Podcasts about new phytologist

A tree has evolved to attract lightning strikes — to eliminate the competitionScientists working in Panama noticed that a particular tropical tree species was frequently struck by lightning, but was infrequently killed by the strikes. Forest ecologist Evan Gora found that Dipteryx oleifera trees were often the last ones standing after a lightning strike, which can kill over 100 trees with a single bolt. His team discovered the giant trees were more electrically conductive than other species, which allows them to not only survive strikes, but also channel lightning into parasitic vines and competing trees around them. The research was published in the journal New Phytologist.Anti-anxiety drugs we pee out could be affecting wild salmonOur bodies only process some of the pharmaceuticals we take, which means when we pee, we're releasing traces of drugs into the ecosystem. A study of the impact of trace amounts of anti-anxiety drugs on juvenile salmon suggests they might become too brave for their own survival.  Jack Brand is a researcher at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and led the research published in the journal Science.Fossil discovery gives new insight into the mysterious DenisovansA jawbone pulled up by fishers off the coast of Taiwan in 2008 has proven to be a unique discovery. Analysis of preserved protein in the fossil has proved it is from a male Denisovan — a mysterious species of ancient human known from only fragmentary bones and ancient DNA. This gives new insight into how widespread this mysterious branch of humanity was. The research was led by a team including Takumi Tsutaya and Enrico Cappellini at the University of Copenhagen, and published in the journal Science.Earth's inner core is a lot more dynamic and smushy than we previously thoughtScientists used to think the inner core of our planet was a solid sphere of metal, but a new study in Nature Geoscience suggests its softer outer layers shift and deform over time. The researchers used pairs of earthquakes from the same location as X-rays to peer inside Earth to gauge what the inner core is doing; much like a stop-motion film. John Vidale, from the University of Southern California, said this insight can shed light on how a planet like ours evolves. Human noise has an impact on wildlife — here are two unique examplesTraffic, aircraft, industry, construction. Our world is saturated with artificial noise. We know noise impacts us and other animals, but new research is shedding light on how past experiences factor into the ways wildlife adapt to our noise pollution. Researchers in one study in Animal Behaviour found that yellow warblers in the Galapagos Islands that live closer to traffic become aggressive when defending their territory in noisy conditions compared to birds in quieter areas. Çağlar Akçay, from Anglia Ruskin University, said the birds exposed to more traffic have learned their warning calls aren't as effective when things get too noisy; and they resort to physical violence. Another study in Current Biology shows how spiders that are exposed to loud noises construct their webs differently in ways that could affect their ability to sense vibrations from prey or a potential mate. Brandi Pessman, from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, found that spiders tune their webs in noisy environments like a volume dial: city spiders turn their web volume down whereas country spiders turn it up.

Você já ouviu falar de galhas vegetais? Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra, com Mila Massuda, o que são galhas, como se desenvolvem e como pequenos organismos conseguem manipular o crescimento das plantas para criar verdadeiras estruturas vivas sob medida para eles!Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda)Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia)Revisão de Roteiro: Vee Almeida e Caio de Santis (@caiodesantis)Técnica de Gravação: Julianna Harsche (@juvisharsche)Editora: Lilian Correa (@_lilianleme)Mixagem e Masterização: Lívia Mello (@adiscolizard) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares), Matheus Herédia (@Matheus_Heredia) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) e Biologia em Meia Hora (@biologiaemmeiahora)Gravado e editado nos estúdios TocaCast, do grupo Tocalivros (@tocalivros)REFERÊNCIASHARRIS, M. O.; PITZSCHKE, A. Plants make galls to accommodate foreigners: some are friends, most are foes. New Phytologist, v. 225, n. 5, p. 1852–1872, 6 jan. 2020.IKEUCHI, M. et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Regeneration. Annual Review of Plant Biology, v. 70, n. 1, p. 377–406, 29 abr. 2019.REDFERN, M. Plant Galls (Collins New Naturalist Library, Book 117). [s.l.] HarperCollins UK, 2011.

En un estudi recent publicat a la revista New Phytologist, investigadors del Centre de Recerca en Agrigen

Para contacto y conocer más sobre la Doctora, puedes consultar:   Correo electrónico: laila.partida@cinvestav.mxhttps://portal.cinvestav.mx/irapuato/investigacion/directorio-de-investigacion/dra-laila-pamela-partida-mart237nezhttps://www.facebook.com/CinvestavLIMhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-2856https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/979912https://scholar.google.com.mx/citations?user=lznQTU4AAAAJ&hl=en Ligas a notas periodísticas o comentarios sobre nuestro trabajo científico:2020 – Sobre la simbiosis hongo-bacteria-virus en el hongo fitopatógeno Rhizopus microsporushttps://www.asm.org/Podcasts/TWiM/Episodes/The-chronicles-of-narnaviruses-TWiM-217 (starts in minute 26)https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2020/04/three-to-tango.html#comment-4887801576https://communities.springernature.com/posts/from-a-duo-to-a-quartet-viral-and-bacterial-symbionts-influence-fungal-biology?badge_id=the-isme-journal 2017 – Sobre nuestros estudios del microbioma en plantas de ambientes áridoshttps://ciencias.jornada.com.mx/2017/06/08/estudian-microorganismos-para-desarrollar-agricultura-sustentable-en-zonas-aridas-3040.html Ligas a charlas grabadas:Sobre la simbiosis hongo-bacteria-virus en el hongo fitopatógeno Rhizopus microsporushttps://media.oregonstate.edu/media/t/1_2m8g53yd Sobre el microbioma de agaves y cactushttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dnw1KaQENE Charla presentada para New Phytologist, Next generation scientist en 2024https://cassyni.com/events/ChPXVeQCZYicDfWtzTjT3K Y a una entrevista reciente para Current Biology (2024)https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(24)01353-8.pdf Puedes escribirnos a: marianaelizertuche@gmail.com y efrenjo@gmail.com Puedes seguirnos en Instagram en: @efrenjo@melizondoz9

For the first episode in our Oaktober mini-series, we discuss the general biology of oaks. Listen as we breakdown the definition of mast seeding, the proximate and ultimate causes of masting, the direct and indirect effects it has on wildlife, local and regional scale masting effects, the differences in quality between oak species, the squirrel death games, and more.   Resources:   Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2023). Maximizing the Moran effect: summer solstice orchestrates the subcontinental-scale synchrony of mast seeding. Bogdziewicz, et al. (2023). Mechanisms driving interspecific variation in regional synchrony of trees reproduction. Ecology Letters, 26(5), 754-764. Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2024). Evolutionary ecology of masting: mechanisms, models, and climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Boggess, C. M., et al. (2021). Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding. Forest Ecology and Management, 502, 119713. Journé, V., et al. (2023). Forecasting seed production in perennial plants: identifying challenges and charting a path forward. New Phytologist, 239(2), 466-476. Managing hardwoods: Oak biology | #49 Niedzielski, B., & Bowman, J. (2015). Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge. Wildlife Research, 41(7), 545-551. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Masting ontogeny: the largest masting benefits accrue to the largest trees. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Community-wide masting improves predator satiation in North American oaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 569, 122172. Thogmartin, W. E., & Johnson, J. E. (1999). Reproduction in a declining population of wild turkeys in Arkansas. The Journal of wildlife management, 1281-1290.   Dr. Marcus Lashley @DrDisturbance, Publications Dr. Will Gulsby @dr_will_gulsby, Publications Turkeys for Tomorrow @turkeysfortomorrow  UF DEER Lab @ufdeerlab, YouTube   Donate to wild turkey research: UF Turkey Donation Fund , Auburn Turkey Donation Fund  Do you have a topic you'd like us to cover? Leave us a review or send us an email at wildturkeyscience@gmail.com! Please help us by taking our (QUICK) listener survey - Thank you!  Check out the NEW DrDisturbance YouTube channel! DrDisturbance YouTube Watch these podcasts on YouTube Leave a podcast rating for a chance to win free gear! This podcast is made possible by Turkeys for Tomorrow, a grassroots organization dedicated to the wild turkey. To learn more about TFT, go to turkeysfortomorrow.org.    Music by Artlist.io Produced & edited by Charlotte Nowak  

For the first episode in our Oaktober mini-series, we discuss the general biology of oaks. Listen as we breakdown the definition of mast seeding, the proximate and ultimate causes of masting, the direct and indirect effects it has on wildlife, local and regional scale masting effects, the differences in quality between oak species, the squirrel death games, and more. Resources: Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2023). Maximizing the Moran effect: summer solstice orchestrates the subcontinental-scale synchrony of mast seeding. Bogdziewicz, et al. (2023). Mechanisms driving interspecific variation in regional synchrony of trees reproduction. Ecology Letters, 26(5), 754-764. Bogdziewicz, M., et al. (2024). Evolutionary ecology of masting: mechanisms, models, and climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Boggess, C. M., et al. (2021). Facultative seed predators drive community-level indirect effects of mast seeding. Forest Ecology and Management, 502, 119713. Journé, V., et al. (2023). Forecasting seed production in perennial plants: identifying challenges and charting a path forward. New Phytologist, 239(2), 466-476. Managing hardwoods: Oak biology | #49 Niedzielski, B., & Bowman, J. (2015). Survival and cause-specific mortality of the female eastern wild turkey at its northern range edge. Wildlife Research, 41(7), 545-551. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Masting ontogeny: the largest masting benefits accrue to the largest trees. Szymkowiak, J., et al. (2024). Community-wide masting improves predator satiation in North American oaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 569, 122172. Thogmartin, W. E., & Johnson, J. E. (1999). Reproduction in a declining population of wild turkeys in Arkansas. The Journal of wildlife management, 1281-1290.   Dr. Marcus Lashley @DrDisturbance, Publications Dr. Will Gulsby @dr_will_gulsby, Publications Turkeys for Tomorrow @turkeysfortomorrow  UF DEER Lab @ufdeerlab, YouTube   Donate to wild turkey research: UF Turkey Donation Fund , Auburn Turkey Donation Fund  Do you have a topic you'd like us to cover? Leave us a review or send us an email at wildturkeyscience@gmail.com! Please help us by taking our (QUICK) listener survey - Thank you!  Check out the NEW DrDisturbance YouTube channel! DrDisturbance YouTube Watch these podcasts on YouTube Leave a podcast rating for a chance to win free gear! This podcast is made possible by Turkeys for Tomorrow, a grassroots organization dedicated to the wild turkey. To learn more about TFT, go to turkeysfortomorrow.org.    Music by Artlist.io Produced & edited by Charlotte Nowak  

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Neue Fossilien von indonesischen "Hobbits" entdeckt +++ ChatGPT ist genau so schlecht wie Dr. Google +++ Darmgesundheit von Fohlen entscheidet über den sportlichen Erfolg von Rennpferden +++ **********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis, Nature Communications, 06.08.2024Evaluation of ChatGPT as a diagnostic tool for medical learners and clinicians, PLOS ONE, 31.07.2024Early-life gut bacterial community structure predicts disease risk and athletic performance in horses bred for racing, Scientific Reports, 07.08.2024Orexin neurons mediate temptation-resistant voluntary exercise, Nature Neuroscience, 06.08.2024Convergent and adaptive evolution drove change of secondary cell wall ultrastructure in extant lineages of seed plants, New Phytologist, 30.07.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Uma associação a longo prazo entre dois organismos de espécies diferentes. Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra, com a Mila Massuda, o que é simbiose e a notícia de um evento simbiótico raríssimo, a simbiose primária. Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Edição: Clayton Heringer (@tocalivros) e Juscelino Filho (@canalmusicalia) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares) @Matheus_Heredia e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) Gravado e editado nos estúdios TocaCast REFERÊNCIAS: COALE, T. H. et al. Nitrogen-fixing organelle in a marine alga. Science, v. 384, n. 6692, p. 217–222, 12 abr. 2024. CORNEJO-CASTILLO, F. M. et al. Metabolic trade-offs constrain the cell size ratio in a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Cell, 1 mar. 2024. MARTIN, W. F.; GARG, S.; ZIMORSKI, V. Endosymbiotic theories for eukaryote origin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 370, n. 1678, p. 20140330, 2015. SAGAN, L. On the origin of mitosing cells. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 14, n. 3, p. 225-IN6, mar. 1967. STEPHENS, T. G. et al. Why is primary endosymbiosis so rare? The New Phytologist, v. 231, n. 5, p. 1693–1699, 1 set. 2021. Quer ir além dos trinta minutinhos e se aprofundar no mundo da Ecologia? CURSO DE ECOLOGIA POR APENAS R$42,00 https://cursosdebiologia.hotmart.host/

Do you like to be touched? Me neither and neither do plants! Plants can truly sense the world around them and can perceive when you touch them or even reach out and try and grab on to something! This mini-episode is a science blast on just some of the ways plants plants can respond to being touched! Check this out Braam, J. (2005), In touch: plant responses to mechanical stimuli. New Phytologist, 165: 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01263.x Venus Fly Trap Join us on instagram  

Clara and Emily are taking root this year on new and interesting topics. Your favourite podcasters are back and here to share the wonders of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), their fascinating punishment-reward relationship with plants, and how the agricultural industry can benefit from these fungi.Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant-fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hyphopodium-adhesion-to-the-root-epidermis-in-arbuscular-mycorrhizas-A-top-view-of-the_fig2_47545096 [accessed 13 Jan, 2024] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1987 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02904#:~:text=For%20hyphal%20length%20in%20soil,strain%20with%200.8%20%CE%BCm2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227672792_Brundrett_M_C_-_Coevolution_of_roots_and_mycorrhizas_of_land_plants_New_Phytologist?enrichId=rgreq-cb7693a731a3aa68d3bf2396eafc2e93-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyNzY3Mjc5MjtBUzo1NTQyNjM4NzgwOTQ4NDhAMTUwOTE1ODIxNDU4MQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00344-014-9414-4 Shalaby AM and Hanna MM (1998). Preliminary studies on interactions between VA mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Pseudomonas syringae in soybean plants. Acta Microbiol Pol 47:385 – 391.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ KI holt sich Rezept aus dem Internet und stellt Ibuprofen her +++ Fehlen Insekten, dann bestäuben sich Blumen selbst +++ Eisbärfell und NASA-Technik als Vorlage für extra warmen Pulli +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Update ErdeAutonomous chemical research with large language models, Nature 20.12.2023Ongoing convergent evolution of a selfing syndrome threatens plant–pollinator interactions, New Phytologist, 19.12.2023Biomimetic, knittable aerogel fiber for thermal insulation textile, Science, 21.12.23Mimicking polar bear hairs in aerogel fibers, Science, 21.12.23Hyperloop One to Shut Down After Failing to Reinvent Transit, Bloomberg, 21.12.23A chemical signal in human female tears lowers aggression in males, PLOS Biology, 21.12.23**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Você sabe o que é um bioma? Separe meia horinha do seu dia e descubra, com a Mila Massuda, a definição e a importância dos biomas do mundo. Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Edição: @Matheus_Heredia (@mewmediaLAB) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) Referências: CONRADI, Timo et al. An operational definition of the biome for global change research. New Phytologist, v. 227, n. 5, p. 1294-1306, 2020. RICKLEFS, R. E. A Economia da Natureza (2010). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 470p

Too much or too little light can cause serious problems for plants. Light levels are not simply a feast or famine equation when it comes to photosynthesis. Plants must carefully manage the amount of light coming in to ensure smooth photosynthesis. The way genes in leaves responding to rapidly changing light conditions help them make the most of photosynthesis.  Your eyes have to rapidly respond to opening curtains in a dark room, just like leaves of a plant. What about plants that have abandoned the need for light at all? Can a plant survive or thrive without light or photosynthesis?  Thekla von Bismarck, Kübra Korkmaz, Jeremy Ruß, Kira Skurk, Elias Kaiser, Viviana Correa Galvis, Jeffrey A. Cruz, Deserah D. Strand, Karin Köhl, Jürgen Eirich, Iris Finkemeier, Peter Jahns, David M. Kramer, Ute Armbruster. Light acclimation interacts with thylakoid ion transport to govern the dynamics of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist, 2022; 237 (1): 160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18534 Kenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota, Tian-Chuan Hsu, Shuichi Kurogi, Akio Imamura, Yoshihisa Suyama. Monotropastrum kirishimense (Ericaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic plant from Japan based on multifaceted evidence. Journal of Plant Research, 2022; DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01422-8

Episode Notes In this episode, Rachel goes down the opposite of a rabbit hole as we discuss a single widely-cited paper from 2018. Take a look at Africa's savanna plants and what their adaptations mean for conservation, human impacts, and climate change across the continent. Photos and more are at our site. Primary Sources: Osborne, C. P., Charles-Dominique, T., Stevens, N., Bond, W. J., Midgley, G., & Lehmann, C. E. (2018). Human impacts in African savannas are mediated by plant functional traits. New Phytologist, 220(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15236 Contact Website Facebook Twitter info@grasslandgroupies.org This podcast is powered by Pinecast.

Fungi have an amazing ability to spread across continents but stay linked as a family lineage. Fungi can adapt to specific geographic niches in the same way as grapes. Different families of highly specialized mushrooms grow side by side across continents. How can fungi protect the plants it's attached to? Fungi often get a bad rap in farming, but they can be used to detoxify soils. Removing mercury and boosting crops; is there anything fungi can't do? Keaton Tremble, J. I. Hoffman, Bryn T. M. Dentinger. Contrasting continental patterns of adaptive population divergence in the holarctic ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis. New Phytologist, 2022; DOI: 10.1111/nph.18521 Congcong Wu, Dan Tang, Jin Dai, Xingyuan Tang, Yuting Bao, Jiali Ning, Qing Zhen, Hui Song, Raymond J. St. Leger, Weiguo Fang. Bioremediation of mercury-polluted soil and water by the plant symbiotic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022; 119 (47) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214513119

Researchers find that the rise of the Andes created conditions in the landscape that drove speciation in aquatic plants. You can read the post on Botany One at https://www.botany.one/2021/08/a-new-study-reveals-how-the-andes-have-shaped-the-history-of-aquatic-plants/ You can read the original research in New Phytologist at https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17649

Learn about how a ghosted email causes different stress than a rude response does, the 15-year grudge match between rival dino hunters known as The Bone Wars, and crown shyness, the forest’s version of social distancing. Ignoring someone's email and drafting a rude response stress people out in similar but different ways by Kelsey Donk What new research reveals about rude workplace emails. (2020). ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200925113648.htm  Yuan, Z., Park, Y., & Sliter, M. T. (2020). Put you down versus tune you out: Further understanding active and passive e-mail incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(5), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000215 Zhenyu Yuan,YoungAh Park. (2020, July 21). The Psychological Toll of Rude E-mails. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-psychological-toll-of-rude-e-mails/  The Bone Wars Were a 15-Year Grudge Match Between Rival Dino Hunters by Reuben Westmaas The Two Paleontologists Who Had a Bone to Pick with Each Other | Detours | Prehistoric Road Trip. (2020, June 7). WTTW Chicago. https://interactive.wttw.com/prehistoric-road-trip/detours/the-two-paleontologists-who-had-a-bone-to-pick-with-each-other  Engber, D. (2013, August 7). A Brilliant Paleontologist, Unfit for Battle in the Bone Wars. Slate Magazine; Slate. https://slate.com/business/2013/08/dinosaur-bone-wars-othniel-charles-marsh-edward-drinker-cope-and-their-forgotten-rival.html  Crown shyness is how trees practice social distancing by Steffie Drucker McVean, A. (2018, September 19). Trees avoid touching each other due to "crown shyness." The results are beautiful webs of leaves. Office for Science and Society. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/did-you-know/trees-avoid-touching-each-other-due-crown-shyness-results-are-beautiful-webs-leaves  Osterloff, Emily. (2020) Crown shyness: are trees social distancing too? Nhm.Ac.Uk. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/crown-shyness-are-trees-social-distancing.html  Wu, K. (2020, July 6). Some trees may “social distance” to avoid disease. Nationalgeographic.com. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/tree-crown-shyness-forest-canopy/  MENG, S. X., RUDNICKI, M., LIEFFERS, V. J., REID, D. E. B., & SILINS, U. (2006). Preventing crown collisions increases the crown cover and leaf area of maturing lodgepole pine. Journal of Ecology, 94(3), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01121.x  ‌Crepy, M. A., & Casal, J. J. (2014). Photoreceptor-mediated kin recognition in plants. New Phytologist, 205(1), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13040  Ballare, C. L., Sanchez, R. A., Scopel, A. L., Casal, J. J., & Ghersa, C. M. (1987). Early detection of neighbour plants by phytochrome perception of spectral changes in reflected sunlight. Plant, Cell and Environment, 10(7), 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604091  Subscribe to Curiosity Daily to learn something new every day with Ashley Hamer and Natalia Reagan (filling in for Cody Gough). You can also listen to our podcast as part of your Alexa Flash Briefing; Amazon smart speakers users, click/tap “enable” here: https://www.amazon.com/Curiosity-com-Curiosity-Daily-from/dp/B07CP17DJY  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today we chat with Professor Zhonghua Chen who is Associate Dean International at the School of Science and Education Leader of the National Vegetable Protected Cropping Centre at Western Sydney University. Zhonhua grew up with China and we get his perspectives about "Wet Markets", food prep and COVID-19 "Fake News". Zhonghua's full profile can be found here - https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/staff_profiles/WSU/professor_zhonghua_chen Zhonghua has an internationally-recognized track record of research excellence in agriculture, plant science and evolutionary biology. He teaches into undergraduate and postgraduate units at WSU. Since 2005, his research has resulted in over 100 publications include high quality research articles on Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA, Trends in Plant Science, The Plant Cell, eLife, Ecology Letters, Plant Physiology, New Phytologist, Plant Biotechnology Journal, and The Plant Journal. He has obtained research grants from the ARC, HIA, CRDC, GRDC, and AISRF in the past five years and received a range of research awards. He is the Editor in Chief for Plant Growth Regulation and a reviewer for over 60 international journals. He is also an international referee for grant applications to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Netherland Organization for Scientific Research, Swiss National Science Foundation, Natural Science Foundation of China, South Africa National Research Foundation etc.

Today we remember the man who helped to establish the Natural History Museum in Vienna. We'll also learn about the Swedish botanist who specialized in mycology. We salute the American botanist who wrote the Calendarian - a marvelous phenological record. We also recognize a fanciful botanical illustrator who anthropomorphized flowers in his book. We honor a husband and wife team who created a magnificent arboretum in the middle of the country. We'll celebrate National Relaxation Day with a poem a feature most gardeners enjoy - a little running brook. We Grow That Garden Library™ with a book It's the Little Things by Susanna Salk. And then we'll wrap things up with the story of a man who created the term ecosystem, and his words still challenge us to see our gardens through a much bigger lens. But first, let's catch up on some Greetings from Gardeners around the world and today's curated news.   Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart   Gardener Greetings To participate in the Gardener Greetings segment, send your garden pics, stories, birthday wishes and so forth to Jennifer@theDailyGardener.org And, to listen to the show while you're at home, just ask Alexa or Google to play The Daily Gardener Podcast. It's that easy.   Curated News Connecticut Garden Journal: Ground Cherries | Connecticut Public Radio  Here's an excerpt: “Some vegetables are just fun. We've been growing ground cherries for years. This tomato-family vegetable looks like a mini version of a tomatillo. It's a sprawling 2-foot tall plant that produces an abundance of green turning to brown papery husks. Inside the husk is the fun part. Small, cherry-sized fruits mature from green to golden. Unwrap the husk, harvest, and snack on the fruits. They taste like a cross between a tomato and pineapple. They are sweet and delicious and something kids really love."   Last week was one of Turmoil in my Garden.  We decided to put new windows and siding on the house. Then we decided to enjoy the ravages of a hail storm which dumped ping pong ball sized hail on the garden for about five minutes - the entire storm lasted 30 minutes. I always remind new gardeners that we never garden alone. We garden in partnership with Mother Nature, and in this partnership, Mother Nature still has her way. Sometimes we may feel like we win, but I kind of think it's like the first time you play Go Fish or some other game with your child, they just THINK they won. In any case, I am using this as an opportunity to address some crowding in my garden beds. In some places, everything is just gone, and I suppose I could see it as an early start on fall cleanup. The one thing I'm grateful for is the replacement of this large 14 x 20 'Arbor on the side of our house. I had started growing several rows of it over the years and then settled on golden hops when I was going through my hops phase. Over the past few years, I've decided I'm not a fan of hops. The vines are aggressive and sticky, and the sap can be irritating to the skin. And I wasn't a massive fan of the color. My student gardeners will help me cover the area with some landscape fabric to make sure it does not come back, and then I think climbing hydrangea would be lovely.   Alright, that's it for today's gardening news. Now, if you'd like to check out my curated news articles and blog posts for yourself, you're in luck, because I share all of it with the Listener Community in the Free Facebook Group - The Daily Gardener Community. There's no need to take notes or search for links - the next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community and request to join. I'd love to meet you in the group.   Important Events 1775  Today is the birthday of the Austrian naturalist and botanist Karl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers. Now, the Austrian Empire had a special affinity for plants and horticulture. And, they funded expeditions regularly to collect new materials for the Natural History Museum. Many famous botanists were involved with these expeditions, including Carl Phillip Von Martinus. In 1806, Karl von Schreiber became the director of the Vienna Natural History Museum. And although he was an excellent botanist and ecologist, his heart belonged to minerals and meteorites. One of Karl's smartest moves was to make Leopold Trattinick the curator of the Museum's herbarium, which was founded in 1807. For over forty years, Karl grew the Museum, but then things took a bad turn. In 1848, during the revolution in Vienna, the Natural History Museum caught on fire. Protesters not only destroyed the library Karl had carefully built up, but they also destroyed Karl's home since his living quarters were right inside the Museum. The destruction of the Museum was too much for Karl - it broke his heart. Karl immediately retired, and he died four years later.   1794  Today is the birthday of the botanist Elias Magnus Friesz, who is born on this day in Sweden. Now, the area where Elias grew up in Sweden was rich in fungi, and as luck would have it, his father was a self-taught botanist. Put those two things together, and it's no wonder Elias developed a lifelong interest in mycology. In fact, Elias developed the first system that was used to classify fungi, so we remember him for that. If you Google Elias Friesz, you'll see there's a wonderful picture of him as an octogenarian. If you're a Harry Potter fan, Elias looks like he could've been Dumbledore's best friend. Elias was a happy botanist, and he worked tirelessly until the day he died in February 1878.   1796  Today is the birthday of the American botanist John Torrey. John was the first American botanist to study the flora of New York State. And, the area John botanized included what is now Greenwich Village, the area of the Elgin Botanic Garden ("el-GG-IN"), which is now Rockefeller Center, and Bloomingdale, which is now the upper side west side of Manhattan - as well as Hoboken New Jersey. One of the things we remember most about John is his Calendarian, which was a phenological record where he documented his plants; he recorded the species, location, and date of first bloom. It was kind of like a baby book for his plants. Historically speaking, farmers often kept similar records to track planting seasons and growing cycles. And Thomas Jefferson did the same thing as John in a book he called The Calendar. The New York botanic garden has digitized this manuscript so you can check it out when you get a chance.  And, here's some fun John Torrey trivia: The mountain known as Torrey's Peak in Colorado is named for John Torrey.   1845  Today is the birthday of the illustrator Walter Crane, who was born in Liverpool. Today, gardeners fondly recall Walter thanks to one of his most stunning works - a book called "A Floral Fantasy in an Old English Garden," which was published in 1899. Walter's book was intended to be a children's book, but as I like to say, it became a beloved book by children of all ages. For gardeners, it is really something of a graphic novel telling the story of the secret life and society of flowers. In Walter's world, the flowers are personified. For example, the Dandelion is portrayed as a bold knight - his shield is made of a large dandelion blossom. And, the Foxgloves are a lively group - comprised of cousins and brothers and sisters. The book continues to appeal thanks to Walter's beautiful artwork and the allure of the enchanted realm he created, complete with Fairies, the Four Seasons, Old Man Time, knights, and other creatures. There are 46 illustrations in this little book. Original copies of this rare book sell for over $1,000. You can view the entire album for FREE using this link in today's show notes.   1914  Today is the birthday of the cofounder of the Bickelhaupt Arboretum, Robert Earl Bickelhaupt. Robert and his wife Frances created the Arboretum around their family home in Clinton, Iowa. During the 1960s and 1970s, Robert and Frances watched as Dutch Elm disease claimed the beautiful Elm-lined streets in Clinton. In response, Robert and Frances began planting a diverse range of trees on their property - which was 10 acres. Now, Robert and Frances were exceptionally disciplined when it came to planting trees - they grouped all the trees by species. The Bickelhaupt Arboretum has a lovely collection of trees, including ash, beech, birch, crabapple, elm, hickory, honeylocust, linden, magnolia, and oak. They also have a gorgeous conifer collection, which is regarded as the crown jewel of the Arboretum, and it features many rare and dwarf conifers. In total, the BickelhauptArboretum boasts over 2,000 different species of plants. And just this week, the Bickelhaupt Arboretum is writing a new chapter - they are cleaning up the damage from the derecho ("duh-RAY-cho"), the widespread and severe windstorm that blew through the midwest earlier this week (August 10, 2020). As a result of the derecho, the Arboretum lost 28 trees, and many more were damaged in the hurricane-force winds. Now the first course of action is clean up, and then they will take down trees that need to be addressed immediately because they have been so compromised. If you happen to go to the Bickelhaupt Arboretum, there is a poignant sculpture of Robert and Frances near the entrance. They are standing side by side as Frances places one foot on a shovel she is holding.   Unearthed Words Today is National Relaxation Day, so take a deep breath and imagine the movement of the water as you listen to the words today's poem. I come from haunts of coot and hern,    I make a sudden sally And sparkle out among the fern,    To bicker down a valley. By thirty hills I hurry down,    Or slip between the ridges, By twenty thorpes, a little town,    And half a hundred bridges. Till last by Philip's farm, I flow    To join the brimming river, For men may come, and men may go,    But I go on forever. I chatter over stony ways,    In little sharps and trebles, I bubble into eddying bays,    I babble on the pebbles. With many a curve my banks I fret    By many a field and fallow, And many a fairy foreland set    With willow-weed and mallow. I chatter, chatter, as I flow    To join the brimming river, For men may come and men may go,    But I go on forever. I wind about, and in and out,    With here a blossom sailing, And here and there a lusty trout,    And here and there a grayling, And here and there a foamy flake    Upon me, as I travel With many a silvery water-break    Above the golden gravel, And draw them all along, and flow    To join the brimming river For men may come and men may go,    But I go on forever. I steal by lawns and grassy plots,    I slide by hazel covers; I move the sweet forget-me-nots    That grow for happy lovers. I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,    Among my skimming swallows; I make the netted sunbeam dance    Against my sandy shallows. I murmur under moon and stars    In brambly wildernesses; I linger by my shingly bars;    I loiter round my cresses; And out again I curve and flow    To join the brimming river, For men may come and men may go,    But I go on forever. — Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet, The Brook   Grow That Garden Library It's the Little Things by Susanna Salk This book came out in 2016, and the subtitle is Creating Big Moments in Your Home Through The Stylish Small Stuff. "In [It's the Little Things] Susanna successfully celebrates those details in our homes where we express ourselves the most and where our memories, our personality, and our style come alive. . . Throughout this inspiring and useful tome, Susanna features vignettes and details from designers around the globe who use details to 'bring depth and life to a room.'" — Quintessence Blog "If the walls of your home could talk, what would they say about you? Turns out, a lot. That’s the message in Susanna Salk’s new book, It’s the Little Things: Creating Big Moments in Your Home Through the Stylish Small Stuff, that details how the smallest design elements have the potential to make the biggest statements." — Vogue "With her latest book, It's the Little Things: Creating Big Moments in Your Home Through the Stylish Small Stuff, Susanna continues to inspire us with the notion that decorating your home is deeply personal. . . . If you've ever struggled with how to decorate your mantel, how to create an arrangement on a wall, or how to create a moment in a small space, this lusciously photographed volume is a godsend. . . In the end, you realize that it's not about having access to expensive things or the ability to hire a designer. When you surround yourself with things you love, the rest will fall into place, especially when you have a good guide by your side." — Ballard Designs Blog This book is 272 pages of little stylish things that will create meaningful moments in your home. You can get a copy of It's the Little Things by Susanna Salk and support the show, using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for around $38   Today's Botanic Spark 1871  Today is the birthday of the English botanist and pioneer in the science of ecology, Sir Arthur George Tansley. Arthur's father had a close friend and fellow teacher who was a botanist, and it was this individual who inspired Arthur to pursue botany. From a legacy standpoint, Tansley is remembered for creating the botany publication New Phytologist Which was named after an 1842 publication called The Phytologist. With his journal, Tansley wanted British botanists to be able to communicate and discuss their teaching and research. It's thanks to Arthur Tansley that we embrace the concept of an ecosystem - he introduced us to the term in 1935. Tansley defined an ecosystem as, "A community of organisms that interact with each other and with their environments by competing and collaborating over the available resources in order to thrive. In doing so, they co-evolve and jointly adapt to external influences." Listen to this Tansley quote and see if it doesn't challenge you to think about your plants, your garden, and your world more broadly. “The whole method of science… is to isolate systems for the purpose of study… whether it be a solar system, a planet, a climatic region, a plant or animal community, an individual organism, an organic molecule, or an atom… Actually, the systems we isolate mentally are not only included as parts of larger ones, but they also overlap, interlock, and interact with one another. Isolation is artificial.” So when we ask ourselves, what is wrong with this leaf? Or, with this flower? Or, shrub or tree, etc. We should also be thinking more broadly. What is wrong with this garden? With this land? Today, the New Phytologist gives the Tansley Medal to early career researchers working in the field of plant sciences. The award is intended to increase visibility for exciting work in all areas of plant sciences.

Routine Healthcare Is Falling Through The COVID-19 Cracks Our healthcare system is straining under the weight of the coronavirus epidemic, with hospital emergency rooms and ICUs around the country facing shortages of masks, ventilators, hospital beds, and medical staff. But the epidemic is also upsetting parts of the healthcare system that aren’t directly treating COVID patients. How are you supposed to keep up with regular medical care when you’re not supposed to leave the house, or when your primary care doctor’s office is shut down Michael Barnett is an assistant professor at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health who studies access to healthcare services, as well as a primary care physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. He joins Ira to talk about how patients and clinics are attempting to navigate a healthcare landscape altered by the global pandemic—including telemedicine and virtual health services, the economics of private doctors’ offices, and shortages of regular medications. These Flowers Bounce Back Everywhere, colorful, spirit-lifting flowers are blooming. But if you’ve stepped off a path to avoid an oncoming runner recently, don’t worry. New research, published in the journal New Phytologist, finds some flowers have a unique ability to “bounce back” after injury—say after getting squished by a falling branch or shoe. This gives flowers a second chance at being pollinated, preserving their role in the seasonal ecosystem. One of the authors of this study, Nathan Muchhala, an assistant professor of biology at the University of Missouri in St. Louis, joins Science Friday to discuss the unique properties of flowers. How Dogs Are Helping Scientists Build A Smell Detector For Cancer Scientists are now training dogs to sniff out cancer. A team at UPenn and Monell Chemical Chemical Senses Center are using dogs’ heightened sense of smell to detect the specific chemicals produced by cancer cells. The scientists are using this data to produce a device that could be used in ovarian cancer detection.  Science Friday’s video producer Luke Groskin and digital producer Daniel Peterschmidt talk with Ira about a trip to the cancer laboratory, where they met the scientists—and dogs—behind this unique research. This is part of Science Friday’s Methods, where we bring you into the field alongside the scientists working to answer big questions, by using gorgeous video and pictures. You can read the article and watch the videos about their trip at sciencefriday.com/smellingcancer.  Big Data’s Latest On Tracking The Spread of COVID-19 In an effort to stop the spread of the novel coronavirus, some European countries are collecting information on the movements of residents using cell phone data. This helps determine who is following stay-at-home orders, and who isn’t. Facebook and Google want to use their data about user movements to do the same. But some say this is a big breach of privacy. Amy Nordrum of IEEE Spectrum joins Ira to discuss this story and more of the latest COVID-19 news. 

We talk to Anne-Marie Labandera from the University of Birmingham about a new paper published in New Phytologist entitled ‘The PRT6 N-degron pathway restricts VERNALIZATION 2 to endogenous hypoxic niches to modulate plant development‘. This adds to the story introduced in a 2019 Nature Communications paper that we discussed with Dan Gibbs on the GARNet[...] The post GARNet talks to Anne-Marie Labandera appeared first on Weeding the Gems.

Este episódio foi gravado dia 22/02/2019 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2... ufa, deixa eu recuperar o fôlego. Opa, hm... Olá! Recuperados do carnaval. Esperamos que sim, afinal, ele só acaba quando termina. Sofremos com este tempo descompensado, onde a chuva se juntou com a folia, mas mesmo assim não apagou nosso fogo no r... cérebro. A problemática ambiental é real e não nos prejudica no futuro, porque nós já sentimos seus efeitos. Mas, para além desse problema, como surgiram as primeiras árvores? Como esta terra se cobriu de verde? E o clima? Quais os grandes problemas enfrentados pelas primeiras plantas? Sabemos que todos nós estávamos perdendo a sanidade pensando nisso este Carnaval. Então não fiquem aflitos, meus amigos, pois viemos lhe ajudar. Ficamos este episódio inteiro só com planta na mente para debater a colonização da terra firme pelas plantas e como isso mudou a história da nossa gude azul, o planeta Terra! Sejam bem vindos e, hehe, fiquem a v o n t a d e ! ! ! Sigam a gente nas nossas redes sociais! Twitter: www.twitter.com/podscience Facebook: www.facebook.com/podscience Instagram: www.instagram.com/podscience Referências Knauth, L. Paul; Kennedy, Martin J. The late Precambrian greening of the Earth, Nature 460, 728–732 Del-Bem, L. E. Xyloglucan evolution and teterrestrialization of green plants. New Phytologist, 2018 REECE, Jane B. et al. Biologia de Campbell. Artmed Editora, 2015. RAVEN, Peter H. et al. Biologia vegetal. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Dois, 2014. Recomendações Plant Evolution A vida secreta das Árvores

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2 We mostly grow annual plants because they reliably produce energy-rich seeds, which we like to eat. Thanks to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Annual: a plant that typically lives for a year or less Biennial: a plant that typically lives for two years Perennial: a plant that typically lives for multiple years ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: The Case Against Civilization: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/the-case-against-civilization _________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Illustrators: Bruno van Wayenburg and Ever Salazar Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________________________________________ References: Bonser, S. P. (2013). High reproductive efficiency as an adaptive strategy in competitive environments. Functional Ecology, 27(4), 876-885. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12064/full Crews, T. Personal Communication, Dec 2017. Crews, T. E., & DeHaan, L. R. (2015). The strong perennial vision: A response. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39(5), 500-515. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2015.1008777 Friedman, J., & Rubin, M. J. (2015). All in good time: understanding annual and perennial strategies in plants. American journal of botany, 102(4), 497-499. http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/497.short Denison, R.F. Personal Communication, Nov 2017. Milla, R. Personal Communication, Dec 2017. Pimentel, D., et al. (2012). Annual vs. perennial grain production. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 161, 1-9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880912002058 Rees, M., & Long, M. J. (1992). Germination biology and the ecology of annual plants. The American Naturalist, 139(3), 484-508. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1403/1/reesm8_Rees_and_Long_1992_Am_Nat.pdf Reich, P. B. (2014). The world‐wide ‘fast–slow’plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. Journal of Ecology, 102(2), 275-301. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.12211/full Smaje, C. (2015). The strong perennial vision: A critical review. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39(5), 471-499. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2015.1007200 Van Tassel, D. L., DeHaan, L. R., & Cox, T. S. (2010). Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap?. Evolutionary Applications, 3(5‐6), 434-452. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00132.x/full Vico, G. Personal Communication, Nov 2017. Vico, G., et al. (2016). Trade‐offs between seed output and life span–a quantitative comparison of traits between annual and perennial congeneric species. New Phytologist, 209(1), 104-114. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13574/full Westoby, M. Personal Communication, Nov 2017.

Thanks to Curtin University and the University of Western Australia for sponsoring this video. Also, special thanks to Kingsley Dixon and the Orchid Specialist Group of the IUCN’s Species Survival Commission. ______ If you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: – Mycelium – Mycorrizhae: a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship. – Mycoheterotroph: A plant that is completely reliant on fungus for all of its nutrition. – Sexual deception: A trick used by numerous orchid species of looking and/or smelling like female insects in order to draw male insects to their flowers (for pollination) – Food deception: Rather than offering pollinators real food rewards (such as nectar or pollen), some orchids merely mimic the looks and smells of other, nearby flowers that offer such rewards. – Pollinia: In most flowering plants, pollen is a powdery substance made up of tons of individual pollen grains. But orchids pack their grains into a couple of sticky sacks (pollinia) instead. – Epiphyte: A plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant. Lots of tropical orchids are epiphytes – Lithophyte: A plant that grows on rocks Species Featured in this video: - Phantom Orchid (Cephalanthera austiniae) - Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera) - Fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera) - Mirror orchid (Ophrys speculum) - Red Helleborine Orchid (Cephalanthera rubra) - Nettle-leaved bellflower (Campanula trachelium) - Hammer orchid (Drakaea glyptodon) - Wasp (Zaspilothynnus trilobatus) - Lady's slipper orchids (Cypripedium calceolus) - Dracula orchids (Dracula terborchii and Dracula andreettae) - Spider orchids (Genus Caladenia) - Cigar Orchid (Cyrtopodium punctatum) - Venus slipper (Paphiopedilum Maudiae) ______ Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Peter Reich Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Illustrators: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr) and Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Rachel Becker and David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: Image Credits: Phantom Orchid - Miguel Vieira Ophrys apifera - Hans Hillewaert Ophrys insectifera - Bernd Haynold Ophrys speculum - Wikimedia user Esculapio Cephalanthera rubra and Campanula trachelium - Olivier Pichard Hammer Orchid Animation based on Photos by Rod Peakall Lady Slipper Orchid - Flickr user ladydragonflyherworld ______ References: Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR. 2008. Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 180: 176–184. Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ. 2006. Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green- leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 171: 405–416. Cameron DD, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Read DJ. 2009. The chlorophyll containing orchid Corallorhiza trifida derives little carbon through photosynthesis. New Phytologist 183: 358–364. Givnish, T. J., Spalink, D., Ames, M., Lyon, S. P., Hunter, S. J., Zuluaga, A., . . . Cameron, K. M. (2015). Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Proc. R. Soc. B, 282(1814), 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553 Hopper, S. D., & Brown, A. P. (2007). A revision of Australia' s hammer orchids (Drakaea: Orchidaceae), with some field data on species-specific sexually deceived wasp pollinators. Aust. Systematic Bot. Australian Systematic Botany, 20(3), 252. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. online April 27, 2016. Koopowitz, H.. (1992). A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE EXTINCTION OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS. Selbyana,13, 115–122. Retrieved from Mccormick, M. K., Taylor, D. L., Juhaszova, K., Burnett, R. K., Whigham, D. F., & O’Neill, J. P. (2012). Limitations on orchid recruitment: Not a simple picture. Molecular Ecology, 21(6), 1511-1523. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05468.x Merckx, V. and Freudenstein, J. V. (2010), Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in plants: a phylogenetic perspective. New Phytologist, 185: 605–609. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from ) Rasmussen, Hanne N., and Finn N. Rasmussen. "Orchid mycorrhiza: implications of a mycophagous life style." Oikos 118.3 (2009): 334-345.

Episode Notes:When discussing branching, Steve and Bill wondered whether Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) was native. While some members of this genus are native to North America, the Horsechestnut (AKA Horse-chestnut or Conker Tree) is an imported species native to the Balkans.Mistakes: Steve had mentioned that there was only one genus in the Aceraceae, or maple family. This is wrong. That fool neglected the two species within the genus Dipteronia that are endemic to mainland China. Additionally, Steve also said, “we’ve slowly been knocking out all these different genes that code for all these different hormones”, which may have been misleading. Plant hormones are not transcribed directly from DNA; instead they are later synthesized by the products of specific genes. If the genes responsible for the synthesis of a particular hormone are “knocked out,” the plant will no longer be able to synthesize that hormone. Also when Bill was describing how the abcisssion layer forms, he said that the separation layer gets thicker and pushes against the separation layer. What he meant to say was that the protection layer (the layer closer to the twig) gets thicker and pushes against the separation layer (the layer closer to the leaf). Here is a more complete description of the process: Abcission cells start to collect where the stem meets the branch. Two layers form – the separation layer and a protection layer. In the separation layer, the cells are short with thin walls. So, this area becomes weak and a tear starts to form. The protection layer is closer to the tree – a kind of nodule starts to grow. It cuts off all water and nutrients to the leaf, and, as the nodule grows, it pushes the leaf farther and farther from the branch until the separation layer is so brittle, it breaks. Work Cited: Anderson, Rachel, and Peter Ryser. "Early Autumn Senescence in Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) Is Associated with High Leaf Anthocyanin Content." Plants 4.3 (2015): 505-522.Archetti, Marco, et al. "Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24.3 (2009): 166-173.Archetti, Marco. "Phylogenetic analysis reveals a scattered distribution of autumn colours." Annals of botany (2009). Archetti, Marco. "Classification of hypotheses on the evolution of autumn colours." Oikos 118.3 (2009): 328-333.Bolser, Jessica A., et al. "Birds select fruits with more anthocyanins and phenolic compounds during autumn migration." The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125.1 (2013): 97-108.Döring, Thomas F., Marco Archetti, and Jim Hardie. "Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 276.1654 (2009): 121-127.Estiarte, Marc, and Josep Peñuelas. "Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency." Global change biology 21.3 (2015): 1005-1017.Habineck, E. M. "Correlation of soil development and landscape position with fall leaf colors." 2007 GSA Denver Annual Meeting. 2007.Hamilton, William D., and S. P. Brown. "Autumn tree colours as a handicap signal." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences268.1475 (2001): 1489-1493.Hüner, Norman PA, and William G. Hopkins. "Introduction to plant physiology." (2008).Killingbeck, Keith T. "Nutrients in senesced leaves: keys to the search for potential resorption and resorption proficiency." Ecology 77.6 (1996): 1716-1727.Landi, M., M. Tattini, and Kevin S. Gould. "Multiple functional roles of anthocyanins in plant-environment interactions." Environmental and Experimental Botany 119 (2015): 4-17.Lee, David W., et al. "Pigment dynamics and autumn leaf senescence in a New England deciduous forest, eastern USA." Ecological Research 18.6 (2003): 677-694.Lev‐Yadun, Simcha, and Jarmo K. Holopainen. "Why red‐dominated autumn leaves in America and yellow‐dominated autumn leaves in Northern Europe?."New Phytologist 183.3 (2009): 506-512.Schaefer, H. Martin, and David M. Wilkinson. "Red leaves, insects and coevolution: a red herring?." Trends in ecology & evolution 19.12 (2004): 616-618. Schippers, Jos HM, et al. "Living to die and dying to live: The survival strategy behind leaf senescence." Plant physiology 169.2 (2015): 914-930.Taylor, Gail, et al. "Future atmospheric CO2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence." Global Change Biology 14.2 (2008): 264-275.