Podcasts about glace

Tyra Banks continues as co-host of Jenna and Friends. Plus, Jenna and Tyra take over the viral 30 Rock ice cream truck, Glace. And, Devyn Simone holds Relationship Court.

Fribourg recevait Lausanne ce samedi 5 avril 2025 pour l'acte 4 de la demi-finale du championnat. Ajoie accueillait Viège pour l'acte 3 du barrage de promotion - relégation. Joël Robert et Jérôme Jeannin ont suivi ces deux parties.

Les Valaisans joueront dès mardi contre Ajoie pour tenter d'accéder au niveau supérieur. Mais le règlement de la National League est fait pour éviter que le dernier de National League ne soit relégué. Qu'importe, le directeur du club, Sébastien Pico se réjouit de terminer cette saison en beauté et rêve d'un club, en première division, qui fédérerait le hockey valaisan

durée : 00:03:17 - Picardie sport

durée : 00:49:02 - La Terre au carré - par : Mathieu Vidard - À l'occasion de la Journée mondiale des glaciers, nous recevons l'anthropologue Nastassja Martin. Elle signe un texte ciselé et incisif dans « Les sources de glace » (livre de photographies d'Olivier de Sépibus), un constat accablant sur notre rapport moderne au monde et aux glaciers. - invités : Nastassja Martin - Nastassja Martin : Anthropologue diplômée de l'EHESS et spécialiste des populations arctiques. - réalisé par : Jérôme BOULET

La fonte des glaciers s'est accélérée au cours de la dernière décennie. C'est une récente étude internationale qui le dit, et c'est évidemment inquiétant. Ca concerne non seulement les glaciers de l'Arctique ou de l'Antarctique, les glaciers d'Europe, mais aussi les glaciers tropicaux. Un reportage de Clémentine Méténier. Photo: Patrick T Fallon - AFP Merci pour votre écoute Transversales, c'est également en direct tous les samedis de 12h à 13h00 sur www.rtbf.be/lapremiere Retrouvez tous les épisodes de Transversales sur notre plateforme Auvio.be : https://auvio.rtbf.be/emission/492 Retrouvez tous les contenus de la RTBF sur notre plateforme Auvio.beRetrouvez également notre offre info ci-dessous :Le Monde en Direct : https://audmns.com/TkxEWMELes Clés : https://audmns.com/DvbCVrHLe Tournant : https://audmns.com/moqIRoC5 Minutes pour Comprendre : https://audmns.com/dHiHssrLes couleurs de l'info : https://audmns.com/MYzowgwMatin Première : https://audmns.com/aldzXlmEt ses séquences-phares : L'Invité Politique : https://audmns.com/LNCogwP L'édito politique « Les Coulisses du Pouvoir » : https://audmns.com/vXWPcqx L'humour de Matin Première : https://audmns.com/tbdbwoQN'oubliez pas de vous y abonner pour ne rien manquer.Et si vous avez apprécié ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à nous donner des étoiles ou des commentaires, cela nous aide à le faire connaître plus largement.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:01:58 - David Saliba, responsable de la communication du Stade Poitevin Club de Glace

Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois fera le point sur son avenir politique. Le Canada se rapproche de l’Europe pour l’armement. La rencontre Abdelfadel-Dumont avec Yasmine Abdelfadel et Mario Dumont.Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Des scientifiques isolés dans une station coupée du monde en Antarctique ont demandé une assistance car l'un de leurs collaborateurs les menaceraient. Mais les conditions météorologiques rendent impossible le lancement d'une mission de sauvetage pour l'instant. Ecoutez Le monde en marche avec William Galibert du 18 mars 2025.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Des scientifiques isolés dans une station coupée du monde en Antarctique ont demandé une assistance car l'un de leurs collaborateurs les menaceraient. Mais les conditions météorologiques rendent impossible le lancement d'une mission de sauvetage pour l'instant. Ecoutez Le monde en marche avec William Galibert du 18 mars 2025.Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

L'ambiance s'annonce chaude le dimanche 16 mars 2025 à Fribourg pour le deuxième acte des quarts de finale des play-offs contre Berne. Un adversaire que le capitaine des Dragons, Julien Sprunger, adore affronter.

How do you turn ice cream into a lifestyle brand? Sasha Zabar has done just that with Glace, a boutique concept that has transformed the way we think about indulgence. From sourcing the finest ingredients to creating visually stunning experiences, Sasha has built a brand that's as aspirational as it is delicious. In this episode, we dive into his unique approach to branding, the lessons he's learned from his family's hospitality empire, and how Glace is redefining what it means to stand out in a crowded market. If you've ever wondered how to turn a simple product into a viral sensation, this conversation is for you. For more on Glace and their luxury take on classic indulgences, visit https://glaceny.com/____________________________________________________________Full Comp is brought to you by Yelp for Restaurants: In July 2020, a few hundred employees formed Yelp for Restaurants. Our goal is to build tools that help restaurateurs do more with limited time.We have a lot more content coming your way! Be sure to check out our other content:Yelp for Restaurants PodcastsRestaurant expert videos & webinars

Le nouveau roman de Walter Rosselli, "Glace morte" (ed.Slatkine), conte le périple d'un frère et une soeur, le Nandou et la Schmied, décidés à quitter ce monde en s'abandonnant sur la glace comme le faisaient, paraît-il, les vieillards inuits. À défaut de banquise à proximité, ils visent les sommets à la recherche d'un hypothétique glacier ou, du moins, de conditions hivernales plus rudes qu'en plaine. Walter Rosselli est au micro d'Ellen Ichters.

durée : 00:03:01 - Picardie sport

A une semaine du début des play-offs, Stéphane Trisconi et Jérôme Jeannin vous proposent une heure spéciale hockey sur glace avec la présence en studio de l'ancien gardien Daniel Manzato. Coup de projecteur dans cette première partie sur le LHC avec son directeur sportif John Fust ainsi que sur le quart de final à venir entre Fribourg et Berne avec Gerd Zenhäusern et Romain Loeffel.

Dans l'actualité : Mise à jour sur les tarifs douaniers qui affectent l'industrie de l'automobile Cadillac dévoile une version allongée de son Escalade IQ électrique Volvo dévoile l'ES90 Cette semaine, notre historien automobile Hugues Gonnot nous parle de la Mercury Cougar 1999-2002. Antoine Joubert nous raconte un périple hivernal au volant du Jeep Wagoneer S. L'aventure s'est soldée par un essai agréable, mais également une panne pour le moins curieuse. Antoine Joubert partage ses impressions de conduite au sujet du Kia EV3. Louis-Philippe Dubé fait l'essai de modèles Polestar 2025 sur la glace.Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Dans cette deuxième partie de l'heure spéciale hockey sur glace, Stéphane Trisconi, Jérôme Jeannin et leur invité Daniel Manzato reviennent sur les éliminations prématurées de Genève Servette et de Bienne, écoute le MVP de la saison régulière Stéphane Charlin et accueille Sébastien Pico, le directeur du HC Viège, toujours en course pour la montée en National League.

Cette semaine, Antoine Joubert partage ses impressions de conduite au sujet du Kia EV3. Louis-Philippe Dubé fait l'essai de modèles Polestar 2025 sur la glace.Pour de l'information concernant l'utilisation de vos données personnelles - https://omnystudio.com/policies/listener/fr

Today is a sustainability special, looking at train travel to Morzine, the impact of global warming on the Mer de Glace in Chamonix, plus we take a closer look at Patagonia's decision to become a company for ‘purpose, not profit'.   We also have our regular snow reports, the latest news from GB Snowsports and your feedback. Iain Martin was joined Sara Burton from Montagne Verte in Morzine and Matt Barr from the Looking Sideways Podcast.  Intersport Ski Hire Discount Code Don't forget that if you want to help The Ski Podcast and save yourself some money this winter all you need to do is to use the code ‘SKIPODCAST' when you book your ski hire at intersportrent.com or take this link for your discount to be automatically applied.  SHOW NOTES Sara was last on the podcast in Episode 74 (0:45) Listen to Iain's experience of staying in an unmanned refuge in Meribel (3:00) Catherine Murphy is in Kaprun, Austria (6:15) Betony Garner reported from Combloux, France (8:10) Floss Cockle from FreeFlo Ski reported from Tignes, France (9:15) Charlotte Bankes is on course for the Snowboard Cross Crystal Globe (10:45) Jasmin Taylor could win the Crystal Globe in Telemark Spint and Telemark overall (11:00) Montagne Verte was formed in 2019 (12:00) They run their own pre-loved shop in Morzine (14:00) You can buy and sell second-hand ski wear at WhoSki (16:40) Other initiatives include collection of food waste (17:00) Find out about Verbier Green in Episode 206 (17:45) The AlpinExpress Pass offers discounts to those travelling to resort by train (19:30) Vialattea (the ‘Milky Way') in Italy offer discounts for travelling by train (21:45) Montagne Verte have published a very detailed Train Travel guide (22:00) Matt has been mentioned in my interviews with Ed Leigh, Chris Moran and Stu Brass (27:00) He is a previous editor of WhiteLines and runs his own agency, All Conditions Media He is the host of the Looking Sideways Podcast (28:00) Listen to 'The Announcement' (32:00) Patagonia's announced in September 2022 that it was ‘going purpose, not public' (32:30) Patagonia's famous ‘Don't buy this jacket' Bernie Sanders: “Billionaires in both parties should not be able to buy elections” (37:30) Watch Iain's video about the new €23m Mer de Glace gondola (42:45) Read Iain's article about Montenvers and the Mer de Glace at welove2ski (42:45) The Mer de Glace has thinned 160m since 1990 and lost 3km in length since 1820 By 2019, there were 580 steps to make it back to Chamonix (43:30) Brad Carlson is a mountain guide in Chamonix (43:45) Check out the Glacorium if you visit Montenvers (53:15) Feedback I enjoy all feedback about the show, I'm always interested to hear what you think, so please do contact me on social @theskipodcast or by email theskipodcast@gmail.com  Julian Holland: "Episode 237 was great as always! Keeping my fingers crossed for a few more dumps in Austria before my two weeks in Lech" Skiingpostie (Spotify): "3 Zinnen sounds great and I will definitely be looking at a train ski trip soon." Reid Aiton: "Another great episode" There are now 252 episodes of The Ski Podcast to catch up with and 137 of those were listened to in the last week. If you've enjoyed this episode, why not to go theskipodcast.com and take a look around the tags and categories – there is so much in there you're bound to find something of interest.  If you like the podcast, there are three things you can do to help:    1) Follow us. Just take a look for that button and press it now  2) Give us a review or just leave a comment on Apple Podcasts or Spotify  3) Book your ski hire with Intersport Rent using the code ‘SKIPODCAST' or take this link You can follow me @skipedia and the podcast @theskipodcast. You can also follow us on WhatsApp for exclusive material released ahead of the podcast. 

Tous les matins à 8H10, Salomé nous donne des infos aléatoires du monde.

Au cœur du sport et du récit qu'on en fait, il y a presque toujours un même ressort : celui de la rivalité. La plupart du temps cette rivalité ne dépasse pas le cadre de la compétition. Hors de la piste, du stade, de la patinoire, la concurrence se tasse. Mais quelque fois, la tension sort du cadre. Elle explose et cristallise, alors, un puissant récit médiatique. C'est ce que raconte l'histoire de Tonya Harding et de Nancy Kerrigan, patineuses américaines qui ont brillé sur la glace des années 90. Icônes du sport, devenues icônes de la pop-culture. Dans cet épisode, nous évoquons le destin de plusieurs des patineuses qui concouraient aux Jeux Olympiques d'hiver de Lillehammer (En Norvège) en 1994. Une génération dorée du patinage artistique glissait sur la classe, cette année-là… Kerrigan et Harding, mais aussi la française Surya Bonaly, ou l'ukrainienne Oksana Baiul. Notre invité : Gilles Goetghebuer, rédacteur en chef du magazine Sport et vie. Présentation : Hélène Maquet et Bertrand Henne Réalisation : Jonathan RemyMerci pour votre écouteL'Histoire Continue c'est également en direct tous les samedis de 9h à 10h sur www.rtbf.be/lapremiere Retrouvez l'ensemble des épisodes de l'Histoire Continue sur notre plateforme Auvio.behttps://auvio.rtbf.be/emission/l-histoire-continue-19690 Et si vous avez apprécié ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à nous donner des étoiles ou des commentaires, cela nous aide à le faire connaître plus largement. Intéressés par l'histoire ? Vous pourriez également aimer nos autres podcasts : Un jour dans l'Histoire : https://audmns.com/gXJWXoQL'heure H : https://audmns.com/YagLLiKEt sa version à écouter en famille : La Mini Heure H https://audmns.com/YagLLiKVous pourriez également apprécier ces podcasts de la RTBF: Un jour dans le sport : https://audmns.com/decnhFkAinsi que nos séries historiques :Chili, le Pays de mes Histoires : https://audmns.com/XHbnevhD-Day : https://audmns.com/JWRdPYIJoséphine Baker : https://audmns.com/wCfhoEwLa folle histoire de l'aviation : https://audmns.com/xAWjyWCLes Jeux Olympiques, l'étonnant miroir de notre Histoire : https://audmns.com/ZEIihzZMarguerite, la Voix d'une Résistante : https://audmns.com/zFDehnENapoléon, le crépuscule de l'Aigle : https://audmns.com/DcdnIUnSous le sable des Pyramides : https://audmns.com/rXfVppvN'oubliez pas de vous y abonner pour ne rien manquer.Et si vous avez apprécié ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à nous donner des étoiles ou des commentaires, cela nous aide à le faire connaître plus largement.

Champion olympique et quintuple champion du monde de danse sur glace, Guillaume Cizeron revient à la compétition avec une nouvelle partenaire la canadienne Laurence Fournier Beaudry qui est en attente de naturalisation française. Objectif : les JO d'hiver de Milan Cortina en 2026 ! Retour sur le nouveau record du monde de saut à la perche d'Armand Duplantis à 6m27 avec Renaud Lavillenie. Gros plan sur le cyclisme féminin et plus particulièrement l'équipe FDJ Suez avec son manager Stephen Delcourt et la championne de France Juliette Labous. Ecoutez On Refait le sport avec Isabelle Langé du 02 mars 2025.

Before getting into this new podcast, have you checked out the recent newsletter editions and podcasts of Ground Truths?—the first diagnostic immunome—a Covid nasal vaccine update—medical storytelling and uncertainty—why did doctors with A.I. get outperformed by A.I. alone?The audio is available on iTunes and Spotify. The full video is embedded here, at the top, and also can be found on YouTube.Transcript with links to Audio and External Links Eric Topol (00:07):Well, hello. It's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I am just thrilled today to welcome Carl Zimmer, who is one of the great science journalists of our times. He's written 14 books. He writes for the New York Times and many other venues of great science, journalism, and he has a new book, which I absolutely love called Air-Borne. And you can see I have all these rabbit pages tagged and there's lots to talk about here because this book is the book of air. I mean, we're talking about everything that you ever wanted to know about air and where we need to go, how we missed the boat, and Covid and everything else. So welcome, Carl.Carl Zimmer (00:51):Thanks so much. Great to be here.A Book Inspired by the PandemicEric Topol (00:54):Well, the book starts off with the Skagit Valley Chorale that you and your wife Grace attended a few years later, I guess, in Washington, which is really interesting. And I guess my first question is, it had the look that this whole book was inspired by the pandemic, is that right?Carl Zimmer (01:18):Certainly, the seed was planted in the pandemic. I was working as a journalist at the New York Times with a bunch of other reporters at the Times. There were lots of other science writers also just trying to make sense of this totally new disease. And we were talking with scientists who were also trying to make sense of the disease. And so, there was a lot of uncertainty, ambiguity, and things started to come into focus. And I was really puzzled by how hard it was for consensus to emerge about how Covid spread. And I did some reporting along with other people on this conflict about was this something that was spreading on surfaces or was it the word people were using was airborne? And the World Health Organization said, no, it's not airborne, it's not airborne until they said it was airborne. And that just seemed like not quantum physics, you know what I'm saying? In the sense that it seemed like that would be the kind of thing that would get sorted out pretty quickly. And I think that actually more spoke to my own unfamiliarity with the depth of this field. And so, I would talk to experts like say, Donald Milton at the University of Maryland. I'd be like, so help me understand this. How did this happen? And he would say, well, you need to get to know some people like William Wells. And I said, who?Eric Topol (02:50):Yeah, yeah, that's what I thought.Carl Zimmer (02:53):Yeah, there were just a whole bunch of people from a century ago or more that have been forgotten. They've been lost in history, and yet they were real visionaries, but they were also incredibly embattled. And the question of how we messed up understanding why Covid was airborne turned out to have an answer that took me back thousands of years and really plunged me into this whole science that's known as aerobiology.Eric Topol (03:26):Yeah, no, it's striking. And we're going to get, of course, into the Covid story and how it got completely botched as to how it was being transmitted. But of course, as you go through history, you see a lot of the same themes of confusion and naysayers and just extraordinary denialism. But as you said, this goes back thousands of years and perhaps the miasma, the moral stain in the air that was start, this is of course long before there was thing called germ theory. Is that really where the air thing got going?A Long History of Looking Into Bad AirCarl Zimmer (04:12):Well, certainly some of the earliest evidence we have that people were looking at the air and thinking about the air and thinking there's something about the air that matters to us. Aristotle thought, well, there's clearly something important about the air. Life just seems to be revolve around breathing and he didn't know why. And Hippocrates felt that there could be this stain on the air, this corruption of the air, and this could explain why a lot of people in a particular area, young and old, might suddenly all get sick at the same time. And so, he put forward this miasma theory, and there were also people who were looking at farm fields and asking, well, why are all my crops dead suddenly? What happened? And there were explanations that God sends something down to punish us because we've been bad, or even that the air itself had a kind of miasma that affected plants as well as animals. So these ideas were certainly there, well over 2,000 years ago.Eric Topol (05:22):Now, as we go fast forward, we're going to get to, of course into the critical work of William and Mildred Wells, who I'd never heard of before until I read your book, I have to say, talk about seven, eight decades filed into oblivion. But before we get to them, because their work was seminal, you really get into the contributions of Louis Pasteur. Maybe you could give us a skinny on what his contributions were because I was unaware of his work and the glaciers, Mer de Glace and figuring out what was going on in the air. So what did he really do to help this field?Carl Zimmer (06:05):Yeah, and this is another example of how we can kind of twist and deform history. Louis Pasteur is a household name. People know who Louis Pasteur is. People know about pasteurization of milk. Pasteur is associated with vaccines. Pasteur did other things as well. And he was also perhaps the first aerobiologist because he got interested in the fact that say, in a factory where beet juice was being fermented to make alcohol, sometimes it would spoil. And he was able to determine that there were some, what we know now are bacteria that were getting into the beet juice. And so, it was interrupting the usual fermentation from the yeast. That in itself was a huge discovery. But he was saying, well, wait, so why are there these, what we call bacteria in the spoiled juice? And he thought, well, maybe they just float in the air.Carl Zimmer (07:08):And this was really a controversial idea in say, 1860, because even then, there were many people who were persuaded that when you found microorganisms in something, they were the result of spontaneous generation. In other words, the beet juice spontaneously produced this life. This was standard view of how life worked and Pasteur was like, I'm not sure I buy this. And this basically led to him into an incredible series of studies around Paris. He would have a flask, and he'd have a long neck on it, and the flask was full of sterile broth, and he would just take it places and he would just hold it there for a while, and eventually bacteria would fall down that long neck and they would settle in the broth, and they would multiply in there. It would turn cloudy so he could prove that there was life in the air.Carl Zimmer (08:13):And they went to different places. He went to farm fields, he went to mountains. And the most amazing trip he took, it was actually to the top of a glacier, which was very difficult, especially for someone like Pasteur, who you get the impression he just hated leaving the lab. This was not a rugged outdoorsman at all. But there he is, climbing around on the ice with this flask raising it over his head, and he caught bacteria there as well. And that actually was pivotal to destroying spontaneous generation as a theory. So aerobiology among many, many other things, destroyed this idea that life could spontaneously burst into existence.Eric Topol (08:53):Yeah, no. He says ‘these gentlemen, are the germs of microscopic beings' shown in the existence of microorganisms in the air. So yeah, amazing contribution. And of course, I wasn't familiar with his work in the air like this, and it was extensive. Another notable figure in the world of germ theory that you bring up in the book with another surprise for me was the great Robert Koch of the Koch postulates. So is it true he never did the third postulate about he never fulfilled his own three postulates?Carl Zimmer (09:26):Not quite. Yeah, so he had these ideas about what it would take to actually show that some particular pathogen, a germ, actually caused a disease, and that involved isolating it from patients, culturing it outside of them. And then actually experimentally infecting an animal and showing the symptoms again. And he did that with things like anthrax and tuberculosis. He nailed that. But then when it came to cholera, there was this huge outbreak in Egypt, and people were still battling over what caused cholera. Was it miasma? Was it corruption in the air, or was it as Koch and others believe some type of bacteria? And he found a particular kind of bacteria in the stool of people who were dying or dead of cholera, and he could culture it, and he consistently found it. And when he injected animals with it, it just didn't quite work.Eric Topol (10:31):Okay. Yeah, so at least for cholera, the Koch's third postulate of injecting in animals, reproducing the disease, maybe not was fulfilled. Okay, that's good.Eric Topol (10:42):Now, there's a lot of other players here. I mean, with Fred Meier and Charles Lindbergh getting samples in the air from the planes and Carl Flügge. And before we get to the Wells, I just want to mention these naysayers like Charles Chapin, Alex Langmuir, the fact that they said, well, people that were sensitive to pollen, it was just neurosis. It wasn't the pollen. I mean, just amazing stuff. But anyway, the principles of what I got from the book was the Wells, the husband and wife, very interesting characters who eventually even split up, I guess. But can you tell us about their contributions? Because they're really notable when we look back.William and Mildred Wells Carl Zimmer (11:26):Yeah, they really are. And although by the time they had died around 1960, they were pretty much forgotten already. And yet in the 1930s, the two of them, first at Harvard and then at University of Pennsylvania did some incredible work to actually challenge this idea that airborne infection was not anything real, or at least nothing really to worry about. Because once the miasmas have been cleared away, people who embrace the germ theory of disease said, look, we've got cholera in water. We've got yellow fever in mosquitoes. We've got syphilis in sex. We have all these ways that germs can get from one person to the next. We don't need to worry about the air anymore. Relax. And William Wells thought, I don't know if that's true. And we actually invented a new device for actually sampling the air, a very clever kind of centrifuge. And he started to discover, actually, there's a lot of stuff floating around in the air.Carl Zimmer (12:37):And then with a medical student of his, Richard Riley started to develop a physical model. How does this happen? Well, you and I are talking, as we are talking we are expelling tiny droplets, and those droplets can potentially contain pathogens. We can sneeze out big droplets or cough them too. Really big droplets might fall to the floor, but lots of other droplets will float. They might be pushed along by our breath like in a cloud, or they just may be so light, they just resist gravity. And so, this was the basic idea that he put forward. And then he made real headlines by saying, well, maybe there's something that we can do to these germs while they're still in the air to protect our own health. In the same way you'd protect water so that you don't get cholera. And he stumbled on ultraviolet light. So basically, you could totally knock out influenza and a bunch of other pathogens just by hitting these droplets in the air with light. And so, the Wells, they were very difficult to work with. They got thrown out of Harvard. Fortunately, they got hired at Penn, and they lasted there just long enough that they could run an experiment in some schools around Philadelphia. And they put up ultraviolet lamps in the classrooms. And those kids did not get hit by huge measles outbreak that swept through Philadelphia not long afterwards.Eric Topol (14:05):Yeah, it's pretty amazing. I had never heard of them. And here they were prescient. They did the experiments. They had this infection machine where they could put the animal in and blow in the air, and it was basically like the Koch's third postulate here of inducing the illness. He wrote a book, William and he's a pretty confident fellow quoted, ‘the book is not for here and now. It is from now on.' So he wasn't a really kind of a soft character. He was pretty strong, I guess. Do you think his kind of personality and all the difficulties that he and his wife had contributed to why their legacy was forgotten by most?Carl Zimmer (14:52):Yes. They were incredibly difficult to work with, and there's no biography of the Wellses. So I had to go into archives and find letters and unpublished documents and memos, and people will just say like, oh my goodness, these people are so unbearable. They just were fighting all the time. They were fighting with each other. They were peculiar, particularly William was terrible with language and just people couldn't deal with them. So because they were in these constant fights, they had very few friends. And when you have a big consensus against you and you don't have very many friends to not even to help you keep a job, it's not going to turn out well, unfortunately. They did themselves no favors, but it is still really remarkable and sad just how much they figured out, which was then dismissed and forgotten.Eric Topol (15:53):Yeah, I mean, I'm just amazed by it because it's telling about your legacy in science. You want to have friends, you want to be, I think, received well by your colleagues in your community. And when you're not, you could get buried, your work could get buried. And it kind of was until, for me, at least, your book Air-Borne. Now we go from that time, which is 60, 70 years ago, to fast forward H1N1 with Linsey Marr from Virginia Tech, who in 2009 was already looking back at the Wells work and saying, wait a minute there's something here that this doesn't compute, kind of thing. Can you give us the summary about Linsey? Of course, we're going to go to 2018 again all before the pandemic with Lydia, but let's first talk about Linsey.Linsey MarrSee my previous Ground Truths podcast with Prof Marr hereCarl Zimmer (16:52):Sure. So Linsey Marr belongs to this new generation of scientists in the 21st century who start to individually rediscover the Welles. And then in Lindsey Marr's case, she was studying air pollution. She's an atmospheric scientist and she's at Virginia Tech. And she and her husband are trying to juggle their jobs and raising a little kid, and their son is constantly coming home from daycare because he's constantly getting sick, or there's a bunch of kids who are sick there and so on. And that got Linsey Marr actually really curious like what's going on because they were being careful about washing objects and so on, and doing their best to keep the kids healthy. And she started looking into ideas about transmission of diseases. And she got very interested in the flu because in 2009, there was a new pandemic, in other words that you had this new strain of influenza surging throughout the world. And so, she said, well, let me look at what people are saying. And as soon as she started looking at it, she just said, well, people are saying things that as a physicist I know make no sense. They're saying that droplets bigger than five microns just plummet to the ground.Carl Zimmer (18:21):And in a way that was part of a sort of a general rejection of airborne transmission. And she said, look, I teach this every year. I just go to the blackboard and derive a formula to show that particles much bigger than this can stay airborne. So there's something really wrong here. And she started spending more and more time studying airborne disease, and she kept seeing the Welles as being cited. And she was like, who are these? Didn't know who they were. And she had to dig back because finding his book is not easy, I will tell you that. You can't buy it on Amazon. It's like it was a total flop.Eric Topol (18:59):Wow.Carl Zimmer (19:00):And eventually she started reading his papers and getting deeper in it, and she was like, huh. He was pretty smart. And he didn't say any of the things that people today are claiming he said. There's a big disconnect here. And that led her into join a very small group of people who really were taking the idea of airborne infection seriously, in the early 2000s.Lydia BourouibaEric Topol (19:24):Yeah, I mean, it's pretty incredible because had we listened to her early on in the pandemic and many others that we're going to get into, this wouldn't have gone years of neglect of airborne transmission of Covid. Now, in 2018, there was, I guess, a really important TEDMED talk by Lydia. I don't know how you pronounce her last name, Bourouiba or something. Oh, yeah. And she basically presented graphically. Of course, all this stuff is more strained for people to believe because of the invisibility story, but she, I guess, gave demos that were highly convincing to her audience if only more people were in her audience. Right?Carl Zimmer (20:09):That's right. That's right. Yeah. So Lydia was, again, not an infectious disease expert at first. She was actually trained as a physicist. She studied turbulence like what you get in spinning galaxies or spinning water in a bathtub as it goes down the drain. But she was very taken aback by the SARS outbreak in 2003, which did hit Canada where she was a student.Carl Zimmer (20:40):And it really got her getting interested in infectious diseases, emerging diseases, and asking herself, what tools can I bring from physics to this? And she's looked into a lot of different things, and she came to MIT and MIT is where Harold Edgerton built those magnificent stroboscope cameras. And we've all seen these stroboscope images of the droplets of milk frozen in space, or a bullet going through a card or things like that that he made in the 1930s and 1940s and so on. Well, one of the really famous images that was used by those cameras was a sneeze actually, around 1940. That was the first time many Americans would see these droplets frozen in space. Of course, they forgot them.Carl Zimmer (21:34):So she comes there and there's a whole center set up for this kind of high-speed visualization, and she starts playing with these cameras, and she starts doing experiments with things like breathing and sneezes and so on. But now she's using digital video, and she discovers that she goes and looks at William Wells and stuff. She's like, that's pretty good, but it's pretty simple. It's pretty crude. I mean, of course it is. It was in the 1930s. So she brings a whole new sophistication of physics to studying these things, which she finds that, especially with a sneeze, it sort of creates a new kind of physics. So you actually have a cloud that just shoots forward, and it even carries the bigger droplets with it. And it doesn't just go three feet and drop. In her studies looking at her video, it could go 10 feet, 20 feet, it could just keep going.Eric Topol (22:24):27 feet, I think I saw. Yeah, right.Carl Zimmer (22:26):Yeah. It just keeps on going. And so, in 2018, she gets up and at one of these TEDMED talks and gives this very impressive talk with lots of pictures. And I would say the world didn't really listen.Eric Topol (22:48):Geez and amazing. Now, the case that you, I think centered on to show how stupid we were, not everyone, not this group of 36, we're going to talk about not everyone, but the rest of the world, like the WHO and the CDC and others was this choir, the Skagit Valley Chorale in Washington state. Now, this was in March 2020 early on in the pandemic, there were 61 people exposed to one symptomatic person, and 52 were hit with Covid. 52 out of 61, only 8 didn't get Covid. 87% attack rate eventually was written up by an MMWR report that we'll link to. This is extraordinary because it defied the idea of that it could only be liquid droplets. So why couldn't this early event, which was so extraordinary, opened up people's mind that there's not this six-foot rule and it's all these liquid droplets and the rest of the whole story that was wrong.Carl Zimmer (24:10):I think there's a whole world of psychological research to be done on why people accept or don't accept scientific research and I'm not just talking about the public. This is a question about how science itself works, because there were lots of scientists who looked at the claims that Linsey Marr and others made about the Skagit Valley Chorale outbreak and said, I don't know, I'm not convinced. You didn't culture viable virus from the air. How do you really know? Really, people have said that in print. So it does raise the question of a deep question, I think about how does science judge what the right standard of proof is to interpret things like how diseases spread and also how to set public health policy. But you're certainly right that and March 10th, there was this outbreak, and by the end of March, it had started to make news and because the public health workers were figuring out all the people who were sick and so on, and people like Linsey Marr were like, this kind of looks like airborne to me, but they wanted to do a closer study of it. But still at that same time, places like the World Health Organization (WHO) were really insisting Covid is not airborne.“This is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they [WHO] were full of s**t.”—Jose-Luis JimenezGetting It Wrong, Terribly WrongEric Topol (25:56):It's amazing. I mean, one of the quotes that there was, another one grabbed me in the book, in that group of the people that did air research understanding this whole field, the leaders, there's a fellow Jose-Luis Jimenez from University of Colorado Boulder, he said, ‘this is so mind-boggling to me. It just made it obvious that they were full of s**t.' Now, that's basically what he's saying about these people that are holding onto this liquid droplet crap and that there's no airborne. But we know, for example, when you can't see cigarette smoke, you can't see the perfume odor, but you can smell it that there's stuff in the air, it's airborne, and it's not necessarily three or six feet away. There's something here that doesn't compute in people's minds. And by the way, even by March and April, there were videos like the one that Lydia showed in 2018 that we're circling around to show, hey, this stuff is all over the place. It's not just the mouth going to the other person. So then this group of 36 got together, which included the people we were talking about, other people who I know, like Joe Allen and many really great contributors, and they lobbied the CDC and the WHO to get with it, but it seemed like it took two years.Carl Zimmer (27:32):It was a slow process, yes. Yes. Because well, I mean, the reason that they got together and sort of formed this band is because early on, even at the end of January, beginning of February 2020, people like Joe Allen, people like Linsey Marr, people like Lidia Morawska in Australia, they were trying to raise the alarm. And so, they would say like, oh, I will write up my concerns and I will get it published somewhere. And journals would reject them and reject them and reject them. They'd say, well, we know this isn't true. Or they'd say like, oh, they're already looking into it. Don't worry about it. This is not a reason for concern. All of them independently kept getting rejected. And then at the same time, the World Health Organization was going out of their way to insist that Covid is not airborne. And so, Lidia Morawska just said like, we have to do something. And she, from her home in Australia, marshaled first this group of 36 people, and they tried to get the World Health Organization to listen to them, and they really felt very rebuffed it didn't really work out. So then they went public with a very strong open letter. And the New York Times and other publications covered that and that really started to get things moving. But still, these guidelines and so on were incredibly slow to be updated, let alone what people might actually do to sort of safeguard us from an airborne disease.Eric Topol (29:15):Well, yeah, I mean, we went from March 2020 when it was Captain Obvious with the choir to the end of 2021 with Omicron before this got recognized, which is amazing to me when you look back, right? That here you've got millions of people dying and getting infected, getting Long Covid, all this stuff, and we have this denial of what is the real way of transmission. Now, this was not just a science conflict, this is that we had people saying, you don't need to wear a mask. People like Jerome Adams, the Surgeon General, people like Tony Fauci before there was an adjustment later, oh, you don't need masks. You just stay more than six feet away. And meanwhile, the other parts of the world, as you pointed out in Japan with the three Cs, they're already into, hey, this is airborne and don't go into rooms indoors with a lot of people and clusters and whatnot. How could we be this far off where the leading public health, and this includes the CDC, are giving such bad guidance that basically was promoting Covid spread.Carl Zimmer (30:30):I think there are a number of different reasons, and I've tried to figure that out, and I've talked to people like Anthony Fauci to try to better understand what was going on. And there was a lot of ambiguity at the time and a lot of mixed signals. I think that also in the United States in particular, we were dealing with a really bad history of preparing for pandemics in the sense that the United States actually had said, we might need a lot of masks for a pandemic, which implicitly means that we acknowledge that the next pandemic might to some extent be airborne. At least our healthcare folks are going to need masks, good masks, and they stockpiled them, and then they started using them, and then they didn't really replace them very well, and supplies ran out, or they got old. So you had someone like Rick Bright who was a public health official in the administration in January 2020, trying to tell everybody, hey, we need masks.The Mess with MasksCarl Zimmer (31:56):And people are like, don't worry about it, don't worry about it. Look, if we have a problem with masks, he said this, and he recounted this later. Look, if the health workers run out of masks, we just tell the public just to not use masks and then we'll have enough for the health workers. And Bright was like, that makes no sense. That makes no sense. And lo and behold, there was a shortage among American health workers, and China was having its own health surge, so they were going to be helping us out, and it was chaos. And so, a lot of those messages about telling the public don't wear a mask was don't wear a mask, the healthcare workers need them, and we need to make sure they have enough. And if you think about that, there's a problem there.Carl Zimmer (32:51):Yeah, fine. Why don't the healthcare workers have their own independent supply of masks? And then we can sort of address the question, do masks work in the general community? Which is a legitimate scientific question. I know there are people who are say, oh, masks don't work. There's plenty of studies that show that they can reduce risk. But unfortunately, you actually had people like Fauci himself who were saying like, oh, you might see people wearing masks in other countries. I wouldn't do it. And then just a few weeks later when it was really clear just how bad things were getting, he turns around and says, people should wear masks. But Jerome Adams, who you mentioned, Surgeon General, he gets on TV and he's trying to wrap a cloth around his face and saying, look, you can make your own mask. And it was not ideal, shall we say?Eric Topol (33:55):Oh, no. It just led to mass confusion and the anti-science people were having just a field day for them to say that these are nincompoops. And it just really, when you look back, it's sad. Now, I didn't realize the history of the N95 speaking of healthcare workers and fitted masks, and that was back with the fashion from the bra. I mean, can you tell us about that? That's pretty interesting.Carl Zimmer (34:24):Yeah. Yeah, it's a fascinating story. So there was a woman who was working for 3M. She was consulting with them on just making new products, and she really liked the technology they used for making these sort of gift ribbons and sort of blown-fiber. And she's like, wow, you should think about other stuff. How about a bra? And so, they actually went forward with this sort of sprayed polyester fiber bra, which was getting much nicer than the kind of medieval stuff that women had to put up with before then. And then she's at the same time spending a lot of time in hospitals because a lot of her family was sick with various ailments, and she was looking at these doctors and nurses who were wearing masks, which just weren't fitting them very well. And she thought, wait a minute, you could take a bra cup and just basically fit it on people's faces.Carl Zimmer (35:29):She goes to 3M and is like, hey, what about this? And they're like, hmm, interesting. And at first it didn't seem actually like it worked well against viruses and other pathogens, but it was good on dust. So it started showing up in hardware stores in the 70s, and then there were further experiments that basically figured showed you could essentially kind of amazingly give the material a little static charge. And that was good enough that then if you put it on, it traps droplets that contain viruses and doesn't let them through. So N95s are a really good way to keep viruses from coming into your mouth or going out.Eric Topol (36:14):Yeah. Well, I mean it's striking too, because in the beginning, as you said, when there finally was some consensus that masks could help, there wasn't differentiation between cotton masks, surgical masks, KN95s. And so, all this added to the mix of ambiguity and confusion. So we get to the point finally that we understand the transmission. It took way too long. And that kind of tells the Covid story. And towards the end of the book, you're back at the Skagit Valley Chorale. It's a full circle, just amazing story. Now, it also brings up all lessons that we've learned and where we're headed with this whole knowledge of the aerobiome, which is fascinating. I didn't know that we breathe 2000 to 3000 gallons a day of air, each of us.Every Breath We TakeEric Topol (37:11):Wow, I didn't know. Well, of course, air is a vector for disease. And of course, going back to the Wells, the famous Wells that have been, you've brought them back to light about how we're aerial oysters. So these things in the air, which we're going to get to the California fires, for example, they travel a long ways. Right? We're not talking about six feet here. We're talking about, can you tell us a bit about that?Carl Zimmer (37:42):Well, yeah. So we are releasing living things into the air with every breath, but we're not the only ones. So I'm looking at you and I see beyond you the ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Every time those waves crash down on the surf, it's spewing up vast numbers of tiny droplets, kind of like the ocean's own lungs, spraying up droplets, some of which have bacteria and viruses and other living things. And those go up in the air. The wind catches them, and they blow around. Some of them go very, very high, many, many miles. Some of them go into the clouds and they do blow all over the place. And so, science is really starting to come into its own of studying the planetary wide pattern of the flow of life, not just for oceans, but from the ground, things come out of the ground all of the time. The soil is rich with microbes, and those are rising up. Of course, there's plants, we are familiar with plants having pollen, but plants themselves are also slathered in fungi and other organisms. They shed those into the air as well. And so, you just have this tremendous swirl of life that how high it can go, nobody's quite sure. They can certainly go up maybe 12 miles, some expeditions, rocket emissions have claimed to find them 40 miles in the air.Carl Zimmer (39:31):It's not clear, but we're talking 10, 20, 30 miles up is where all this life gets. So people call this the aerobiome, and we're living in it. It's like we're in an ocean and we're breathing in that ocean. And so, you are breathing in some of those organisms literally with every breath.Eric Topol (39:50):Yeah, no, it's extraordinary. I mean, it really widens, the book takes us so much more broad than the narrow world of Covid and how that got all off track and gives us the big picture. One of the things that happened more recently post Covid was finally in the US there was the commitment to make buildings safer. That is adopting the principles of ventilation filtration. And I wonder if you could comment at that. And also, do you use your CO2 monitor that you mentioned early in the book? Because a lot of people haven't gotten onto the CO2 monitor.Carl Zimmer (40:33):So yes, I do have a CO2 monitor. It's in the other room. And I take it with me partly to protect my own health, but also partly out of curiosity because carbon dioxide (CO2) in the room is actually a pretty good way of figuring out how much ventilation there is in the room and what your potential risk is of getting sick if someone is breathing out Covid or some other airborne disease. They're not that expensive and they're not that big. And taking them on planes is particularly illuminating. It's just incredible just how high the carbon dioxide rate goes up when you're sitting on the plane, they've closed the doors, you haven't taken off yet, shoots way up. Once again, the air and the filter system starts up, it starts going down, which is good, but then you land and back up again. But in terms of when we're not flying, we're spending a lot of our time indoors. Yeah, so you used the word commitment to describe quality standards.Eric Topol (41:38):What's missing is the money and the action, right?Carl Zimmer (41:42):I think, yeah. I think commitment is putting it a little strongly.Eric Topol (41:45):Yeah. Sorry.Carl Zimmer (41:45):Biden administration is setting targets. They're encouraging that that people meet certain targets. And those people you mentioned like Joe Allen at Harvard have actually been putting together standards like saying, okay, let's say that when you build a new school or a new building, let's say that you make sure that you don't get carbon dioxide readings above this rate. Let's try to get 14 liters per second per person of ventilated fresh air. And they're actually going further. They've actually said, now we think this should be law. We think these should be government mandates. We have government mandates for clean water. We have government mandates for clean food. We don't just say, it'd be nice if your bottled water didn't have cholera on it in it. We'll make a little prize. Who's got the least cholera in their water? We don't do that. We don't expect that. We expect more. We expect when you get the water or if you get anything, you expect it to be clean and you expect people to be following the law. So what Joseph Allen, Lidia Morawska, Linsey Marr and others are saying is like, okay, let's have a law.Eric Topol (43:13):Yeah. No, and I think that distinction, I've interviewed Joe Allen and Linsey Marr on Ground Truths, and they've made these points. And we need the commitment, I should say, we need the law because otherwise it's a good idea that doesn't get actualized. And we know how much keeping ventilation would make schools safer.Carl Zimmer (43:35):Just to jump in for a second, just to circle back to William and Mildred Wells, none of what I just said is new. William and Mildred Wells were saying over and over again in speeches they gave, in letters they wrote to friends they were like, we've had this incredible revolution in the early 1900s of getting clean water and clean food. Why don't we have clean air yet? We deserve clean air. Everyone deserves clean air. And so, really all that people like Linsey Marr and Joseph Allen and others are doing is trying to finally deliver on that call almost a century later.Eric Topol (44:17):Yeah, totally. That's amazing how it's taken all this time and how much disease and morbidity even death could have been prevented. Before I ask about planning for the future, I do want to get your comments about the dirty air with the particulate matter less than 2.5 particles and what we're seeing now with wildfires, of course in Los Angeles, but obviously they're just part of what we're seeing in many parts of the world and what that does, what carries so the dirty air, but also what we're now seeing with the crisis of climate change.Carl Zimmer (45:01):So if you inhale smoke from a wildfire, it's not going to start growing inside of you, but those particles are going to cause a lot of damage. They're going to cause a lot of inflammation. They can cause not just lung damage, but they can potentially cause a bunch of other medical issues. And unfortunately, climate change plus the increasing urbanization of these kinds of environments, like in Southern California where fires, it's a fire ecology already. That is going to be a recipe for more smoke in the air. We will be, unfortunately, seeing more fire. Here in the Northeast, we were dealing with really awful smoke coming all the way from Canada. So this is not a problem that respects borders. And even if there were no wildfires, we still have a huge global, terrible problem with particulate matter coming from cars and coal fire power plants and so on. Several million people, their lives are cut short every year, just day in, day out. And you can see pictures in places like Delhi and India and so on. But there are lots of avoidable deaths in the United States as well, because we're starting to realize that even what we thought were nice low levels of air pollution probably are still killing more people than we realized.Eric Topol (46:53):Yeah, I mean, just this week in Nature is a feature on how this dirty air pollution, the urbanization that's leading to brain damage, Alzheimer's, but also as you pointed out, it increases everything, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, various cancers. I mean, it's just bad news.Carl Zimmer (47:15):And one way in which the aerobiome intersects with what we're talking about is that those little particles floating around, things can live on them and certain species can ride along on these little particles of pollution and then we inhale them. And there's some studies that seem to suggest that maybe pathogens are really benefiting from riding around on these. And also, the wildfire smoke is not just lofting, just bits of dead plant matter into the air. It's lofting vast numbers of bacteria and fungal spores into the air as well. And then those blow very, very far away. It's possible that long distance winds can deliver fungal spores and other microorganisms that can actually cause certain diseases, this Kawasaki disease or Valley fever and so on. Yeah, so everything we're doing is influencing the aerobiome. We're changing the world in so many ways. We're also changing the aerobiome.Eric Topol (48:30):Yeah. And to your point, there were several reports during the pandemic that air pollution potentiated SARS-CoV-2 infections because of that point that you're making that is as a carrier.Carl Zimmer (48:46):Well, I've seen some of those studies and it wasn't clear to me. I'm not sure that SARS-CoV-2 can really survive like long distances outdoors. But it may be that, it kind of weakens people and also sets up their lungs for a serious disease. I'm not as familiar with that research as I'd like to be.Eric Topol (49:11):Yeah, no, it could just be that because they have more inflammation of their lungs that they're just more sensitive to when they get the infection. But there seems like you said, to be some interactions between pathogens and polluted air. I don't know that we want to get into germ warfare because that's whole another topic, but you cover that well, it's very scary stuff.Carl Zimmer (49:37):It's the dark side of aerobiology.Eric Topol (49:39):Oh my gosh, yes. And then the last thing I wanted just to get into is, if we took this all seriously and learned, which we don't seem to do that well in some respects, wouldn't we change the way, for example, the way our cities, the way we increase our world of plants and vegetation, rather than just basically take it all down. What can we do in the future to make our ecosystem with air a healthier one?Carl Zimmer (50:17):I think that's a really important question. And it sounds odd, but that's only because it's unfamiliar. And even after all this time and after the rediscovery of a lot of scientists who had been long forgotten, there's still a lot we don't know. So there is suggestive research that when we breathe in air that's blowing over vegetation, forest and so on. That's actually in some ways good for our health. We do have a relationship with the air, and we've had it ever since our ancestors came out the water and started breathing with their lungs. And so, our immune systems may be tuned to not breathing in sterile air, but we don't understand the relationship. And so, I can't say like, oh, well, here's the prescription. We need to be doing this. We don't know.Eric Topol (51:21):Yeah. No, it's fascinating.Carl Zimmer (51:23):We should find out. And there are a few studies going on, but not many I would have to say. And the thing goes for how do we protect indoor spaces and so on? Well, we kind of have an idea of how airborne Covid is. Influenza, we're not that sure and there are lots of other diseases that we just don't know. And you certainly, if a disease is not traveling through the air at all, you don't want to take these measures. But we need to understand they're spread more and it's still very difficult to study these things.Eric Topol (52:00):Yeah, such a great point. Now before we wrap up, is there anything that you want to highlight that I haven't touched on in this amazing book?Carl Zimmer (52:14):I hope that when people read it, they sort of see that science is a messy process and there aren't that many clear villains and good guys in the sense that there can be people who are totally, almost insanely wrong in hindsight about some things and are brilliant visionaries in other ways. And one figure that I learned about was Max von Pettenkofer, who really did the research behind those carbon dioxide meters. He figured out in the mid-1800s that you could figure out the ventilation in a room by looking at the carbon dioxide. We call it the Pettenkofer number, how much CO2 is in the room. Visionary guy also totally refused to believe in the germ theory of disease. He shot it tooth in the nail even. He tried to convince people that cholera was airborne, and he did it. He took a vial. He was an old man. He took a vial full of cholera. The bacteria that caused cholera drank it down to prove his point. He didn't feel well afterwards, but he survived. And he said, that's proof. So this history of science is not the simple story that we imagine it to be.Eric Topol (53:32):Yeah. Well, congratulations. This was a tour de force. You had to put in a lot of work to pull this all together, and you're enlightening us about air like never before. So thanks so much for joining, Carl.Carl Zimmer (53:46):It was a real pleasure. Thanks for having me.**********************************************Thanks for listening, watching or reading Ground Truths. Your subscription is greatly appreciated.If you found this podcast interesting please share it!That makes the work involved in putting these together especially worthwhile.All content on Ground Truths—newsletters, analyses, and podcasts—is free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. And such support is becoming more vital In light of current changes of funding by US biomedical research at NIH and other governmental agencies. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

A l'occasion de la Journée mondiale de l'Ours polaire, le 21 février, BSG rediffuse 3 épisodes spéciaux sur cet animal.L'Ours blanc (Ursus maritimus) est, avec l'ours kodiak, l'un des plus grands carnivores terrestres.L'Ours blanc possède une épaisse couche de graisse ainsi qu'une fourrure qui l'isolent du froid. La couleur blanche de son pelage lui assure un camouflage idéal sur la banquise et sa peau noire lui permet de mieux conserver sa chaleur corporelle.Ses poils sont non pigmentés, donc incolores, translucides et creux. Ce sont les jeux de lumières qui qui les fait apparaître blancs, tout comme la neige.L'Ours blanc est parfois considéré comme un mammifère marin semi-aquatique, dont la survie dépend essentiellement de la banquise et de la productivité marine. Il chasse aussi bien sur terre que dans l'eau.Deux espèces de phoques constituent l'essentiel de son régime :Le Phoque annelé (Phoca hispida), un petit pinnipède de 60 kg, est l'espèce la plus nombreuse en Arctique et du coup sa proie principale.Le Phoque barbu (Erignathus barbatus), peut lui dépasser les 400 kg. Lui c'est le jackpot pour l'Ours !Cette espèce vit uniquement sur la banquise autour du pôle Nord, au bord de l'océan Arctique. L'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) estime la population d'ours blancs à environ 26 000 individus. Elle considère l'espèce comme vulnérable (VU), principalement en raison du réchauffement climatique et du bouleversement de son habitat qui en résulte. L'Ours blanc souffre aussi de la chasse et de la pollution, ce qu'on dit moins.Animal charismatique, l'Ours blanc est une superstar mondiale, et pas seulement chez les Inuits qui le chasse encore. Le petit Knut du zoo de Berlin a ému le monde entier avec ses malheurs et la sculpture d'ours blanc réalisée par François Pompon est indissociable de Dijon.Le parc national Wapusk au Manitoba, au Canada, est connu pour être la capitale mondiale des ours polaires. La ville de Churchill est l'un des meilleurs endroits pour observer ces ours, dès leur arrivée en automne, alors qu'ils attendent que la baie d'Hudson gèle, afin de pouvoir y chasser le phoque._______

A l'occasion de la Journée mondiale de l'Ours polaire, le 27 février, BSG rediffuse 3 épisodes spéciaux sur cet animal.Dernier épisode de la série sur les Ours polaires (Ursus arctos), qui revient sur les menaces pesant sur cette espèce emblématique.______3 épisodes de Nomen racontent les Ours, côté culture : https://bit.ly/ours1_NMNhttps://bit.ly/ours2_NMNhttps://bit.ly/ours3_NMN_______

durée : 00:27:23 - De cause à effets, le magazine de l'environnement - par : Aurélie Luneau - Guillaume Massé, un océanographe tourné vers les pôles et leurs écosystèmes. - réalisation : Alexandra Malka - invités : Guillaume Massé Océanographe

Toutes les réponses à tes questions ! Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

15 Filme der Berlinale 2025 rezensieren wir hier in einem heiteren Rutsch mit dem Kaffeemann und Daniel! Aufgelistet bedeutet das Kritiken zu: Kaj ti je deklica, Dreams (jedoch nicht der Gewinnerfilm mit identischem englischen Titel…), Hot Milk, Mickey 17, Reflet dans un diamant mort, Welcome Home Baby, La Tour de Glace, If I Had Legs I'd Kick You, After This Death, Der Kuss des Grashüpfers, Pa-gwa, Magic Farm, Fremde Stadt, Bajo las banderas, el sol & Delicious. Auch Heldin haben wir übrigens beim Festival gesichtet, über den sprechen wir jedoch erst sehr bald, zum regulären deutschen Kinostart.

Tout un Art ! est une série inédite à l'occasion de la Journée mondiale de la Baleine, le 19 février.Crainte par l'Occident qui l'a longtemps perçue comme un monstre, la baleine est vénérée dans d'autres cultures, chez les Maoris de Nouvelle-Zélande mais aussi chez les Inuits.Les Inuits vivent au Groenland, au nord du Canada et sur la côte nord-est de la Sibérie. Ils vénèrent la baleine; Dans leurs légendes, elle serait née des avant-bras de Sedna, la déesse de la mer. Chez les Inuits, on a plutôt intérêt à respecter Sedna ! A la moindre incartade, elle vous prive de toute nourriture en éloignant du rivage les créatures marines ! Et ensuite un seul moyen pour amadouer la déesse : le chaman doit descendre au fond de l'océan et … brosser les cheveux de Sedna dans lesquels se sont emmêlées des algues.Les Inuits sont un des rares peuples, avec les habitants des îles Féroé situées dans l'Océan Atlantique, au large de l'Europe du Nord, à encore chasser la baleine, au nom de leurs traditions culturelles. D'autres pays chassent encore la baleine pour les exploiter : le Japon, l'Islande, la Norvège. Mais la viande de baleine est de moins en moins au goût des consommateurs de tous les pays. Bientôt cette chasse s'arrêtera, faute d'être rentable au final.Les Inuits chassent la baleine pour se nourrir mais utilisent aussi ses os pour les sculpter et fabriquer des objets d'art. Saviez-vous d'ailleurs que le mot art n'existe pas en inuktitut, la langue des Inuits ? Et oui, quand on est un peuple semi-nomade, on ne s'embarrasse pas de poids mort décoratif.L'art inuit consiste donc d'abord à embellir les objets du quotidien : vêtements, outils… Ce n'est qu'au 17e siècle, quand les Inuits commencent à croiser des Occidentaux, que va se développer un art inuit à visée essentiellement commerciale.Aujourd'hui, l'art inuit tend à disparaître progressivement. Les jeunes Inuits ont d'autres morses à fouetter.______  La série "Tout un Art !" 12x10') raconte le Vivant dans la (pop) culture, l'Art et l'Histoire, au-delà des aspects biologiques et comportementaux. Et aussi de connecter deux mondes qui se nourrissent l'un l'autre.Il est temps que chacun.e se cultive, soigne et réenchante son lien avec nos colocataires non-humains et ressente le besoin de faire ce qu'il peut, ce qu'il doit.Après tout, chaque espèce n'est-elle pas aussi précieuse qu'une cathédrale Notre Dame, qu'une Joconde ? _______Sylvia Roustant est professeure, agrégée de lettres et créatrice du site Le secret derrière le tableau.Marc Mortelmans est créateur de podcasts, conférencier et auteur d'En finir avec les idées fausses sur le monde Vivant (Éditions de l'atelier 2024) et de Nomen, l'origine des noms des espèces (Ulmer 2024).contact@baleinesousgravillon.com.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

durée : 01:48:42 - Comme un samedi - par : Arnaud Laporte - Valérie Donzelli est la nouvelle directrice de la Nuit Blanche 2025 : que nous concocte-t-elle, avec à l'affiche la star de l'événement Michel Gondry ? Elle nous le raconte dans cette carte blanche où vous aurez aussi droit à un gros débat : pour ou contre les glaces au cinéma ? - réalisation : Alexandre Fougeron - invités : Valérie Donzelli Actrice, scénariste et réalisatrice française; Virginie Ledoyen Comédienne; Michel Gondry Cinéaste, auteur de bande dessinée, musicien; Franck Courtès Ecrivain; Gilles Marchand Directeur général de la SRG SSR - Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision; Biche Groupe de musique pop français

Les ours polaires évoluent dans des conditions extrêmes où la glace et le froid pourraient être de sérieux handicaps. Pourtant, leur fourrure reste étonnamment sèche et exempte de givre. Comment est-ce possible ? La réponse réside dans un secret bien gardé : un sébum aux propriétés extraordinaires.Une fourrure conçue pour l'extrêmeLes ours polaires possèdent un pelage unique. Contrairement aux idées reçues, leurs poils ne sont pas blancs, mais translucides et creux. Cette structure piège l'air et améliore l'isolation thermique. Mais ce n'est pas tout : leur peau est noire, ce qui permet d'absorber et de conserver la chaleur solaire.Le rôle clé du sébumCe qui fait vraiment la différence, c'est une substance sécrétée par la peau de l'ours polaire : le sébum. Ce mélange lipidique, produit par des glandes sébacées, enduit chaque poil d'une couche protectrice. Son rôle principal est d'imperméabiliser la fourrure, empêchant ainsi l'eau de pénétrer jusqu'à la peau et d'accélérer la congélation des poils.Mais ce sébum a une autre propriété fascinante : il est particulièrement huileux et hydrophobe. Cela signifie que lorsqu'un ours polaire est exposé à l'humidité, l'eau ne s'accroche pas aux poils, mais perle et s'écoule immédiatement. La glace, quant à elle, peine à adhérer à une surface aussi grasse et glissante.Une adaptation évolutive parfaiteGrâce à cette caractéristique, les ours polaires évitent une accumulation de glace sur leur fourrure, qui pourrait non seulement peser lourd, mais aussi diminuer leur isolation et gêner leurs mouvements. Ce mécanisme leur permet de rester secs, même après une immersion dans l'eau glacée de l'Arctique.En somme, si la glace ne colle pas à leur pelage, c'est parce que la nature leur a offert une solution ingénieuse : un sébum aux propriétés hydrofuges exceptionnelles. Cette adaptation est l'un des nombreux secrets qui permettent aux ours polaires de survivre dans l'un des environnements les plus hostiles de la planète.Une preuve supplémentaire que l'évolution façonne des solutions incroyablement efficaces ! Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Présidence et Prédication : Abbé Vincent Lafargue Groupe musical AMEN Directrice : Marie Reymond Bouquin Présentation : Lucienne Bittar

Polyglot - noun. A person who knows and is able to use several languages. The spoken or written word can divide people as easily as it can unify them - even when they are speaking the same language. Terminology, shorthand, and acronyms may be convenient or efficient, but when they get in the way or fail to communicate the desired meaning, they aren't doing us any favors. In this episode of The Sourcing Hero podcast, Host Kelly Barner welcomes Bennett Glace. Bennett has held a number of content marketing and communications roles, both inside and outside of procurement, and each one has given him the opportunity to see new ways that humans connect - or don't - based on medium and message. In this interview, Bennett embraces his inner ‘polyglot' to help procurement build stronger relationships: How using a common language can increase the likelihood that others will be willing to collaborate The trouble that can be caused when colleagues have a negative past perception of procurement The mindset shift procurement might need to undergo to start projecting a more optimistic and open-door ‘brand' Links: Bennett Glace on LinkedIn

durée : 00:07:11 - La Terre au carré - par : Mathieu Vidard - Dans les dix dernières minutes de l'émission, La lutte enchantée de Camille Crosnier, la Une des médias de Vincent Lucchese de Reporterre et vos messages laissés sur le répondeur de l'émission. - réalisé par : Jérôme BOULET

durée : 00:04:10 - La planète des sciences - par : Daniel FIEVET - Au sommaire cette semaine : une carotte de glace de 2,8 kilomètres de long qui constitue un enregistrement climatique continu de 1,2 million d'années, des chercheurs qui envisagent de faire hiberner des humains et le secret de l'étonnante floraison du noyer.

Bulletin d'actualités. Des sculpteurs de glace de dix pays du monde entier donneront vie a 50 tonnes de glace et les transformeront en 35 ouvres uniques a Hrebienok dans les Hautes Tatras. Les chaînes de distribution nourrissent les Slovaques avec du pain et des pâtisseries provenant de « l'autre bout de l'Europe ». Un récit sur la croix qui est située au sommet du plus haut sommet de la Slovaquie – le pic de Gerlach qui culmine a 2654 metres d'altitude.

Meriem, Hakim et Mahmoud partent à l'assaut de la Mer de Glace, située sur le massif du Mont-Blanc, dans les Alpes. Ils nous racontent pourquoi ils ont quitté l'Algérie, le Maroc et le Burkina-Faso pour venir jusqu'en France. Cette sortie en montagne est proposée par l'association « Tom en Tête » à Verchaix, en Haute-Savoie. Une lettre sonore réalisée par Alice Milot et Charlie Dupiot.Composition musicale, mixage et réalisation : Pierre Chaffanjon de Majora Prod.Illustration : Charlotte des Ligneris.Cet épisode a été réalisé grâce au soutien de trois partenaires que nous remercions : Whympr, l'application qu'on utilise pour préparer et partager nos sorties en montagne, la MAIF, assureur militant, et la ville de Verchaix, en Haute-Savoie. Merci aussi à la Compagnie du Mont-Blanc. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Growth can be exciting. But bigger isn't always better! To explain why you should think twice before adding more chairs, Kirk Behrendt brings back Christina Byrne, ACT's director of operations, with advice for maximizing the chairs, patients, and time that you already have. Get better, not bigger! To learn the right questions to ask yourself before trying to expand, listen to Episode 836 of The Best Practices Show!Learn More About Christina:Send Christina an email: christina@actdental.com Send Gina an email: gina@actdental.com Email the ACT Team for their free resources: info@actdental.com More Helpful Links for a Better Practice & a Better Life:Subscribe to The Best Practices Show: https://the-best-practices-show.captivate.fm/listenJoin The Best Practices Association: https://www.actdental.com/bpaJoin ACT's To The Top Study Club: https://www.actdental.com/tttSee the ACT Dental/BPA Live Event Schedule: https://www.actdental.com/eventGet The Best Practices Magazine for free: https://www.actdental.com/magazinePlease leave us a review on the podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-best-practices-show-with-kirk-behrendt/id1223838218Episode Resources:Watch the video version of Episode 836: https://www.youtube.com/@actdental/videosDownload ACT's GAPs At a Glace resource: https://23476641.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/23476641/47%20The%20Financial%20GAPs%20at%20a%20Glance%20-%2005.pdfDownload ACT's PPO Roadmap resource: https://23476641.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/23476641/ACT%20Dental%20PPO%20Roadmap.pdfMain Takeaways:Bigger isn't necessarily better for your practice.Understand and correct your practice's inefficiencies.Start by maximizing the use of chairs you already have.Stick to your blocked schedule to keep your hours profitable.Reactivating existing patients is easier than attracting new ones.Put a system in place to increase your date-of-service collections.Be clear about why you want to expand. What are your motivations?Avoid unnecessary overhead expenses. What is the cost of expansion?Snippets:0:00 Introduction.0:41 Why this is an important topic.7:38 Maximize the utilization of chairs you have.10:07 Honor your blocked scheduling.10:43 Figure out how to reactivate patients.11:35 Have everyone be accountable to their...

Antonin Chiberches, champion d'Ice Cross, revient sur ses débuts imprévus dans ce sport extrême et spectaculaire : des descentes à 70 km/h, des pistes glacées dangereuses et des moments marquants de dépassement de soi. Entre adrénaline, risques et inspiration, découvrez son incroyable parcours.

Lydie Lescarmontier est glaciologue, guide et photographe. Pendant 10 ans, Lydie a fait des allers-retours entre l'Australie et la base française Dumont d'Urville en Antarctique, pour étudier les déplacements du glacier Mertz.Ces 10 années furent loin d'être un long fleuve tranquille, ce furent d'abord des traversées houleuses dans les 40e rugissants, les 50e hurlants et les 60 déferlants. Ce furent des allers incertains et des retours hypothétiques entre des tempêtes et des pannes d'hélicoptère et de bateau, le célèbre Astrolabe, qui a été pris plus de 50 jours dans les glaces.Lydie raconte ces aventures dans son livre "La Voix des Pôles". Elle intercale, entre les chapitres du récit, des pépites de connaissances précieuses sur l'océan, les pôles, la glace et le climat.______Ces épisodes sur les pôles et les glaces sont complémentaires de ceux sur les icebergs, avec Olivier Rémaud:https://bit.ly/iceberg4_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg3_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg2_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg1_BSG_______ 

Lydie Lescarmontier est glaciologue, et l'auteure de la "Voix de Pôles", sorti en février dernier. Après 10 ans de terrain et de recherche en Antarctique, elle travaille aujourd'hui dans une fondation de l'UNESCO, l'office pour l'éducation au climat.Elle partage ses connaissances sur le réchauffement climatique avec les profs des pays en voie de développement. Près de 10 ans d'Antarctique donc, mais depuis 6 ans, Lydie s'intéresse à son faux jumeau, l'Arctique, qui se réchaufferait 3 fois plus vite que le reste de la planète. La perspective d'un océan Arctique sans glace n'est pas à exclure."Faux jumeau" car nos deux pôles sont très différents. Ils sont certes glacés tous les deux, mais la ressemblance s'arrête là. Au nord, l'Arctique est un océan entouré de terres. Au sud, l'Antarctique est un continent entouré d'océan. Lydie nous explique les autres différences.______Ces épisodes sur les pôles et les glaces sont complémentaires de ceux sur les icebergs, avec Olivier Rémaud :https://bit.ly/iceberg4_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg3_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg2_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg1_BSG_______ 

Lydie Lescarmontier est glaciologue. C'est aussi l'auteure de "la Voix des Pôles", sorti en février 2021. Dans ce récit de voyage, Lydie a intercalé de petites pépites de connaissances.Elle explique notamment le fonctionnement des glaciers, de l'océan, du climat. Après 10 ans de terrain et de recherche en Antarctique, elle travaille aujourd'hui dans une fondation de l'UNESCO, l'Office pour l'Éducation au Climat. En gros, elle partage ses connaissances sur le réchauffement climatique avec les enseignants des pays en voie de développement.Après l'Antarctique, Lydie travaille aussi depuis 6 dans l'Arctique, au pôle Nord, le faux jumeau du pôle Sud. L'Arctique est en effet un océan entouré de terres, tandis que l'Antarctique est un continent entouré de l'océan Austral.Photo ©Lydie Lescarmontier______Ces épisodes sur les pôles et les glaces sont complémentaires de ceux sur les icebergs, avec Olivier Rémaud :https://bit.ly/iceberg4_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg3_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg2_BSGhttps://bit.ly/iceberg1_BSG_______ 

What did the latest edition of USDA’s “America’s Farms and Ranches at a Glance” show regarding income trends on household farms? Rod Bain with USDA has the story. USDA Radio Newsline See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

durée : 00:37:10 - Le 18/20 · Le téléphone sonne - Meta emboîte le pas à X en choisissant de renoncer au « fact-checking », affirmant faire de la liberté d'expression une priorité. Cette décision soulève des inquiétudes quant à l'amplification potentielle de la désinformation et des discours haineux.

In this pocket sized pod, Gwen & Kate chat about post-flu malaise and why you should get better before you leave your husband, how resolutions are SO last year and what things we're doing in Jan to look forward to and make ourselves feel better – inc quiz nights, board games & having fun learning about North Korea, and Kate shares a list of questions designed to help you lead a more meaningful life.  Plus listener shoutouts! And how to access Kate's new documentary film online.We discuss: The Guardian's list of "Questions to ask yourself... for a more meaningful life" by Susan OrbachKate & her bro's documentary film: Mer de Glace Listening Project: exploring the psychological impact of climate change on communities, through the lens of four individuals who share their deep connections with the Mer de Glace and explore their personal, creative and social responses to the glacier's transformation.Other episodes referred to in this RUMPette:Ep.57 - The Flow: How to connect with your intuition | Danielle CollinsIf you enjoy the podcast, please subscribe, share with your friends and leave a review. It takes less than 60 seconds and really makes a difference in helping people discover the podcast. Thank you!Join the RUMP Club! Support the team and access exclusive content from as little as £3 p/month at: Right Up My Podcast | PatreonOr, if you'd like to make a one-off donation, you can buy us a virtual coffee from Buy Me a Coffee!Be social with us!InstagramFacebookTikTok

Accédez à la promotion : www.anglaiscours.fr/commencer Téléchargez la fiche du cours : https://www.anglaiscours.fr/comment-briser-la-glace-en-anglais?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=comment_briser_la_glace_en_anglais Il nous est tous arrivé de rencontrer quelqu'un pour la première fois et de ne pas savoir exactement quoi lui dire pour engager la conversation. Dans cette leçon, Ben nous aide avec quelques idées des choses que vous pouvez dire pour “briser la glace” avec un étranger en anglais. AnglaisCours Club est une méthode en ligne, animée par une petite équipe de professeurs enthousiastes, qui vous propose des formations en ligne conviviales et simples d'accès. Si vous souhaitez apprendre l'anglais cette année, rejoignez-nous sur l'Espace Membres AnglaisCours Club et accédez à toutes nos formations : https://www.anglaiscours.fr/commencer La promotion sur nos tarifs d'inscription commence le mercredi 8 janvier 2025 jusqu'au mercredi 22 janvier 2025. Nous avons hâte de vous aider avec l'anglais : https://www.anglaiscours.fr/commencer #apprendrelanglais #anglais #coursdanglais #learnenglish #english #speakenglish

REDIFF - La légende Zinédine Zidane est connue de tous, ou presque. Mais quel homme se cache derrière l'iconique footballeur ? Mais que veulent dire ses silences, son sourire timide et son regard perçant ? D'où vient cette force qui lui a permis de se hisser au Panthéon de son sport ? "Zinédine Zidane, le feu sous la glace", c'est le nouvel épisode de Confidentiel.