Podcasts about eradicate

In major news for the global beef trade, Brazil has been declared free of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) without the need for vaccination.

John Green has spent his career telling stories — through novels, YouTube videos, and educational projects like Crash Course. Now, he's on a mission to eliminate tuberculosis: a curable disease that still kills more than a million people every year. In this episode, Green joins host Jeff Berman to talk about how we could scale solutions to this global health crisis — and how to leverage obsession, creativity, and community to take on monumental challenges.Link to Everything is TuberculosisLink to Henry's YouTubeSubscribe to the Masters of Scale weekly newsletter: https://mastersofscale.com/subscribeSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

As they left Bethany the next day, he was hungry. Off in the distance he saw a fig tree in full leaf. He came up to it expecting to find something for breakfast, but found nothing but fig leaves. (It wasn't yet the season for figs.) He addressed the tree: “No one is going to eat fruit from you again—ever!” And his disciples overheard him.Mark 11:12-14 MSG

Breaking news headlines this week have told of an agreement between U.S. Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins and Mexico when it comes to the handling of a damaging pest, the New World screwworm, which was detected in Mexico late this past fall.

Rachel Morrogh, Dublin Rape Crisis Centre Chief Executive, reacts to our interview with rape victim "Kate" and outlines the findings of a national survey about sexual assault and sexual violence.

- Market Analysis and Silver Investment (0:00) - Trump's Economic Policies and Dollar Value (3:04) - Historical Newspaper Analysis (6:27) - Decline in Human Knowledge and Cognitive Capacity (12:01) - Preservation of Human Knowledge and AI Development (18:12) - Impact of AI on Human Knowledge and Society (18:31) - Challenges and Opportunities in the Token Economy (55:28) - Practical Steps for Living a More Centralized Life (1:09:59) - Gold Backs and Their Value (1:10:56) - Future of AI and Human Knowledge (1:26:31) - Gold and Silver Market Stress (1:26:50) - Trump's Alleged Actions Against the Crown (1:29:22) - Impact of Gold and Silver Paper Contracts (1:31:59) - Introduction of Chris Sullivan and His Background (1:34:11) - Sullivan's Insights on Bitcoin and Financial Markets (1:39:38) For more updates, visit: http://www.brighteon.com/channel/hrreport NaturalNews videos would not be possible without you, as always we remain passionately dedicated to our mission of educating people all over the world on the subject of natural healing remedies and personal liberty (food freedom, medical freedom, the freedom of speech, etc.). Together, we're helping create a better world, with more honest food labeling, reduced chemical contamination, the avoidance of toxic heavy metals and vastly increased scientific transparency. ▶️ Every dollar you spend at the Health Ranger Store goes toward helping us achieve important science and content goals for humanity: https://www.healthrangerstore.com/ ▶️ Sign Up For Our Newsletter: https://www.naturalnews.com/Readerregistration.html ▶️ Brighteon: https://www.brighteon.com/channels/hrreport ▶️ Join Our Social Network: https://brighteon.social/@HealthRanger ▶️ Check In Stock Products at: https://PrepWithMike.com

Civil society organisation, Section 27 says it's is closely monitoring whether the Limpopo Department of Education will meet its own today's deadline to eradicate and replace all pit. In March 2023, the national department missed its deadline to eradicate pit toilets, and repeatedly extended it. Minister Siviwe Gwarube announced earlier this month that nearly the entire backlog had been cleared. Bongiwe Zwane spoke to Education Attorney at Section27, Demichelle Petherbridge

When Israel finally occupied the Promised Land, the Lord told them to drive out all their enemies, because they defied the Lord and might influence them to worship false gods. But Israel allowed them to persist, holding an ungrateful and careless attitude toward God's commands. So many of our problems, and the reason we often get stuck, is because we refuse to eradicate the enemies of our faith, instead of living in self-sacrifice under Christ's Lordship.  Video of this service is also available:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA_Gio9z8g0&t=12s

Listen to the latest update from India. 21/03/25

It's Time To Look At Corey's Twitter: With all the allegations being thrown around, we have to see what people are saying on Corey's Twitter. His fans also start a petition to get Jim and Them off the air and it is a complete failure. SUZIQ: We get a call in from OG Wolfpack that has tales of run ins with Corey and HDM in the past! Strap in. Adrien Skye: Adrien comes out with her own outlandish allegations against the boys. Palette Cleansers: Some quick palette cleanser before we leave as we check in Chappel Roan's TikTok tragedy and check in with the latest Bhad Bhabie diss track. WHO THE HELL ARE YOU PEOPLE?!, YOU DISGUSTING SCUMBAGS!, COREY FELDMAN!, WOLFPACK!, IT'S TIME TO LOOK AT COREY'S TWITTER!, IT'S ALL CONNECTED!, COREY HAIM!, MY TRUTH DOCUMENTARY!, HDM!, JIM AND NANCY!, NALGAS DE COCO!, SPANISH!, SUBTLE!, DREW LANE SHOW!, COCONUT BUTTCHEEKS!, PETITION!, JIM AND THEM ARE POP CULTURE MAN!, PETITION!, CHANGE.ORG!, JAMZ!, SELF FELDMAN!, JIM AND THEM IS POP CULTURE!, SCARECROW!, STREISSAND EFFECT!, LATINO WORLD ORDER!, LA PARKA!, PAGGOTS!, HIDE BEHIND BITS!, HDM!, GROWN WOMAN!, IMDB!. PUBLIC FIGURE!, HORSEWOFL!, WOLFPACK!, SUZIQ!, REAL INTERACTIONS!, HARASSMENT!, CPS!, CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES!, BOBBY WOLFE!, JUDY HAIM!, CRYING!, HORRIBLE!, PAYS OUT OF POCKET!, FANMAIL!, FELDFAM!, COURT!, SERVED!, CONSPIRACY!, PARANOID!, THREATS!, DEATH THREATS!, VOICEMAIL!, THREATENING!, NAME IS MUD!, NEVER WORK IN THIS TOWN AGAIN!, TODAY SHOW!, COREY'S ANGELS!, ADRIEN SKYE!, COCOBUNZ!, WOLF PACK!, CHAPPEL ROAN!, TIKTOK!, ONE MATCH!, INDIAN!, CAN'T LEAVE!, DIVINE BING BING!, BHAD BHABIE!, ALABAMA BARKER!, BEEF!, DISS!, TRACK!,  You can find the videos from this episode at our Discord RIGHT HERE!

Moss Brook Church Joshua: Bold Obedience to a Promise-Keeping God - Eradicate Sin Sunday March 16th, 2025 Pastor Mike Booker Joshua 7:10-26

Released on @fourfloorrec Release date: 07.03.2025 “Disease is pain. Pain is human. Eradicate pain, eradicate humanness. Be wary of those who numb your agony. Disguised as relief, annihilation comes slowly—labeled as progress, sold as a cure.” Awaken from the dead: Fourfloor presents Omen EP, a collection of three techno tracks designed to provoke critical thinking. With a pledge to rouse society from the numbing traps modern life serves as cures for our very essence of being human, Omen EP stands as a reminder that society is changing—and omens should never be dismissed.

Released on @fourfloorrec Release date: 07.03.2025 “Disease is pain. Pain is human. Eradicate pain, eradicate humanness. Be wary of those who numb your agony. Disguised as relief, annihilation comes slowly—labeled as progress, sold as a cure.” Awaken from the dead: Fourfloor presents Omen EP, a collection of three techno tracks designed to provoke critical thinking. With a pledge to rouse society from the numbing traps modern life serves as cures for our very essence of being human, Omen EP stands as a reminder that society is changing—and omens should never be dismissed.

Released on @fourfloorrec Release date: 07.03.2025 “Disease is pain. Pain is human. Eradicate pain, eradicate humanness. Be wary of those who numb your agony. Disguised as relief, annihilation comes slowly—labeled as progress, sold as a cure.” Awaken from the dead: Fourfloor presents Omen EP, a collection of three techno tracks designed to provoke critical thinking. With a pledge to rouse society from the numbing traps modern life serves as cures for our very essence of being human, Omen EP stands as a reminder that society is changing—and omens should never be dismissed.

Eylon Levy, former Israeli government spokesperson, joined The Guy Benson Show today to discuss the worldwide mourning of the Bibas family, as the father delivered heartbreaking eulogies for his wife and children. Levy emphasized the urgency of securing the release of the remaining Israeli hostages still in Hamas captivity and the dire implications of their continued imprisonment. They also examined what's next for Gaza, as deep-seated hatred among Palestinians and Hamas may make a two-state solution impossible. Plus, why Israel's enemies will continue plotting to take hostages--and why Hamas must be completely eradicated. Listen to the full interview below! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this explosive episode, Dr. Asher Larmie speaks with Dra. Mónica Peralta, a physician from Nicaragua specializing in diabetes, intuitive eating, and Body Trust. Together they explore weight stigma in healthcare across cultures, focusing on the unique challenges faced in Latin America. Dra. Monica shares her journey from promoting weight loss to becoming a weight-inclusive practitioner, offering a candid critique of how diabetes care is too often reduced to weight management. Their conversation tackles the harmful impacts of GLP-1 medications being repurposed for weight loss, the deeply problematic concept of World Ob*sity Day, and the hope found in the organization AWSIM (Association for Weight and Size Inclusive Medicine). Key Moments:0:00 Introduction11:02Diabetes and Weight Stigma - A Double Burden 18:40 19:12 Weight Cycling and Its Impact on Diabetes Management 27:12 GLP-1 Medications: From Diabetes Treatment to Weight Loss Industry 38:42 World Ob*sity Day - "A Day to Eradicate a Type of Human Being" 50:12 AWSIM: The Association for Weight and Size Inclusive Medicine 57:42 Connecting with Dra. Mónica Peralta and Final Thoughts Dra Mónica Peralta is a nutritionist and diabetologist who practices in Nicaragua and sees clients worldwide. She is certified in intuitive eating, eating disorders, psychonutrition, and body image. You can learn all about her and the services she offers on her website, and follow her inspiring content on Instagram. Visit Asher's website and check out all his FREE RESOURCES. You can also book a consultation, join a course, find out about upcoming events, or join their exclusive online community The Weighting Room. If you enjoy this podcast and would like to support Asher so that he can continue making them, you can become a Patron. You'll find Asher on all the usual social media channels including Instagram, YouTube and Tik Tok.

New Zealand is partnering with overseas conservation charities to eradicate pests and restore ecosystems on three of our largest islands. DOC director general Penny Nelson spoke to Paddy Gower.

Michael explains the essential import of Uḷḷadu Nāṟpadu and all of Ramana's teachings in 8 key points -- 8 talks (videos). This is the fifth talk with the fifth point: We can eradicate ego only by attending to ourself exclusively. After explaining this point, Michael answers questions related to Ramana's teachings. This episode can be watched as a video on YouTube . A more compressed audio copy in Opus format can be downloaded from MediaFire . Ad-free videos on the original writings of Bhagavan Ramana with explanations by Michael James, and songs of Sri Sadhu Om with English translation can be accessed on our a Vimeo video channel

Donald Trump announced his administration will be pushing out a task force to eradicate “anti-Christian bias” - so we ask the simple question: where is this supposed Christian bias? Also, how much should “persecution” be thrown around! We do a deep dive into where this “bias” could be coming from in today's society!

In an online meeting with Kartik, Michael answers questions about Bhagavan Ramana's teachings. This episode can be watched as video on YouTube. A more compressed audio copy in Opus format can be downloaded from MediaFire . Ad-free videos on the original writings of Bhagavan Ramana with explanations by Michael James can be accessed on our Vimeo video channel: https://vimeo.com/ramanahou/albums .

I recently passed the milestone of having 40,000 students which is just incredible! To have educated that many small business owners over the last decade has been such a gift and we are growing faster than we ever have before.  Join The Co-op - The Membership for Online Businesses Connect with Abagail Instagram All the Links! At the end of 2024, I was averaging adding 1000 students a month and today I'm sharing what I've been doing that you may not be that I think is making all of the difference. This isn't some magic formula that will give you the same results as me. Ultimately, this is a combination of mindset, strategy, and systems that I've refined over many years and these are the things I think are actually moving the needle. Episode Highlights The One Mindset Shift I Made to Be Hyper-Consistent. [0:01:53]  How to Eradicate the Fear of Failure. [0:06:46] The Biggest Opportunity to Accelerate Growth. [0:10:46] Leveraging Support. [0:17:12] The Power of Repetition. [0:22:44] Thank you for listening! Please subscribe, rate, and review The Strategy Hour Podcast on iTunes. Ratings and reviews are extremely helpful and greatly appreciated. For show notes, go to bossproject.com/podcast.

About this episode: Thanks to vaccines, most people under a certain age have no memory of the devastation and terror caused by the poliovirus. Although widely eradicated, polio still poses a threat in certain countries around the world. Waning vaccination rates in pockets of the U.S. mean some communities are at risk of a resurgence. In this episode: a look back at polio before vaccines, and how technology has evolved—including a discussion about a previous version of the vaccine that did, in rare instances, actually cause paralytic polio. Guest: Dr. Bill Moss is the executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Host: Lindsay Smith Rogers, MA, is the producer of the Public Health On Call podcast, an editor for Expert Insights, and the director of content strategy for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Show links and related content: How Lagging Vaccination Could Lead to a Polio Resurgence—The New York Times The Polio Outbreak and What Needs to be Done to Eradicate the Virus Globally—Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Contact us: Have a question about something you heard? Looking for a transcript? Want to suggest a topic or guest? Contact us via email or visit our website. Follow us: @‌PublicHealthPod on Bluesky @‌JohnsHopkinsSPH on Instagram @‌JohnsHopkinsSPH on Facebook @‌PublicHealthOnCall on YouTube Here's our RSS feed

The Rich Zeoli Show- Hour 1: 3:05pm- Rich is finally back! He's out of the hospital and doing well. Rich wonders if a wing of the hospital might be named after him—not because of any donation he has made, but because of the amount of time and money he has spent there! 3:15pm- On Tuesday, Secretary of Defense nominee Pete Hegseth testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee. At one point, Hegseth outlined his plan to eradicate “woke” ideology from the U.S. military—vowing to prioritize combat preparation and competency. Hegseth also pledged to reinstitute any servicemembers who were kicked out of the military after refusing to take the COVID-19 vaccine. 3:20pm- While questioning Pete Hegseth during his confirmation hearing, Senator Elizabeth Warren humiliated herself. She accused Hegseth of being a hypocrite for once having said that no general should serve in the defense industry—though, Hegseth has never publicly taken a similar pledge that would apply to him. Hegseth adroitly noted he is not a general. 3:30pm- Ryan Manion—Chief Executive Officer of the Travis Manion Foundation & Author of “The Knock at the Door”—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss Pete Hegseth's Senate confirmation hearing. PLUS, Manion reveals that the Navy will name a ship after her brother! To learn more about the Travis Manion Foundation, visit: https://www.travismanion.org

Send us a textIt often seems like efforts to address poverty and homelessness are doing more harm than good. In this episode, James Whitford, co-founder and CEO of True Charity, examines the unintended consequences of conventional charity methods and the pitfalls of "toxic charity." Instead, he promotes a transformative approach rooted in human dignity, empowerment, and personal responsibility. His work is deeply rooted in biblical principles and highlights churches' pivotal role in fostering lasting change. These are focused, relational, community-driven solutions proven to make real change. Join us as we explore practical insights, real-life stories, and actionable steps to reimagine how we approach poverty and empower individuals to thrive within a Christ-centered framework.View the transcript, leave comments, and check out recommended resources on the Episode Landing Page!Learn more about DNA's free online Kingdomizer 101 Training: Truth and Transformation.

Sarah Montague speaks to Alice Edwards, the UN special rapporteur on torture. It's been 40 years since the introduction of the UN Convention Against Torture, but she says it's still happening at unacceptable levels. Is it possible to eradicate something that has been around for as long as humans have existed?

Tom Palladino is a renowned scalar energy researcher with over 25 years of experience in developing innovative healing techniques. His work is focused on leveraging scalar energy—a fundamental life force found throughout the universe—to help people recover from pathogenic infections and attain true health and wellness. Tom theorizes that this energy, originating from the sun and stars, provides order and instruction to the universe. He has designed specialized instruments to harness this divine energy and facilitate profound healing effects. Palladino's groundbreaking work aims to revolutionize how we understand and apply energy for healing and transformation.Episode Summary:In this enlightening episode of the Transform Your Mind Podcast, Life Coach Myrna Young sits down with Tom Palladino, a trailblazer in scalar energy research. The discussion delves deep into how scalar energy, a divine life force originating from the sun and stars, can be utilized for healing, specifically in transmuting pathogens and viruses. Tom shares insights into his groundbreaking work with scalar energy instruments, capable of transcending physical dimensions and addressing the root causes of disease within the quantum field. Tom Palladino guides listeners through the conceptual framework of scalar energy, elaborating on its capacity to inform and heal at an informational level. By working with photographs to access and interact with individual energy fields, Palladino's innovative instruments are set to revolutionize healing processes by bypassing traditional medicine's need for chemical reactions. Throughout the episode, Tom emphasizes how scalar energy can not only balance chakras and eliminate viruses but also pave the way for technological advancements such as anti-gravity transportation. This visionary approach hints at a future where harnessing scalar energy's full potential can dramatically alter human wellness and technological development.Key Takeaways:Scalar Energy Defined: Scalar energy is a fundamental life force originating from the sun and stars, synonymous with terms like chi, prana, and quantum energy.Healing at an Informational Level: Tom Palladino utilizes scalar instruments to work with energy fields via photographs, allowing for disease signatures to be negated without physical contact.Beyond Traditional Medicine: Scalar energy provides a non-chemical, informational approach to healing, emphasizing divine energy as a source of ultimate wellness.Future Applications: Potential future applications include anti-gravity transportation and a clean, limitless energy source that could revolutionize how we power our world.Global Vision: Palladino's goal is to impact billions globally, offering the world a new avenue for health and technological progress.To advertise on our podcast, visit https://advertising.libsyn.com/TransformyourMindor email kriti@youngandprofiting.com See this video on The Transform Your Mind YouTube Channel https://www.youtube.com/@MyhelpsUs/videosTo see a transcripts of this audio as well as links to all the advertisers on the show page https://myhelps.us/Follow Transform Your Mind on Instagram https://www.instagram.com/myrnamyoung/Follow Transform Your mind on Facebookhttps://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063738390977Please leave a rating and review on iTunes https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/transform-your-mind/id1144973094

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Share, like, and follow this Vivalife SPF ME podcast on Spotify/amazon/google platforms VivaLife SPF ME • A podcast on Spotify for Podcasters Subscribe to our YouTube: https://youtube.com/@vivalifehealthhub8261?si=zLFMLAZ126ss6qyO Click the link below to join our mailing list, events, and experiences https://vivalifespfme.com/dr-kelly-o-md-linktree Book Dr. Kelly O. MD: https://vivalifespfme.com/speaker Buy your journal: https://vivalifespfme.myshopify.com/products/vivalife-spf-me-journal #Affirmation #365DaysofAffirmation #VivalifeSPFMEPodcast #VivalifeSPFME #VivalifeHealthHUB #DrKellyOMD

Tired of sharing your home with roaches? They're not about to start paying rent. Someone's gotta pack their bags for them. Pickett Pest Control will do a lot more than that. Call its Roosevelt team at 435-781-0111 or click https://pickettpest.com/ for expert pest extermination services! Pickett Pest Control LLC City: Vernal Address: 462 E 700 S Website: https://www.pickettpest.com/

In this podcast episode, Meredith Olmsted, CEO and founder of FI GROW Solutions, sits down with Ronaldo Hardy, President and CEO of NACUSO, to discuss a groundbreaking initiative he led at Southwest Louisiana Credit Union. Ronaldo shares his journey of certifying all credit union employees as financial counselors, delving into the transformative impact it had on staff, members, and the broader community. This episode unpacks the “why” behind the initiative, the process involved, and the invaluable lessons learned from this bold approach to financial empowerment.Key Takeaways:Comprehensive Financial Empowerment: By certifying every employee as a financial counselor, Southwest Louisiana Credit Union ensured that all staff members were equipped to assist members and the community, creating a seamless and supportive experience for all interactions.Empowering Employees Internally: The certification process not only benefited members but also equipped employees with deeper financial knowledge, enabling them to manage their personal finances more effectively and extend advice to their families and friends.Community Impact and Growth: This initiative helped the credit union rebuild its reputation, foster trust within the community, and achieve remarkable growth, with a 70% increase in asset size over five years.

In this episode of the Women on the Move Podcast Alison Moore, who excelled in media and technology leadership, discusses her journey to becoming CEO of Comic Relief US. She joins Women on the Move host, Sam Saperstein, to share how her passion for the creative arts led to a varied career. Alison has championed innovative ways to engage audiences and amplify social impact, and she remains committed to community empowerment.   After earning a political science degree, Alison nearly pursued a career on Capitol Hill but chose a job at Turner Broadcasting in Atlanta instead. This decision launched her "media journey," with roles at HBO, DailyCandy, NBCUniversal, and as Chief Business Officer at Condé Nast, overseeing brands like Glamour and Allure. She later joined SoundCloud, driven by her love for creativity.   Despite the varied roles, Alison sees a common thread: a desire to support creativity and connect the dots in business operations. While initially hesitant about joining the non-profit sector, she saw how her creativity could be leveraged to support the mission of creating a world free from poverty through activations such as Red Nose Day. Comic Relief US leverages entertainment and joy to inspire change, using humor and levity to engage people in meaningful ways.   Disclaimer: The speakers' opinions belong to them and may differ from opinions of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its affiliates. Views presented on this podcast are those of the speakers; they are as of November 12th, 2024 and they may not materialize.

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 Transformed Podcast Episode 93 | October 17, 2024  In this episode of "Transformed," Dr. Greg Gifford addresses the pervasive issue of pornography and its impact on individuals and relationships. Drawing from biblical principles, he emphasizes that pornography is a sin that can be resisted through the power of the Holy Spirit. Discover how to combat the lure of pornography and live a life that honors the Lord. ___ Thanks for listening! Transformed would not be possible without the financial support of our Gospel Partners. If you would like to support Transformed we would be extremely grateful. VISIT https://fortisinstitute.org/donate/ If you are already a Gospel Partner we couldn't be more thankful for you if we tried!

Today's episode is extra special because I'm sharing yet another one of my trademark tools, which is especially effective in helping people reduce and eradicate physical pain. This tool is called the Success Matrix, and it's essential for bringing awareness to your clients and treating the root cause of pain—rather than just the surface-level symptoms.      Tune in to learn how the Success Matrix helps patients understand their own anatomy and biomechanics so they can become active participants in their rehab while also empowering them to make incremental gains. It's a nurturing process that will help you build a healing relationship with clients.     Get full show notes, transcript and more information here: https://www.functionalsynergy.com/284

Subconscious Realms Episode 293 - Psychedelic Micro-Dosing & Alternative Medicine's - 7 Degrees Of Wisdom Podcast - Megan Allen. Ladies & Gentlemen, on this Episode of Subconscious Realms we welcome back one of our Extraordinary returning guests to discuss numerous medical alternatives than those Retchid "Big -Pharma" "Anti-Psychotics/Antidepressants" that seem be causing much more harm than good. Megan has chosen to Eradicate any previously prescribed Pharmaceuticals & replaced them entirely with Psychedelics, in the form of "Micro-Dosing" specifically with Megan's preferred strain of choice; "PE6 - Penis Envy" (from my own experiences one of the more Potent strains which I highly recommend) Megan also highly recommends; "Golden Healer" strain (which I haven't yet used myself!!) Along with; "Amanita Muscaria" (Fly Agaric/Fly Amanita) for Megan this particular strain tends leave users feeling more Nauseous as in comparison to Penis Envy & Golden Healers. Yet again if anything vast majority is all depending upon each owns usage, trial & error being a key factor indeed. Micro-Dosing being one of many options for Pharmaceutical alternatives. Not forgetting a huge increase on Ketamine Therapy in the U.S.A alone. If you have any further questions please don't hesitate to contact either Megan or myself on any of the below links☺

If you are dealing with vine mealybug in your vineyard, you are not alone. Kent Daane, Cooperative Extension Specialist at the University of California Berkley studies different types of mealybug populations across the globe. Kent covers organic and conventional strategies, ways to increase the presence of generalist and specialist natural predators, and the importance of establishing refugia for beneficials. His latest work focuses on area-wide management tactics. Looking to the European Grapevine Moth eradication program as an example, Kent sees an opportunity to decrease vine mealybug populations through neighborhood driven monitoring, trapping, coordinated sprays, and mating disruption. Resources:         119: Vine Mealybug 101: Species Identification, Lifecycle, and Scouting to Create an IPM Program 130: The Biological Control of Vine Mealybug Using Mealybug Destroyers and Anagyrus Wasps Biology and management of mealybugs in vineyards Ecology and management of grapevine leafroll disease Impacts of Argentine ants on mealybugs and their natural enemies in California's coastal vineyards Insecticides for a mealybug and a carpenter moth on vine trunks, 2023 In-season drip and foliar insecticides for a mealybug in grapes, 2023 In-Season Drip and Foliar Insecticides for a Mealybug in Grapes, 2021 Kent Daane Mealybug transmission of grapevine leafroll viruses: an analysis of virus–vector specificity Sustainable Control tools for Vine Mealybug UCCE Napa Viticulture Extension Leaf Hopper site Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet   Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Sustainable Winegrowing On-Demand (Western SARE) – Learn at your own pace Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org.   Transcript [00:00:00] Craig Macmillan: Welcome to Sustainable Wine Growing with Vineyard Team. Our guest today is Kent Daane. He is a Cooperative Extension Specialist with the University of California, Berkeley, and he works primarily out of the Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center. And today we're going to talk about a number of topics. Thanks for being on the podcast, Kent. [00:00:17] Kent Daane: Craig, thanks. I'm happy to be here. [00:00:20] Craig Macmillan: Let's dive in on one pest that everybody's interested in, continuing to be interested in, and you may have some new insights or newer insights on this. Let's start with mealybug management. Kind of what's the state of the art in that topic right now? [00:00:33] Kent Daane: Yeah, that's been the number one question I've been getting for many, many years now. It is an invasive pest. We know it came in, probably being brought in by a grower down in Coachella Valley. It has since spread into the San Joaquin Valley, Central Coast area where you are, Napa Sonoma, and it's been found now in Oregon. Just like Napa, Oregon has attempted an eradication program. And probably just like Napa, most likely it's not going to work. It's a very, very difficult insect to kill 100%. I mean, I can come up with all kinds of different programs, soft programs, hard programs, expensive programs, inexpensive programs, where I can suppress that insect pest. It's very difficult to remove it from a vineyard. And that becomes important when you think about the kinds of damage we're worried about in Central Coast wine grapes. Pretty much anywhere where they're looking at grape quality. But especially in the cooler regions. So, this insect, this mealybug, is one of many mealybug species. that is a vector of grape leaf roll associated viruses. And this is the primary reason it grows to such high pest status. So for the most part, the growers can knock its levels down far enough that it's not in the grape clusters or it's rarely found in the grape clusters. That's more of an issue for table grape growers. It's a cosmetic pest. When you look at some of the Regions in the San Joaquin Valley where they're growing a lot of table grapes Kern, Tulare, Kings, Fresno, counties, there's enough heat accumulation and these grapes are harvested early enough in the season that they can still build up their Brix. They can still get a very good grape to market. Even when there's some vinely bug on the vine, they just don't tend to be as impacted by this leaf roll pathogen as our wine grapes. When you get into regions like San Luis Obispo, Napa, Monterey, Oregon, where they really are trying to hold those grapes on the vine for a longer period of time, trying to build up the bricks levels. That's where this. pathogen causes so much damage. [00:03:06] Craig Macmillan: most of our growers are already going to be familiar with this, but what kind of damage does the vine mealybug cause? It's so, so terrible. [00:03:12] Kent Daane: So the vine mealybug, besides being a vector of this pathogen, is also a direct pest of the grapevine. It can feed on the roots, on the trunk, on the leaves, and in the fruit. When this first hit California, we were working on it primarily as a San Joaquin Valley pest. growers that were putting on, you know, the products of the day dimethylate, lanate. If they were missing , the, target window where that pest was exposed, we would see thousands and thousands of mealybugs, not just per vine, but sometimes a thousand millibugs per leaf. It was causing defoliation. It was causing the berries to raisin on the vine. In South Africa, populations were getting so heavy. It was killing the vines themselves. How many people out there 20, 30 years ago were spraying so many neonics as we're saying today? We weren't doing that. now really, we were spraying for leaf hoppers as our number one pests followed by mites in case there was a flare up. It changed what we were doing in terms of pest management. In fact there's a group of us working internationally. Not just on the vine mealybug, but other mealybug species, because we've seen vine mealybug, grape mealybug, citrus mealybug, all becoming more problematic over the last decade. And we're, asking that question, why? What has gone on? And one of the thoughts we've got, not yet shown, but one idea is that we just sprayed so many of these, these newer chemicals that the mealybugs are developing resistance, The natural enemies are not, and we're seeing an escape of some of these mealybug species in now a, to them, a pesticide lessened environment. [00:05:10] Craig Macmillan: speaking of biological control, so this is an invasive pest, came from outside the U. S. That's the kinda the classical biological control problem. the pest comes, but its natural enemies don't come with it. there are some natural enemies of vine mealybug in the United States. [00:05:24] Kent Daane: Yes, they are, and I don't want to go too deep in the weeds on this, but this is new, very exciting to me. I did an importation program, that's a classic biocontrol program, where we go to the pests, origin, we look for natural enemies and we bring those back to the United States. Growers can't do that. It's got to go into quarantine. We have to study those natural enemies. Sometimes for years to make sure that they're not going to do any harm. The classic example people think about is I've got a problem with rats. And so I bring in a weasel, the weasel kills all the rats, and then starts going after my chickens. We don't do that anymore. Classic biocontrol is now much more modern. We've got all kinds of protective barriers against making a mistake. In fact, I think that we've gone a little bit too far. I think we're overly cautious. Bringing this back to the Vine melaybug, I imported material from Europe, from Israel, from Egypt, and from South Africa. We were finding mostly the same species in most of these different regions. The two most important species at that time were called Anagyrus pseudococci, which is The well known parasitoid that you can purchase from insectaries. The other one is Coxydoxinoides peregrinus, no common name on these insects. Both are established in California. When I did this work, we noticed a difference between the anagyrus near species Pseudococci that we were getting in Sicily and Spain with the material that we were getting that had already been established from Israel and what we're finding in northern Italy. Working with a taxonomist, Sergei Trapitsin he found some significant differences between these. And later on after both were imported in the United States determined that these were two species, one still Anagyrus pseudocoxi and one Anagyrus vladimiri. So sometimes you'll see insectaries selling Anagyrus vladimiri and you think, Oh, I want that. That's different. It is different, but both are established in California. We're actually going to do a followup study. now in collaboration with this international group to find out what we've got in California. I suspect we've got both. Now, why is this exciting? Because at the time we were doing this work, we felt like the parasites were different, and we felt that these different groups that we were importing, maybe one had co evolved with the citrus mealybug, And the other with the vine mealybug. And we had already done some work with the vine mealybug, molecular work, looking at its relationship to each other around the world. and their names are, scientific names would be citrus mealybug, planococcus citri. Vine mealybug, we knew as planococcus ficus, which means, Ficus tree, fig tree. And we were showing that this group was, they had an outlier and ours was the outlier. And then working with this international group, they said, look, back in the fifties, there was a planococcus vitis. And I think what you've got, what we've got on vines, is the vine mealybug. But not in Iran and Iraq at that time. And, and maybe in that Mediterranean region Israel, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey the Mesopotamian region, I think is what it is. Maybe there are some parasites there that we didn't have. Certainly, my colleague in Egypt and more parasites than we were finding in Europe. We just weren't able to get them all to establish in colony in quarantine. So it opens up the window that, that maybe there's something still out there. At this point in time, I say in all the countries where vine mealybug is reported as a problem, that's most of Europe Mexico, South America South Africa. We have the best of those parasites. We just want to delve deeper into what are we seeing in Turkey? How does that match up with what we know is in Egypt? And I do have colleagues in Iran. It's just harder for me to go there. [00:10:09] Craig Macmillan: right, of course. so this makes me think, is it possible that we have mixed populations of these mealybugs in California on the same plant, so it's different areas? [00:10:17] Kent Daane: So that's the project we're working on with this international group. What we decided to do in a three part approach is to first find out what everyone's got. The assumption is that in South America, In the United States, North America, we have got single invasion events. Our guess is that it arrived in the U S in Coachella and Mexico at the same time. We're pretty sure that the population they have in Peru is from California Yeah, they were bringing nursery wood in and lo and behold, they found vine mealybug. We went down to look at a nomatode problem to be honest with some UC California researchers. And we found that they had some mite problems at the same mites that we've got in North American California. So they were probably not being very cautious in what they were importing. So we're assuming that South America's got this California group which came from Israel. We know Israel and Egypt have something very similar, but it's different than most of Europe. South Africa is similar to Portugal and Spain, which makes sense with the trade routes that were going on in the 1960s. What we're guessing is that The European groups, there probably are, there's reported failures of vine mealybug mating disruption in some European areas. And we think that probably is this other mealybug that is probably in Turkey. So it's all very exciting to me, kind of delving deeper into the weeds on this. But the first part of this international group, again, a great group of people, Europe, South America our first part is what do we all have? Our second part is what we're doing a grower survey that we actually sent to the vineyard team and they spread out to some growers as well. What are, what are growers using to control the mealybug? Because maybe with some of the, we find out what it is and maybe growers are working harder to control our vine mealybug than say that the fig millebug which appears to be what they've got in most of Europe. Remember when I started the foreign exploration when I was in Spain growers would tell me yeah we've got the vine millebug but it really is not much of a pest. Citrus millebug on vines is more of a pest. Well they probably have that fig mealybug but [00:13:01] Craig Macmillan: Ah, [00:13:01] Kent Daane: You know, taxonomically, it looked to us like the vine mealybug.And I hope I'm not throwing all these things out and it's confusing. So, second part, that is, the survey. What do you have and what are you using to control it? And if it matches up that, yeah, what we've got is the one that's more difficult, that fills in a lot of boxes. Third and fourth part are now looking at the natural controls. What parasites are you getting coming off of this? What parasites are in your region? And how do they respond to the pheromones that we know are out there? So if they're not, if they're responding to both citrus and vine, maybe that's an indication that it's this other group. If they're not responding at all, or weakly, yeah, we've, we've got three or more distinct species. And we can't tell them apart, but maybe the parasites can. [00:13:56] Craig Macmillan: this is kind of a practical question. hoW do you monitor parasitic wasps? They're tiny. They live in refugia. They then come out and plant their eggs in their host. that seems like a really hard thing to do. [00:14:10] Kent Daane: That's an absolute fantastic question. So let's look at that most common parasite, Antigyrus Pseudococci slash Vladimiri. So what we found over the years is that it does a great job on mealybugs that are exposed in the fruit, on the leaves, on the cane. By the end of the season, if you're not putting on a lot of contact chemicals, you're getting greater than 40 percent parasitism. Very easy to see, [00:14:43] Craig Macmillan: Right. [00:14:43] Kent Daane: doesn't do very well against the mealybugs under the bark, because it's got this searching behavior where it's got to get on top of the mealybug, determine how big it is, do I want to put a an egg that's not fertilized in that, which would be a male, and they need smaller mealybugs for that. Do I want to put an egg which is fertilized? In that, that will become a female parasite that needs larger host. [00:15:09] Craig Macmillan: the same insect, the same parasite has the ability to do either. [00:15:13] Kent Daane: Yes. [00:15:15] Craig Macmillan: Wow. [00:15:15] Kent Daane: again, this is really a neat subject and I hope I don't bore the audience too much. But, a lot of these parasites that become important for mealybugs they have this little sac, so you've got your oviduct going to your ovarioles, in the female. And right around the oviduct area, before it splits into the two ovarioles, you've got this little sac called the spermatheca. unlike humans, where the sperm goes in and Seeks out the eggs and fertilizes it. The sperm go in and the female parasite stores them in the spermatheca. And then as the eggs are mature and ready to go down, oviduct and get ready to be oviposited into the mealybug, the female decides to fertilize the egg or not fertilize it. And if it's fertilized, it becomes a female. If it's not fertilized, it becomes a male. And that allows her to determine what the host size is, because the females are bigger than the males. And so she will walk up and down. and size that mealybug and say that this, this mealybug is a good enough size that this is worthy for me to put a fertilized egg in and that will become a female. Or a second in store mealybug, she'll say, this really isn't that good of a mealybug host. So I'm going to put An unfertilized egg, and that will become a male. And that was, going back to this Anagyrus Vladimiri versus Pseudococci, that was the most important difference that we found in this Sicilian and Spanish group of Anagyrus, was that they would oviposit and put females in smaller hosts than the male. earlier parasite which probably evolved on the citrus mealybug. So going back to this question because I do go off on different tangents. How do you sample for these things? So it's really easy to find a mummified mealybug on a leaf. But remember what we're doing. We're spraying now a lot of Movento and we're spraying a lot of the Neonics regardless of its Admire, Platinum, or generic derivative. They're all good materials. and maybe you're putting on an IGR like a plot, again, all good materials, Assail, all good materials. What they tend to do is work really good against the mealy bug, which is exposed on the leaves. Our systemic materials are really good at going out to the leaves. Our contact materials, our IGRs, the neonics, that are contacts kill the mealybug that's exposed. All of these materials do less of a good job with the mealybug underneath the bark. we're not getting a true indication of what these parasites can do because we're killing the host that's the best location for them to attack. So that means to really find out what's going on, you got to strip bark oftentimes. So now you're looking at parasitism in that region of the vine that the parasite doesn't like to be. Now, if we add to this, this other good parasite, which is the coccidoxoenoides peregrinus, we really liked to bring this in because it attacks the very, very small stages of the mealybug, the first and the second instar. It's sometimes a small third, but really it's focused on the second instar. [00:19:05] Craig Macmillan: Got it. [00:19:06] Kent Daane: It's in California. You can find it, but it's really hard to find out what impact it's got because it will parasitize the mealybug and will cause the parasitized mealybug to die. to feel sick and to seek out some area for protection because the anagyrus if you see that mealybug parasitized on the leaf causes that mealybug to kind of glue itself down to the leaf You have to flip that thing to get it off the leaf. A mummy is a dead mealybug which sticks to the leaf. The coccydox anoides causes the mealybug to find a place of protection because it doesn't stick it to the leaf. So it often times goes to the trunk, or goes to the stem, and eventually falls off the vine, and will pupate down into the ground. And so to sample for that one, you have to collect them as first or second instars live, bring them back to the insectary, and rear them out to the parasite, which is just really a lot of work hard to do. so these things are far more difficult to do. Sample four, then going out and counting, you know, aphid parasites, which are just out there as little brown mummified aphids. [00:20:29] Craig Macmillan: it sounds like this would play a role in my timing of my insecticide applications, whether it's Spirotetramat or Neonic or One of the programs that I think is common is to have spirotetramat on top and have a myothiamethoxam soil applied. Does that sound right? [00:20:47] Kent Daane: Yeah, that sounds right. I mean, they're both good products and they're doing what they're supposed to do. they're killing the mealybug. And when the timing is right, they're getting out there before the mealybug. So as the mealybug is going out towards the leaves. You know, they're probably doing a better job than the parasite will do on its own. Now, if you are an organic grower and you can't use those materials, then timing does become a little bit more critical because you're putting on, oftentimes, organic materials every 10 to 14 days because they've got a shorter residual. So on those you may want to, you know, work your timing around to avoid to give it a window of opportunity some of these natural enemies. There you're looking on the leaf, you're looking for mummified mealybugs. You know, are, do I have some of these good natural enemies in the field? You're looking for the mealybug destroyer, or one of the other beetles. Green lancelings are also doing a pretty good job. So you're monitoring those. And maybe you're deciding, I've got a lot of good activity maybe I should wait to put on pyganic or one of the other materials, which is broad spectrum give the other parasites a chance, a cycle, to see what their impact's going to be on that millibug population. Or maybe you're going to leave every fifth row unsprayed to let the parasites come back in and then hit that row later. So you've got a chance for those natural enemies to move the just sprayed vines. [00:22:22] Craig Macmillan: That was going to be my next question is what is the refugee situation for these parasites? Do they come into the vineyard, do their thing and then leave? Do they come in when there is host and then they hang out in the vineyard for the rest of the season? Do we know? I'm just thinking about ways that I can preserve, conserve those parasites as much as possible so that they're there when I need them. [00:22:45] Kent Daane: That's a great question, Craig. And let's break this apart into two different areas. Let's talk about First, the generalist predators that I just mentioned, the green lacewings, a good mealybug predator against the smaller mealybug stages. A lot of the things we do to enhance natural enemies will enhance generalist predators. So that's where your cover crops come in. That's where your pollen and nectar come in. You'll increase generalist predators. Ladybird beetles, green lacewings, minute pyre bugs, those can all attack and kill. That same group of cover cropping that brings in the gentleness predator may have little impact on the specialized parasitoids. Things like the anagyrus and the coccidocsinoides, what they want is the mealybugs. And not all mealybugs will do. They really want the mealybugs that are better hosts for them. So, they tend to get everything they need out of that pest population. They can host feed. They can stick their ovipositor into a mealybug, turn around and feed on some of that exudate, some of what's being bled. The mealybug creates honeydew. That honeydew, instead of trying to plant a cover crop for honeydew, that honeydew serves as a food to increase the longevity of those parasitoids. And as the mealybug density goes down, the parasite numbers should go down as well. Now there are different kinds of food sprays that we hope to look at that oftentimes do help increase both generalists and perhaps specialist natural enemies. [00:24:46] Craig Macmillan: Hm. [00:24:46] Kent Daane: The number one thing you do to to enhance beneficial insect numbers is to watch the broad spectrum insecticide sprays or to time them where you're not spraying, you know, all 100 acres at the same time, but you're leaving a refugia so they can move back in. [00:25:08] Craig Macmillan: Interesting. So, I might be looking at something and saying, okay, I am going to have to take some action here. I'm hitting an action threshold but not pull the trigger on the whole thing. leave one area for a little bit, and then can you come back and treat that later, so that you're preserving some of these folks, and then they can come back on the other side, and find a balance between the chemical and the biological. Mm [00:25:31] Kent Daane: Right. A balance, a delay might just be 10 days, might be 20 days. We don't want to miss our spray window, but remember, Most of the natural enemies are winged as adults, whereas the female mealybug is never winged. Fairly slow, fairly thestle. So that allows for those beneficials to come back in. And if you're a large grower this just happens over over the course because you can't spray 100 acres in a day. [00:26:07] Craig Macmillan: Right. Right. Fascinating. Are growers starting to adopt, in your experience with the folks that you work with, are growers starting to adopt these kinds of timings and techniques and methods? [00:26:19] Kent Daane: I think growers are constantly adopting, improving, changing one of the common misconceptions when I talk to students or people who just don't don't know how to farm or farmers is that farmers really don't want to spray. Spraying costs money. it is an added expenditure, added time, added worry. So they'd much rather, you know, go back 50 years when we didn't have all these invasive insects from Vine mealybug to Virginia Creeper growers are always seeking out how to improve the insecticide materials they've got, how to reduce the insecticide applications they have to make. And that does include natural enemies, mating disruption. What it comes down to is just costs. So oftentimes there's a trade off. If you're going to use mating disruption, you may not be doing three applications of an insecticide for vine mealybug. Maybe it's one insecticide plus vine mealybug mating disruption. If you're organic and you're releasing beneficial insects and spraying every other week. Maybe you don't have the cost for mating disruption. So these are all decisions that individual growers have to make. Obviously we've got some growers in some regions can spend 300 per acre for mealybug control. Other growers simply cannot do that because of the value of, their product at the very end. [00:28:03] Craig Macmillan: Right. This is kind of a natural lead in to something I wanted to touch on, and that is the Virginia Creeper leafhopper that's found on the North Coast. That also an invasive, correct? Came in from outside. [00:28:15] Kent Daane: It is invasive to some extent. It is not invasive like the vine mealybug is from. The Mediterranean region Virginia creeper most likely is, is North American. But yes, it was never really a California leafhopper pest. It was, no England, Canada. Pest that then went into Washington, then went into Oregon, that then came into California. interestingly, the, leafhopper that I worked on for so many years the variegated grape leafhopper probably North American, probably had a different avenue, probably came up from the south, from Mexico, Texas, to Arizona, to California. So Some of our invasives are close relatives. [00:29:07] Craig Macmillan: Interesting. what's the difference in damage that's caused by the Virginia creep leaf hopper and the the variegated leaf hopper. [00:29:17] Kent Daane: So they're, they're very similar. I think that the grape leafhopper is the one we've been dealing with for the longest time and has been relatively mild compared to the other two. The variegated grape leafhopper When it first came into the San Joaquin Valley, it could defoliate vines. It had three to four generations per year. [00:29:42] Craig Macmillan: Oh, wow. [00:29:43] Kent Daane: It seemed to be much more damaging than the grape leafhopper. Virginia creeper leafhopper, now in northern California, making its way south. So it's gotten to the middle of the state. It's in Napa, Sonoma, Sacramento. I have not seen it. Heard it reported in the Fresno area. Oh, it has been reported in Fresno. But I'm not saying it causes much damage here. We really don't get many leaf hopper reports for damage here, except for organic growers. And that's because all the sprays for vine mealybug. Most of those vine mealybug sprays are very good against the leaf hoppers. Where I have seen it as a pest. It's been mostly in wine grapes. Mostly in the cooler regions of the state. Mostly controlled by conventional insecticides. There are programs organic materials registered for Virginia creeper that I think have done a fairly good job. But it, it does get out of hand. And I think for all these leaf hoppers with organic materials, what happens is that The organic products tend to not work well , against the leaf operant in the egg stage or the leaf operant in the adult stage. So timing is very important. You want to get those materials on. when egg hatch is nearly complete and when you've got mostly first and second instars out there. That's because most of our organic products tend to impact these pests by either being a desiccant like the soaps that dry it out or a suffocant like the oils that clog the spiracles. And so the the, adults just fly away from that tractor rig as it's coming down. The eggs are protected inside the leaf itself, in their little clusters for the Virginia Creeper. And the larger insects can, they're just more mobile. So it's hard to kill them. So timing becomes relatively critical with these insects. I've not worked directly with Virginia creeper other than hosting Houston Wilson did his graduate work in my lab and really focused on, on the parasites of this insect. Lucia Varela, now retired, did focus on looking at the different insecticides and she's got a nice summary article which is on Monica Cooper's website. It talks about the different insecticides, U C cooperative extension Napa County. And she's got a website that goes into materials for organic growers for Virginia creeper leaf hopper. I think that's where I saw. that information posted. And what Houston did was he just looked at and tried to improve the Enneagrus. So we get those two confused. The Lilybug parasite is Anagyrus. The Leafhopper parasite is Enneagrus. The two names sound pretty similar, but one is an inserted family and one is a Mimerit. Or a fairy fly, fairy winged fly. They're some of the smallest insects known. So, [00:33:03] Craig Macmillan: Wow. So, we are continuing to look at these new parasites, how they're performing, we're learning a lot more about them, and we're learning a lot more about timing of different kinds of sprays around their life cycle. [00:33:17] Kent Daane: Yeah, what Houston was trying to do was to understand why parasitism against the Virginia creeper leafhopper was against all the leafhoppers. Why parasitism was relatively low. So I was working with Danny Gonzales and Sergei Tripitsin, And just mentioning to the taxonomist, Sergei, that it seemed like there were differences amongst these Enneagris samples that we were releasing. And I had happened to save all of the material that had died. So I sent that to Sergei, and Sergei looked at these things closely and then said, look, we've got a complex of parasites. And he named Enneagris erythronureae. After the species that was most commonly attacking variegated grape leafhopper, which is Erythronere variabilis. There was another one, and he called a Negris tryptocova, which was named after his wife's father's family and he said that was the better looking one of the group. And there was one that just didn't do that much. And he named that after me, a Negris Dana. And so that one we thought was the one attacking the western grape leaf hopper most commonly. And it was being found more commonly in the riparian zone. So that's 20 years ago, fast forward to our new invasive leaf hopper, the Virginia creeper leaf hopper, which is again coming down from Canada to Washington to Oregon to California. Well, it ends up that the Enneagris deni is very important attacking that leaf hopper. So Houston was working out the relationship of these three parasites against these three leaf hoppers and trying to understand if he could manipulate their numbers to improve biocontrol. He looked at hedgerows, he looked at augmentative releases or inoculative releases, and we're still curious to see if that can't be improved even. [00:35:30] Craig Macmillan: That's fantastic. Another topic that I wanted to touch on, because it's a really cool idea, and I think we'll have applications across a lot of things eventually, and that is area wide pest management strategies. And I know that you've done a lot of work in this area from the beginning, really, of kind of the concept. What is an area wide pest management strategy? Management program. What does it look like? What can it what is its goal? How does it operate? What kind of success we've seen so far? [00:35:59] Kent Daane: Yeah, that's a fantastic question. It's a topic I'm really excited about and let's think about it when we think about the European grapevine model. that was another invasive insect, It was found in California, it was found in Chile around the same time. So you've got this invasive insect, and the state of California deemed this important enough to have an eradication program. [00:36:22] Craig Macmillan: Oh and just real quick. What kind of damage does grapevine moth do? [00:36:26] Kent Daane: So the European Greenvine Moth it'll feed on the vine, but it gets in the fruit clusters. think of the omnivorous leaf roller One of those, one of our tortricid pests that can really cause damage to the grape a number of generations per year, a lot of different possibilities where it might come from in terms of a host plant material. So it can be very problematic. It would require a spray every single year, an additional spray for a tortricid pest, if it were to establish. [00:37:00] Craig Macmillan: one the big issue here is that it attacks the berries directly [00:37:03] Kent Daane: absolutely. [00:37:04] Craig Macmillan: Okay. So that's a, that's a serious problem. [00:37:07] Kent Daane: No, no, the, it, it causes mold and rot and everything else once it gets in there. So, you know, two or three doesn't seem like a lot. You just think, well, berry can go to crush, but that berry will get all kinds of bunch rot. not a good fruit. So when you think about the eradication program, where there was monitoring everywhere in the state. When you think about the eradication program, where when they found this pest through pheromone traps, and then they did a ground search to find out where it was. And then there was a coordinated investigation. Effort to spray the right materials, to use mating disruption, to go after it in all of the adjoining areas. those eradication programs are very intense. Area wide control programs. So, let's think about Vine mealybug, which is now in most vineyards. We're still approaching this on an individual grower basis. We might have one grower using mating disruption, because they're going to go organic, and a next door neighbor doing nothing. There's going to be constant movement of that pest into that grower's. field We might have two growers, one using Movento every other year, and another using Platinum every other year. Those males are going back and forth between those vineyards, sharing whatever genetic resistance that they're developing. And so really, if those growers are switching, one's using Movento, one's using Platinum that insect is moving between those vineyards all the time. And it's not a resistance management program, or you might have a small five acre grower deciding to put out mating disruption. Mating disruption works better blanketing the whole area. So an area wide program, and then you bring into it the idea of roguing leaf roll diseased vines. there are two things I just mentioned in this last 30 seconds that are so important for area wide management of mealybug and leaf roll that are the killers to those programs. The first is mating disruption still costs more money than a pesticide application. It's a fantastic tool. It is a tool that works better the lower and lower the mealybug density gets. So you use insecticides to really drop the mealybug population down, but there gets to be a point where the mealybugs are now on the bark. There are little populations here and there, and we know the insecticides are never 100 percent. Mating disruption works better. The lower the milli buck density is. [00:40:05] Craig Macmillan: Got it. [00:40:06] Kent Daane: But there's a cost to it. So we start with insecticides. The next part is the rowing of the infected vines. That's very important on an area wide basis because if you're planting, you've had, vineyard is old, it's not productive, it's had leaf roll. You pull it out, but it's right next to a block that's got 80 percent infected vines. You're always going to have new infections showing up over and over and over again. Unless that grower next to you is just doing this bang up job of applying insecticides all the time to keep mealybugs from going into your vineyard. you can make area wide control work for the pathogen. and the pest. But in the best world, let's say you're in control of a thousand acres, pull out every vineyard that's infected and replant and then pull out every new infection in it. And people just can't afford this. [00:41:06] Craig Macmillan: Right. [00:41:07] Kent Daane: if you're managing 200, 300 acres and Your vineyard with leaf roll that's at 30 percent is still profitable. it's hard to pull out those 30%. It's just hard to do. I get it. But something that I wish we could get, you know, government subsidy for to, to have them help us come in, pull out the infected vines, start clean again. But it does work. It's worked in South Africa. It's worked in New Zealand. It's worked in Napa. It just comes at a cost that may be prohibitive in some regions, in some areas. So the best we can do is to manage mealybug and the disease incidence in an area wide manner. [00:41:52] Craig Macmillan: if I remember correctly, I mean, the work has been done now that, demonstrates roguing is your best strategy overall long term, but it's expensive short term. and that is the issue. That's the tricky bit. [00:42:06] Kent Daane: There are two tricky bits to it. The first tricky bit is the expense you just talked about. The second tricky bit is that in most of the regions where we know it's worked They have not been dealing, perhaps, with our vine mealybug. They've been dealing with the grape mealybug, long tail mealybug, obscure mealybug. we've got I think the worst mealybug. And maybe that mealybug is just better at surviving on root remnants. You know, you hear all the time from growers, I r I've been removing 10 percent of my vineyard every single year for five years. And when I looked at The south African data, they removed 20%. Second year, 5%. Third year, 3%. Fourth year, 1%. And after that, it was always 1%. [00:42:54] Craig Macmillan: last piece of this puzzle in my mind is you have to get your neighbors to cooperate. That's the area wide bit. You have to get people to get on the same page in terms of what they're doing. And it sounds to me like they don't necessarily have to be doing exactly the same thing. They just have to be sensitive to what somebody else wants to do. Does that sound right? [00:43:15] Kent Daane: There are areas where it has worked well. It can work in the Central Coast. It can work in Lodi. We may not see, you know, eradication of diseased vines. We may not see a reduction of vine mealybug to a point where we can treat every other year. We might be treating every single year. for this, but we can improve what we're doing through communication right now. In the central Valley, we're working with a great group of growers where we're just mapping out the vine mealybug and we're sharing with the growers where the melaybug populations are. It's their decision. What? What to use, what to do for control. It's their decision. Can they rogue or not rogue? But what we're trying to do is to help foster communication amongst the different growers that are neighbors, because we're a third party, which I think helps a little bit. it would be fantastic if we could have someone hired as a scout or PCA, where we work with. PCAs in the region and everyone shares data. We're trying a new computer program this year, which we at the end of the season, we'll launch with our collaborating growers where they can log on in real time. and see what the trap counts are as we count those trap counts. And that will help them make a decision, we hope, on what to do in terms of control measures. But again, the best thing might be that we're opening up communication, just as the Vineyard team is doing through podcasts, through field days, through the website. [00:44:55] Craig Macmillan: Well, let's hope. And I, and there's a number of other organizations too. the, the group in Lodi has done a fantastic job from what I understand. Fostering communication and sharing information. like you said, I think that's probably one of our, our, our best hopes. Is working collaboratively as an industry and getting communication between the experts like PCAs and the extension community. . [00:45:15] Kent Daane: And of course, anyone can always reach out to me with questions as well. [00:45:18] Craig Macmillan: Fantastic. And we'll put your information in the show notes. I want to thank you for being on the podcast. fantastic. Very helpful and very, very exciting. I think I was feeling a little more dismal about this whole topic coming into this interview than I am now. I think there's maybe more potential than I was kind of giving credit. I, you know, I come from a time back in the 90s when Vine Mealybugs showed up in the Central Coast. And it was a lot of gnashing of teeth and pulling of hair, and we did not know what to do, and the damage was insane. I mean, I saw stuff that was just blood curdling, and I think we've come a long way. We've come a long way, and that's from the efforts of folks like you, so I really appreciate it. I want to thank our guest, Kent Daane. He is a Cooperative Extension Specialist with the University of California, Berkeley. he works primarily out of the Kearney Ag Research Extension Center. And, thanks so much for being on the podcast. This is great. [00:46:10] Kent Daane: Thank you very much. Enjoy the harvest time coming up.   Nearly perfect transcription by Descript

The likely reason for relapse is failure to eradicate the spirochete completely with a two-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone therapy,” wrote Drs. Logigian, Kaplan, and Steere in their seminal 1990 paper on chronic neurologic Lyme disease. This observation remains as relevant today as it was over three decades ago, highlighting a persistent challenge in the treatment of Lyme disease: the difficulty in fully eliminating the Borrelia burgdorferi bacterium, which can lead to relapse or persistent symptoms even after what is considered adequate treatment.In chronic Lyme disease, or what is often referred to as Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS), patients continue to suffer from symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and cognitive difficulties long after completing the standard antibiotic courses. This condition has sparked considerable debate within the medical community. Some experts believe that ongoing symptoms are due to lingering effects of the initial infection, while others propose that they may be due to an active, persistent infection that was not fully eradicated by the initial treatment.The 1990 study by Logigian, Kaplan, and Steere explored these possibilities by examining patients who had been treated with a two-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone. Despite this treatment, some patients either relapsed or failed to recover fully, leading the authors to speculate that the spirochete might not have been completely eradicated. This concept has been supported by subsequent studies suggesting that Borrelia burgdorferi can persist in the body in a dormant state, possibly shielded within tissues where antibiotics have limited penetration.More recent research has further explored the idea of persistent infection. Studies have shown that Borrelia burgdorferi can form biofilms—complex communities of bacteria that are more resistant to antibiotics. These biofilms could potentially harbor bacteria that re-emerge after the initial course of antibiotics is completed, leading to the recurrence of symptoms.Moreover, the nature of Lyme disease itself complicates treatment. The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi can exist in multiple forms—spirochete, round-body, and biofilm—which might require different antibiotics or treatment approaches to fully eradicate. This complexity may explain why some patients do not respond to the standard treatment regimen.For patients like mine, who experience a relapse after standard treatment, the journey can be frustrating and disheartening. The initial hope of recovery is replaced by confusion and concern when symptoms return or persist. This situation emphasizes the need for ongoing research into more effective treatment strategies for chronic Lyme disease, including longer antibiotic courses, combination therapies, and alternative treatments that address the different forms the bacterium can take.The challenge of treating chronic Lyme disease also raises important questions about the broader healthcare system's approach to this condition. There is a pressing need for more awareness among healthcare providers, more research funding to explore the underlying mechanisms of persistent infection, and better support systems for patients navigating the complexities of this illness.In conclusion, the issue of relapse in Lyme disease treatment is not just a clinical problem but also a deeply personal one for patients who struggle to regain their health. It highlights the importance of individualized treatment approaches, ongoing patient support, and the continuous pursuit of knowledge to develop more effective treatments for this complex and often misunderstood disease. 

In an online meeting on 22th September 2024, to celebrate Bhagavan's advent (arrival) to Tiruvannamalai on 1st September 1896, Michael discusses Bhagavan's how Arunachala eridactes ego when thought of. The four main verses Michael discussed in the video are the last two of Śrī Aruṇācala Padigam and first two of Śrī Aruṇācala Aṣṭakam, the meanings of which are: Padigam 10: I have seen a wonder [something extraordinary and miraculous], [this] magnetic hill that forcibly seizes [or attracts] the soul. Subduing the mischievous [outward-going mental] activity of the soul who thinks of it once, pulling [dragging or attracting] [that soul] to be facing towards itself, the one [reality that shines in the heart as sat-cit, pure being-awareness, ‘I am'], [thereby] making it be acala [motionless] like itself, it takes [and consumes] that sweet [spiritually ripened and pure] soul as bali [food offered in sacrifice or alms]. What [a wonder] this is! Souls, be saved [by] thinking of the great Aruna Hill, this killer of the soul, who shines in the heart [as the heart, namely sat-cit, the fundamental awareness of being, ‘I am']. Padigam 11: Like me who think this hill to be the Supreme, how many are those who have [thereby] been destroyed! O people who are wandering about thinking of a means to give up the body, having given up desire for this defective life due to [its] expanding [or unfolding] misery, there is on earth one rare medicine that when thought of once within the mind will kill [ego] without killing [what we actually are]. Know that it certainly is Aruna Hill. Aṣṭakam 1: It sits calmly as if a hill bereft of awareness [or knowledge], [but] ah, its action is pre-eminent [extraordinary or wonderful], difficult for anyone to know [understand or recognise]. Though from [my] young age, [when I was] bereft of knowledge [of anything else], Arunachalam shone brightly [and clearly] in [my] awareness [or mind] as what is exceedingly great, even [after] getting to know from someone that it is Tiruvannamalai I did not know [understand or recognise] its poruḷ [substance, essence, reality or what it actually is]. When, enchanting [or possessing] [my] mind, it pulled [me] close, at [that] appointed time [proper or opportune moment] of coming close I saw this to be acalam [motionless, still, steady or a mountain]. Aṣṭakam 2: When investigating within the mind who the seer is, I saw what remained when the seer [thereby] became non-existent. The mind does not rise to say ‘I saw', [so] in what way could the mind rise to say ‘I did not see'? Who has the power to elucidate this [by] speaking, when in ancient times [as Dakshinamurti] [even] you elucidated [it] without speaking? Only to elucidate your state [of silent and motionless pure self-awareness] without speaking, you stood as a hill [or motionlessly] shining [from] earth [to] sky [though actually beyond the limits of both]. This episode can also be watched as a video here and a more compressed audio copy in Opus format (which can be listened to in the VLC media player and some other apps) can be downloaded from here.  

Former President Donald Trump expressed concerns about rising crime rates and Democratic policies during a speech in Michigan. He emphasized the need for a secure America, criticizing soft penalties and bail policies that he believes contribute to increasing crime.  

In every relationship, a little anger will occcur. Everyone. So, you cannot run from anger. You can, however, learn how to best deal with it - using recent psychology studies. For more great insight on professional relationships and business networking visit https://www.networking-rx.com or contact Frank Agin at frankagin@amspirit.com.

Reach Out Via Text!In todays episode, Eric Hill of Fay-Ark joins us. Eric is in year 6 of his lawn and landscape company and they are currently on pace to do 3.2  million this year with a team of 14-16 guys. Over the past year they had a crucial mishire that cost over 50k in profit, and in this episode Eric shares the story of what they are doing now to recover from that and ensure it doesn't happen again. This is one you don't want to miss. Tune in!Support the Show. Book A Consult Call-https://stan.store/GrowingGreenPodcast Lawntrepreneur Academy-https://www.lawntrepreneuracademy.com/ The Landscaping Bookkeeper-https://thelandscapingbookkeeper.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/growinggreenlandscapes/ Email-ggreenlandscapes@gmail.com

Don Rivers - Democratic Candidate for Washington State Governor 2024 with a big announcement Go to www.thejasoncavnessexperience.com for the full episode and other episodes of The Jason Cavness Experience on your favorite platforms.  Sponsor CavnessHR delivers HR companies with 49 or fewer people with our HR platform and by providing you access to your own HRBP. www.CavnessHR.com Partners Message your customers - https://www.tawk.to/?pid=byo1znq Payroll - https://offers.everee.com/cavness-hr Sales CRM for small business - https:// refer.close.com/100cqlbfcgg5 Health Insurance and Benefits - https://www.peoplekeep.com/refer Don's Big Announcement Don's big announcement is the fact that they have received the offer of $950 million to eradicate homelessness in Washington State Don's Bio  Don L. Rivers is an organizer not a fraternizer. In his many years of running for public office, he has not taken money from lobbyists, or any special interest groups. He considers himself to be a representative of the people, not a politician. He not only stands for the people but with the people. Rivers wants to increase the state budget by 12.5% over the next three years. This will be accomplished through increasing more import and export commerce thus creating more jobs. Rivers plans to improve Washington State's desperate need for a better mental health system. The state and the health system need to work together to structure a mental health system that deals with preventive treatment as well as diagnostic and continuous treatment. It should be structured for everyone, not just those who are chronically mentally ill. Rivers wholeheartedly support a woman's right to freedom of choice. No person, politician or government has the right to make that choice for a woman about what she can and cannot do with her body. Men have the freedom of choice and so should women. Rivers knows that homelessness is one of the biggest crisis facing our state and nation. He wants to develop programs that will not only help to reduce the problem but treat the underlying causes such as runaways stemming from child trafficking and abuse, inflated mortgage rates, and unemployment as well as mental illness. Don L. Rivers plans to go across the state to all 39 counties to speak with the communities. This is to explore avenues and options which can uplift each county. Also to get a better understanding of the needs for investment opportunities in areas of real estate, manufacturing, education, etc. We talked about the following and other items Homelessness as untapped resource Eradicating homelessness in Washington state with a focus on philanthropy and new revenue sources. Eradicating homelessness in Washington state with a focus on philanthropy and economic stimulation.  Affordable housing, taxes, and community development. Creating new communities, empowering young people, and addressing homelessness. Addressing homelessness through support and training. Using $950 million for Washington State's success. Providing financial support for college graduates. Entrepreneurship, homeownership, and community development. Tribalism in Washington State Democratic Party convention. Politics, governance, and party unity. Joe Biden's weaknesses and how to address them. Leadership, politics, and social issues. Leadership, passion, and community service in Washington State. Don's Social Media Campaign Website: https://www.votedonlrivers.com/ Campaign FB: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61558617580465&mibextid=ZbWKwL

Malaria is one of the world's deadliest diseases. Across Africa, it kills nearly half a million children younger than 5 each year. A new vaccine, only the second of its kind, holds the promise of saving thousands of lives and moving the world closer to eradicating malaria. Ali Rogin speaks with Andrew Jones, deputy director of immunization supplies for UNICEF, to learn more. PBS NewsHour is supported by - https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about/funders