Podcasts about Philip V

With Seleucus IV now in charge of the Seleucid empire, let's see how the rest of the Mediterranean world is getting on. In and around the first few years of Seleucus' reign, we see Philip V attempt to install an Antigonus IV of Macedon instead of his son Perseus, a simmering anti-Roman feeling, and an exchange of hostages. All while Seleucus tries to break the terms of the Treaty of Apamea...Sources for this episode:TBA

Jesús Huerta de Soto traces the Austrian school's intellectual roots from the Spanish scholastics to Rothbard, making the case that anarcho-capitalism is the natural endpoint of the classical liberal tradition.The Ludwig von Mises Memorial Lecture, sponsored by Yousif Almoayyed.The Austrian Economics Research Conference is the international, interdisciplinary meeting of the Austrian school, bringing together leading scholars doing research in this vibrant and influential intellectual tradition.Full Text version of the Lecture (Submitted by Prof. Huerta de Soto):Thank you very much to the Mises Institute and Joe Salerno for his kind introduction as well as for inviting me to deliver this “Ludwig von Mises Memorial Lecture” to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of Murray N. Rothbard's birthday. It is the second time I visit the Mises Institute to deliver this most important lecture: The first one was almost thirty years ago, back in April 1997, when I delivered a lecture on “The Scholastic Roots of the Austrian School”. In this second opportunity I am very happy to have been able to accept Joe's invitation and to come with a very well represented retinue of ten of my colleagues and doctoral students. All of them are teaching as professors or making their research at our more than twenty-year-old Doctoral and Master Programs in Austrian Economics at King Juan Carlos University back in Madrid, and which is the only one officially approved and with full validity inside the whole European Union. You have already had the opportunity to hear from each one of them a detailed description of the so-called “Madrid Austrian Research Hub” and of all the activities we are developing every year, including the 54 Doctoral Theses on Austrian Economics that have been read up to now in our program. And here you have also copies of the English version of our main books published by Routledge, Edward Elgar, and by the Macmillan Austrian Series edited by my Madrid Colleagues, the German professor Philipp Bagus and the Canadian professor Dave Howden. And you will have the unique opportunity to buy these books that, as you know, have a hefty price of almost 100 pounds each one, at the almost “stolen property” and symbolic price of 5 dollars per copy, thanks to the most generous help of the Spanish Jesús Huerta de Soto Foundation that is helping to finance our participation in this important event.And now what I will do in the next forty minutes is to try to summarize not only my main contributions, but also “The Libertarian Vision of the Scientific and Moral Truth” as we see it from our Austrian School Hub in Madrid. And I will do it by focusing on a series of fundamental points.Precisely, the youngest of all sciences, Economics is the one that has provided Humanity with the most important scientific contributionThe first one is that Economics, being the last science to arrive, or as Mises said, "the youngest of all sciences," has nevertheless achieved the milestone of providing Humanity with the most important scientific contribution. For the first time, and thanks to Economic Science, human beings have discovered and understood that voluntary social cooperation, free from all institutional and systematic external coercion, generates a spontaneous order that cannot be designed nor organized by anyone, and that peacefully and without limits drives the prosperity and expansion of Humankind.This transcendental message of Economic Science, on the one hand, resolves the impossible antithesis of attempting to apply, within the realm of interactions carried out by human beings endowed with free will, the manipulative approach of external entities that human beings have no choice but to use, supported by technology and the natural sciences, in order to dominate the subject of the material world. And on the other hand, this is a radically revolutionary message: for the first time, it has been scientifically demonstrated that states, in any of their forms, are neither necessary nor viable; that Society, understood as a process of voluntary human interactions, does not need anyone to govern it, because it regulates and organizes itself spontaneously; and that the attempt to coordinate Society on the basis of social engineering and state coercive commands is impossible, doomed to failure, and gives rise to all kinds of distortions, social conflicts and violence, that continually hinder and block human progress.Economic science is generalized into a complete Theory of Liberty that makes it possible to reinterpret History and promote the expansion of civilizationThe second point is that Economics has been generalized into a whole Theory of Liberty, understood as the most essential attribute and requirement of human nature. Liberty means that all human actions are carried out voluntarily, based on the principle of non-aggression, and free of external coercion or violence imposed and organized from above by the always minority group of human beings who, under whatever title, exercise any kind of political power.Moreover, Economics dismantles and turns upside down the erroneous and biased account of Thomas Hobbes and his followers. Neither was the "state of nature" a terrifying situation, nor did a supposed "social contract" ever exist or was it necessary to create and maintain a State that would impose order and guarantee peace. What happened was precisely the opposite: natural evolution consisted, above all, in the spontaneous discovery of the great advantages provided by voluntary exchanges and peaceful trade. Systematic and generalized violence, war, and terror arose only with the appearance of States, as coercive institutions composed of the most antisocial and violent human beings, who wanted (and still want) to live at the expense of plundering those citizens who earn their living by working and trading peacefully with each other (Oppenheimer, 1926).Thus, Economics, demonstrates that what Étienne de La Boétie named "voluntary servitude", is an anti-human aberration to which human beings have been subjected for centuries. And that it is not necessary to continue with the resigned habit of obeying the State; nor do governments enjoy an aura of prestige (but are literally "stripped" of any attribute of intellectual or moral superiority); nor is the caste—or “praetorian guard”—of intellectuals, “experts”, and acolytes that surround states and rulers to be regarded as untouchable; nor should we allow ourselves to be seduced and deceived by subsidies or perks, whether supposed or real, with which they seek to purchase the will and secure the loyalty of exploited human beings, so that they will consent, voluntarily and permanently, to their exploitation and servitude (De la Boétie, 1975).Economics is the Science developed by the Austrian School of Economics, which should in fact be known as the Spanish School, as it has its origins in the thinking of our scholastics of the Spanish Golden AgeThe third point is that Economic Science has reached its highest level of development thanks to the Austrian School of Economics. As you know, our school is based on the realism of its analytical assumptions, in the dynamic approach based on the entrepreneurial, creative, and coordinating capacity of every human being, and in the study of the spontaneous and self-regulated order of the social process of voluntary human interactions (Huerta de Soto, 2008). The institutional and multidisciplinary approach of the Austrian School is also very relevant. As a result of the spontaneous social process important institutions emerge which, in turn, make it possible and drive it forward: Law and property rights rooted in human nature and discovered and developed spontaneously outside the state; the family, a basic and essential institution, on which the expansion of Humanity is made possible and consolidated; moral principles, which act as a true "automatic pilot" for liberty and which human beings internalize and transmit from generation to generation, thanks to the family and other community or religious institutions; economic institutions, and in particular, money, which also evolves spontaneously outside the State, and which can and should be considered the social institution par excellence, since by overcoming the problems of barter, it enables the exponential multiplication of voluntary exchanges and human interactions, within which the rest of the social, linguistic, moral, legal, economic, and religious institutions are discovered, shaped, and perfected.Our fourth point is that the first theorists of the spontaneous order emerged in the field of law, led by the great jurists of classical Rome. They were the first ones to understand the organic and evolutionary nature of the social process, and so they became, without being aware of it, the first economists. Their tradition was kept alive throughout the Middle Ages thanks to the Catholic Church and, through thinkers such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Saint Antoninus of Florence, and Saint Bernardino of Siena, eventually came to influence the Spanish scholastics of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries gathered around the University of Salamanca. As Rothbard demonstrated (Rothbard, 1976) these thinkers of the Spanish Golden Age should be considered the most immediate precedent of the Austrian School of Economics, which, precisely for this reason, should be called the Spanish School of Economics. And in fact, these Spanish scholastics were already able to articulate the following ten essential principles which constitute the theoretical foundation of the Austrian School:Firstly, the subjective theory of value developed by the Bishop of Segovia, Diego de Covarrubias, who as early as 1555 clearly explained that, although the objective nature of wheat is the same in Spain as in America, its price was higher in America because there human beings subjectively valued it much more highly; from this follows the correct relationship between prices and costs set out by Luis Sarabia de la Calle, in the sense that it is market prices that determine costs and not the other way around, as equilibrium theorists mistakenly believe; the Scholastics also realized that equilibrium models and prices lack realism and theoretical meaning because they presuppose a degree of knowledge “so complex that only God, and in no case human beings, could ever acquire it” (in latin “pretium iustum mathematicum licet soli Deo notum”), as already explained by the Jesuit cardinals Juan de Salas in 1617 and Juan de Lugo in 1643, more than three hundred years earlier than Hayek could conclude that “a science which assumes knowledge that can never be acquired is not a Science”; also the dynamic concept of competition is fundamental, understood as a process of rivalry among sellers based on the dynamic conception of market processes developed by Jerónimo Castillo de Bobadilla and Luis de Molina in 1589 and 1597, and that has nothing to do with the static model of "perfect competition" of equilibrium theorists; and also the important contributions of the Spanish Scholastics related with capital theory, business cycles, and the effects of fiduciary media generated by banks; so, particular emphasis should be placed on the rediscovery of the principle of time preference by Martín de Azpilcueta, following what Lessines had already stated in 1285; as well as on the fact that bankers commit mortal sin when they operate with fractional reserves, creating bank deposits as a form of virtual money (or chirographis pecuniarium, as Luis de Molina said in latin) that only exists in their accounting books and distorts the structure of relative prices, creating bubbles and deep economic crises that ultimately "bring everything crashing down," as Saravia de la Calle and Tomás de Mercado so vividly explained in the 16th Century; and in short, the Scholastic's idea that it is impossible to organize society through coercive commands due to lack of the information that would be required to give them coordinating content; as well as the discovery that inflation is a hidden and very harmful tax that arises from an act of tyranny, since it is neither known nor accepted by citizens, which would even justify the assassination of the King according to the theory of tyrannicide, a contribution originally made by the Castilian Comuneros eventually defeated by the tyrant King Charles V in 1521, and developed by Father Juan de Mariana almost a century later [in 1610].This entire line of proto-Austrian scholastic thought also spread throughout the Americas, especially in the newly founded universities of San Marcos in Lima and Mexico City in 1551 where brilliant disciples of these Scholastics, who had studied at the University of Salamanca itself, came to occupy prominent academic positions. Thus, for example, we should mention the cases of Bartolomé Frías de Albornoz in Mexico, and above all the great Juan de Matienzo, who became judge and president of the Royal Audiencia of Charcas and Lima from 1560 onwards (Popescu, 1997).Finally, the doctrine of our scholastics did spread even to North America two centuries later through the books of Juan de Mariana, who greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson and the founding fathers of the United States.However, the southern part of the continent ultimately proved unable to neutralize the wave of growing statism and centralization that first came with the arrivals of the Habsburgs in Spain, and which was intensified even further after the arrival of the Bourbons with Philip V at the beginning of the eighteenth century (Martínez Marina, 1820). How different and much more prosperous and libertarian might the historical evolution of Spain and Latin America have been, had the statist centralism of the Habsburgs and the Bourbons not prevailed, and had the far more libertarian, local, and decentralized traditional representative institutions of the kingdoms of Castile instead remained predominant—institutions that were dismantled, together with Europe's first libertarian revolution, beginning with the defeat of the Castilian Comuneros at Villalar on April 23, 1521 (Leonard Liggio, 2025).The most important and far-reaching contributions of economic scienceLet us now turn, in greater detail, to the most important contributions of Economics, as developed by the Austrian School.First, human cooperation takes place spontaneously, without the need for anyone to organize it coercively from outside. This is so because human beings are endowed with an entrepreneurial and creative capacity that continually drives them to discover the multiple opportunities for profit that arise in their environment. Each of these opportunities embodies a previous discoordination in human behavior that remains latent until it is discovered and overcome by the corresponding entrepreneurial act. This entrepreneurial act always arises from a creative tension and interpretation of events of the outside world that is essentially subjective and, therefore, cannot be reproduced by any artificial intelligence algorithm; in other words, the same objective events can be interpreted in multiple ways, even contradictory ones, without it being possible to postulate which is correct until the corresponding entrepreneurial process is completed in the form of a subjective profit. In any case, every entrepreneurial act involves, firstly, the creation of information that did not exist before (regarding the profit opportunity that arose from the previous discoordination that had gone unnoticed); secondly, the transmission of that knowledge (directly to the parties involved in the entrepreneurial act and indirectly through a series of institutions and signals such as market prices); and third and finally, the coordination of the previous maladjustments takes place when the parties involved learn motu proprio, that is, voluntarily and for their own benefit, to discipline their behavior according to the needs of others (for example, when they discover that they achieve their ends more effectively by specializing and trading peacefully the mutual results of their efforts). The discovery of the essence of this pure entrepreneurial act, with its elements of creation and transmission of information and the spontaneous coordination of the previous maladjustments continually generated by human coexistence, constitutes the most important contribution that Economic Science has provided to Humanity, and explains why the spontaneous process of voluntary social cooperation that drives the multiplication of human beings and the expansion of civilization does not require any statist system of institutional coercion.Another essential contribution of Economics is the concept of Dynamic Efficiency, understood as the process of unlimited expansion of human creativity and entrepreneurial coordination that arises only within a specific institutional framework of moral and legal norms. This framework is the one grounded on the ethical principle according to which every human being has a natural right to appropriate the results of his entrepreneurial creativity; that is, a property right over what one has created and which did not previously exist, which is the most obvious and important human right. For this reason, (dynamic) Efficiency and Morality and Justice (properly understood) cannot be separated one from the other; or, as we might say, they are two sides of the same coin in the sense that only Justice and Morality induce and generate efficiency; and at the same time, what is dynamically efficient in economic terms cannot be neither unjust nor immoral. All of which, on the other hand, demonstrates the integrated order that exists in the social universe, and highlights the three levels of research (theoretical, ethical, and historical) that complement and reinforce with each other and are essential in our search for truth (Huerta de Soto, 2000).Finally, another key contribution of Economic Science is to have demonstrated the impossibility of socialism, or better, the impossibility of statism, in the sense that it is impossible for the State to achieve and coordinate what it promises for the following four reasons:First, because of the enormous volume of information required for such coordination, which the State cannot acquire because it is dispersed in the minds of the eight billion human beings who participate and interact in the social process every day. Second, given the tacit and inarticulate character of this information (and therefore its inability to be transmitted in an objective manner). Third, because the information that is generated is not "given," nor is it static, but instead changes continuously as a result of human creativity, making it impossible to transmit today information that will only be created tomorrow, and which is precisely the information that the organs of State intervention and the so-called “experts” would need today in order to direct society to achieve their objectives tomorrow. And fourth, and above all, because the coercive nature of State commands blocks the entrepreneurial activity of creating the very information which the State organization itself would need in order to give its commands a coordinating content. In sum, the State is always and everywhere violence and coercion; coercion blocks the entrepreneurial act of creation, discovery, and adjustment of discoordinated human behavior, while at the same time preventing the creation of the information and the emergence of free market prices that make economic calculation and social coordination possible. For this reason, statism is not only unnecessary but is also scientifically impossible.The impact of these essential contributions of Economics on the course of social evolution has so far been very limitedAll of these scientific contributions have so far achieved only a very partial, imperfect, and limited impact on the inertia of a social and political reality that has for centuries been characterized by the coercive power of States and rulers, and by the more or less resigned servitude of the citizens. And despite the very limited nature of this impact to date, which at best has materialized in a series of naïve and "liberal" revolutions aimed, with as much arrogance as lack of success, toward the impossible objective of trying to separate and limit the powers of states and rulers through political constitutions and "liberal democracies" (Rothbard, 2009); Humanity has been propelled as never before in those places and historical moments where it has managed, despite everything, to at least partially free itself from the State and open up some of the new channels of liberty shown by the teachings of Economics. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, which was but the first chapter of the never-completed "Revolution of Liberty" inspired by Economics. And although what has been achieved in terms of prosperity and standard of living by the now eight billion human beings seems relatively significant—and indeed it is—we cannot even conceive of the standard of living and population size that could be achieved if Humanity were able to take full advantage of and fully implement the teachings of Economic Science.We can be few and poor in a context of servitude and submission to the State, or many and wealthy in a context of liberty (Hayek, 1988, p. 133). The globe is practically empty of human beings (the Earth's current population would fit into an area equivalent to that of the state of Alaska, with a population density equal to that of Brussels). And we cannot even imagine the prosperity that could be achieved in a free market daily driven by eighty billion, or even eight hundred billion, human beings. Economics explains and demonstrates that the increasing prosperity of an ever-growing population of human beings never results from deliberate and coercive State plans, nor from the egalitarian income redistribution, nor from increases in public spending, nor from subsidies, debt, or inflation, but only arises from the free market of the capitalist system. This consists of the process of voluntary exchanges among all human beings who, endowed with an innate entrepreneurial and creative capacity, are able to detect and assess, through the system of free prices, the relative urgency and necessity of each good and service, overcoming the relative scarcity of each and satisfying, every day and in the best humanly possible way, the desires and needs of billions of consumers. Entrepreneurs who succeed in this never-ending process of profit-seeking accumulate significant resources, which, in turn, are saved and invested in capital goods and new technologies that make human beings increasingly productive, boosting their wages and standards of living; a virtuous process of continuously expanding prosperity and population growth that, if not coerced or hindered by the State, has no limits.Therefore, it is crucially important for the future of Humanity that it be able to take full and maximum advantage of the lessons and essential message in pursuit of human liberty that Economics provides. But this will only be possible if we are able to unmask and carefully analyze the powerful forces of the pseudoscientific and counterrevolutionary reaction that has been mobilized to prevent the advance of the theory of liberty derived from Economic Science. Despite their diverse origins, they all converge on the same objective: to attempt to justify and preserve State coercion at all costs under the appearance of scientific legitimacy. They are driven by the "fatal conceit" (Hayek, 1988) of many visionaries, thinkers, and supposed "experts" who believe themselves to be clever enough to correct the spontaneous market order, of course, using the violence and coercive power of the State. Together with a privileged caste of rulers, bureaucrats and acolytes, they continually manipulate a Humanity that is sadly accustomed to serving the State. For all of them, it is vital that statism be maintained and that the message of liberty provided by Economics never prevail.Next, we will list the main reactionary pseudoscientific currents that have infiltrated Economic Science like a lethal virus and constitute, in Hayek's terminology, "the counter-revolution of science" (Hayek, 1955).Pseudoscientific reactionary currents opposed to Economic Science. The role played as “useful innocents” by many libertarian economists of the counterrevolutionary mainstreamFirst, positivism and scientism as pseudoscience. By "scientism" we must understand the improper application of the methods of the natural sciences to the field of Economic Science. Thus, while the natural sciences study their object of research as something external, measurable, and quantifiable, Economics studies the implications of the voluntary actions of human beings. And given the essentially creative nature of human beings, the supposed empirical "evidence" has, at best, only a superficial, partial, and always historically contingent value. In Bastiat's words, of "what is seen" —or rather, what is believed to have been seen— but not "what is not seen" (Bastiat, 1995); and at worst, it always entails the assumption, that human beings are an object of research that can be manipulated as the matter of the external world studied by the natural sciences. This inevitably introduces the idea that to improve the world, the State and its rulers must use their coercive power to manipulate and change the things they believe they see in their historically contingent "empirical photos." But these "empirical photos" cannot capture the underlying dynamic essence of spontaneous social processes, let alone what is already happening spontaneously to solve and coordinate every problem. Therefore, it is not surprising that from the very first steps of Economic Science promoted by the Austrian School, its most violent opponents were the "socialists of the chair" gathered around the German Historical School, reinforced in France by the empiricists of the school of Saint-Simon, the insane Comte, and Durkheim, who sought to create a new and alternative pseudoscience of society. And their unhealthy positivist and ultra-empirical influence has persisted to the present day, first through American Institutionalism and later through the massive compilation of empirical data, for example, in the work of Wesley C. Mitchell or Henry Schultz, the latter, as shown by Professor Salerno, having gone on to exert a decisive influence on his assistant Milton Friedman and, through him, even on the Chicago School itself (Salerno, 2023).Secondly, the pseudoscience of neoclassical economics is characterized by its claim that only its own approach constitutes true “science,” that is, the approach based on the principles of equilibrium, maximization, and constancy. Moreover, in addition to the lack of realism of its assumptions, it adds the reductionism of a mathematical language that has developed in response to the needs and demands of the natural sciences, but which is alien to Economic Science because it does not allow for the subjective concept of time or entrepreneurial creativity. Neoclassical economists develop their pseudoscience based not on real human beings of flesh and blood, but on "ideal types" that are like "robotic penguins" who, even in their most sophisticated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models are limited to moving and reacting to events and State coercion as if they were characters of a sort of economic video game ("videogame economics"). Yet neoclassical pseudoscience, despite its apparent and ever-increasing sophistication, is not capable of accounting for the immense complexity of the real world and rebels against the idea of spontaneous market order in two ways that are equally harmful to human liberty: on the one hand, by promoting the coercive "social engineering" of central banks, States, and governments to use "fine tuning" to force reality toward to the mathematical optimum of their models; and, on the other hand, by labeling as "market failures" everything they believe they observe in reality that does not coincide, in their empirical studies, with their ghostly models of “perfect” equilibrium and adjustment (Milei, 2023); failures that, according to them, refute the "benefits" of the spontaneous order of the market and human liberty, and justify their elimination as soon as possible by a coercive State authority. Note also how neoclassical pseudoscience needs, and feeds upon, the empirical work of the previous pseudoscience, positivism, in order to justify its conclusions against human liberty and in favor of State coercion, so that positivists and neoclassicists join hands and end up reinforcing each other in their reactionary agenda.Third, Keynesianism and macroeconomics as pseudoscience. The very “macro” approach already entails, inevitably, an obvious bias in favor of justifying State intervention, aggression, and coercion against the spontaneous order of the market and human liberty. As F. A. Hayek pointed out in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech in 1974 (Hayek, 1978), macroeconomists ignore everything they cannot measure, specifically truly relevant economic processes and theories. At the same time, they believe that certain aggregate concepts—which lack genuine economic meaning—possess a “real” existence, that permits to collect empirical information or evidence that can be manipulated and statistically treated. Once again, macroeconomic pseudoscience goes hand in hand with positivist pseudoscience, and the two reinforce with each other in their counterrevolutionary reaction. Furthermore, Keynesianism is particularly harmful: not only does it flatly deny the coordinating capacity of creative entrepreneurship and the spontaneous market order, but it also builds as an alternative explanation a whole model—of course—of equilibrium with permanent unemployment, to justify the coercive intervention of the State in the lives of human beings in the form of all kinds of fiscal and monetary manipulations. Moreover, the macroeconomic and Keynesian pseudoscience feeds upon, and is reinforced by, the pseudoscientific approach of the Neoclassical School, to the point that, the so-called "neoclassical Keynesian synthesis" became, throughout the twentieth century, the main reactionary movement inside Economics. Keynesians and macroeconomists thus become the champions of that intoxication with statism, manipulation, and political power which constitutes the framework, orchestrated by governments and central banks, to which we have, regrettably, become accustomed and in which we are forced to live. This context repeatedly destabilizes the spontaneous market order, generates serious financial and economic crises and social conflicts, and continually hampers the prosperity and advance of civilization.We have left the quasi-religious mysticism of Marxist pseudoscience for last, because Marxism was scientifically dead even before it was born: in fact, it emerged with—and was theoretically demolished by—the subjectivist revolution led by the Austrian School of Economics. From the beginning, the Austrian School's development of time preference and capital theory revealed the contradictions and grave scientific errors of Marxism, while at the same time exposing its pronounced character as an intellectual fraud (Böhm-Bawerk, 1949). This intellectual fraud was historically illustrated by the collapse of the Soviet Union, and of virtually all other communist countries, after many decades of unspeakable human suffering for a large part of the world's population, all of which was perfectly consistent with the theory on the impossibility of statism developed by the Austrian School beginning with the von Mises of 1920 (Mises, 1936), and which was the final nail that forever sealed the coffin of the corpse of Marxist pseudoscience (Huerta de Soto, 2010).Finally, in this context, we must mention the destructive role played by a number of distinguished economists who, although they defend liberty and the market economy, could be described as a kind of "useful innocents" in Mises' terminology (Mises, 1947). This is so because, even though they officially oppose rampant statism and defend liberty, by accepting—even if only partially—some of the postulates of the reactionary pseudoscientific currents we have described, they ultimately end up, often without intending to and much to their regret, providing additional impetus to the statist reaction within our discipline; for example, when they insist on advising States with proposals aimed at making them more efficient and at helping them do somewhat better things that they should not be doing at all. By way of illustration, we should include in this category of “useful innocents”, for example, thinkers as the Karl Popper of The Open Society and Its Enemies (Popper, 1966, p. 366), who came to admire the “scientific capacity” and even the “humanism” of Karl Marx, and who proposed a statist strategy of “piecemeal social engineering”; or George Stigler, when he claimed that only empirical evidence could determine which economic system, socialism or capitalism, might function (Stigler, 1975, pp. 1-13); and, more generally, the members of the Chicago School, led by Gary Becker and Milton Friedman. Becker when defending that only economics developed within the strict limits of equilibrium, constancy, and maximization, typical of the neoclassical pseudoscience, constitutes true "economic science." And even more serious could be considered the case of Milton Friedman, whose very sincere love of liberty and intense and popular media support for free markets stand in sharp contrast to his pseudoscientific approach based on the aggregate method of economics of Keynesian origin, on positivist empiricism, and on the full acceptance of the unrealism of assumptions. Only in this way it can be explained Friedman's litany of scientific errors which, much to his regret, have invariably ended up reinforcing statist interventionism, to the point that Hayek himself was forced to conclude that after Keynes's The General Theory, the book that has done the greatest harm to Economic Science has been Friedman's Essays in Positive Economics (Hayek, 1994, pp. 145).The failure of democracy and classical liberalism: the triumph of statismAs we see, many classical liberals and advocates of liberal democracy have also acted as "useful innocents." The fatal error of classical liberals lies in the failure to realize that their program is theoretically impossible, because it incorporates within itself the seeds of its own destruction, precisely to the extent that it considers necessary and accepts the existence of a State (even if it is "minimal") understood as the monopolistic agency of institutional coercion. Therefore, the great error of classical liberals is very basic: they believe in a program of political action and economic doctrine that aims to limit the power of the State, while at the same time accepting it and even considering state's existence necessary. However Economic Science has already shown that the State is unnecessary, that statism (even in its minimal form) is theoretically impossible, and that, given human nature, once the State exists, it is impossible to limit its power. On the other hand, liberal democracy is a concept as naïve as it is impossible. Mises already warned us that democracy could only function if all its participants accepted the classical liberal principles, which is impossible because democracy itself encourages and amplifies vote-buying and the partisan use of power. So, the inevitable conclusion is that "liberal democracy" is a contradiction in terms as absurd as speaking (following Anthony de Jasay) of a “square circle,” of “hot snow,” or of a “virgin prostitute” (A. de Jasay, 1990). And even Hayek considered democracy unworkable if it is understood as the exercise of absolute power by majorities (Kratos in classical Greek). It should therefore come as no surprise that democracy once and again tends to be a perverse system based on lying and buying votes with money stolen through taxation.The fact is that the State attracts like a magnet the worst passions and vices of human nature, for instance, when individuals try to obtain rents produced by others using the State's coercive power. Moreover, the combined effect of the privileged groups, the phenomena of governmental myopia and vote-buying, the megalomaniacal character of politicians, and the irresponsibility and blindness of bureaucracies generate a dangerous, unstable and explosive cocktail, continually shaken by social, economic, and political crises which, paradoxically, are always used by the political caste to justify further doses of intervention and statism that, instead of solving problems, further aggravate them. Statism therefore corrupts the entire social body and at the same time blocks the spontaneous and free market solutions of social and economic problems.In fact, the State has become the "idol" that almost everyone turns to and worships. Statolatry is the most serious and dangerous social disease of our time. We are educated to believe that all problems can and must be detected and solved by the State. Our destiny depends on the State, and the politicians who control it are expected to guarantee everything our well-being may require. Human beings remain immature and rebel against their own creative nature, which makes their future always uncertain. They demand a crystal ball that assures them not only knowing what will happen, but also that any problems that arise will be solved for them. This "infantilization" of the masses is encouraged by politicians, as it justifies their own existence and ensures their popularity, position of dominance, and capacity to control. In addition, a whole legion of intellectuals, so-called "experts," and social engineers join in this arrogant intoxication of power. Not even the Church and the most respectable religious denominations have been able to realize that statolatry today constitutes the principal threat to the free, moral, and responsible human being; that the State is a false idol of immense power, worshipped by all, and that does not allow Humanity to be free from its control or have moral or religious loyalties beyond those the state can dominate. Furthermore, it is kept hidden from the public that the state is the true source of social conflicts and evils, and "scapegoats" (such as "capitalism" or private property) are blamed for the problems, and they become the goal of the most serious condemnations, even from moral and religious leaders, almost none of whom have realized the deception or dared to denounce that statolatry is the main threat in the present century to religion, morality, and, therefore, to human civilization.Perhaps the main exception within the Church is included in the brilliant biography of Jesus of Nazareth written by Benedict XVI. That the State and political power constitute the institutional incarnation of the Antichrist should be obvious to anyone with a minimal knowledge of history who reads the former Pope's considerations on the most serious temptation that the Evil One can present to us (and I quote Ratzinger literally): "The tempter is not so crude as to propose to us directly the worship of the devil. He merely proposes that we opt for the rational solution, that we prefer a planned and organized world in which God may have a place as a private spiritual matter, but must not be allowed to interfere in our essential purposes. Soloviev attributes to the Antichrist a book entitled The Open Road to World Peace and Prosperity; it becomes the new Bible, and its core message is the worship of well-being and rational planning," by the state (Ratzinger, 2007). And so, we should not be surprised that, for example, the great author of The Lord of the Rings, J. R. Tolkien, whose Catholic anarchism I fully share, went so far as to say that he would arrest anyone for simply daring to pronounce the word "State." Because the State is, always and everywhere, a reality of violence and systematic coercion against the most intimate essence of the human being, which is his capacity to act freely, creatively, and spontaneously; and so, it is unavoidable to conclude that the State is essentially immoral and that statism constitutes the principal threat to humankind.A theological digression: the dismantling of statism as a logical necessity inseparable from the work of GodAnd almost without realizing it, we can go ahead with a theological digression on how dismantling the State is a logical and moral necessity inseparable from the work of God. I fully understand that referring to God in this conference may come as a shock to many of those present, but I would ask that even those who do not believe in God, at least for dialectical purposes, make an effort of imagination and, for the next few minutes, imagine that God does indeed exist.And what do we mean by God? We must understand God to be a Supreme Being, Creator out of love for all things. And the most important creature that God has created is precisely the human being: in His image and likeness. And if there is a point of connection between God and man, it is precisely in the creative entrepreneurial ability: the capacity to discover, to see, and to create new things, goals and actions. But now I am going to go one step further and attempt to demonstrate that God is not only the Supreme, loving Creator of all things, but that—moreover—God is libertarian.And what does it mean to say that God is libertarian? It means that God, the Lord of all the Universe, has absolute power over it, and yet He chooses not to use force, but always leaves his creatures free. To the point that He gives human beings the freedom to rebel against Him; even though, again and again, God forgives human beings and allows them to rise up and begin anew.God always lets the universe He has created, flow in a spontaneous manner ("laissez faire, laissez passer, le monde va de lui même" could be the motto of our libertarian God). And this despite the fact that human beings tempt God again and again and demand that He manifest His absolute power, that He give us clear and indisputable signs of His existence and supreme power in order for us to believe in Him. But of course, God does not accept our challenge. Why? Because love and liberty are inseparable, and a forced conversion, for example by an evident cataclysm, would be completely contrary to that liberty with which God has created human beings out of love.Moreover, the Kingdom of God is not of this world; Jesus himself says this to a fearful Roman state official, who was also in charge of judging him: "My kingdom is not of this world." Does this mean that there are two types of kingdoms? The kingdoms of this world or States, which would be legitimate at their own level (remember "render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's"), and the Kingdom of God, of ("render unto God the things that are God's"). That is the standard interpretation that has prevailed until now, but I think is completely wrong. The Kingdom of God—which is the exact opposite of the kingdoms or States of this world—never makes systematic use of violence and coercion: it is a Kingdom that has already come to us and, moreover, has been given to us freely, in an act of immense mercy and love (Deus caritas est). And just as the hateful institution of slavery came to an end, the Kingdom of God will also dismantle the kingdoms of this world, the states of this world, or as St. Paul said, of every principality, power, and glory (Ephesians 1:21-23), because God is libertarian and man is made in the image and likeness of God.Ludwig von Mises, in his book Interventionism, introduced the term "destructionism" to refer to the economic and social effects of statism. If Evil (represented by statist destructionism in Mises' terminology) were to prevail, the human race and civilization would have disappeared long ago. The fact that, despite everything and the immense power of seduction of statism over humankind, the process of social cooperation continues to unfold and even prosper in certain historical periods and geographical areas, is a clear manifestation that God does not abandon the world nor leave libertarians alone in their struggle against the Evil; and that Good, represented by liberty, the principle of non-aggression, the spontaneous order of the market, entrepreneurial creativity and coordination, and above all, moral principles, always with God's help, prevails and is capable of overcoming Evil, represented by the fatal conceit of the statist ideal and the destruction that it produces.And now I will finish with some thoughts on anarcho-capitalism as the only possible system of social cooperation truly compatible with human natureAnd now I will finish with some thoughts on anarcho-capitalism as the only possible system of social cooperation truly compatible with human nature. The most important intellectual and moral event that is taking place nowadays is the full fusion between Christianity and anarcho-capitalism. Because anarcho-capitalism is the only possible system of social cooperation that is truly compatible with human nature. Anarcho-capitalism is the purest representation of the spontaneous market order in which all services, including law, justice, and public order, are provided through a voluntary process of social cooperation. In this system, no area is closed to the drive of human creativity and entrepreneurial coordination; efficiency and justice in the resolution of problems are simultaneously enhanced, while the conflicts, inefficiencies, and discoordinations generated by the State are eradicated at their root.The progressive abolition of States and their gradual replacement by a dynamic network of private agencies different legal systems, and providing all kinds of prevention and defense services, constitutes the most important social transformation that will take place in the twenty first century. Without forgetting that exactly what prevents us from knowing with precision what the future without the state will look like, the creative nature of entrepreneurship, is what gives us the peace of mind of knowing that any problem will tend to be resolved and overcome, once the entrepreneurial effort and creativity of Humanity are devoted to its solution (Kirzner, 1985).Therefore, the revolution against the “Old Régime” carried out in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the old classical liberals, today finds its natural continuation in the anarcho-capitalist revolution of the twenty-first century. The message of anarcho-capitalism is clearly revolutionary. Revolutionary in terms of its goal: the dismantling of the State and its replacement by a competitive market process consisting of a network of private agencies, associations, and organizations. And revolutionary in terms of its means, especially in the scientific, economic-social, and political fields:a) First, Scientific revolution, in the field of Economic Science, which becomes the general theory of spontaneous market order extended to all social areas. And by contrast and opposition, the theory and analysis of the effects of social discoordination generated by statism in any sphere in which it operates, as well as the study of the transition process from the State towards liberty.b) Second, an Economic and social revolution, as we cannot even imagine today the immense human achievements and discoveries that could be made in an entrepreneurial environment totally free from statism. Today, and despite continuous governmental harassment, an unknown civilization is already developing, with a degree of complexity that is beyond the reach and control of the state, and which will achieve unlimited expansion once it manages to completely rid itself of statism. And when human beings become more and more aware of the perverse nature of the State that restricts them, and of the immense possibilities that are frustrated each day when the State blocks the driving force of their entrepreneurial creativity, the social demand to reform and dismantle the State will multiply creating a future that is largely unknown to us but that will elevate human civilization to heights that we cannot even imagine today.c) And finally, a political revolution in which, although day-to-day political struggle is important, it should not be the top priority. It is true that the least interventionist alternatives must always be supported, in clear alliance with the efforts of classical liberals in their long term impossible democratic limitation of the State (including reforms such as those proposed by Hayek in the third volume of Law, Legislation, and Liberty). But the anarcho-capitalist does not stop at this task, for he knows that he can and must do much more. He knows that the ultimate goal is the total dismantling of the State, and this goal leads all his imagination and political action in everyday life. And here we cannot fail to mention the unprecedented impact of our disciple and follower of our Master Program in Austrian Economics in Madrid, the President of Argentina, Javier Milei, who has done more than anyone else before to disseminate the principles of the Austrian School and the anarcho-capitalist ideal. Principles that he never ceases to quote and explain and defend once and again in all his public appearances, from the United Nations to the Davos Forum; and in all his meetings with other Heads of State, universities, and parliaments, to whom he even gives copies of the most important Austrian works by Mises, Hayek and even myself, as he did, for example, with the two popes, Francis and Leo XIV, with the French President Macron, the Italian Prime Minister Meloni, and even with Elon Musk. For us, it is a great honor that Milei has, to a large extent, emerged from the Austrian School of Madrid and that he continually keeps drawing inspiration from us. This is, without a doubt, much more important than incremental political steps in the right direction—which should of course be welcomed—and that should never fall into a political pragmatism that could betray the ultimate goal of achieving the end of the State (Huerta de Soto, 2010).And all this with tireless enthusiasm in the search for scientific and moral truth, an attitude that, inspired by the immortal work of Miguel de Cervantes, we could describe as follows: "It matters not whether they be giants or windmills, when the plume of our helm is stirred by the winds of tenacity and faith." And always creating a future that, although it may seem distant today, may at any moment witness giant steps that will surprise even the most optimistic among us. History has entered into an accelerated process of change which, although it will never stop, will open a whole new chapter when humankind finally succeeds in ridding itself definitively of the State, reducing it to no more than a dark historical relic of tragic memory.Thank you very much.REFERENCESBASTIAT, Frédéric: Selected Essays on Political Economy, Foundation for Economic Education, New York 1995.DE LA BOÉTIE, Étienne: The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, Free Life Editions, Nueva York 1975.BÖHM-BAWERK, Eugen von: Karl Marx and the Close of His System, Augustus M. Kelley, Nueva York 1949."The Exploitation Theory," Capital and Interest, Vol. I: History and Critique of Interest Theories, Libertarian Press, South Holland 1959.HAYEK, Friedrich A. von: The Counter-Revolution of Science, Free Press, New York, 1955.Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue (eds. Stephen Kresge and Leif Wenar), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1994.Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. III: The Political Order of a Free People, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1979.The Fatal Conceit: the Errors of Socialism, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1988."The Pretence of Knowledge," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1978.HUERTA DE SOTO, Jesús: Socialism, Economic Calculation and Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham y Northampton 2010."A Hayekian Strategy to Implement Free Market Reforms," in Theory of Dynamic Efficiency, Routledge, Oxfordshire, 2010.Proyecto Docente, Chapter I: "Ciencia y Economía," Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid 2000.The Austrian School: Market Order and Creative Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham y Northampton 2008.DE JASAY, Anthony: Market Socialism: A Scrutiny, published by the Institute of Economic Affairs, Occasional Paper no. 84, 1990.KIRZNER, Israel: "The Perils of Regulation: A Market Process Approach" in Discovery and the Capitalist Process, University of Chicago Press, 1985.LIGGIO, Leonard: "The Hispanic tradition of Liberty," published in Procesos de Mercado: Revista Europea de Economía Política, vol. XXII, nº 1, Summer 2025, pp. 403-420.MARTÍNEZ MARINA, Francisco: Teoría de las cortes o grandes juntas nacionales de los reinos de León y Castilla, Collado, 1820.MILEI, Javier: Capitalism, Socialism, and the Neoclassical Trap, in The Emergence of a Tradition: Essays in Honor of Jesús Huerta de Soto, Volume II (editors Howden, D., Bagus, P.), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2023.MISES, Ludwig von: Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, Jonathan Cape, London 1936.Planned Chaos, Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson 1947.OPPENHEIMER, Franz: The State, Vanguard Press, Nueva York 1926.POPESCU, Oreste: Studies in the History of Latin American Economic Thought, Routledge, London 1997.POPPER, Karl: The Open Society and its Enemies, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1966.RATZINGER, Joseph. Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration. Translated by Adrian J. Walker. Doubleday, New York, 2007.ROTHBARD, Murray N.: "New Light on the Prehistory of the Austrian School," in The Foundations of Modern Austrian Economics (editor Edwin G. Dolan), Sheed and Ward, Kansas City 1976, pp. 52–74.Anatomy of the State, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn 2009.SALERNO, Joseph. "Milton Friedman's Views on Method and Money Reconsidered in Light of the Housing Bubble", in The Emergence of a Tradition: Essays in Honor of Jesús Huerta de Soto, Volume I, (editors Howden, D., Bagus, P.), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2023.STIGLER, George: The Citizen and the State, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1975, pp. 1-13.

The vultures surround Tuscany as the Medici begin to die out. The only thing left for Cosimo III is to try to guarantee Tuscany's independence in the future, even though most of the great powers of Europe are working against him.ERRATA: In this episode I said that King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese's firstborn son was Carlos. What I overlooked was that Philip V had a wife before Elisabeth, Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy, and they had three sons, Luis, Felipe Pedro, and Fernando. This is important because I suggested wrongly that Carlos stood to inherit both the Spanish crown, the duchy of Parma, and Tuscany if he were made the eventual heir. While his older half-brothers would die and Carlos *would* become King Carlos III of Spain eventually, at the time Cosimo III was still alive he was a possibility to keep Tuscany independent (if also very likely a satellite of Spain). At least it is true that Cosimo III was still opposed to the possibility, preferring instead to let Anna Maria Luisa appoint her own successor. I apologize for the error!

Philip gets mean... real mean. But is it actually his fault or society's? Also, what's with all this noise coming from Athens, and WHAT IS ROME DOING HERE?!!!   More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

Someone tell Dustin to shut up about Philip V... but only after listening to this awesome episode about losing a war, being a good/bad friend, and your kids literally annoying you to death. Oh, and somehow elephants show up again.    More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

Hello everyone, we appreciate the continued support and patience and just wanted to give you all a brief update.    More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com  

We felt a little wacky this episode, and we're sticking to it. We learn how loud our cat drinks water, lots of familiar people die, and we have a revelation about Game of Thrones! Oh yeah, and stuff about Philip V. This episode is brought to you by sleep deprivation!   More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

There's been a conspiracy… in Macedon! Ever wonder what it would look like if Dustin got WAY out of control while researching? This episode. We're traveling back in time and doing a deep dive on the “Conspiracy of Apelles” in 218. In today's episode we have court intrigue, Aratus of Sicyon, biased sources, and Meredith investing in a cattle prod the next time Dustin pulls something like this. Come witness the dumbest rivalry in ancient history!   More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

Rule number one: When the Aetolians agree to a peace treaty, it means they are getting ready to declare war again. In other news, the scion of the House of Antigonos has appeared, on whom the fate of Macedon rests! And all he has to do is not to make friends with the wrong people. Come hear the tale of Philip V!   More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

A not so "mini" minisode! As we continue to prep for Philip V, let's learn about the first and second Punic Wars! Did Rome bully Carthage? Was Hannibal a dumb-dumb with his Dumbo's? Did Dustin ever turn the ringer off on his phone? Find out today!   More from the Alexander Standard Sources Patreon Blue Sky  Facebook Instagram  Twitter  Alexanderstandardpod@gmail.com

The battle of Cynoscephalae represents a key moment in the history of the Greco-Roman world. In this one battle the Macedonian hold over mainland Greece was broken, with the Roman Republic rising in its place as the pre-eminent power in the Greek East. At Cynoscephalae, the proud Macedonian kingdom of Antigonid monarch Philip V was humbled, its army shattered. Yet the battle, and campaign leading up to it, was hard fought and protracted. Philip V had defied Rome and its allies in the First Macedonian War and was poised to do so again, with the pike phalanx continuing to be a daunting opponent for the Roman legionaries.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The long reign of Philip V comes to an end after nearly 42 years on the throne. Following the defeat at Cynoscephalae, the Antigonid ruler spends the next two decades restoring his kingdom through economic and military reforms. By 179, Macedonia was once again a powerhouse to be reckoned with. However, infighting between the two princes Perseus and Demetrius would threaten to undermine the dynasty's unity, as an appropriately Greek tragedy stains the final days of Philip's career. Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2024/10/16/101-antigonid-macedon-a-house-divided/) Episode Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/101-antigonid-macedon-a-house-divided-transcript.pdf) Family Tree (Reign of Philip V): (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/reign-of-philip-v.pdf) Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Patreon (https://patreon.com/TheHellenisticAgePodcast) Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

„Melancholie“, „Wahnsinn“, „Hysterie“. In der Geschichte hatten psychische Krankheiten viele Namen. Schon in der Antike waren seelische Leiden bekannt. Nur, woher sie kamen und wie man sie behandeln konnte, wusste man nicht. Oft wurden psychisch Kranke für „wahnsinnig“ gehalten und spätestens ab dem ausgehenden Mittelalter häufig in Irrenanstalten oder Tollhäusern weggesperrt. Das sollte sich Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts ändern. Damals entstanden die ersten psychiatrischen Kliniken in Deutschland. Was als Reformbewegung begann, endete spätestens mit der Herrschaft der Nationalsozialisten 1933. Auch psychisch kranke Menschen galten jetzt als „unwertes Leben.“ Psychiatrische Kliniken gerieten wegen der Euthanasie-Programme der Nationalsozialisten in Verruf. Ab den 1970er Jahren gab es viele Reformen, aber viele Vorurteile blieben bis heute bestehen. Filme wie „Shutter Island“ oder „Einer flog über das Kuckucksnest“ verstärkten das noch. Ein Podcast unter anderem über wahnsinnige Könige, hysterische Frauen und die Frage: Wieso gab es nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg noch Medikamentenversuche in deutschen Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrien? Und wie sieht es heute aus bei der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen? **Gesprächspartner*innen:** - Burkhart Brückner - Boris Böhm - Heiner Fangerau - Astrid Freisen - Linus Günther **Literatur:** - Alvarado, Carlos S. (2009): „Nineteenth-Century Hysteria and Hypnosis: A Historical Note on Blanche Wittmann. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. Volume 37, 1, S: 21-36. - Böhm, Boris (2011): Die Geschichte der Heil– und Pflegeanstalt Sonnenstein, 1811-1939. - Brückner, Burkhart (2023): Kurze Geschichte der Psychiatrie. - Didi-Hubermann, Georges (2004): Invention of Hysteria. Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière. - Fahmüller, Eva-Maria (2018): Geniale Psychopathen – labile Kommissare: Filmfiguren mit psychischen Störungen im aktuellen deutschen Krimi. - Freisen, Astrid (2023): Wir fliegen hoch, wir fallen tief. Eine Psychiaterin spricht offen über ihre bipolare Störung und zeigt, wie wir mit der Krankheit umgehen können. - Fleming, Gillian B. (2011): Juana I and the struggle for power in an age of transition (1504-1521). PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science. - Freud, Sigmund; Breuer; Joseph (1895): Studien über Hysterie. - Guenther, Linus Paul Frederic (2023): The concept of hysteria as mirror of the relation between clinical and cultural psychology. In: Culture & Psychology, Vol. 30 (3), S. 538 – 550. - Hartig, Christiane (2020): Medikamentenversuche an Kindern und Jugendlichen im Rahmen der Heimerziehung in Niedersachsen zwischen 1945 und 1978. Robert Bosch Stiftung. - Kamen, Henry (2001): Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. - Nasser, Mervat (1987): Psychiatry in Ancient Egypt, Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Vol. 11. - Paulon, Moreno (2022): Hysteria. Rise and fall of a baffling disease. A review on history of ideas in medicine. In: Journal of Psychopathology. 2022;28: 152-161. - Ronel, Joram/Holl-Hussong, Michael/Claas Lahmann (2018): Von der Hysterie zur F45.0 - Geschichte, Konzepte, Epidemiologie und Diagnostik. In: Psychotherapie im Dialog 3 (9. Jg.), S. 207 – 216. - Vitecek, Daniel (2023): Die Geschichte der niederösterreichischen Psychiatrie von 1784 bis 1870. **Internetquellen:** - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17691194/ - https://www.linkedin.com/in/linus-paul-frederic-guenther-478007281/ - https://www.stsg.de/cms/pirna/startseite - https://www.dimdi.de/static/de/klassifikationen/icd/icd-10-who/kode-suche/htmlamtl2019/block-f30-f39.htm - https://www.neurologen-und-psychiater-im-netz.org/psychiatrie-psychosomatik-psychotherapie/diagnostik/ - https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Krankenhaeuser/Tabellen/krankenhaeuser-fa.html - https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Krankenhaeuser/krankenhaeuser.html - http://www.gedenkstaette-grafeneck.

Demetrius II was king last time we checked in with the kingdom of Macedon. In order to establish some context for the time period when both Macedon and Egypt were getting involved in Cleomenes of Sparta's war, we are going to have to introduce both Antigonus III and the young Philip V. Sources for this episode: Bevan, E. R. (1902), The House of Seleucus (Vol. I). London: Edward Arthur. Rawlinson, G. (1871), A Manual of Ancient History, From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. Comprising the History of Chaldea, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoenicia, Syria, Judaea, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and Rome. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Antigonus III Doson (online) (Accessed c.16/04/2024). Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Philip V of Macedon (online) (Accessed 15/04/2024 and 16/04/2024).

239 BCE saw the death of someone who has been in the background of our Seleucid story for what feels like forever. As such, we should give him a proper sendoff. Say goodbye to Antigonus II... Sources for this episode: Bennett, J. E., Li, G., Foreman, K., Best, N., Kontis, V., Pearson, C., Hambly, P. and Ezzati, M. (2015), The future of life expectancy and life expectancy inequalities in England and Wales: Bayesian spatiotemporal forecasting. Lancet 386: 163-170. Bevan, E. R. (1902), The House of Seleucus (Vol. I). London: Edward Arthur. Bevan, E. R. (1914), A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. Harju, O. (2018), Male Heirs, Bastard King, Catholic England and Other Alternatives: A Counterfactual History Analysis of Henry VIII's Three Sons. Bachelor's thesis submitted to the University of Oulu. Keynes 2005 (reference to be updated) Volkmann, H., Encyclopedia Britannica (2024), Antigonus II Gonatas (online) (Accessed 27/02/2024). Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Antigonus II Gonatas (online) (Accessed 27/02/2024). Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Demetrius II Aetolicus (online) (Accessed 27/02/2024). Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign (online) (Accessed 27/02/2024). Author unknown, Wikipedia (date unknown), Philip V of Macedon (online) (Accessed 27/02/2024).

fWotD Episode 2509: Attalus I Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day where we read the summary of the featured Wikipedia article every day.The featured article for Monday, 18 March 2024 is Attalus I.Attalus I (Ancient Greek: Ἄτταλος), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτήρ, "Savior"; 269–197 BC) was the ruler of the Ionian Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the adopted son of King Eumenes I, whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king, sometime around 240 to 235 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis.Attalus won an important victory, the Battle of the Caecus River, over the Galatians, a group of migratory Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor for more than a generation. The victory was celebrated with a triumphal monument at Pergamon (The Dying Gaul) and Attalus taking the name of "Soter" and the title of king. He participated in the first and second Macedonian Wars against Philip V of Macedon as a loyal ally of the Roman Republic, although Pergamene participation was ultimately rather minor in these wars. He conducted numerous naval operations throughout the Aegean, gained the island of Aegina for Pergamon during the first war and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip V. During his reign, Pergamon also repeatedly struggled with the neighboring Seleucid Empire to the east, resulting in both successes and setbacks.Attalus styled himself as a protector of the freedoms of the Greek cities of Anatolia and portrayed himself as the champion of Greeks against barbarians. He funded art and monuments in Pergamon and in Greek cities he sought to cultivate as allies. He died in 197 BC at the age of 72, shortly before the end of the second war, having suffered an apparent stroke while addressing a Boeotian war council some months before. He and his wife Apollonis were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son Eumenes II.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:55 UTC on Monday, 18 March 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Attalus I on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm Arthur Neural.

Full Show NotesRoman Parallel – Titus FlamininusImportant PeopleEpaminondas – A personal hero of Philopoemen's; he can imitate him in nearly everything except his calmness (cf. Section 3). Epaminondas sets a high water mark for Theban military and political power which Philopoemen is not able to replicate with Megalopolis.Nabis – Spartan tyrantMachanidas – Spartan tyrant who dies in an epic one-v-one against Philopoemen. Antigonus III Doson of Macedon (263-221 BC) – Second to last Macedonian King, winner of the battle of Sellasia, and the same guy whose death was reported towards the end of the Life of Cleomenes. Philip V of Macedon (238-179 BC) – The last Roman king, whose defeat we will see in the Life of Aemilius Paulus Antiochus III of Seleucid Empire (241 – 187 BC) –Titus Flamininus – This pair of biographies marks the only time Plutarch chose to compare contemporaries. While the Roman certainly outshines the Greek, Plutarch wants to emphasize that it's only because Titus out-Greeks (the virtues of human excellence, which the Greeks saw themselves originally as the sole source and only practicioners of) the Greeks while also out-Romaning them (i.e. larger, more disciplined, better supplied, better trained armies)Important PlacesMegalopolis – Philopoemen's hometown, and one that sees itself as the countebalance to Spartan hegemony in the Peloponnesus. Generally, the leaders of the Achaean League come from this city, the most famous of whom is, of course, Philopoemen. Sparta – Cleomenes is king while Philopoemen is a young man, but soon Sparta will fall to greedy tyrants the last of whom will negotiate peace not with Philopoemen, but with the Romans. Gythium – Philopoemen takes this key Spartan port through a  marine maneuver that earns him much acclaim. This it he same Spartan port through which Cleomenes escaped to Egypt. Messene – The next-door neighbor, and longtime subjugated polis, of Sparta. Philopoemen will free them, but their revolt towards the end of his life is the beginning of his undoing. Key Vices and VirtuesContentiousness (φιλονεικία) – A contentious word in the Greek, since it differs by only one letter from a love of victory (φιλονικία). Nevertheless, Philopoemen has a cantankerous outer shell that many find off-putting. Some come across that way, but we should be encourage by this life to look under the outer shell and see the character inside.Anger (ὀργῆ) – It seems at time Philopoemen is motivated by anger more than justice. While Plutarch seems to overlook this flaw, it's an interesting one to note as Plutarch thought it has no place in the virtuous life. Pausanias (Description of Greece) – Background of PhilopoemenSupport the show

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1059, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Eels 1: There are more than 800 species of eels, including this large nocturnal hunter. the moray. 2: These charged-up creatures are technically not eels at all, but knifefish. electric eels. 3: This term is used for a young eel, especially when on migration upriver from the ocean. an elver. 4: These long, slender sharklike fish of the Sphyraenidae family are among an eel's natural enemies. barracuda. 5: There are about 100 species of this 6-letter variety of eel that can be 6 feet long. the conger eel. Round 2. Category: Rulers 1: Fredericksburg, Va. was founded in the 1720s and named after this king's father, Prince Frederick Louis. George III. 2: This cousin of Julius Caesar committed suicide in August, 20 B.C. at Alexandria, Egypt. Marc Antony. 3: Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I was called Barbarossa, which means this. red beard. 4: Philip V was the first Bourbon king of this country. Spain. 5: When Solon ruled this city, he diminished the power of the aristocracy and freed those enslaved by debt. Athens. Round 3. Category: Colorful Cities 1: This former mining town was Colorado's territorial capital. Golden. 2: Football fans know it sits at the mouth of Wisconsin's Fox River. Green Bay. 3: A Southern California city and a Northern New Jersey township share this citrusy name. Orange. 4: Parlez-vous Francais? Then name this Louisiana port at the head of the Mississippi's deepwater navigation. Baton Rouge. 5: This "ville" is across the Rio Grande from Matamoros. Brownsville. Round 4. Category: Texting In Class 1: IANAL, but if I were one I'd be part of this class, the opposite of amateur. a professional. 2: Dad makes big $? Yr family is in this class w/name of a pie layer. the upper crust. 3: This head servant OTD? BOL finding a new one. the butler. 4: NK, this bureau sez 46m Americans now in poverty. the Census. 5: Per treasury sec, L/T prosperity "depends on an expanding, vibrant" this class. the middle class. Round 5. Category: Movie Endings 1: "Independence","The Longest","Training". Day. 2: "Police","Toy","Love". Story. 3: "Safe","Road","Animal". House. 4: "After","Battlefield","The Good". Earth. 5: "Hollow","Rain","Inside". Man. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

With the defeat of Philip V at Cynoscephalae, Flamininus was tasked with deciding the fate of Greece in the postwar period. At the Isthmian Games of 196, he declared the freedom and autonomy of the Greeks, but resistance from the Aetolian League and Nabis of Sparta threatened to overturn the Roman-imposed peace, eventually drawing Antiochus III into Europe. Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2023/09/10/090-freedom-of-the-greeks/) Episode Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.files.wordpress.com/2023/09/090-freedom-of-the-greeks-transcript.pdf) Intelligent Speech Conference 2023 Code: HELEN Link: https://intelligentspeechonline.com/event/intelligent-speech-conference-2023/ Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Patreon (https://patreon.com/TheHellenisticAgePodcast) Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

No longer tied up by Hannibal, the vengeful Romans give their undivided attention to Philip V in the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BC). The king manages to hold his own against the Republic until they send the ambitious young commander Titus Quinctius Flamininus, who forces a showdown at Cynoscephalae that will radically change the balance of power in Greece. Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/089-antigonid-macedon-legion-and-phalanx/) Episode Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.files.wordpress.com/2023/08/089-antigonid-macedon-legion-and-phalanx-transcript-1.pdf) Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Patreon (https://patreon.com/TheHellenisticAgePodcast) Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

With the unexpected death of Ptolemy IV and the Great Rebellion in full swing, Antiochus III and Philip V form a secret pact to destroy the Ptolemaic Kingdom, partitioning the territories for themselves. Their invasions of Coele Syria and Asia Minor sent shockwaves across the eastern Mediterranean, leading several Greek states to request military assistance from the one power that could prevent their subjugation: the Roman Republic. Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2023/07/19/088-the-pact-of-the-kings/) Episode Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.files.wordpress.com/2023/07/088-the-pact-of-the-kings-transcript.pdf) Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Patreon (https://patreon.com/TheHellenisticAgePodcast) Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

Philip the Tall is not only built like a maypole, but has some fantastic ideas about how to get France out of its crisis period. As the middle son of the great Philip IV, he may have been overlooked in his youth, but now it's time for him to step over the corpse of his infant nephew, shove aside his 4-year-old niece and claim the crown for himself. While he definitely gets an A for Effort, Philip is about to find out that doing your best sometimes just isn't good enough, especially when you're dealing with natural disasters, fanatical shepherds and the ever-present Curse of the Templars. ⚜️  Visit our Wordpress for episode images, score summaries, contact details and more! Make sure you leave us a review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or wherever you listen!You can also support the show on:Ko-Fi, where you can buy us a coffee and contribute a small amount to the show. Patreon, where you can join the official Angry Mob and get access to our bonus content: movie reviews, deep dives and bonus judgements!Support the show⚜️CATEGORIESBen and Eliza each give a score out of 10 for the first 4 categories. The 5th is determined by maths! The result is a total score out of 100. Enchanté: The shallow, first-impressions round: How fabulous and iconic an image have they passed down to us? En Garde: (A.K.A. “Selfish Wins”) How well did they gain and increase their personal power, either through scheming, statesmanship or good old fashion battles? Voulez-Vous: (A.K.A. “Selfless Wins”) How much would we want to live under their regime? How well did they better the world around them through law reforms and cultural projects? Ouh-Là-Là: How pearl-clutchingly scandalous were the events of their life, both in their time and down through the ages? How mad, bad and dangerous were they to know? La Vie en Throne: How many years did they reign, and how many of their children survived them? Read how these points are awarded. View all scores.

In this episode, I interview Mary Hollingsworth on her new book, Princes of the Renaissance. We begin by talking about just what exactly the Renaissance was and how it developed differently across the Italian peninsula. Then, we discuss the ideal character of an Italian Prince, of their engagement in war but, more importantly, their role as patron of the arts and how they were the focal point for the development of the Renaissance within their particular city-state.We go from talking about the not-so-salacious Borgias, to the mysterious Venetians in their all black robes, to the humbly virtuous dynasty of the Este's of Ferrara. We look at how they garnered prestige and reputation through the arts, and how the fierce rivalry between Francis I and Philip V.At the end of the episode, Giulia and I talk about the creation of identity through art, similarities between the role of art in the Renaissance and the present, and an obscure Vietnamese emperor who could have been a Renaissance man.

Morgan Freeman új sorozatát kötelező lesz látni, Nicole Kidman is a fedélzeten Mafab     2023-01-16 04:00:03     Film Energia Morgan Freeman Hihetetlen, milyen energia van még mindig Morgan Freemanben! A színészlegenda már 85 éves, de jelenleg is több filmes projekten dolgozik egyszerre. Sőt, egy sorozatra is futja az erejéből és idejéből. Nem is akármilyen sorozatról van szó. A Lioness idén debütálhat a Paramount+ csatornán. Új díszdoktora van a Zeneakadémiának Tudás.hu     2023-01-16 09:41:16     Zene Oktatás egyetem Zeneakadémia Díszdoktorává avatta a Zeneakadémia vasárnap John Eliot Gardiner brit karmestert. A Budapesten vendégeskedő, világhírű karmesternek a Zeneakadémia Liszt Ferenc téri főépületében vasárnap megrendezett ünnepségen adta át az oklevelet Vigh Andrea, az egyetem rektora – közölte az intézmény. Sir John Eliot Gardiner a nemzetközi zenei élet hiteles és kim Ifj. Schobert Norbi: "Kifejezetten szeretem a negatív kommenteket" Noizz     2023-01-16 08:00:06     Bulvár Generáció Komment TV2 Schobert Norbi Farm A Schobert család fiatalabb generációja is kezdi megtalálni az útját a képernyőinkre: legutóbb a mindössze 17 éves ifj. Schobert Norbiért izgulhattak a nézők, aki a TV2 Farm VIP című műsorában tűnt fel, és nyerte meg azt. Elhunyt Tamás Gáspár Miklós Librarius     2023-01-16 09:59:29     Könyv Tamás Gáspár Miklós Tamás Gáspár Miklós 1989-ben Budapest 14. választókerületében, az ott lemondott képviselő helyén bejutott az egypárti parlamentbe.   Az új Matilda-musicalt nem érdemes az eredeti filmhez hasonlítani Coloré     2023-01-16 07:00:00     Film A könyvből készült filmadaptációkkal mindig nehéz a helyzet, pláne akkor, ha az eredeti mű egy közkedvelt alkotás. Roald Dahl Matilda című regénye ismét vászonra került, ezúttal musical formában. James Cameron szerint az Avatar 2 lehet az a film, ami megmenti a mozikat in.hu     2023-01-16 09:24:01     Film Mozi Avatar James Cameron Az utóbbi években a streamingoldalak jelentősen átvették a mozik szerepét. Nem csoda, hiszen sokkal könnyebb otthon filmezni. Ez azonban nem jó hosszú távon sem a filmiparnak, sem a nézőknek. James Cameron elmondása szerint az Avatar 2 lehet az a film, ami megmenti majd a filmszínházakat.Még jóval az online tartalomfogyasztás előtt a mozik bevétele Michael Bay tagadja, hogy galambot ölt volna 24.hu     2023-01-16 09:59:33     Film Olaszország Róma Az állítólagos eset egy római forgatáson történt, de a rendező szerint egyetlen állatnak sem esett bántódása. Apokalipszis most – Az emberiség túlélésének záloga az árva tini Blikk     2023-01-15 20:37:32     Film USA HBO Különös pár igyekszik keletről nyugat felé Amerikában a világot sújtó zombiapokalipszis idején. Az árva tinilány az emberiség túlélésének záloga, a férfi pedig csempész, a kísérője. Veszélyes kalandokba keverednek a The Last of Us című horrorsorozatban. A számítógépes játékból készült széria epizódjai hétfőnként 20.00-kor érkeznek az HBO-ra, az ism Rákay Philip: “Végre nem a hungarofób tagozat készíti a magyar történelmi filmeket” Színház.online     2023-01-15 20:15:53     Film Rákay Philip Minden valamire való, nagy múltú nemzet filmre álmodja a maga történelmi tablóit – erről beszélt Rákay Philip az Ez itt a kérdés című műsor felvételén. Susan Sontag, aki megfogalmazta a „szellemi rágógumizás” elvét kultura.hu     2023-01-16 10:20:00     Könyv USA Kilencven éve, 1933. január 16-án született Susan Sontag amerikai írónő, esszéista, a múlt század egyik nagy hatású gondolkodója. Alice Határországban - A második évad keményebb, mint az első port.hu     2023-01-15 17:30:00     Film Japán Tokió Visszatért a kísértetiesen üres Tokióban játszódó sorozat, immár harcedzettebb hőseivel, őrült játékaival és a szokásos Alice Csodaországban utalásokkal, és már a legelején elszabadul a pokol.

Morgan Freeman új sorozatát kötelező lesz látni, Nicole Kidman is a fedélzeten Mafab     2023-01-16 04:00:03     Film Energia Morgan Freeman Hihetetlen, milyen energia van még mindig Morgan Freemanben! A színészlegenda már 85 éves, de jelenleg is több filmes projekten dolgozik egyszerre. Sőt, egy sorozatra is futja az erejéből és idejéből. Nem is akármilyen sorozatról van szó. A Lioness idén debütálhat a Paramount+ csatornán. Új díszdoktora van a Zeneakadémiának Tudás.hu     2023-01-16 09:41:16     Zene Oktatás egyetem Zeneakadémia Díszdoktorává avatta a Zeneakadémia vasárnap John Eliot Gardiner brit karmestert. A Budapesten vendégeskedő, világhírű karmesternek a Zeneakadémia Liszt Ferenc téri főépületében vasárnap megrendezett ünnepségen adta át az oklevelet Vigh Andrea, az egyetem rektora – közölte az intézmény. Sir John Eliot Gardiner a nemzetközi zenei élet hiteles és kim Ifj. Schobert Norbi: "Kifejezetten szeretem a negatív kommenteket" Noizz     2023-01-16 08:00:06     Bulvár Generáció Komment TV2 Schobert Norbi Farm A Schobert család fiatalabb generációja is kezdi megtalálni az útját a képernyőinkre: legutóbb a mindössze 17 éves ifj. Schobert Norbiért izgulhattak a nézők, aki a TV2 Farm VIP című műsorában tűnt fel, és nyerte meg azt. Elhunyt Tamás Gáspár Miklós Librarius     2023-01-16 09:59:29     Könyv Tamás Gáspár Miklós Tamás Gáspár Miklós 1989-ben Budapest 14. választókerületében, az ott lemondott képviselő helyén bejutott az egypárti parlamentbe.   Az új Matilda-musicalt nem érdemes az eredeti filmhez hasonlítani Coloré     2023-01-16 07:00:00     Film A könyvből készült filmadaptációkkal mindig nehéz a helyzet, pláne akkor, ha az eredeti mű egy közkedvelt alkotás. Roald Dahl Matilda című regénye ismét vászonra került, ezúttal musical formában. James Cameron szerint az Avatar 2 lehet az a film, ami megmenti a mozikat in.hu     2023-01-16 09:24:01     Film Mozi Avatar James Cameron Az utóbbi években a streamingoldalak jelentősen átvették a mozik szerepét. Nem csoda, hiszen sokkal könnyebb otthon filmezni. Ez azonban nem jó hosszú távon sem a filmiparnak, sem a nézőknek. James Cameron elmondása szerint az Avatar 2 lehet az a film, ami megmenti majd a filmszínházakat.Még jóval az online tartalomfogyasztás előtt a mozik bevétele Michael Bay tagadja, hogy galambot ölt volna 24.hu     2023-01-16 09:59:33     Film Olaszország Róma Az állítólagos eset egy római forgatáson történt, de a rendező szerint egyetlen állatnak sem esett bántódása. Apokalipszis most – Az emberiség túlélésének záloga az árva tini Blikk     2023-01-15 20:37:32     Film USA HBO Különös pár igyekszik keletről nyugat felé Amerikában a világot sújtó zombiapokalipszis idején. Az árva tinilány az emberiség túlélésének záloga, a férfi pedig csempész, a kísérője. Veszélyes kalandokba keverednek a The Last of Us című horrorsorozatban. A számítógépes játékból készült széria epizódjai hétfőnként 20.00-kor érkeznek az HBO-ra, az ism Rákay Philip: “Végre nem a hungarofób tagozat készíti a magyar történelmi filmeket” Színház.online     2023-01-15 20:15:53     Film Rákay Philip Minden valamire való, nagy múltú nemzet filmre álmodja a maga történelmi tablóit – erről beszélt Rákay Philip az Ez itt a kérdés című műsor felvételén. Susan Sontag, aki megfogalmazta a „szellemi rágógumizás” elvét kultura.hu     2023-01-16 10:20:00     Könyv USA Kilencven éve, 1933. január 16-án született Susan Sontag amerikai írónő, esszéista, a múlt század egyik nagy hatású gondolkodója. Alice Határországban - A második évad keményebb, mint az első port.hu     2023-01-15 17:30:00     Film Japán Tokió Visszatért a kísértetiesen üres Tokióban játszódó sorozat, immár harcedzettebb hőseivel, őrült játékaival és a szokásos Alice Csodaországban utalásokkal, és már a legelején elszabadul a pokol.

Es ist gesund. Macht gute Laune. Stärkt das Gemeinschaftsgefühl. Und hat eine große politische Kraft. Doch wenn es um das Singen geht, sind wir Deutschen gespalten. Die einen singen für ihr Leben gern, die anderen finden nichts schrecklicher. Dabei ist uns das Singen nach Meinung der meisten Forscher sogar angeboren. Es gibt Musikwissenschaftler*innen die sagen: Unmusikalische Menschen gibt es nicht. Und jeder kann singen. Oder es zumindest lernen. Denn noch bevor die Menschheit gesprochen hat, hat sie möglicherweise schon gesungen. Aber wie hat sich der Gesang dann weiterentwickelt? Welche Bedeutung hatten gemeinsame Lieder in der Geschichte? Und lässt sich durch Gesang mit der Kraft der Stimme womöglich sogar politisch etwas verändern? **Literatur:** - Adorno, Theodor W. (1932): Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 1 (1-2). - Altenmüller, Eckart (2015): Musik – Die Sprache der Gefühle? Neurobiologische Grundlagen emotionaler Musikwahrnehmung, 139-155 aus: Wahrnehmung-Kognition-Ästhetik, Neurobiologie und Medienwissenschaften, Ralf Schnell (Hrsg). 2015, Bielefeld, transcript Verlag. - Broszka, Matthias u. Michael Heinemann (Hrsg) (2004): Die Geschichte der Musik. 3. Bd. Laaber, Laaber-Verlag. - Brown, Steven (2000): The „Musilanguage“ – Model of Music Evolution, in: Wallin, Nils/Merker,Björn/Brown, Steven (Hrsg): The origins of music, Cambridge, 271-300. - Haefliger, Ernst (2010): Die Kunst des Gesangs. 5. erw. Aufl. Mainz, Schott. - Kamen, Henry (2001): Philip V. of Spain. The King Who Reigned Twice. Yale, University Press. - Mason, Laura (1996): Singing The French Revolution. Popular Culture and Politics 1787-1799. **Internetlinks:** - https://www.bmu-musik.de/fileadmin/Medien/BMU-Magazin/MUaktuell04/MU_aktuell_4_Oberschmidt.pdf - https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/musik-in-der-schule-aus-dem-takt-1.3456254, https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/deutsche-immer-unmusikalischer-gesellschaft_id_1754517.html -https://www.sozwiss.hhu.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Fakultaeten/Philosophische_Fakultaet/Sozialwissenschaften/Soziologie_Allgemein/Reuband/Sozialstruktur_Opernbesucher_01.pdf - https://www.br-klassik.de/themen/klassik-entdecken/was-heute-geschah-06101600-urauffuehrung-euridice-oper-100.html - https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/338777/vor-30-jahren-estland-und-lettland-erklaeren-unabhaengigkeit/ - https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/03%20Vom%20liturgischen%20Sprechgesange%20zur%20autonomen%20Musiksprache%20-%20Stationen%20der%20Entwicklung%20von%20abenlaendischer%20Notenschrift%20und%20Musikgesichte%2092-112%20tp.pdf - https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/stille-zum-hoeren-der-gregorianische-choral-boomt-wieder-100.html - https://glarean-magazin.ch/2021/02/13/musik-forschung-chorgesang-und-kognitive-faehigkeiten-chorsingen-fuer-das-emotionale-und-kognitive-wohlbefinden-studie-aus-helsinki/ - https://www.wissenschaft.de/erde-umwelt/herzen-von-chorsaengern-schlagen-im-gleichtakt/ - (https://books.google.de/books?id=HtFTUh9w6hYC&pg=PA26&hl=de&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false ) - https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/ein-kaiser-als-popstar-a-00310781-0002-0001-0000-000063823577 - https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/antike/das_klassische_athen/pwiediegriechischetragoedie100.html - https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article152898/Wo-im-Gehirn-spielt-die-Musik.html#:~:text=Wenn%20wir%20Musik%20h%C3%B6ren%20und,von%20Musik%20unterschiedlich%20stark%20ausgepr%C3%A4gt. - https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/evolution-singen-bringt-menschen-ueberlebensvorteil-a-501895.html - https://www.wissenschaft.de/erde-umwelt/linke-gehirnhaelfte-bei-musikern-besonders-aktiv/ - https://www.mpg.de/9735071/hirnareal-sprache-und-musik - https://bundesmusikverband.de/zahlen/#:~:text=Die%20deutschen%20Chorverb%C3%A4nde%20z%C3%A4hlen%20rund,Kirchen%20als%20Kulturvermittler%20in%20Deutschland. - https://www.nmz.de/artikel/belastbare-zahlen-vom-chorkontinent-europa#:~:text=Mit%20knapp%20f%C3%BCnf%20Millione

Am I someone's keeper? I. Joseph II. Jonathan III. Stephen IV. Philip V.  Timothy

Daniel: Daniel 11:14-The Prophecy of the Alliance Between Philip V of Macedon, Antiochus III the Great and Violent Jews to Fight Ptolemy V Epiphanes-Lesson # 331

Daniel: Daniel 11:14-The Prophecy of the Alliance Between Philip V of Macedon, Antiochus III the Great and Violent Jews to Fight Ptolemy V Epiphanes-Lesson # 331

Associated with a specific region in France, champagne is a wine not quite like any other. While the world's elite has appreciated it since the Middle Ages, the technique of making sparkling champagne was not mastered until the end of the 17th century. But first, let's take a look back. Between the 1st and 4th centuries, the Champagne vineyards began to form. Like in other wine-producing regions, vinification was mainly the job of abbeys and monasteries. Wine is indeed a central element of the Christian liturgy. The mixing was practiced by monks, who pressed together grapes of different varieties delivered by the winegrowers as their form of tithe, a regular giving to the church. Some cellarer monks, such as the famous Dom Pierre Pérignon from the abbey of Hautvillers, transformed the process of mixing into a precise craft. He carefully and intentionally selected grapes from different regions to obtain better-balanced wines. Some wines, such as the wine of Aÿ or Sillery, already had an excellent reputation. These wines were noted and praised for their effervescence, despite a lack of understanding in how the bubbles were produced. Only at the end of the 17th century did this collection of bubbly wines begin to be dubbed as the “wines of Champagne,” later shortened to “champagne.” From it's conception, champagne was a luxury for the elites, definitely not for more common folk. Since the baptism of King Clovis the First in the 5th century, the coronation of French kings has taken place in Reims, in Champagne, where the wine of the region could be served with prominence. Centuries after Clovis, champagne was the favorite wine of Louis XIV, and then Louis XV and the court of Versailles. This royal favor contributed to the drink's fame, leading it to quickly becoming the wine for celebrations and important events across Europe. In 1717, Tsar Peter the Great, visiting Fontainebleau, liked it so much that he asked for four extra bottles to be brought to his suite after dinner. Philip V of Spain said he drank only this wine. Frederick II of Prussia was passionate about its production, and Casanova used it to seduce his Venetian conquests. Thanks to figures like these, champagne became the most famous wine among the upper class. For a long time, the wine of Champagne was reserved for a thin fringe of society. The delicate conditions of production and the relative smallness of the vineyards explain the exclusivity of its consumption. Little by little, however, it is becoming less elitist and more common a drink, allowing people to celebrate a variety of events alongside the bubbles. If christenings, weddings, and graduations can be celebrated with champagne, then the drink can give a special touch to those other more mundane but equally special moments - a get-together, a romantic meal, a tasting, or even some “personal time.” Whether with family, friends, or lovers, champagne is today the number one wine symbolizing the festive spirit and elegance of France throughout the world. Please drink responsibly. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At only 18 years of age, Philip V was crowned with the diadem following the death of his uncle Antigonus III Doson in 221. Many believed that the boy was going to be a pushover, easy prey for the machinations of his courtiers and for the many belligerent powers of the Greek Peninsula. Philip however proved to be a king in the mold of Pyrrhus and Alexander, spearheading a campaign against the transgressions of the Aetolian League in the so-called Social War (the War of the Allies) while also side-stepping the plots of corrupt advisors. Show Links Episode Notes: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.wordpress.com/2021/11/11/066-antigonid-macedon-philip-v-and-the-social-war/) Episode 066 Transcript: (https://hellenisticagepodcast.files.wordpress.com/2021/11/066-antigonid-macedon-philip-v-and-the-social-war-transcript-1.pdf) Social Media: Twitter (https://twitter.com/HellenisticPod) Facebook (www.facebook.com/hellenisticagepodcast/) Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/hellenistic_age_podcast/) Twitch (https://www.twitch.tv/hellenisticagepodcast) Show Merchandise: Etsy (https://www.etsy.com/shop/HellenisticAgePod) Redbubble (https://www.redbubble.com/people/HellenisticPod/shop?asc=u) Donations: Ko-Fi (https://ko-fi.com/hellenisticagepodcast) Amazon Book Wish List (https://tinyurl.com/vfw6ask)

When Farinelli, the most famous castrato of his time, sang in London, one woman squealed “One God, one Farinelli!”. “Long live the knife, the blessed knife!” screamed other estatic female fans at opera houses as the craze for Italian castrati reached its peak in the 18th century. Farinelli was later summoned by the Queen of Spain to sing her husband, Philip V, out of his depression, and went on to become the most potent politician in Spain as well as owner of his own opera house. This episode is also available as a blog post: http://martinifisher.com/2021/09/13/the-strange-beauty-of-the-castrati/

In this episode we read about the young man who disobeyed St Philip. He went off to Naples. On the way there, Turkish pirates attacked their ship. The man threw himself overboard. As he was dying, St Philip bilocated and saved him. This remarkable story helps us to remember that no one in this life is totally lost. There is always a chance to be brought back.

In this episode we read about the holy death of Gabriele Tana. St Philip never abandoned him. Other people stayed with Gabriele in his final illness. By the prayers and advice of St Philip and others, Gabriele persevered to the end. Last episode we read of the fourth and final attack of the devil on Gabriele Tana. Unable to defeat him by attacking his faith, trying to make him despair, and trying to make him vain, the devil used a vision of scary black dogs to terrify the young man and remind him of his past sins. St Philip helped him gain the victory through Christ Jesus.

What is the final tactic the devil tried on Gabriele Tana as he was dying? Visions. When all else fails, the devil sometimes tries to steal us from God by visions. They can sometimes seem holy. At other times they are clearly scary. He wants to deceive us. We will read about the vision the devil used to try and scare Gabriele. It is a vision that several saints encountered, like St Peter Damian. Having tried to make Gabriele presumptuous and then to make him despair through distaste for the holy name, the devil tried, in last episode's reading, to make him doubt and lose faith. St Philip seemed to give him four basic pieces of advice when trials of faith come at the end. Use your will not your understanding. Simply say "I believe." Ignore the further attacks of the devil. Make a general act of faith, like the Apostles Creed. Keep your eyes on Christ Crucified.

Will the devil ever try to make us think we have no faith at the time of death? Yes. We see in this episode how the devil tries to make Gabriele Tana doubt that he believes. The devil tries to create the appearance of a lack of faith. St Philip has some very wise tactics to suggest to Gabriele. But first St Philip prayed fervently for the dying man. How we need to ask for prayers too! Last night we saw the second kind of attack the devil used with Gabriele. Not being able to make Gabriele fall into vainglory and presumption based on his own holiness, the devil tries to make him despair through forming a distaste in Gabriele's imagination for the Holy Name of Jesus. We know the power of the Holy Name. We know that like a sacrament it makes present the One it calls upon. We know its power to soften the heart of the one praying. Gabriele so longed to use that Holy Name. But the devil tried to make the young man despair through his feeling unable to say it from the heart.

Will the devil try different, even opposed, tactics as we approach death? Quite possibly. As we will see in this episode, St Philip was right. The devil did try to trick Gabriele Tana on the final day of his life. The first tactic the devil uses is vainglory and presumption. He tries to make Gabriele presume that he is saved no matter what he does. When Gabriele realizes what is happening, the devil tries another tactic, making the Holy Name very distasteful. He seems to want to make Gabriele despair of salvation. In both cases he is blessed to have friends around him. Let us pray for the grace to die a holy death with the help of others. Last episode, St Philip tried to get Gabriele to re-think his attitude toward dying. Instead of being so eager to go to heaven, Gabriele was invited to live more in union with the will of God. With strong and intense desires, Gabriele showed a certain dullness of mind. Moved so strongly by what he wanted, he had difficulty stepping back and asking whether God also wanted this for him. Let us pray for self-control even in spiritual matters!

Why must we be humble as death approaches? St Philip was very aware of various tactics the devil likes to use at the end of a human life. Our eternal destiny depends on how we die. As death approaches, satan has one last chance to lead us from God. Otherwise, all is eternally lost, so the devil wickedly thinks. In this episode's reading, St Philip is not over pleased with his young penitent, Gabriele Tana. St Philip is happy that he is now willing to die, but he would rather see more humility, more conformity to God's will and desires. And he warns Gabriele to be on guard. Last episode, Antonio Gallonio introduced us to the person of Gabriele Tana, an 18 year old young man, very devout and in the service of a Cardinal in Rome. We read about a great change of heart. Gabriele did not want to die as he faced a serious illness. He prayed to recover. But after St Philip prayed for him, Gabriele began to want to die. He began to long for heaven. But this enthusiastic man began to go a little too far in his desire for heaven. He began to boast, it seems. In general, St Philip did not like us to spread abroad too easily the special graces we receive.

Can prayers help to change our minds for the better? Yes. In this episode we read about a young penitent of St Philip's who was close to death. He was only eighteen. He had been asking for prayers to recover. But St Philip knew by a divine revelation that this young man, Gabriele, would not survive. St Philip was very wise. He simply asked Gabriele if he would commit his condition to St Philip's prayers. St Philip then began to pray and a significant change took place in Gabriele's attitude toward death.

In this episode we read about St Philip's discernment that one of the two friends of his who were going to join the Dominicans would leave. St Philip said that this young man, Francesco, would return to Egypt. In other words, he would return to the land he had been in under the slavery of this world. St Philip thought that the consecrated life of the religious orders, with their vows of poverty, celibacy, and obedience, was one of the greatest graces the Blessed Virgin Mary obtains for those devoted to her. But St Philip did not think the religious life was right for all people. In our big decisions, let us learn to turn to St Philip for advice. Let us keep a picture of him in our rooms.

In this episode we read about the help St Philip gave to his own confessor, Persiano Rosa, as Fr Rosa was dying. The devil was tormenting him in the form of a black dog. It was only by the encouragement of Fr Rosa that St Philip even became a priest. But now as he was dying, Fr Rosa was helped to overcome the devil by his younger protege. Let us never forget it is Christ Himself who acts through his ministerial priests in the sacraments.

Did St Philip always do the same things with his followers? No. We will see how St Philip continued to adapt his practices to the changing number of people who were coming to him for spiritual help. In this episode we read about the introduction of the practice of talking from the book. St Philip would have someone read from a spiritual book and then discourse on its meaning. Afterwards, he would lead them out to sing the divine office with one of the religious orders.

We read about one of the first changes St Philip introduced to his work with laymen in Rome. He built an oratory, a little house of prayer, at his own expense. Until that time, he was receiving a group of men in his room at San Girolamo to explain the Word of God to them. But once they decided to go to India and then changed their minds, new crowds of men were gathering around St Philip. He had to do something. His room was not big enough. He built something simple, but larger.

In dieser Folge von SpacEconomics spricht Björn Braunschweig mit Dr. Thomas Neise und Philip Völlers darüber, inwiefern die Globalisierung und die Vernetzung von Unternehmen, Branchen und Lieferketten ein Risiko für KonsumentInnen, ProduzentInnen und InvestorInnen darstellen und ob die Ereignisse der vergangenen Monate eine Veränderung der Globalen Produktionsnetzwerke (GPN) anstoßen. Dabei geht es unter anderem darum, wie der GPN-Ansatz die räumliche Verteilung von Produktion und Konsum zu erklären vermag, welche Rolle Risiken und Risikominderungsstrategien für GPNs spielen, wie sich die Definition von Normalität der Weltwirtschaft auch durch den Klimawandel verändert, was Schumpeters schöpferische Zerstörung mit all dem zu tun hat und wo genau eigentlich der Unterschied zwischen Risiko und Chance liegt.

War of Spanish Succession - Heavy fighting across Western Europe, including in Italy and the Iberian peninsula between troops loyal to Philip V and the French on the one side and Austrians, Dutch and British on the other. Meanwhile the Duke of Marlborough leads the British and their allies against the French at the battles of Ramillies and OudenaardeMusic: composer Giuseppe Torelli, Tumpet Concerto in D 'Estienne Roger - 1. Allegro moderatowww.historyeurope.net See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In this week's episode, we talk about the recent death of Prince Philip & DMX. Both men passed away on April 9th, shortly after rumours spread the DMX was actually still alive! Does that mean DMX beat Prince Philip in the Gulag? I guess we will have to wait & find out

Episode 100: On February 20th, 1939, twenty thousand American Nazis held a rally in Madison Square Garden, declaring George Washington as the “first fascist.” How did Nazi movements come to thrive in the United States, and what were the social and historical conditions that paved the way for their success?Hidden History Patreon: LinkSources and Further ReadingHitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law: LinkNazi action T4 euthanasia programme: historical research, individual life stories and the culture of remembrance: LinkThe Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism: LinkThe Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics: LinkLegalizing Hate: The Significance of the Nuremburg Laws and the post-War Nuremburg Trials: LinkHenry Ford and "The International Jew": LinkHenry Ford and the Jews : The Mass Production of Hate: LinkAnti-Semitism and American History: LinkCannistraro, Philip V. Blackshirts in Little Italy: Italian Americans and Fascism, 1921-1929. Vol. 17. Bordighera Incorporated, 1999.Wolf, Cameron. "Fritz Kuhn's Nazi America: Kuhn's Growth and Destruction of the German American Bund in the 1930s." PhD diss., Department of History, University of Kansas, 2019.Post-War Further ReadingVeil of Protection: Operation Paperclip and the Contrasting Fates of Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph: LinkAmerican Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party: LinkThe dialectics of historical fantasy: The ideology of George Lincoln Rockwell: LinkDr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun: LinkBecoming a Racist: Women in Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi Groups: LinkThe Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today’s Neo-Nazi Groups and Right Wing Extremists: LinkReichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music: Link

@jaspercolesays and @ralphcolejr are excited to welcome to the show Multi-Talented Actor @PhilipBruenn2 (Philip V. Bruenn) who stars as "Nick Cassidy" on the Emmy nominated Series STUDIO CITY and film THE OUTSIDER. Call in to talk with us LIVE at (516) 531-9534 Thursday August 13th at 6 PM/PST.Websites:  Philip V. Bruenn   https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2764564/?ref_=tt_cl_t2Social Media: Twitter @PhilipBruenn2  Instagram @working.class.hiroDuration: 90 minutes                 

We pleased to introduce our guest speaker and Innovator, Mr Philip Varughese, Vice President & Global Lead - Applied Intelligence, Analytics & Innovation, Accenture Security.   Philip is an Industry recognized Analytics veteran, entrepreneur, thought leader and a visionary digital transformation & innovation executive.   Prior to his current role, he was the Co-founder & CEO of Datum Informatics Pvt. Ltd, a BigData Analytics & AI firm, with deep focus into Contextual Intelligence using Artificial Intelligence & Machine learning on unstructured data.   He brings around 17+ Years of rich and extensive cross-functional experience and expertise in the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Intelligence, Future Systems, NextGen Cyber Defense, Digital Transformation, Disruptive Innovation and Cognitive Decision Systems.   Philip has handled key business management roles with IBM, CSS Corporation, Chimera Technologies, Seventhsense Technologies and Socratic Learning Inc. at Domestic and International level.   A Post Graduate in Mathematics, Master of Philosophy in Mathematics and Diploma in Computer Applications, he is an invited Key-Note Speaker in more than 200 National & International Conferences and Leading Academia.

Whose mute looks like a pepper pot? Who was banned from Spain in 1492? Just how violent did Alexander the Great want to be? Jake Yapp & Natt Tapley & Athena Kugblenu find out in today's Date Fight!

Italy represented the first nation to come under the control of a Fascist government, and they would do everything in their power to keep it that way.WebsitePatreonTwitterFacebookDiscordEmail: historyofthesecondworldwar@outlook.comSourcesFascism in Italian Historiography: In Search of an Individual Historical Identity by Emilio GentileFascism, Industrialism, and Socialism: The Case of Italy by Albert SzymanskiThe Fascist Revolution in Italy: A Brief History in Documents by Marla StoneThe Fiftieth year of the "March on Rome": Recent Interpretations of Fascism by Charles KeserichItalian Intellectuals Under Fascism by Emiliana P. NoetherThe Meaning of Fascism in Italy: Fifty Years After the Fall by Philip V. Cannestraro, Claudio G. Segre, Alexander De Grand, and Furo ColumboMussolini's Italy by R.J.B. BosworthThe Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 by Christopher DugganThe Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919-1929 by Adrian LytteltonAustro-Marxist Interpretation of Fascism by Gerhard BotzThe British Labour Press and Italian Fascism, 1922-25 by Charles KeserichCommunist Theories of Fascism, 1920-1935 by John M. CammettFascinating Fascism by Jeffrey T. SchnappFascism and the French Revolution by George L. MosseFascism from below? A Comparative Perspective on the Japanese Right, 1931-1936 by Gregory J. KaszaFascism, National Socialism and Conservatives in Europe, 1914-1945: Issues for Comparativists by Carl LevyFascist Ideology: Territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945 by Aristotle A. KallisFascists by Michael MannThe Five Stages of Fascism by Robert O. PaxtonThe Foreign Office and Fascism 1924-1929 by P.G. EdwardsIntroduction: The Genesis of Fascism by George L. MosseHow Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning by David D. RobertsInterpretations of the Origins of Fascism by Roberto VivarelliItalian Fascism: Whatever Happened to Dictatorship? by Paul CornerNational Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism? by Wolfgang SauerThe Nature of Fascism by Roger GriffinThe Origins and Nature of Fascism and Nazism in Europe by John HornePacifism, Feminism, and Fascism in Inter-War France by Sandi E. Cooper

After the March on Rome Mussolini would be made Prime Minister.WebsitePatreonTwitterFacebookDiscordEmail: historyofthesecondworldwar@outlook.comSourcesFascism in Italian Historiography: In Search of an Individual Historical Identity by Emilio GentileFascism, Industrialism, and Socialism: The Case of Italy by Albert SzymanskiThe Fascist Revolution in Italy: A Brief History in Documents by Marla StoneThe Fiftieth year of the "March on Rome": Recent Interpretations of Fascism by Charles KeserichItalian Intellectuals Under Fascism by Emiliana P. NoetherThe Meaning of Fascism in Italy: Fifty Years After the Fall by Philip V. Cannestraro, Claudio G. Segre, Alexander De Grand, and Furo ColumboMussolini's Italy by R.J.B. BosworthThe Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 by Christopher DugganThe Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919-1929 by Adrian LytteltonAustro-Marxist Interpretation of Fascism by Gerhard BotzThe British Labour Press and Italian Fascism, 1922-25 by Charles KeserichCommunist Theories of Fascism, 1920-1935 by John M. CammettFascinating Fascism by Jeffrey T. SchnappFascism and the French Revolution by George L. MosseFascism from below? A Comparative Perspective on the Japanese Right, 1931-1936 by Gregory J. KaszaFascism, National Socialism and Conservatives in Europe, 1914-1945: Issues for Comparativists by Carl LevyFascist Ideology: Territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945 by Aristotle A. KallisFascists by Michael MannThe Five Stages of Fascism by Robert O. PaxtonThe Foreign Office and Fascism 1924-1929 by P.G. EdwardsIntroduction: The Genesis of Fascism by George L. MosseHow Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning by David D. RobertsInterpretations of the Origins of Fascism by Roberto VivarelliItalian Fascism: Whatever Happened to Dictatorship? by Paul CornerNational Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism? by Wolfgang SauerThe Nature of Fascism by Roger GriffinThe Origins and Nature of Fascism and Nazism in Europe by John HornePacifism, Feminism, and Fascism in Inter-War France by Sandi E. Cooper

In October 1922 the Fascists would take an important step, and they would stage a March on Rome. The results were as good as they could have possibly imagined.WebsitePatreonTwitterFacebookDiscordEmail: historyofthesecondworldwar@outlook.comSourcesFascism in Italian Historiography: In Search of an Individual Historical Identity by Emilio GentileFascism, Industrialism, and Socialism: The Case of Italy by Albert SzymanskiThe Fascist Revolution in Italy: A Brief History in Documents by Marla StoneThe Fiftieth year of the "March on Rome": Recent Interpretations of Fascism by Charles KeserichItalian Intellectuals Under Fascism by Emiliana P. NoetherThe Meaning of Fascism in Italy: Fifty Years After the Fall by Philip V. Cannestraro, Claudio G. Segre, Alexander De Grand, and Furo ColumboMussolini's Italy by R.J.B. BosworthThe Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 by Christopher DugganThe Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919-1929 by Adrian LytteltonAustro-Marxist Interpretation of Fascism by Gerhard BotzThe British Labour Press and Italian Fascism, 1922-25 by Charles KeserichCommunist Theories of Fascism, 1920-1935 by John M. CammettFascinating Fascism by Jeffrey T. SchnappFascism and the French Revolution by George L. MosseFascism from below? A Comparative Perspective on the Japanese Right, 1931-1936 by Gregory J. KaszaFascism, National Socialism and Conservatives in Europe, 1914-1945: Issues for Comparativists by Carl LevyFascist Ideology: Territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945 by Aristotle A. KallisFascists by Michael MannThe Five Stages of Fascism by Robert O. PaxtonThe Foreign Office and Fascism 1924-1929 by P.G. EdwardsIntroduction: The Genesis of Fascism by George L. MosseHow Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning by David D. RobertsInterpretations of the Origins of Fascism by Roberto VivarelliItalian Fascism: Whatever Happened to Dictatorship? by Paul CornerNational Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism? by Wolfgang SauerThe Nature of Fascism by Roger GriffinThe Origins and Nature of Fascism and Nazism in Europe by John HornePacifism, Feminism, and Fascism in Inter-War France by Sandi E. Cooper

The rise of Fascism throughout Europe, beginning in Italy, would be an important catalyst for future events.WebsitePatreonTwitterFacebookDiscordEmail: historyofthesecondworldwar@outlook.comSourcesFascism in Italian Historiography: In Search of an Individual Historical Identity by Emilio GentileFascism, Industrialism, and Socialism: The Case of Italy by Albert SzymanskiThe Fascist Revolution in Italy: A Brief History in Documents by Marla StoneThe Fiftieth year of the "March on Rome": Recent Interpretations of Fascism by Charles KeserichItalian Intellectuals Under Fascism by Emiliana P. NoetherThe Meaning of Fascism in Italy: Fifty Years After the Fall by Philip V. Cannestraro, Claudio G. Segre, Alexander De Grand, and Furo ColumboMussolini's Italy by R.J.B. BosworthThe Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 by Christopher DugganThe Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919-1929 by Adrian LytteltonAustro-Marxist Interpretation of Fascism by Gerhard BotzThe British Labour Press and Italian Fascism, 1922-25 by Charles KeserichCommunist Theories of Fascism, 1920-1935 by John M. CammettFascinating Fascism by Jeffrey T. SchnappFascism and the French Revolution by George L. MosseFascism from below? A Comparative Perspective on the Japanese Right, 1931-1936 by Gregory J. KaszaFascism, National Socialism and Conservatives in Europe, 1914-1945: Issues for Comparativists by Carl LevyFascist Ideology: Territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945 by Aristotle A. KallisFascists by Michael MannThe Five Stages of Fascism by Robert O. PaxtonThe Foreign Office and Fascism 1924-1929 by P.G. EdwardsIntroduction: The Genesis of Fascism by George L. MosseHow Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning by David D. RobertsInterpretations of the Origins of Fascism by Roberto VivarelliItalian Fascism: Whatever Happened to Dictatorship? by Paul CornerNational Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism? by Wolfgang SauerThe Nature of Fascism by Roger GriffinThe Origins and Nature of Fascism and Nazism in Europe by John HornePacifism, Feminism, and Fascism in Inter-War France by Sandi E. Cooper

Philip V was a young man when he came to the throne, like his namesake Philip took over the throne with Macedon in a precarious position. There was much he would have to do. Yet in the west the power of the Romans was growing, yet not unchallenged, with the rise of Hannibal, Philip saw his chance.Karanos Journal - https://revistes.uab.cat/karanos/indexFollow us on twitter at https://twitter.com/apochistorySources for the Episode.By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire (Ancient Warfare and Civilization) By Ian WorthingtonA Companion to Ancient Macedonia by Joseph Roisman and Ian WorthingtonA History of Macedonia by R. Malcolm ErringtonAlexander the Great by R. Lane FoxAlexander to Actium: The Hellenistic Age by P. GreenAntigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State (Hellenistic Culture and Society) by R. A BillowsThe Rise and Fall of Classical Greece (The Princeton History of the Ancient World) - Josiah OberPlutarch Translation - The Age of Alexander (Penguin Classics) by T. DuffIf you Wish to support us over at Patreon we would be forever thankful!https://www.patreon.com/ApocalypsehistoryMusic by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-... Artist: http://incompetech.com/Music by GoSoundtrack http://www.gosoundtrack.com Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/Apocalypsehistory)

Makedonien hat nach Alexanders Tod viel von seiner Bedeutung eingebüßt. Mit Hilfe von Kathargo möchte Philip V. diese wieder herstellen. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The Everyday Sniper Episode 139 Weird Days, Rifle Set Up Welcome to the Everyday Sniper Podcast, just Frank in this episode, and I am getting back into the saddle of talking Precision Rifle.  In this episode, I go over rifle set up and continue the discussion started by Philip V and myself from the last episode. I put up two online training lessons up in the forum regarding rifle set up with a bit more focus on how the stock controls scope set up.  It's an odd week for me, I have some travel happening, and just coming off the interview podcasts it feels weird to me.   But I appreciate everyone commenting, sharing and being a part of the Everyday Sniper. 

Turtleboy Live was going great tonight, thousands had tuned in, when all of a sudden the show was taken down for hate speech and Philip V. Prentiss was suspended for 30 days. I'm done complaining about it. It is what it is. Facebook and Twitter are echo chambers for pussies. They want these platforms to be boring, censorious, mundane, and uninteresting. That's all there is to it. All the fun and interesting people are getting kicked off in the name of hurt feelings. But at the end of the day, they have social media and we have all three branches of government. We win. Anyway, we refused to stop, as we record all our live shows to podcasts now. If you think that we're going to stop talking simply because some pussy run tech company decided we were too real for them, then you obviously don't know Turtleboy. If the Allies dropped the nuclear bombs on Worcester instead of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only thing that would be left are cockroaches, twinkies, and Turtleboy. So we went right back to what we were doing - exposing ratchets and corruption. Because if you allow these tech companies to dictate what you do, then they own you. Fuck that. Facebook and Twitter will not be around for much longer if this is the path they choose to go down. Turtleboy Sprots will be here FOREVER. So get used to us, because we will never, ever, ever stop what we're doing. Ever. P.S. Unfortunately Uncle Turtleboy forgot to hit the record button until the second segment began, so the stuff about the Charlton billboard didn't make it. But we'll have more on that I'm sure.

Treaty Between Hannibal And King Philip V. Of Macedon (from The Histories) With Eric Connor by Luke Johnson

We will talk about the Myanmar (Burma) election and share an interview with Pastor Philip V.L. Lian a Burmese Pastor who Pastor Tim Moore worked with over the past two years. . And be sure to join us M-F from Noon to 1p (pacific time) for The Rose City Forum with Host Timothy Moore on KKPZ 1330 The Truth in Portland Oregon.

This week we turn to the fifth theatre of the war, Greece. We have a high speed historical overview, before getting into the narrative with Philip V of Macedonia in 217. Featuring special guest Rob Monaco of The Podcast History of Our World.

This week we have our second 'Let's Talk' episode; this time our guest is the host of the Twilight Histories Podcast, Jordan Harbour. Jordan and I venture into Alternative History and imagine what would happen if Carthage had won the Punic Wars. We muse over the fate of Italy without Rome, civil war at Carthage, a Carthaginian monarchy with Hannibal as king, the effects of Carthage meddling with the Jews, who would win a fight between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedon, how Europe would cope against the Huns without Rome, and of course the inevitable Buddhist Europe. Want to know how we get there, you have only to listen!

In 1702, the 19-year-old Philip V of Spain came from his native France to Naples for a month. For this occasion, the Neopolitan based composer Alessandro Scarlatti was joined by the other great Italian composer of the day, Arcangelo Corelli, with mixed results! On the 350th anniversary of Scarlatti's birth, Catherine Bott explores the stories that surround the music and entertainments put on for this occasion.

Pastor Philip is a burmese pastor whom I had the privilege of serving with while I was in the country of Myanmar twice. He is a incredible man of God, he is full of passion and he is the hardest working man I know. Pastor Philip is the founder of Yangon Grace Bible Fellowship and Yangon Grace Bible School as well as AIM Active In Mission Today.

Philip V of Macedon does his best but he's only delaying the inevitable. The Romans are only getting stronger and the days of independence for the Greeks are numbered.

Catherine Bott looks at music marking the ceremonial signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, with celebration pieces by Handel and William Croft. Handel's "Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate" was written to celebrate the Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, ending the War of the Spanish Succession. The treaties between several European states, including Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Savoy and the Dutch Republic, helped end the war. The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand, and representatives of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, the King of Portugal and the United Provinces on the other.

The end of World War II marked a watershed moment for the depiction of Italian women in American film, says Vera Dika, assistant professor of media arts at New Jersey City University. “They presented new models of Italian identity after World War II, ” said professor Dika, referring to actresses Anna Magnani and Sophia Loren and two movies, “The Rose Tattoo,” (1955) and “Two Women” (1962), in which they starred, respectively. “Italy was no longer a fascist country, no longer a country of poverty, no longer a country in defeat.” In a talk entitled “Italian Divas in American Film: Changing Images of Italian Womanhood,” part of the Philip V. Cannistraro Seminar Series in Italian American Studies at the John D. Calandra Italian American Institute at Queens College, Dika discusses this seismic shift from supporting role to leading lady

clickhere Visit the Radio America Store web site.Buy your 50 mp3 for &5.00 Affordable Web Hosting $5.99 A month Lisa Laco, Host: Well we're going to talk about Charles Dickens right now because Charles Dickens is ever foremost in our minds this week as we get ready to read Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol this weekend here in Thunder Bay. When he was about ten years old poverty forced him to take a job in a factory to provide for his family. Now he was so ashamed of his time there that he never told anyone about it, but he couldn't hide the secret totally. According to Philip the experience surfaces in the actions and the attitudes of many of Charles Dickens, especially in Ebenezer Scrooge from A Christmas Carol . Philip Allingham is a professor in the Faculty of Education at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay; he's also a Dickens scholar. CBC reporter Cathy Alex asked him what inspired Charles Dickens to write A Christmas Carol . Philip V. Allingham, Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Dickens Scholar: He was fascinated by German ghost stories; in fact, he had written himself one in the middle of Pickwick Papers in 1836. In the fall of 1843 he was invited to go to Manchester, where he saw a good deal of urban poor, prostitution, other social ills. He and a number of other Victorian reformers including Cobden and Disraeli were to speak and so he heard all the tales of horror in industrial society. He saw a great deal of it; he stayed with his sister whom he loved very much--remember Scrooge's relationship with his sister. And his sister had a little boy who was lame; he probably had what we call now Pot's disease, tuberculosis of the bone, if you can imagine. So there is Tiny Tim, who was originally by the way called "Tiny Fred" after Dickens' younger brother, but "Tiny Fred" doesn't really make it does it. So in proof he corrected that to "Tiny Tim." He also put in the famous "God bless us, everyone!"--it wasn't in the original manuscript. And I think he was also interested in trying to help the ragged schools that were trying to educate poor children at night. These children worked in factories during the daytime. And so all of these things were fermenting in his mind and, like a great Coleridgian dream, A Christmas Carol was born.