes. Educating patients about this approach is not controlling how much they are eating or restricting their diet so patients will likely comply with this recommendation. Eat your protein first!The potential problems of this study are that it was a small sample size (11 patients), limited food types, and insulin was measured only up to 120 minutes after meals. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the full effectiveness of this recommendation.___________________HIV Series Part I: HIV HistoryBy Robert Dunn, MS3, Ross University School of Medicine This is an HIV series for the Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. The following episodes will include some of the history of HIV, transmissibility, the PARTNER-1 and PARTNER-2 studies, and will finalize with a full episode on HIV prevention. Today we are starting with HIV history.Prejudice against those with HIV stems from the history surrounding the virus. Between 1981-1983, cases of rare infections like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and aggressive cancers like Kaposi Sarcoma were appearing predominantly amongst gay men and injection drug users.  Even children were presenting with AIDS creating misconceptions of how the disease was transmitted by touch. By 1982, this syndrome was referred to as the Gay-Related Immunodeficiency (GRID), which we now know as AIDS. Some History of HIVThe start of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was thought to have started in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1920 when the virus crossed species to humans and gave its ability to infect humans[4]. In 1981, five young gay men in Los Angeles, California, presented with a rare lung infection called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Two other groups of men also presented with a rare and aggressive cancer called Kaposi Sarcoma, in New York and California. By December of the same year, the first case of PCP was found in an injection drug user. And by the end of the year, there were 270 reported cases of this severe immunodeficiency and about 121 of them had already died from it, almost 50%. In 1982, due to the prevalence of these rare diseases being present among gay men, the syndrome was called the Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID). The CDC later officially called the disease the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The term “gay cancer” was used in Venezuela before AIDS was known.In 1983, the disease was found in both women and children. In May 1983, in a joint conference between the Pasteur Institute in France and the National Cancer Institute, they announced that LAV and HTLV-III were the same virus and the cause of AIDS.In 1985, Ryan White, a teenager with hemophilia was banned from school when he was diagnosed with HIV after he received contaminated blood products. Ryan later died at 18 years old due to AIDS-related illnesses. At the same time, the FDA licensed the first commercial blood test to detect HIV. A foundation was later created to provide primary care and medications for low-income HIV patients.In 1987, the first antiretroviral drug, Zidovudine (AZT) was approved by the FDA to treat for HIV. In 1991, the famous basketball player Magic Johnson announced he tested positive for HIV and retired immediately. After his retirement he planned to educate young people about the virus which helped dispel stereotypes. Also in 1991, the famous singer of Queen announced he had AIDS and died the next day.In 1993, the movie Philadelphia with Tom Hanks promoted further discussion about HIV and AIDS. In June 1995, the first protease inhibitor was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which started the era for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). This brought down the rate of AIDS-related deaths and hospitalizations by 60-80%. Of special note, in 1986, the FDA passed the policy to ban all men who had sex with men (MSM) from 1977 onward, from donating blood or plasma to avoid the risk of transmitting HIV or Hepatitis A. This policy was amended in December 2015, when the revised policy said any MSM within the last 12 months, would need to wait at least 1 year before donating blood. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA amended it its policy once more to decrease the wait time to 3 months form the last time the man had sex with another man.____________________________Conclusion: Now we conclude our episode number 67 “Covid, Food, and HIV.” Kudos to Milan, Yvette and Robert, they presented relevant information for our practice of medicine. They taught us that high cholesterol is a risk for COVID-19 infection; Also, when you eat proteins first, your glucose and insulin after meals are lower than when you eat carbs first; and you will be hearing from Robert for a couple episodes regarding HIV. Today he gave us a little piece of HIV history. Even without trying, every night you go to bed being a little wiser.Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek. If you have any feedback about this podcast, contact us by email RBresidency@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. This podcast was created with educational purposes only. Visit your primary care physician for additional medical advice. This week we thank Hector Arreaza, Milan Hinesman, Yvette Singh, and Robert Dunn. Audio edition: Suraj Amrutia. See you next week! _____________________References:Zhang, K. Dong, S. Guo, et. al., Causal Associations Between Blood Lipids and COVID-19 Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, originally published on September 9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316324. What is Mendelian Randomization and How Can it be Used as a Tool for Medicine and Public Health? Opportunities and Challenges, Webinar announcement given by Professor George Davey Smith on November 27, 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/events/precision_med_pop.htm Alpana P. Shukla, Radu G. Iliescu, Catherine E. Thomas and Louis J. Aronne, Food Order Has a Significant Impact on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels, Diabetes Care 2015 Jul; 38(7): e98-e99. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0429. History of HIV and AIDS Overview. Avert, October 10, 2019. https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview. Accessed on September 21, 2021. Shaw, Maggie. FDA's Revised Blood Donation Guidance for Gay Men Still Courts Controversy. AJMC, April 3, 2020. https://ajmc.com/view/fdas-revised-blood-donation-guidance-for-gay-men-still-courts-controvery. Accessed on September 21, 2021. BAYER, R. (2015), Science, Politics, and the End of the Lifelong Gay Blood Donor Ban. Milbank Quarterly, 93: 230-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12114. Ways HIV can be Transmitted. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 21, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/ways-people-get-hiv.html. Accessed on September 21, 2021.

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from the Infectious Disease section.

Presented by the Research and Current Concepts Committee Uma Krishnamurti, MD, PhD, Chair Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri, MD, PhD, Vice Chair Each Series in this 3 Part Series will introduce you to the 2020 award winners. Each interviewer are from the ASC Research and Current Concepts Committee. Part 1: Interviewers: Michiya Nishino, MD, PhD and He Wang, MD, PhD Bernard Naylor Excellence in Cytomorphology Award - Paper - Peritheliomatous Pattern: A Diagnostic Clue for Diagnosing Metastatic Melanoma in Cytology – First Author: Swikrity Upadhyay Baskota, MBBS, MD Cytotechnologist Scientific Presentation Award – Poster 15 – Prevalence of Tumors in Pleural, Pericardial and Peritoneal Serous Effusions: A Five-Year Institutional Study – First Author: Donna Russell, Med, CT(ASCP)HT Part 2: Interviewer: James McNulty, MS, CT(ASCP) Warren R. Lang, MD Resident Physician Award – Poster 50 – Anal Cytology and Concurrent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Testing among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – positive and HIV – negative Men – First Author: Robert Post, DO Innovative Cytotechnologist Practice Award – Poster 02 – Training in Cytopathology in Times of Social Distancing: A Comparison of Remote vs. Traditional Learning – First Author: Melissa McCrosson, CT(ASCP)cm1 Part 3: Interviewers: Diana Lin, MD and Dianna Ng, MD Advances in Thyroid Cytology Award – Platform 9 – Immune Profiling of Thyroid Lesions and its Application to Malignancy Prediction – First Author: George Xu, BA Quality Improvement in Cytology Award – Poster 107 - Quality Data Abstraction Utilizing Bethesda Pap Test reporting: Key Implementation Science indicators for National Gynecologic Cytology Benchmarks – First Author: Amy Spiczka, MS SCT, MB, HTL (ASCP)1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr. Xin He was not available for this recording. He is the winner of the Geno Saccomanno, MD New Frontiers in Cytology Award – Poster 72 - Comparison of Molecular Testing Performed by Liquid Biopsy and Cytology Specimens in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer – First Author: Xin He, MD

"My mission in life is not merely to survive, but to thrive; and to do so with some passion, some compassion, some humor, and some style."- Maya Angelou Today's guest is the embodiment of all of the above!  Guest Spotlight: Nakeisa Jackson is a certified life coach & mentor, registered nurse, speaker, author, blogger, and wellness advocate. While in college she received a diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). After receiving this news, she decided to get educated on the disease and seek out services. When she began her journey of healing, she noticed a major gap in the representation of women living with HIV. This led her on her first mission to educate women around the world via the internet, events, and coaching programs. We discussed: Being diagnosed with HIV as a young woman How to disclose chronic illness diagnoses with loved ones The power of community in our wellness How to channel your faith during challenging times R.E.A.C.H.- a tool to help those who have been recently diagnosed  navigate living with a chronic illness  On my radar:  Radiant Health Magazine: Radiant is a bi-annual print and digital health magazine for Black women. Their mission is to tell our own health stories and inspire Black women to live their healthiest, happiest, and most meaningful life. Each issue features content in health and wellness, fitness, healthy eating, beauty, style, body + mind, all wrapped up in one enticing title.  Song of the day: Bag Lady by Erykah Badu Nakeisa's book recommendations: Life After HIV: Removing the Mask by Nikki J Fear is a Liar by Daniel B. Lancaster  31 Prayers for Spiritual Wealth: A Biblically Based Prayer Strategy for Small Business Owners by Chanel E. Martin Where to find Nakeisa on the web: IG, website, and podcast ________ *Start your Audible trial now!   Join the tribe on IG!  Sign up for our newsletter :)    Be Well, Sis.  

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.09.333716v1?rss=1 Authors: Hossain, S. M. M., Khatun, L., Ray, S., Mukhopadhyay, A. Abstract: In the last few decades, application of DNA microarray technology has sprung up as a powerful technique for discovering stage specific changes in expression pattern of a disease progression. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is one of the most devastating diseases affecting humankind. Here, we have proposed a framework to examine the difference among microarray gene expression data of uninfected and three different HIV--1 infection stages using module preservation statistics. Initially, we detected differentially expressed genes among all the stages and identified coexpression modules by using topological overlap as a dissimilarity measure. To examine relationship among co-expression modules, we have compiled a module eigenegene network for each sample category which models similarity among all coexpression modules. To further examine the network, we have found clusters in it which are termed as `meta-modules'. Different module preservation statistics with two composite statistics: "Zsummary" and "MedianRank" are utilized to examine changes in structure of coexpression modules. We have applied our proposed methodology to discover modular changes between uninfected and acute samples, acute and chronic samples, chronic and AIDS samples. We have found several interesting results on preservation characteristics of gene modules across different stages. Some genes are identified to be preserved in a pair of stages while alter their characteristics across other stages. We further validated the obtained results using permutation test and classification techniques. Biological significance of the obtained modules have been examined using gene ontology and pathway based analysis. Additionally, we have detected key immune regulatory hub genes in the associated protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using twelve topological and centrality analysis methods. Moreover, we have analyzed the key immune regulatory genes which interacts with HIV-1 proteins inside the preserved and perturbed meta-modules across different HIV-1 stages and thus likely to act as potential biomarkers in HIV-1 progression. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

On this week's Roots & Hoots episode, the Legacy of Hope Foundation's host, Gordon Spence, is joined by Albert Beck, Métis human rights activist, where they discuss his life experiences and the impacts of the Sixties Scoop. Mr. Beck is Métis from Winnipeg, Manitoba living in Ottawa, Ontario, and has been involved in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) education, policy and program initiatives for Indigenous Peoples in Canada for decades. In 2016, he received the HIV Exceptional Leadership Award for his dedication, passion, leadership and commitment to the Indigenous acquired immunodeficiency syndrome movement in Canada. On the international front, Mr. Beck became the first Métis citizen to be part of the Indigenous Fellowship Program offered by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva, Switzerland. He is the past President of the Ontario Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Strategy and is married to his best friend Craig Phillips. Mr. Beck is currently working with the Métis National Council as a Senior Policy Analyst and Ministerial Sixties Scoop Advisor for their national engagement process.   

The U.S. has the largest annual incidence of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses among high-income nations.  This is relevant for neuropsychologists because individuals with HIV develop a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and/or mood problems collectively known as HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND).  In this episode, we talk with April Thames, Ph.D., about cross-cultural considerations and age-related cognitive decline in HIV. Show notes are available at www.NavNeuro.com/48 _________________ If you’d like to support the show, here are a few easy ways: 1) Get APA-approved CE credit for listening to episodes: www.NavNeuro.com/INS  2) Tell your friends and colleagues about it 3) Subscribe (free) and leave an Apple Podcasts rating/review: www.NavNeuro.com/itunes 4) Contribute to the discussion in the comments section of the website (click the episode link listed above) or on Twitter (@NavNeuro)   Thanks for listening, and join us next time as we continue to navigate the brain and behavior! [Note: This podcast and all linked content is intended for general educational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of psychology or any other professional healthcare advice and services. No professional relationship is formed between hosts and listeners. All content is to be used at listeners’ own risk. Users should always seek appropriate medical and psychological care from their licensed healthcare provider.]

In Episode 15, Erin Everett, NP-C, AAHIVS, an HIV Specialist, provides an overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). During the episode, Erin discusses everything from HIV Symptoms and Transmission to HIV Prevention and Testing. She also covers the current rates of HIV diagnoses, as well as the efficacy and side effects of HIV Treatment medications. The post HIV: Transmission, Prevention, Testing & Treatment appeared first on Exclusively Inclusive with Erin Everett, NP-C.

Menurut Ketua Pengarah Kesihatan, Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah, jangkitan Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dan virus SARS-CoV-2 yang menyebabkan COVID-19 tidak mempunyai persamaan. Jelas Dr Noor Hisham, jangkitan COVID-19 mempunyai dua peringkat iaitu peringkat infektiviti dan peringkat inflamasi. Seterusnya, kluster Sri Petaling masih lagi merupakan kluster terbesar iaitu 40 peratus kes positif di Malaysia. Berkenaan kes sporadik di dalam negara, terdapat 69 kes sporadik dikesan di Malaysia.

Ira Pastor, ideaXme exponential health ambassador, interviews Dr. Jack T. Stapleton, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine - Infectious Diseases, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Director of the Levitt Center for Viral Pathogenesis. Ira Pastor Comments: On today’s show we are going to jump back into the theme of viruses and the human virome. Viruses are infective agents that typically consist of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, and which is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. The virome defines the collection of all viruses that make up a specific viral community. On a few recent shows we’ve touched on some interesting topics in relation to both the beneficial therapeutic applications of certain viruses (thinking about our discussions surrounding bacteriophage therapies with Dr. Steffanie Strathdee at UC San Diego) as well as some of the pathological states where viruses may play a much more prominent role in disease progression than previously thought  (per our discussions with Prof. Ruth Itzhaki from University of Manchester and her study of the  viral connections in Alzheimer's Disease). Viral Co-Infection Today we are going to delve into the fascinating topic of "viral co-infection." Co-infection is defined the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, co-infection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. An example is the co-infection of liver cells with Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by super-infection. Co-infection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. The net effect of co-infection on human health is thought to be usually negative (known as "syndemism", which is synergistic event that can cause super-infections), but interactions can also have very positive effects when one species suppresses the virulence or colonisation of another. Dr. Jack Stapleton Today we are joined by Dr. Jack T. Stapleton, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine - Infectious Diseases, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Director of the Levitt Center for Viral Pathogenesis Dr. Stapleton's research interests focus on the molecular biology, epidemiology and effects of co-infection of Hepatitis C virus, Human GB virus type C (GBV-C; also called Hepatitis G virus), and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).  In addition, he has clinical studies under way related to antiviral therapy and the management and therapy of HIV, Hepatitis C virus, and GBV-C. On this episode we will here from Dr. Stapleton: About his background, how he developed an interest in medicine, infectious disease, and how he moved into the very interesting area of viral co-infection dynamics. His views on the "Beneficial Virome." His discovery of the unique and beneficial properties of GBV-C co-infection. Therapeutic opportunities related to viral co-infection dynamics. Finally, about the current state of treatments, cures, and vaccines as it pertains to HIV / AIDS. Credits: Ira Pastor interview video, text, and audio. Follow Ira Pastor on Twitter:@IraSamuelPastor If you liked this interview, be sure to check out ourinterview with Professor Ruth Itzhaki exploring the viral causes of Alzheimer's! Follow ideaXme on Twitter:@ideaxm On Instagram:@ideaxme Find ideaXme across the internet including oniTunes,SoundCloud,Radio Public,TuneIn Radio,I Heart Radio, Google Podcasts, Spotify and more. ideaXme is a global podcast, creator series and mentor programme. Our mission: Move the human story forward!™ ideaXme Ltd.  

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causal agent of the spectrum of disorders known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).  For decades, those infected have found relief from anti-retroviral therapies that suppress viral numbers.  [...]

Viruses are iconically challenging to define, but they have DNA so they evolve. In the 1980s, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) shook the world and propelled a massive undertaking to study the evolution of drug resistance in viruses. On world aids day, December 1st, 2017, we spoke with Dr. Pleuni Pennings from San Francisco State University about how viruses adapt to treatments through time.

I denne podcast fortæller Katrine og Kim om Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) og Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Hør om et et virus, som stammer fra regnskoven i Congo. Hør hvordan det kom jorden rundt. Hør hvorfor der ikke er en vaccine. Hør om behandling nu og i fremtiden

The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase of anti-retroviral treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients in many African countries. Due to costs and sophistication of currently available commercial viral load assays, little attention has been paid to therapy monitoring through measurement of plasma viral load, a challenge that could reverse achievements already made against HIV/AIDS infection. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been shown to be simple, rapid and cost-effective, characteristics which make this assay ideal for viral load monitoring in resource limited settings. The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate LAMP for quantitative detection of HIV-1 group M virus in blood and plasma. Cell culture supernatants of HIV-1 subtype B (IIIB and MVP899-87) viruses were used to optimize reaction conditions and to test primer suitability. Together with HIV-1 M non-B subtypes, HIV-1 group O and HIV-2, the cell culture supernatants were used to evaluate the performance of LAMP, to generate a model for viral load estimation and to establish the limits of the assay. A panel of 467 clinical samples was analyzed (282 plasmas and 121 dry blood spots from Kenya and 112 plasmas from Germany) and the results obtained by LAMP were compared to those generated by the Abbott Real Time HIV-1 assay, an established commercial viral load quantification test. A linear regression equation was generated from time to detection values and used to estimate the viral loads of the samples by the LAMP assay. Kenyan samples were tested in Nairobi and Munich. LAMP primers targeting the integrase of the pol gene were found to be the most suitable compared to further 3 primer sets tested. Lower limit of detection (LLOD) of 1,200 copies/mL and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 9,800 copies/mL were determined as suitable thresholds for quantitative estimations of the LAMP viral loads. Sensitivities of 82 and 86% (Kenyan samples) and 93% (German samples) and specificities of 99 and 100% were realized with plasma samples. The study also realized a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 77% with dry blood spot samples from Kenya. In conclusion, LAMP assay shows obvious potential for diagnostic application in semi-quantification of HIV-1 group M viral load in resource limited countries. However there is a need for further improvement of primers in respect to detection of HIV-1 non-B viruses and evaluation of dry blood spot samples to ensure that more reliable results are obtained.

Areas of discussion include Epidemiology (Natural History; Mode of Transmission; Worldwide prevalence of HIV), Virology of HIV (Characteristics of HIV; HIV progression in clinical settings), Detection of HIV Infection (Rapid detection (screening); NAT (Molecular confirmation)), and Management of an HIV infection (Viral Load monitoring determines the clinical course of action). Speaker: Art Braden, Ph.D., Roche Diagnostics

Advances in fluorescence methodologies make it possible to investigate biological systems in unprecedented detail. Over the last few years, quantitative live-cell imaging has increasingly been used to study the dynamic interactions of viruses with cells and is expected to become even more indispensable in the future. Here, we describe different fluorescence labeling strategies that have been used to label HIV-1 for live cell imaging and the fluorescence based methods used to visualize individual aspects of virus-cell interactions. This review presents an overview of experimental methods and recent experiments that have employed quantitative microscopy in order to elucidate the dynamics of late stages in the HIV-1 replication cycle. This includes cytosolic interactions of the main structural protein, Gag, with itself and the viral RNA genome, the recruitment of Gag and RNA to the plasma membrane, virion assembly at the membrane and the recruitment of cellular proteins involved in HIV-1 release to the nascent budding site.

Seit der Entdeckung der zwei Typen des Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in den Jahren 1983 und 1986 gibt es zahlreiche kontroverse Diskussionen über deren Ursprung. Erst die Erforschung des zweiten Primate Immunodeficiency Virus (PIV), des Simian Immuno-deficiency Virus (SIV), ergab neue Erkenntnisse, die die Abstammung des HIV aus SIV weitgehend belegen konnten, obwohl noch heute diesbezügliche Zweifel bestehen. Aufgrund der großen genetischen Variabilität dieser Viren, wurden sie in verschiedene Stämme, Gruppen, Subtypen und Subsubtypen eingeteilt. Ihre Klassifikation und Nomenklatur wurde aufgrund der – vor allem in den 1990er-Jahren gemachten – neuen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse über das HIV-Genom häufig geändert, bis im April 2000 ein Overview of subtypes in the primate immunodeficiency viruses publiziert wurde. Er dient seither als Grundlage für die Nomenklatur von HIV und SIV, wie sie auch in dieser Dissertation Verwendung findet. Die Forschung mit HIV-Subtypen machte es möglich, die epidemiologischen Ausbreitungs-wege von HIV zu eruieren und neue Erkenntnisse zur HIV-Infektion, zu ihren Übertragungs-wegen, zur Prävention und schließlich zu geeigneten Public-Health-Maßnahmen zu erlangen. Die bis noch vor wenigen Jahren diskutierte Frage, ob HIV-Superinfektionen und -Mehrfach-infektionen überhaupt möglich sind und wie die Rekombinanten entstehen, konnte ebenfalls durch die Subtypenforschung beantwortet werden. Diesbezügliche Studien werden seit einigen Jahren auch in Mbeya Region im Südwesten Tansanias durchgeführt. Die Daten dieser Dissertation basieren zum Teil auf jenen der fünfjährigen HIV Superinfection Study (HISIS), die im August 2000 in Mbeya Region begonnen wurde. HISIS befasst sich vor allem mit der Erforschung von HIV-Superinfektionen und deren Mehrfachinfektionen und Intersubtyp-Rekombinationen. Hierzu bedarf es eines Studienortes, in dem unterschiedliche HIV-Subtypen prävalent sind. Dies ist in Mbeya Region mit den Subtypen A, C und D der Fall. Die zweite Voraussetzung ist eine Studienpopulation, die eine hohe Prävalenz dieser Subtypen aufweist. Hierfür wurde eine offene Kohorte von über 700 weiblichen Prostituierten gebildet, aus der ich von September 2000 bis Mai 2001 bei 626 Studienteilnehmerinnen Daten für die vorliegende Arbeit gewinnen konnte. Um diese Populationsgruppe (so genannte High-Risk-Group, HRG) mit einem sehr hohen Risiko hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens studieren zu können, habe ich für meine Dissertation eine Vergleichspopulation untersucht, die sich in dieser Variable (sexuelles Risikoverhalten) von der HRG unterscheidet (so genannte Non-High-Risk-Group, NRG). Dafür konnte ich Blutproben und soziologische Daten von 757 Blutspendern (Oktober 2000 bis August 2001) und von 351 antenatal clinic attendees (Februar bis August 2001) gewinnen. Um diese HIV-Subtypisierung mit hoher Qualität und relativ geringen Kosten durchführen zu können, wurde von M. Hölscher, dem Mitbetreuer dieser Dissertation, der Multi-Region Hybridisation Assay (MHA) entwickelt. Dieses molekularbiologische Verfahren konnte ich in der vorliegenden Studie zum ersten Mal bei einem größeren Stichprobenumfang einsetzen: 341 Proben aus Mbeya Region. Diese Dissertation konnte nachweisen, dass der MHA eine ausreichende Sensitivität besitzt, um ihn zur HIV-1-Subtypen-Bestimmung bei transversalen Studien einzusetzen, wobei die Sensitivität von der Anzahl der pro Blutprobe gewonnen mononukleären Zellen abhängig ist. In meiner Arbeit hat sich bestätigt, dass in Mbeya Region HIV-1-Mehrfachinfektionen – mit einer Prävalenz von 14 % innerhalb der Studienpopulation – als auch Einfachinfektionen mit rekombinanten Subtypen – mit einer Prävalenz von 32 % innerhalb der Studienpopulation –vorkommen. Dies bedeutet, dass es sich nur bei etwas mehr als die Hälfte aller in Mbeya Region zirkulierenden HI-Viren um reine Subtypen handelt. Die Prävalenz der HIV-1-Subtypen war wie folgt: Subtyp C: 63 %, Subtyp A: 24 %, Subtyp D: 13 %. Konsekutiv sind dadurch C-Rekombinanten (AC und CD) häufiger präsent als die anderen. Auffällig ist die Tatsache, dass unter den Rekombinanten der Subtyp C seltener und die Subtypen A und D häufiger vorkommen als unter den reinen Subtypen. Ich konnte mit dieser Arbeit beweisen, dass mit einem erhöhten Risiko hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens die Gefahr von Mehrfachinfektionen steigt (p = 0,0196). Aufgrund der Datenlage darf vermutet werden, dass für die Entstehung von Rekombinationen HIV-1-Mehrfachinfektionen Voraussetzung sind. Ein Einfluss des Geschlechts auf die Prävalenz von Mehrfachinfektionen und Rekombinanten konnte – unter Berücksichtigung des geringen Stichprobenumfangs bei den weiblichen und männlichen Blutspendern – in dieser Arbeit nicht festgestellt werden. Ein Einfluss des Alters auf die Prävalenz von Mehrfachinfektionen und Rekombinanten zeigte sich nur in der Risikogruppe der Prostituierten und nicht in den Populationsgruppen antenatal clinic attendees und Blutspender. Die Dissertation basiert auf den Daten meiner Querschnittsstudie, die ich vom August 2000 bis zum August 2001 in Mbeya Region durchgeführt habe. Sie soll den Einfluss der Variablen sexuelles Risikoverhalten auf die Verteilung der HIV-1-Subtypen und deren Rekombinationen und Mehrfachinfektionen eruieren. Obwohl einige signifikante Assoziationen festzustellen waren, kann keine Aussage über deren kausaler Zusammenhang erfolgen, da es sich hierbei ausschließlich um eine transversale Studie handelt. Zur Eruierung der kausalen Inferenz sind longitudinale Kohortenstudien geeignet, die mit Verlaufsdaten von Individuen arbeiten. Des Weiteren können diese Studien mittels Interventionen (Aufklärung, Kondombenutzung, medizinische Betreuung und Versorgung u.a.) eine Verminderung des Risikos hinsichtlich des sexuellen Verhaltens herbeiführen, was die Inzidenz für Neu- und Superinfektionen erfolgreich senken würde. Eine entsprechende Studie wurde in Mbeya Region von der Abteilung für Infektions- und Tropenmedizin der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Kooperation mit der Muhimbili University of Dar es Salaam an über 700 Prostituierten von August 2000 bis Juni 2005 durchgeführt.