Podcasts about united provinces

This is the second of three episodes about a daring Dutch raid on the West Indies and the English colonies of North America during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The extended raid, led by Commander Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest of the Admiralty of the Dutch province of Zeeland and a privateer named Jacob Benckes, was a sideshow in that war, yet its consequences were far-reaching.  Among other accomplishments, Evertsen, known to his fans as Kees the Devil, and Benckes, “subdued three English colonies, depopulated a fourth, captured or destroyed nearly 200 enemy vessels, inflicted a serious injury upon the Virginia tobacco trade, wiped out the English Newfoundland fisheries, and caused unending panic in the New England colonies.” This episode covers the first phase of the "raid on America," in which Evertsen's squadron sails from Zeeland for the South Atlantic, aiming to capture the English East India fleet at St. Helena. Failing that, the squadron sailed for South America and the Indies, eventually meeting up with Benckes at Martinique. After capturing prizes and burning down St. Eustatius, the episode ends with Evertsen and Benckes headed toward the rich tobacco fleet then gathering in the Chesapeake. X/Twitter – @TheHistoryOfTh2 – https://x.com/TheHistoryOfTh2 Facebook – The History of the Americans Podcast – https://www.facebook.com/HistoryOfTheAmericans Selected references for this episode (Commission earned for Amazon purchases through the episode notes on our website) Donald G. Shomette and Robert D. Haslach, Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672-1674 Map of the land campaign against the United Provinces in the Third Anglo Dutch War: Third Anglo-Dutch War (Wikipedia) Cornelis Evertsen The Youngest (Wikipedia) The Fifth Column Podcast

Without the Dutch revolution of the 16th century, England may never have taken its place as a world superpower and there could have been no such thing as the American Revolution. Yet, the pivotal role the Netherlands played in the development of the modern world seems to go overlooked and under taught in history courses. Why? Jonathan Scott is a professor of history at the University of Auckland and the author of numerous books, including England's Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Instability in European Context and, most recently, How the Old World Ended: The Anglo-Dutch-American Revolution 1500-1800. He and Greg discuss how the Netherlands' geography played a crucial role in its rise to dominance in the 17th century, why that power eventually shifted to favor England, and how the Anglo-Dutch influence has permeated throughout history. *unSILOed Podcast is produced by University FM.*Episode Quotes:What inspired the American revolutionaries?30:46 The people by whom the English Republicans and revolutionaries of the 17th century were themselves inspired, who were the Dutch revolutionaries of the 16th century, were very important for the American revolutionaries of the 18th century. So, I think the most important influence in America is the Anglo-Dutch. And the Dutch part of that has been forgotten in America. Why exactly is, again, complicated, but one reason might be that when England ends up dominating, the Dutch component of the American founding and of the American revolution is just quietly forgotten.Was the Anglo-Dutch Revolution seminal to the success of England?03:52 What happens in 17th and 18th century England, which is remarkable and of global importance, derives very substantially from competition with the Netherlands, a competition during which the Netherlands is initially dominant and during which they're eventually overtaken.The complex alliance and rivalry between the English and the Dutch04:43 Not just rivals and frenemies, but they were also very close allies and dependent on each other for the survival of their Protestant religion and political regimes. So, they were close military allies in the war against Spain during the Elizabethan period in the 16th century. Then, they were equally close military, political, and religious allies from the Glorious Revolution in 1689 against France in the nine-year war until 1697. So the framework is one of close alliance, but between those two dates, between the Elizabethan and that end of the 17th century, that is, during the 17th century itself, there's an increasingly bitter rivalry between the merchants of these two countries, which ends up involving three very bloody naval wars between 1652 and 1673.The Anglo-Dutch-American Revolution33:12 The Anglo-Dutch-American Revolution in the early modern period is a series of political revolutions which put in place a new kind of state, which is federated and the product of parliamentary representation and parliamentary votes. And so the United Provinces of the Netherlands is the first one established in the 16th century, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain is the second established in 1707. Then, the United States of America is the third. Each of these is conscious of its place in a sequence where there is copying and adaptation going on.Show Links:Recommended Resources:Hanseatic LeagueMark Kurlansky | UnSILOedNavigation ActsJohn LockeMontesquieuBaruch SpinozaHugo GrotiusGuest Profile:Faculty Profile at University of AucklandHis Work:England's Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Instability in European ContextWhen the Waves Ruled Britannia: Geography and Political Identities, 1500–1800 How the Old World Ended: The Anglo-Dutch-American Revolution 1500-1800

Two of the greatest naval commanders of the 17th century - Robert Blake and Maarten Tromp - face off in the English Channel. After months of growing hostilities, a refusal to salute English ships is enough to spark a shooting war between the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Roger Hainsworth, Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars, 1652-1674, 1998. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Razak Khan's Minority Pasts: Locality, Emotions, and Belonging in Princely Rampur (Oxford UP, 2022) explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur-the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that is pejoratively labelled as the center of "Muslim vote bank" politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book highlights the importance of locality and emotions in shaping Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, in order to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia. This is the first comprehensive English-language monograph on the local history and politics of Rampur princely state, based on Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, and English archives and oral histories of Rampuris. The book provides insights into the various facets of the political, economic, religious, literary, socio-cultural, and affective history of Rampur and Rampuris in India and Pakistan. Anindita Ghosh is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her dissertation is about the histories of absorption of the eastern native states of South Asia into the nations and their socio- political afterlives in the post- colonial nations. Arighna Gupta is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His dissertation attempts to trace early-colonial genealogies of popular sovereignty located at the interstices of monarchical, religious, and colonial sovereignties in India and present-day Bangladesh. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Razak Khan's Minority Pasts: Locality, Emotions, and Belonging in Princely Rampur (Oxford UP, 2022) explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur-the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that is pejoratively labelled as the center of "Muslim vote bank" politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book highlights the importance of locality and emotions in shaping Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, in order to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia. This is the first comprehensive English-language monograph on the local history and politics of Rampur princely state, based on Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, and English archives and oral histories of Rampuris. The book provides insights into the various facets of the political, economic, religious, literary, socio-cultural, and affective history of Rampur and Rampuris in India and Pakistan. Anindita Ghosh is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her dissertation is about the histories of absorption of the eastern native states of South Asia into the nations and their socio- political afterlives in the post- colonial nations. Arighna Gupta is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His dissertation attempts to trace early-colonial genealogies of popular sovereignty located at the interstices of monarchical, religious, and colonial sovereignties in India and present-day Bangladesh. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Razak Khan's Minority Pasts: Locality, Emotions, and Belonging in Princely Rampur (Oxford UP, 2022) explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur-the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that is pejoratively labelled as the center of "Muslim vote bank" politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book highlights the importance of locality and emotions in shaping Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, in order to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia. This is the first comprehensive English-language monograph on the local history and politics of Rampur princely state, based on Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, and English archives and oral histories of Rampuris. The book provides insights into the various facets of the political, economic, religious, literary, socio-cultural, and affective history of Rampur and Rampuris in India and Pakistan. Anindita Ghosh is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her dissertation is about the histories of absorption of the eastern native states of South Asia into the nations and their socio- political afterlives in the post- colonial nations. Arighna Gupta is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His dissertation attempts to trace early-colonial genealogies of popular sovereignty located at the interstices of monarchical, religious, and colonial sovereignties in India and present-day Bangladesh. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/islamic-studies

Razak Khan's Minority Pasts: Locality, Emotions, and Belonging in Princely Rampur (Oxford UP, 2022) explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur-the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that is pejoratively labelled as the center of "Muslim vote bank" politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book highlights the importance of locality and emotions in shaping Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, in order to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia. This is the first comprehensive English-language monograph on the local history and politics of Rampur princely state, based on Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, and English archives and oral histories of Rampuris. The book provides insights into the various facets of the political, economic, religious, literary, socio-cultural, and affective history of Rampur and Rampuris in India and Pakistan. Anindita Ghosh is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her dissertation is about the histories of absorption of the eastern native states of South Asia into the nations and their socio- political afterlives in the post- colonial nations. Arighna Gupta is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His dissertation attempts to trace early-colonial genealogies of popular sovereignty located at the interstices of monarchical, religious, and colonial sovereignties in India and present-day Bangladesh. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/south-asian-studies

Razak Khan's Minority Pasts: Locality, Emotions, and Belonging in Princely Rampur (Oxford UP, 2022) explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur-the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that is pejoratively labelled as the center of "Muslim vote bank" politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book highlights the importance of locality and emotions in shaping Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, in order to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia. This is the first comprehensive English-language monograph on the local history and politics of Rampur princely state, based on Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, and English archives and oral histories of Rampuris. The book provides insights into the various facets of the political, economic, religious, literary, socio-cultural, and affective history of Rampur and Rampuris in India and Pakistan. Anindita Ghosh is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her dissertation is about the histories of absorption of the eastern native states of South Asia into the nations and their socio- political afterlives in the post- colonial nations. Arighna Gupta is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His dissertation attempts to trace early-colonial genealogies of popular sovereignty located at the interstices of monarchical, religious, and colonial sovereignties in India and present-day Bangladesh.

On the surface the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Commonwealth of England should have been firm allies: both Protestant, both Republics, both naval powers. And yet the first of the Anglo-Dutch Wars was fought between them. Was this just commercial rivalry, or were there other reasons for this global naval conflict? Have your say in the Airwave survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/PAXBRITANNICA Join the Mailing List! Join the Patreon House of Lords for ad-free episodes! Martyn Bennet, Oliver Cromwell, 2006. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, 2015. Barry Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate, 2002. Nicholas Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: a Naval History of Britain, Volume 2, 1649-1815, 2004. Ian Roy, 'Prince Rupert', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Christian J. Koot, ‘A “Dangerous Principle”: Free Trade Discourses in Barbados and the English Leeward Islands, 1650—1689', Early American Studies, 5.1 (2007), 132–63. Thomas Leng, ‘Commercial Conflict and Regulation in the Discourse of Trade in Seventeenth-Century England', The Historical Journal, 48.4 (2005), 933–54 Jonathan Barth, The Currency of Empire, Money and Power in Seventeenth-Century English America (Cornell University Press, 2021). John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Alan MacInnes, The British Revolution, 1629-1660, 2004. Go to AirwaveMedia.com to find other great history shows. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1087, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Wise Guys 1: Leibniz was a noted philosopher of optimism; Schopenhauer, of this opposite view. pessimism. 2: Reb, the Yiddish for Mr., comes from this Hebrew word for "my master". rabbi. 3: This ancient Chinese thinker said, "The superior man does not, even for... a single meal, act contrary to virtue". Confucius. 4: Logician Willard Van Orman Quine is from Akron in this state--we wanted an excuse to say Willard Van Orman Quine. Ohio. 5: A manuscript by this wise guy explaining his E=mc squared was sold recently for over $1 million. Albert Einstein. Round 2. Category: Alliterative Geography 1: This city was once the capital of the United Provinces of Central America. San Salvador. 2: Called Stingray Harbour by James Cook in 1770, it was renamed for the abundance of new plants found there. Botany Bay. 3: Sail through this strait to get from Oakland to the Pacific. the Golden Gate. 4: Provincetown and Barnstable are on this Bay State peninsula. Cape Cod. 5: In 1434 it supplanted Angkor Thom as the Khmer capital. Phnom Penh. Round 3. Category: Mathematics 1: The square root of 9 times the square root of 16 equals the square root of this number. 144. 2: On the left is the decimal equivalent of three-fifths; on the right is the decimal equivalent of this fraction. two-thirds. 3: This angle is larger than an acute angle and smaller than an obtuse one. a right angle. 4: The 1st number that is the sum of all its divisors except itself. 6. 5: Like 4, this number is also the square root of 16. -4. Round 4. Category: Tv Numbers 1: Edd "Kookie" Byrnes' "working address". 77 Sunset Strip. 2: Poor Jack Bauer--he always seems to be having a really bad day on this Fox drama. 24. 3: In '60s sitcom, officers Toody and Muldoon patrolled the Bronx in this vehicle. Car 54. 4: On ABC with Elizabeth Vargas and David Muir:"blank/blank". 20/20. 5: "Adam blank". 12. Round 5. Category: Super Bowl Mvp Qbs 1: In 2015 this QB gave the truck he won as MVP to Malcolm Butler, the rookie who made the game-saving interception. (Tom) Brady. 2: Coach Weeb Ewbank, furious after this Jet guaranteed a win, was probably not as mad after his MVP performance. Joe Namath. 3: (I'm Aaron Rodgers of the Green Bay Packers.) I'm one of the first 2 Packer QBs to be Super Bowl MVP; this 2-time winner who later coached the team is the other. Bart Starr. 4: In 2010 this MVP QB said, "We played for our city... for the entire Gulf Coast region... for all the entire Who Dat Nation". (Drew) Brees. 5: Quoth the raven, "MVP!" after this man was deemed most valuable in 2013 at Super Bowl XLVII. (Joe) Flacco. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Shivmangal Singh 'Suman' was born on 5 August 1915 at Jhagarpur, Unnao district in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh of British India. He was a leading Hindi writer and poet. He earned a M.A. and Ph.D. in Hindi from Benaras Hindu University. The university also honoured him with a D.Litt. in 1950

Sarojini Naidu was an Indian political activist and poet who served as the first Governor of United Provinces, after India's independence. She played an important role in the Indian independence movement against the British Raj. She was the first woman to be president of the Indian National Congress and to be appointed as governor of a state. Naidu's literary work as a poet earned her the nickname the "Nightingale of India" by Gandhi because of the colour, imagery and lyrical quality of her poetry. Her oeuvre includes both children's poems and others written on more serious themes including patriotism and tragedy. Published in 1912, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" remains one of her most popular poems.

Penelope's Song: A Seventeenth Century Tale for a Twenty-First Century World by Carol J. DeMarsPenelope's Song: A Seventeenth-Century Tale for a Twenty-First-Century World occurred during the seventeenth-century golden age of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. With the country's wealth and superpower, why would a vivacious niece of a wealthy Dutch merchant hastily marry her father's brilliant student? Carol J. DeMars' book then took its readers to one of the least desirable outposts in the Dutch Empire when the new couple decided to sail across the dangerous Atlantic Ocean. The lovers arrived at the city of Nieuw Amsterdam, today's Manhattan. Penelope's Song also follows the story of an aristocratic English widow who traded her land of birth for New England, seeking liberty of conscience. She expects Sir Henry, her only son, to join her when the Civil War erupted in England. Loyal to the monarch who bestowed his knighthood, Sir Henry became a Cavalier fighting for King Charles I. Another war disrupted the lives of the Algonquian people that once flourished in the eastern woods of North America. Oliver Cromwell started a trade war for supremacy over the high seas which threatened to overthrow the vast Dutch empire and destabilize their lives again. Once again, drama stirs the life of the legendary couple Richard and Penelope Stout. Witness a story that combines romance, history, and thrill in Carol J. De Mars' book.Carol DeMars graduated from California Lutheran University in Thousand Oaks, CA. She was a sociology major interested in social change, the Bible, European church history, and the growth of American churches during colonial and pioneer periods. Carol earned a teaching credential at California State University, Northridge, and taught English and United States history for several years. When she decided to pursue research as an independent scholar, she returned to CSUN for further graduate studies and qualified to join Phi Kappa Phi, the prestigious national scholastic society. Carol now resides in Georgia. Penelope's Song: A Seventeenth-Century Tale for a Twenty-First Century World is her first book.www.BarnesAndNoble.com    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09513SYVB?ref_=cm_sw_r_cp_ud_dp_RVXQ2BG0R88KGB9TA571https://www.demarspenelopessong.com/http://www.ReadersMagnet.comhttp://www.bluefunkbroadcasting.com/root/twia/83123cdrm.mp3

In this episode, historian Dr. Charu Gupta discusses how the growth of print culture led to public debates around gender, sexuality and erotic literature in 19th century India.‘In Perspective' is The Swaddle's podcast series where academics reveal little-known facts about Indian history, society and culture. Notes: 00:01:18:06- What role did print media play in furthering communalism in contemporary India?00:04:47:22- Do you think that there has been a build-up on how communalism is furthered through print media over the years? And has print media affected the way in which it has played out on TV media and digital media?00:07:05:17- What kind of debates around obscenity do we see with the growth of print culture in 19th century colonial north India, and in what ways did these ideas of obscenity clamp down on women's sexuality and agency? 00:16:20:00- Could you tell us a little bit about the shuddhi and sangathan movements? In what ways did they define ideas of masculinity and femininity vis-a-vis the communal Hindu identity in early 20th century United Provinces?00:22:08:14- In what ways did Swadeshi rhetoric impact norms for middle-class, upper caste Hindu women's clothing in colonial India, and how did this lead to the creation of a new sartorial morality?00:25:53:20- What was the relationship between women, gender and medicine in colonial India?00:29:45:20- How did sexology become popular in colonial India?00:32:40:01- How does the vernacular help us in studying colonial India?00:38:52:00- What do you think about the current censorship rules that have been passed recently by the Information and Broadcast Ministry, saying that it would now begin to cover OTT digital platforms like Amazon and Netflix? Do you see any continuities with censorship laws laid out over time?

In the true Dutch mercantile spirit of trade and exchange, after having History of the Netherlands featured on History Daily, today we have handed over the wheel to Lindsay Graham to steer the ship for this episode. History Daily runs a tight ship, each episode being around 20 minutes long meaning they're easy to digest while you are cycling from a windmill to the local clog factory, gazing at rolling clumps of beautiful sphagnum and nibbling away on some cheese. In fact they're so easily digestible that we've ordered two rounds which we think generally fit the vibe of History of the Netherlands. The first episode you will hear is the story of the Antwerp Diamond Heist which happened on the 16th of February, 2003. This is an incredible yarn, fantastically told, that we think you will love. The second episode will be harkening way, way back to March 24, 1603; a date, which, for those following our podcast's chronology, is actually still far, far into the future. This story is about the death of the English queen Elizabeth I. She will become an incredibly important figure in the shaping of the History of the Netherlands during its most tumultuous period, the late 16th century, even being formally offered sovereignty over the United Provinces after the assassination of William the Silent. Errr..spoiler alert..? If you like what you hear, go check out History Daily wherever you get your podcasts. History Daily will help remind you each day that something incredible happened to make that day historic. History Daily website: https://www.noiser.com/history-daily Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Life on board a ship in the 1600s was no joyous experience. In this episode, we look at what the crew, soldiers and passengers aboard the Batavia went through, as they made their way from the United Provinces to their first scheduled stop at the Cape of Good Hope: the southern tip of Africa. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In an age when traditional European feudalism was breaking down, the United Provinces of the Netherlands chartered the world's first corporation. The VOC would become a major authority for thousands of people, all around the world. In this episode we explore why and how the company came into existence, and what that meant for those who were (un)lucky enough to have anything to do with it. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Essay 19 of 90: United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Articles of Confederation: Factors Influencing Design Toward a Stable U.S. Constitution by Guest Essayist Joerg Knipprath.  Click here to explore our 2022 90 Day Study:  American Exceptionalism Revealed: The Historic Rise and Fall of Worldwide Regimes and How United States Founding Wisdom Prevails.  America's Founders understood the failings of totalitarian regimes, and thus attempted an experiment in liberty they hoped future Americans would find invaluable and maintain.  Constituting America's 2022 90-Day Study looks at the rise and fall of worldwide regimes throughout history, juxtaposed to founding principles of the United States Constitution and federalists' and anti-federalists' views of their day regarding what history taught them about human nature and what is required to preserve our freedom!

Photo:  THE IMPERIAL WAR CABINET - LONDON, 1ST MAY, 1917 Front Row: The Rt. Hon. Arthur Henderson (Minister without portfolio), The Rt. Hon Lord Milner (Minister without portfolio), Lord Curzon (Lord President of the Council), The Rt. Hon. Bonar Law (Chancellor of the Exchequer), The Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd George (Premier), The Rt Hon. Sir Robert Borden (Premier of Canada), The Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey (Premier of New Zealand), and General The Hon. J. C. Smuts (Minister of Defence, South Africa). Middle Row: Sir S. P. Sinha (First Native Member of Viceroy's Council, India), The Maharajah of Bikanir (representing the Ruling Princes of India), Sir James Meston (Lieutenant-Governor of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh), The Rt. Hon. Austen Chamberlain (Secretary for India), The Rt. Hon. Lord Robert Cecil (Minister of Blockade), The Rt. Hon. Walter H. Long (Colonial Secretary), The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Ward (Finance Minister, New Zealand), The Hon. Sir George Perley (Minister of Canadian Overseas Forces), The Hon. Robert Rogers (Canadian Minister of Public Works), and The Hon. J. D. Hazen (Canadian Minister of Marine) Back Row (Left to Right): Capt. L. S. Amery, M.P.; Admiral Sir John Jellicoe (First Sea Lord of the Admiralty), Sir Edward Carson (First Lord of the Admiralty), Lord Derby (Secretary for War), Major-General F. B. Maurice (Director of Military Operations, Imperial General Staff), Lieut.-Col Sir M. Hankey (Secretary to Committee of Imperial Defence), Mr Henry Lambert (Secretary to the Imperial Conference), and Major Storr (Assistant Secretary). . 8/8: The Last 100 Years of Unending War in Europe:  Nick Lloyd, The Western Front: A History of the Great War, 1914-1918 – March 30, 2021. Hardcover. A panoramic history of the savage combat on the Western Front between 1914 and 1918 that came to define modern warfare. The Western Front evokes images of mud-spattered men in waterlogged trenches, shielded from artillery blasts and machine-gun fire by a few feet of dirt. This iconic setting was the most critical arena of the Great War, a 400-mile combat zone stretching from Belgium to Switzerland where more than three million Allied and German soldiers struggled during four years of almost continuous combat. It has persisted in our collective memory as a tragic waste of human life and a symbol of the horrors of industrialized warfare.

Photo: Jean Bart:  When he was young, Bart served in the Dutch navy under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. When war broke out between France and the United Provinces in 1672, he entered the French service. Since only persons of noble birth could then serve as officers in the navy, he instead became captain of one of the Dunkirk privateers. In that capacity, he displayed such astonishing bravery that Louis XIV sent him on a special mission to the Mediterranean, where he gained great distinction. 4/4 Revolution Française: Emmanuel Macron and the quest to reinvent a nation, by  Sophie Pedder.  Hardcover – August 14, 2018  He emerged from nowhere to seize the presidency, defeat populism and upend French party politics. Who is Emmanuel Macron? How far can he really change France? In Revolution Française, Sophie Pedder examines the first year in office of France's youngest and most exciting president in modern times, with unique perspective from her time as head of The Economist's Paris bureau. President Emmanuel Macron's vision for France is far more radical than many realize. His remarkable ascent from obscurity to the presidency is both a dramatic story of personal ambition and the tale of a wounded once-proud country in deep need of renewal. What shaped this enigmatic character, the precociously bright student and talented networker from northern France; the philosophy graduate and Rothschild banker who married his school drama teacher? How did a political outsider manage to defy the unwritten rules of the Fifth Republic and secure the presidency at his first attempt? And what are the underlying ideas behind his vision?  This book chronicles Macron's remarkable rise from independent outsider to the Élysée Palace, situating the achievement in a broader context: France's slide into self-doubt, political gridlock and a seeming reluctance to embrace change; the roots of populism and discontent; the fractures caused by globalization and the Le Pen factor. Looking back on the young president's dramatic first year in power, with analysis of his key reforms and lofty ambitions, it asks how far it is possible for Macron to reinvent a conservative nation uneasy about embracing the future. Can the man nicknamed 'Jupiter' really return France to its former greatness, or will he, by the time his mandate expires, end up as just another side note in political history? Punctuated with first-hand conversations and reporting, this book takes on all of these questions, concluding with a fascinating and exclusive interview with Macron recorded in early 2018. Pedder's riveting, and essential, book will be one of the most captivating political books of this year.

"It takes but one foe to breed a war," says Faramir in the Lord of the Rings.1672 was the Disaster Year for the United Provinces, and a life changing trauma for William of Orange.  We cover the cannibalistic crowning event, the Bombing Bishop and the Wild Hunt.  Appeasement as a concept when Louis XIV is in your neighborhood.  We do a quick round up of 16th and 17th century Spanish and French history as well, as we try to get ready for 1688 and the Second Hundred Years War.

This is episode 19 and we're looking at the years between 1679 and 1700 and developments in both the Cape and the interior of the sub-continent. Last episode we heard how new Governor Simon van der Stel who arrived in 1679 began a rapid expansionist policy in the Cape, including building two new towns – Stellenbosch and Drakenstein. The last two decades of the 17th Century and the first two of the eighteenth are regarded as the most important in the early history of South Africa – at least with regard to colonization. After 1707 the VOC effort at peopling the country slowed significantly. It was the fear of the British then the French that had driven the Dutch to make a decision to increase settlers in the Cape between the 1660s and the turn of the century. Ultimately and ironically, considering the Dutch/French War, salvation really came indirectly from France. There had long been French speaking Walloons in the United Provinces of Holland who had fled from the Spanish terror at the end of the sixteenth century. These refugees were now being joined by the Huguenots who had abandoned France. That was in response King Louis XIVs severe view of anyone who had a reformed faith Naturally after years of failing to attract large numbers of settlers to the Cape, the Heeren Seventeen regarded the Huguenots as a pool of possible immigrants to exploit. Some of the Frenchmen knew how to make wine, brandy and vinegar. Things were moving in the Cape. By 1689 van der Stel had occasion to meet a sailor shipwrecked in terra de Natal. Captain W Knyff of the Dutch East India company managed to make his way back to the Peninsular after living amongst the people in the region for a year. He told van der Stel that the people who helped him were peaceable and obliging. Two other sailors had already been living amongst the people who known as the Xhosa.

This is episode 19 and we're looking at the years between 1679 and 1700 and developments in both the Cape and the interior of the sub-continent. Last episode we heard how new Governor Simon van der Stel who arrived in 1679 began a rapid expansionist policy in the Cape, including building two new towns – Stellenbosch and Drakenstein. The last two decades of the 17th Century and the first two of the eighteenth are regarded as the most important in the early history of South Africa – at least with regard to colonization. After 1707 the VOC effort at peopling the country slowed significantly. It was the fear of the British then the French that had driven the Dutch to make a decision to increase settlers in the Cape between the 1660s and the turn of the century. Ultimately and ironically, considering the Dutch/French War, salvation really came indirectly from France. There had long been French speaking Walloons in the United Provinces of Holland who had fled from the Spanish terror at the end of the sixteenth century. These refugees were now being joined by the Huguenots who had abandoned France. That was in response King Louis XIVs severe view of anyone who had a reformed faith Naturally after years of failing to attract large numbers of settlers to the Cape, the Heeren Seventeen regarded the Huguenots as a pool of possible immigrants to exploit. Some of the Frenchmen knew how to make wine, brandy and vinegar. Things were moving in the Cape. By 1689 van der Stel had occasion to meet a sailor shipwrecked in terra de Natal. Captain W Knyff of the Dutch East India company managed to make his way back to the Peninsular after living amongst the people in the region for a year. He told van der Stel that the people who helped him were peaceable and obliging. Two other sailors had already been living amongst the people who known as the Xhosa.

This is episode 19 and we're looking at the years between 1679 and 1700 and developments in both the Cape and the interior of the sub-continent. Last episode we heard how new Governor Simon van der Stel who arrived in 1679 began a rapid expansionist policy in the Cape, including building two new towns – Stellenbosch and Drakenstein. The last two decades of the 17th Century and the first two of the eighteenth are regarded as the most important in the early history of South Africa – at least with regard to colonization. After 1707 the VOC effort at peopling the country slowed significantly. It was the fear of the British then the French that had driven the Dutch to make a decision to increase settlers in the Cape between the 1660s and the turn of the century. Ultimately and ironically, considering the Dutch/French War, salvation really came indirectly from France. There had long been French speaking Walloons in the United Provinces of Holland who had fled from the Spanish terror at the end of the sixteenth century. These refugees were now being joined by the Huguenots who had abandoned France. That was in response King Louis XIVs severe view of anyone who had a reformed faith Naturally after years of failing to attract large numbers of settlers to the Cape, the Heeren Seventeen regarded the Huguenots as a pool of possible immigrants to exploit. Some of the Frenchmen knew how to make wine, brandy and vinegar. Things were moving in the Cape. By 1689 van der Stel had occasion to meet a sailor shipwrecked in terra de Natal. Captain W Knyff of the Dutch East India company managed to make his way back to the Peninsular after living amongst the people in the region for a year. He told van der Stel that the people who helped him were peaceable and obliging. Two other sailors had already been living amongst the people who known as the Xhosa.

This is episode 19 and we're looking at the years between 1679 and 1700 and developments in both the Cape and the interior of the sub-continent. Last episode we heard how new Governor Simon van der Stel who arrived in 1679 began a rapid expansionist policy in the Cape, including building two new towns – Stellenbosch and Drakenstein. The last two decades of the 17th Century and the first two of the eighteenth are regarded as the most important in the early history of South Africa – at least with regard to colonization. After 1707 the VOC effort at peopling the country slowed significantly. It was the fear of the British then the French that had driven the Dutch to make a decision to increase settlers in the Cape between the 1660s and the turn of the century. Ultimately and ironically, considering the Dutch/French War, salvation really came indirectly from France. There had long been French speaking Walloons in the United Provinces of Holland who had fled from the Spanish terror at the end of the sixteenth century. These refugees were now being joined by the Huguenots who had abandoned France. That was in response King Louis XIVs severe view of anyone who had a reformed faith Naturally after years of failing to attract large numbers of settlers to the Cape, the Heeren Seventeen regarded the Huguenots as a pool of possible immigrants to exploit. Some of the Frenchmen knew how to make wine, brandy and vinegar. Things were moving in the Cape. By 1689 van der Stel had occasion to meet a sailor shipwrecked in terra de Natal. Captain W Knyff of the Dutch East India company managed to make his way back to the Peninsular after living amongst the people in the region for a year. He told van der Stel that the people who helped him were peaceable and obliging. Two other sailors had already been living amongst the people who known as the Xhosa.

In this episode, /u/EnclavedMicrostate talks with Seb Lewin ( /u/aquatermain ) about the circumstances surrounding the May Revolution of 1810 against Spain, and how the road to independence started for the United Provinces of Río de la Plata and the subsequent Republic of Argentina.

The real lesson is don’t invade Norway.Northern Europe is suffering from state breakdown or the consolidation of absolute monarchy.  This happens in the United Provinces, Denmark, and Sweden.  But the big event is France where Louis XIV continues the work of his father driving central state control down to the local level, justifying the process with propaganda of the universal dominion of France.   In this context is it so surprising that James II would give it a try as well? Goodbye James Stuart, hello William and Mary.Meanwhile John Locke has developed the central tenet of social revolutionaries and set it free into the world.

Instead of a new episode this time around, here’s some music representing the artists who have been featured on the program so far, from the most recent back to the first episode. Hang out for a couple hours, enjoy the jams, and if you like a song or artist, dig it: There’s a Low Profile episode about them for you to devour. See y’all in a couple weeks with more new shows as season 4 continues to blow minds across the galaxy. Low Profile with Markly Morrison Looking Back Mixtape 4-22-2021 Negativland “Drink It Up” Alice Stuart “Freedom’s The Sound” Jeffrey Lewis and the Voltage “Except For The Fact That It Isn’t” Briana Marela “Give Me Your Love” Lavender Country “I Can’t Shake the Stranger Out of You” Oval “Ah!” The Music Tapes “Please Hear Mr. Flight Control” Swamp Dogg “Kiss Me Hit Me Touch Me” The Julies “Boy Wonder” Karl Blau “Mockingbird Diet” The Microphones “Between Your Ear and The Other Ear” Jib Kidder “New Crimes” David Grubbs “Gloriette” Donnie and Joe Emerson “Thoughts In My Mind” Holy Modal Rounders “Random Canyon” Ashley Eriksson “When The Earth Was Flat” Eugene Chadbourne “Honey Don’t” CW Stoneking “On a Desert Isle” Washington Phillips “Mother’s Last Word to Her Son” Cornershop “United Provinces of India” Heatwarmer “American Dog” Chumbawamba “This Girl” Nick Krgovich “Country Boy” Amps For Christ “Sweet William” Terry Cashman “Cooperstown” Scott Dunbar “Forty-Four Blues” Bobby Frank Brown “My Dog Is Every Bit as Good as Me” Soul-Junk “Soft Adult Contempt” Susan Cadogan “Love My Life” Cleaners from Venus “A Girl With Cars In Her Eyes” Bob Dorough (on a Miles Davis album) “Nothing Like You” The Gift Machine “Telemetric Mayhem” Old Time Relijun “Dark of the Male, Light of the Female” Gary Wilson “Gary’s in the Park” Margo Guryan “Someone I Know” Larry Norman “Sweet Song of Salvation” Pete Drake “I’m Blue”

Instead of a new episode this time around, here’s some music representing the artists who have been featured on the program so far, from the most recent back to the first episode. Hang out for a couple hours, enjoy the jams, and if you like a song or artist, dig it: There’s a Low Profile episode about them for you to devour. See y’all in a couple weeks with more new shows as season 4 continues to blow minds across the galaxy. Low Profile with Markly Morrison Looking Back Mixtape 4-22-2021 Negativland “Drink It Up” Alice Stuart “Freedom’s The Sound” Jeffrey Lewis and the Voltage “Except For The Fact That It Isn’t” Briana Marela “Give Me Your Love” Lavender Country “I Can’t Shake the Stranger Out of You” Oval “Ah!” The Music Tapes “Please Hear Mr. Flight Control” Swamp Dogg “Kiss Me Hit Me Touch Me” The Julies “Boy Wonder” Karl Blau “Mockingbird Diet” The Microphones “Between Your Ear and The Other Ear” Jib Kidder “New Crimes” David Grubbs “Gloriette” Donnie and Joe Emerson “Thoughts In My Mind” Holy Modal Rounders “Random Canyon” Ashley Eriksson “When The Earth Was Flat” Eugene Chadbourne “Honey Don’t” CW Stoneking “On a Desert Isle” Washington Phillips “Mother’s Last Word to Her Son” Cornershop “United Provinces of India” Heatwarmer “American Dog” Chumbawamba “This Girl” Nick Krgovich “Country Boy” Amps For Christ “Sweet William” Terry Cashman “Cooperstown” Scott Dunbar “Forty-Four Blues” Bobby Frank Brown “My Dog Is Every Bit as Good as Me” Soul-Junk “Soft Adult Contempt” Susan Cadogan “Love My Life” Cleaners from Venus “A Girl With Cars In Her Eyes” Bob Dorough (on a Miles Davis album) “Nothing Like You” The Gift Machine “Telemetric Mayhem” Old Time Relijun “Dark of the Male, Light of the Female” Gary Wilson “Gary’s in the Park” Margo Guryan “Someone I Know” Larry Norman “Sweet Song of Salvation” Pete Drake “I’m Blue”

Recently several states including Uttar Pradesh introduced anti-conversion laws making religious conversion for the sake of marriage illegal. These laws were based on the conspiracy theory of ‘love jihad' which posits that Muslim men marry Hindu women only to convert them to Islam. We bring a three-part series on how these laws have affected the lives of young people. The narrative of ‘love jihad' that emerges from the Hindutva ideology imagines a woman to be innocent, ignorant people who cannot take their own decisions. In this formulation, the ideal woman is the one who follows the social norms and listens to her family. In this episode, we speak to three women who choose their own partners and tell us why they refused to obey social norms. Their choice is not just related to love, but also to their identity as independent women. Also listen How ‘love jihad' laws clash with The Special Marriage Act Important links “Articulating Hindu Masculinity and Femininity-Shuddhi and Sangathan Movements in United Provinces in the 1920s” by historian Charu Gupta in the Economic and Political Weekly. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 UP Unlawful Religious Conversion Prohibition Ordinance, 2020 Being an editorially independent platform, we rely on you to help us bring in untold stories that have the potential for social change. Do consider supporting us! See sunoindia.in/privacy-policy for privacy information.

In today's episode we look at the story of the Dutch in a time of peace and tranquility - or at least, peace - and ask what went wrong. The problem was that the United Provinces were not so united after all, and were in fact beset by divisions on numerous levels. A state which had been forged in war, and which found its identity in war, suddenly had to cope without war, and it was harder than expected. Between 1610-19, the Dutch Republic was struck by a new religious dispute which was soon folded into the political and societal tensions. The two camps became inflamed, and with the Spaniard always the subject of suspicion, it became clear that blood would have to be paid, for the crisis to pass...**DON'T FORGET TO FOLLOW THESE LINKS!**1) To support the podcast financially in return for some extra audio content, check out Patreon!2) To find a community of history friends, look at our Facebook page and group!3) To keep up to date with us, follow us on Twitter!4) For everything else, visit our website!5) For merchandise including tees and mugs, all you have to do is click here!6) Get our new Thirty Years War book, For God or the Devil! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In this episode, Leah, Noah, and Hunter discuss the latest Aerde Tales episode and then take a deeper dive into the United Provinces of Deei of Aerde. This area includes the Vatten Province and Vatra Province among others. Looney Studios Links: Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/looneystudios Website: https://www.LooneyStudios.com Channel: https://www.youtube.com/LooneyStudios Merchandise: https://looneystudios.com/merchandise Twitter: https://twitter.com/LooneyStudios Facebook: http://facebook.com/looneystudios Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/looneystudios/

In this episode, Leah, Noah, and Hunter discuss the latest Aerde Tales episode and then take a deeper dive into the United Provinces of Deei of Aerde. This area includes the Vatten Province and Vatra Province among others. Looney Studios Links: Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/looneystudios Website: https://www.LooneyStudios.com Channel: https://www.youtube.com/LooneyStudios Merchandise: https://looneystudios.com/merchandise Twitter: https://twitter.com/LooneyStudios Facebook: http://facebook.com/looneystudios Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/looneystudios/

Council Act 1909: The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size. Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras, Bombay and United Provinces – 50 members each Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each The legislative councils at the centre and the provinces were to have four categories of members as follows: Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council. Nominated official members: Government officials who were nominated by the Governor-General. Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General but were not government officials. Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians. The elected members were elected indirectly. The local bodies elected an electoral college who would elect members of the provincial legislative councils. These members would, in turn, elect the members of the Central legislative council. The elected members were from the local bodies, the chambers of commerce, landlords, universities, traders' communities and Muslims. In the provincial councils, non-official members were in a majority. However, since some of the non-official members were nominated, in total, a non-elected majority was there. Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote their representatives. The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions. They could also discuss matters of public interest. They could also ask supplementary questions. No discussions on foreign policy or on relations with the princely states were permitted. Lord Minto appointed (on much persuasion by Morley) Satyendra P Sinha as the first Indian member of the Viceroy's Executive Council. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian affairs. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Poona Pact/ Communal Award [1932]: Poona Pact – Important Facts Dr Ambedkar was in favour of a separate electorate for the Depressed Classes and this was laid down by him in the First Round Table Conference. He was representing the Depressed Classes in the conference. Gandhi was against this idea and when PM Macdonald decided to grant communal awards to minorities and the Depressed Classes, he undertook a fast whilst in jail in Poona. Due to public pressure to end the fast unto death, Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi made the Poona Pact which laid down reserved seats for the Depressed Classes in the provincial legislatures for which elections would be through joint electorates. Gandhi was against this idea because he did not want to view the untouchables as being outside the folds of Hinduism. Certain seats for the provincial legislatures would be reserved for the Depressed Classes. The number of seats was based on the total strength of the Provincial Councils. The number of seats reserved for the provinces were 30 for Madras, 8 for Punjab, 15 for Bombay with Sindh, 20 for the Central Provinces, 18 for Bihar and Orissa, 30 for Bengal, 7 for Assam and 20 for the United Provinces. So, in total there were 148 reserved seats. For each of these seats, the members of the Depressed Classes who could vote would form an electoral college. This Electoral College would elect a panel of four candidates who belong to the Depressed Classes. These candidates would be elected on the basis of a single vote. Four candidates getting the highest number of votes would be elected. Then these four candidates would stand in the election for the assembly along with the general candidates where the general electorate would vote. The members of the Depressed Classes hence got a ‘double vote' since they could vote under the general electorate also. Even in the Central Legislature, the same principle of joint electorate and reserved seats was to be followed. In the Central Legislature, 19% of the seats would be reserved for the Depressed Classes. This system would continue for ten years unless a mutual agreement consents to terminate it earlier. Fair representation of the Depressed Classes would be ensured by all means. Nobody would be discriminated against on the basis of caste on matters regarding election to the local bodies or in public services appointments. A certain sum of money from the educational grant would be allotted for the education of the Depressed Classes in all provinces. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

In this special four-part podcast series, Richard Lummis and myself consider business leadership from a different angle, that of great economic disaster. This podcast series was inspired by the Great Courses series of lectures entitled, Crashes and Crisis: Lessons form a History of Financial Disasters, hosted by Professor Connel Fullenkamp. In this podcast series, we will consider the Dutch Tulip Bubble from the 1630s, the South Sea Bubble of 1720, the Mississippi Bubble of 1720 and the 1907 Panic. Today we begin with the Dutch Tulip Bubble. Tulips had been imported into what became the United Provinces of Holland in the late 1500s from Turkey. They became quite fashionable with the smart set at the time (i.e. royalty and the aristocracy) and by the early 1630s prices in Holland were already quite high. Then two things happened to create the bubble of 1634-1637. First the small group of tightly knit Dutch traders who bought and sold tulips were overrun by speculators. Second and perhaps more significantly, a type of formal futures market was created where contracts to buy bulbs at the end of the season were bought and sold, beginning in mid-1636. But this market was sanctioned or regulated as their trades were not made on formal Dutch exchanges. Different groups of traders began to meet together in taverns where they did not have to put much money down and the contracts were not legally enforceable. This significantly lessened any downside in not getting carried away in bidding. Traders were required only to pay a 2.5% “wine money” fee, up to a maximum of three guilders per trade. Neither party paid an initial margin, nor a mark-to-market margin, and all contracts were with the individual counterparties rather than with the Exchange. The entire business was accomplished on the margins of Dutch economic life, not in the Exchange itself. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Life on board a ship in the 1600s was no joyous experience. In this episode, we look at what the crew, soldiers and passengers aboard the Batavia went through, as they made their way from the United Provinces to their first scheduled stop at the Cape of Good Hope: the southern tip of Africa. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In an age when traditional European feudalism was breaking down, the United Provinces of the Netherlands chartered the world's first corporation. The VOC would become a major authority for thousands of people, all around the world. In this episode we explore why and how the company came into existence, and what that meant for those who were (un)lucky enough to have anything to do with it. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Catherine Bott looks at music marking the ceremonial signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, with celebration pieces by Handel and William Croft. Handel's "Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate" was written to celebrate the Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, ending the War of the Spanish Succession. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war. The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces on the other.

Hobson-Jobson was not just about administration and geopolitics- the language of Empire extended to its culinary endeavours as well. Thus chota hazri, tiffin,and curry puffs at Peliti’s were the things that sustained an army of civil servants as they went about registering land records in the United Provinces, negotiating with Malay sultans or checking out logging operations in Sabah. Cecilia Leong-Salobir’s book, Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire (Routledge, 2011), looks at the gastronomic side of things in Britain’s tropical, Asiatic Empire -India, Malaya and Singapore. It looks at the things administrators, soldiers and commercial workers ate on various occasions- in the dak bungalow, on camping tours, at grand dinner parties – and how they went about preparing their victuals- mostly with the help of domestic staff, Muslim, Goan, Malay and Chinese, cooks of whom they had criticisms aplenty to make, yet in the end trusted with the task of cooking for their families. And they made sure to write down all they gleaned about rustling up pastries and souffles in lands where rice and chappatis were the staple dishes. Cecilia researched the cookbooks, colonial archives, correspondence, and prepared questionnaires for old Empire hands to come up with a comprehensive report on what the Empire builders ate- and the result is a deliciously detailed work, which explores how the socio-cultural structure of Empire dictated and determined what would be cooked and eaten at specific times and places. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hobson-Jobson was not just about administration and geopolitics- the language of Empire extended to its culinary endeavours as well. Thus chota hazri, tiffin,and curry puffs at Peliti’s were the things that sustained an army of civil servants as they went about registering land records in the United Provinces, negotiating with Malay sultans or checking out logging operations in Sabah. Cecilia Leong-Salobir’s book, Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire (Routledge, 2011), looks at the gastronomic side of things in Britain’s tropical, Asiatic Empire -India, Malaya and Singapore. It looks at the things administrators, soldiers and commercial workers ate on various occasions- in the dak bungalow, on camping tours, at grand dinner parties – and how they went about preparing their victuals- mostly with the help of domestic staff, Muslim, Goan, Malay and Chinese, cooks of whom they had criticisms aplenty to make, yet in the end trusted with the task of cooking for their families. And they made sure to write down all they gleaned about rustling up pastries and souffles in lands where rice and chappatis were the staple dishes. Cecilia researched the cookbooks, colonial archives, correspondence, and prepared questionnaires for old Empire hands to come up with a comprehensive report on what the Empire builders ate- and the result is a deliciously detailed work, which explores how the socio-cultural structure of Empire dictated and determined what would be cooked and eaten at specific times and places. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hobson-Jobson was not just about administration and geopolitics- the language of Empire extended to its culinary endeavours as well. Thus chota hazri, tiffin,and curry puffs at Peliti’s were the things that sustained an army of civil servants as they went about registering land records in the United Provinces, negotiating with Malay sultans or checking out logging operations in Sabah. Cecilia Leong-Salobir’s book, Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire (Routledge, 2011), looks at the gastronomic side of things in Britain’s tropical, Asiatic Empire -India, Malaya and Singapore. It looks at the things administrators, soldiers and commercial workers ate on various occasions- in the dak bungalow, on camping tours, at grand dinner parties – and how they went about preparing their victuals- mostly with the help of domestic staff, Muslim, Goan, Malay and Chinese, cooks of whom they had criticisms aplenty to make, yet in the end trusted with the task of cooking for their families. And they made sure to write down all they gleaned about rustling up pastries and souffles in lands where rice and chappatis were the staple dishes. Cecilia researched the cookbooks, colonial archives, correspondence, and prepared questionnaires for old Empire hands to come up with a comprehensive report on what the Empire builders ate- and the result is a deliciously detailed work, which explores how the socio-cultural structure of Empire dictated and determined what would be cooked and eaten at specific times and places. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today's episode's script was written by Andrew Tumath of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.  To submit your own script, please send them to me at militaryhistorypodcast@gmail.com The Anglo-Dutch Wars were a series of the distinct conflicts waged between England and the United Provinces (modern-day Netherlands) in the middle years of the 17th-century. Fought for different reasons, alongside different allies, and with different results, the wars pitted the two great maritime powers of the period against each other, until both came to realise that the real threat came from the France of Louis XIV. Almost uniquely maritime in nature, there wasn’t a single action in the three conflicts in which an English army faced a Dutch one.  Military History Podcast is sponsored by Armchair General Magazine

In the late sixteenth century, Dutch ships, thus far confined to European waters, began to explore the wider world. This expansion took place in the midst of the lengthy war between the United Provinces of the Netherlands and Habsburg Spain, which lasted for eighty years. After 1621, Dutch activities afloat and ashore in the Atlantic world were coordinated by the West India Company. The Company used various forms of violence against their Iberian rivals in Africa, the Caribbean, and South America – in Brazil alone, 276 battles with enemy forces have been counted in the seventeenth century. This lecture will engage Bernard Bailyn’s recent assertion that in the New World, civility was lost and indiscriminate murder was the rule. Was this the case in the Dutch Atlantic? How different was this violence from the military encounters that took place in Europe between Dutchmen and Iberians? In other words, did Dutch transatlantic warfare have a specific character?

This 130th episode is titled Up North, Then South.This is the last episode in which we take a look at The Church in Europe following the Enlightenment. The narrative is nowhere near exhausTIVE. It's more an exhaustING summary of Scandinavia, the Dutch United Provinces, Austria, and Italy. We've already looked at Germany, France, and Spain.The end of the 17th century proved to be a brutal time in Scandinavia. Some 60% of the population died from 1695-7 due to warfare and the disease and famine of its aftermath. As if they hadn't had enough misery, the Great Northern War of 1700–1721 then followed. In the desperation of the times, Lutherans provide devotionals offering hope and comfort, while calling for prayer and repentance.Along with northern Germany -- Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland were Lutheran strongholds. Citizens were required to swear loyalty to a Lutheran State Church in league with absolutist monarchs.But during the Great Northern War, Swedish King Charles XII suffered a massive defeat by the Russian armies of Peter the Great. Sweden lost large tracts of land and the throne lost clout with the people. A so-called “Age of Liberty” followed that lasted most of the rest of the 18th century. The Swedish Parliament gained power and reformers gave a rationalist slant to Swedish education. They battled with Lutheran clergy who wanted to retain some  theology in the education of Sweden's young.Many returning captured Swedes imprisoned in Russia, had converted to Pietism by missionaries sent by Francke and the University at Halle we talked about last time. The soldiers became advocates for Pietism back home. Moravians also promoted revivals in Scandinavia.After a grab for power in 1772, Gustavus III nullified the Swedish Constitution restraining the reach of royal power. He imposed a new Constitution designed to reinforce Lutheranism as the basis of government. He said, “Unanimity in religion, and the true divine worship, is the surest basis of a lawful, concordant, and stable government.” But in 1781, limited toleration came to Sweden when other Protestant groups were once again allowed. Catholicism, however, remained banned.From 1609, when the Dutch won their liberty from Spain, until Louis XIVth's invasion in 1672, the Dutch United Provinces had its “Golden Age” and enjoyed what Simon Schama called an “embarrassment of riches.” This was due mostly to their lucrative international trade and free market economy. The Dutch eschewed the traditional monarchy dominating the rest of Europe in favor of a far more egalitarian Parliamentary system.Amsterdam was a thriving commercial and cultural center. Its population more than doubled from 1600 to 1800. Amsterdam's docks were always packed. Its warehouses stuffed with goods from all over the world and the trade of the massive and powerful Dutch East India Company. From its earliest days, this trading enterprise supported Reformed missionary work at posts in the Malay Archipelago, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. In July 1625, Dutch traders established New Amsterdam, later known as New York City.The United Provinces were intellectual a religious crossroads for Europe through its universities, publishing houses, and churches. Protestant students from Germany, Finland, and France flocked there to study at the University of Leiden and other schools.The main task of the faculty at the University of Leiden was the study of Scriptures. Its chief professor was Joseph Scaliger whose knowledge of the classics and biblical textual criticism made him one of Europe's premier scholars. Others notable scholars were scholars included Arminius and Gomarus.As many of our listeners know, the 17th century was the Dutch golden age of art. Thousands of painters created millions of paintings with scenes ranging from battles and landscapes, to churches, still life, and portraits. Among the more famous masters were Rembrandt, Frans Hal, and Vermeer. But by the 18th century, the quality of Dutch art had somewhat fallen.The Dutch Reformed Church affirmed the 1561 Belgic Confession of Faith. It addressed topics ranging from the Trinity, the work of Christ, and the sacraments, to Church-State relations. Although the Reformed Church was the “official” faith, the United Provinces were known for their toleration of other groups. That didn't mean there weren't heated theological rows. Two parties emerged in the Dutch Reformed Church: the “precise” Calvinists who wanted churches to possess binding doctrinal authority, and the “loose or moderate” Calvinists who desired greater freedom of religious thought.The Dutch Provinces often served as a haven for those seeking relief from persecution in other parts of Europe. Amsterdam was a notable home to a large Jewish community. Some 70,000 French Huguenots took refuge there and married into the populace. An Anabaptist community flourished. Religious dissidents like Baruch Spinoza and Anthony Collins, an exile from England, weren't much respected but they were at least not beat up.Many Europeans admired the Dutch Republic for its successful war of liberation from the Spanish, its egalitarian government, as well as its vital free market economy. By 1675, there were fifty-five printing presses and 200 booksellers in Amsterdam, adding to the burgeoning base of middle-class scholars.During the 18th century, the Dutch, while continuing to be officially Reformed, saw an increase in the number of those they'd been less tolerant toward; namely=Catholics, Dissenters, and Jews. Revivals frequently passed through more rural domains. In 1749 and 50, emotionally-charged revival meetings took place with the ministry of Gerard Kuypers. Villages in the Netherlands and nearby Germany experienced similar revivals.In a foreshadowing of Intelligent Design and the fine-tuning of the universe arguments, a number of Dutch theologian-scientists wrote works in which they sought to demonstrate that the intricacy of designs in nature prove God's existence. Until the 1770s, the Reformed Church played a dominant role in Dutch public life. Some 60% of the population was Reformed, 35% Catholic, 5% percent Anabaptists and Jews.There really never was a Dutch version of the Enlightenment. Most of its participants never espoused a militant atheism, but sought to accommodate their faith to educational reforms and religious toleration. They appreciated the new science and advances in technology.Now we turn back to Geneva; adopted home of John Calvin.During the early 1750s, Geneva was the home of both Voltaire and Rousseau, well-known Enlightenment thinkers and scoffers at Christianity.Several of Geneva's pastors proposed a reasonable and tolerant form of Christianity that warmed to some of the more liberal Enlightenment ideas. This was a huge turn from the position of Francis Turretin who in the mid-17th century, led the Reformed and conservative theologians of Geneva to the idea that the City was a theocracy with God as its ruler. Turretin said the government ought defend “the culture of pure religion and the pious care of nurturing the church.” Turretin's party defended the Masoretic pointing of the Hebrew text, making this belief binding on the Swiss church. These pastors feared if Hebrew vowels were left out, the Hebrew words of the Old Testament were susceptible to interpretations that varied from those they approved. They also tried to force pastoral candidates to repudiate the doctrine of “universal grace” being championed by an emerging class of theologians.But in 1706 Turretin's son, Jean, repudiated his father's work and embraced a more liberal theology that advocated the role of reason in determining truth. He denied his father's soteriology, doctrine of salvation, and eschewed limited atonement. By the 1720s, Arminianism had taken firm root in Geneva.In Feb, 1670, the Hapsburg, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and a devout Roman Catholic, ordered all Jews to leave Austrian lands. Vienna became a major center of cultural. After the defeat of the Turks, it's population boomed, growing from about 100K in 1700 to twice that 80 years later. The construction of the Schwarzenberg and Schönberg Palaces enhanced its prestige while the music of Haydn and Mozart made Vienna famous across Europe.The Hapsburg Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI supported Jesuit missionary efforts to convert Protestants. Jesuits created a baroque Catholic culture in Austria and Bohemia with the construction of magnificent churches in cities and the countryside.Though loyally Catholic, the Hapsburgs rejected the pope's interference in Austria's religious and political life. They'd proven their devotion to Rome when in 1683, Leopold saved The Church from the Turks. Austria was the “rock” on which the Catholic Church was built. It was the Hapsburgs who saved the faith form the infidel, not the pope.In October of 1740, at the death of her father, Maria Theresa took the titles Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia, and Queen of Hungary. In 1745, her husband, Francis Stephen, became the Holy Roman Emperor under the name Francis I. Disturbed by the Prussian Frederick II's seizure of Silesia, Maria Theresa attempted to reform the military and governmental structures of Austria after Enlightenment ideals. She became the proponent of what's called “Enlightened Absolutism.” At the same time, she was ready to apply repressive measures against those who resisted her reforms. On one occasion she warned that he is “no friend to humanity who allows everyone his own thoughts.”Maria Theresa was a devout Catholic influenced by counselors favorable to Jansenism. With the advice of her chancellor, she tried to establish a national Catholic Church in which the pope had authority only in spiritual matters.Maria Theresa did not allow Protestants to sell their property or leave her lands. She required those who refused to convert to Catholicism to emigrate to Transylvania, where Protestantism was permitted. Nor did Maria Theresa intercede to save the Jesuits when their society was dissolved. She allowed 2000 Protestants to live in Vienna, but she forced the city's Jews to live in a ghetto.Upon the death of Maria Theresa, Joseph II passed Edicts of Toleration that allowed greater freedoms for non-Catholics and continued the policy of subjugating Church power to that of the State. He confiscated the property of over 700 monasteries, displacing 27,000 monks and nuns and used the proceeds to build new churches.Like Germany, during the 18th century, Italy didn't exist as a nation as we know it. It was a hodge-podge of various principalities. They didn't even share a common language.The population of the peninsula grew from eleven to fifteen million in the first half of the century. But in the 1760's a severe famine struck Florence, Rome, and Naples.The region of Tuscany was a hot-bed of the Jansenists who, as you'll remember, were a kind of Calvinist-Catholics.A handful of Italian academics promoted rationalist views in the Catholic church, eliminating what they regarded as backward features of Italian culture. But the Enlightenment just didn't gain the traction in Italy it did in the rest of Europe.The popes of the 18th century had difficulty dealing with the now powerful secular rulers of Europe, no longer threatened by Church power or political machinations.Even the Papal States were frequently invaded by foreign powers. Conquerors only left after they'd secured hefty ransoms. Popes were forced to make concessions that made their weakness evident to all. Despite that, Rome continued to attract large numbers of pilgrims, students, and artists. Pilgrims hoped for a blessing from the Pope or a healing while visiting the many shrines.Then there were the youth on the Grand Tour, as it was called. They were most often graduates of Cambridge, Oxford, the University of Paris or some other school who headed to Italy to gain knowledge in classical culture. In 1776, Samuel Johnson underscored the importance of Italy as a destination for those making the Grand Tour: “A man who has not been in Italy, is always conscious of an inferiority. The grand object of traveling is to see the shores of the Mediterranean. On those shores were the four great Empires of the world; the Assyrian, the Persian, the Grecian, and the Roman.”Several popes supported the establishment of academies, colleges, and universities and encouraged general scholarship. Under their generous patronage Rome's artistic riches in painting, sculpture, music, and monuments flourished. Pope Clement XI initiated plans for the Trevi Fountain and the Spanish Steps in the early 18th century.But to give you an idea of how the tables had turned and now kings dominated popes, it was this same Clement, who became a pawn in the hands of Emperor Joseph I and Louis XIV. Louis forced Clement to issue a papal bull dealing with the Jesuit-Jansenist controversy.Papal prestige suffered seriously during the French Revolution. Pope Pius VI was obliged to condemn the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” as well as the “Civil Constitution of the Clergy.” This split the French between those revolutionaries who wanted to throw off the Absolutist government of the French monarchy but maintain their Catholicism, and those French who wanted to be done with religion as well.Bottom Line: The Enlightenment witnessed serious challenges to both the papacy's temporal and spiritual authority.