Podcasts about slave patrols

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Rules were a major part of Lee's household growing up. But it wasn't until he started to dig into his family's history that he began to realize that the rules that he was expected to follow had a long, dark history. In this episode, Lee speaks with historian Dr. Daina Ramey Berry to better understand the life of Lee's great-great-grandmother Charity, an enslaved woman, and learn about how the slave codes and Black codes shaped her life, and the lives of her descendants. Later Lee speaks with Professor Sally Hadden to learn about the origins of the slave codes, and how they've influenced the rules that govern our modern society.TranscriptWe wanted to give a heads up that this episode includes talk of abuse, and acts of violence. You can find resources on our website, WhatHappenedInAlabama.org - listener discretion is advised.Hi - this is Lee Hawkins and thanks for joining me for episode six of What Happened In Alabama. In this episode we dive into the slave codes and Black codes - what they were, and how they show up in our current day to day. If you haven't already, I encourage you to go back and listen to the prologue first. That'll give you some context for putting the whole series in perspective. Do that, and then join us back here. Thank you so much. INTROEven when we don't realize it, life is governed by rules. We often say we “should” do things a certain way without knowing why. The truth is, many actions have root causes that trace back to how we were raised and what we were socialized to believe – both by our families and the societies we live in.In dictionaries, rules are described as explicit or understood regulations governing conduct. We see these guidelines in everything from the order and cadence of the written and spoken word, to how we move from A to B on the roads, or the ways different sports are played - the “rules of the game.”But “rule” also means to have control or dominion over people or places.This was the way of colonialism around the world for centuries. And this control manifests as laws and codes that yes, create order, but can also have the power to suppress freedoms - and instill fear to ensure compliance. In past episodes you've heard me talk about the rules of my household growing up in Maplewood, Minnesota, and the many layers of history that get to the root of those rules. Talking with my father and other family members who lived under Jim Crow apartheid provided one piece of understanding. Learning of my white ancestry from Wales dating back to the 1600s offered another. But we have to revisit my ancestors on both sides of enslavement, white and Black – back to the physical AND mental trauma that was experienced to really connect the dots to the tough rules that governed the household, and why my parents and some other relatives felt they needed to whip their children. Also, why so many other racial stereotypes were both imposed on us by society, and often internalized by some within our Black families and communities. For that, we have to dig deeper into the story of my Grandma Charity, her experiences as a Black girl born enslaved and kept in bondage well into adulthood, and the rules that governed her life, both during her time of captivity and after that, under Jim Crow apartheid. This is What Happened in Alabama: The Slave Codes. [music up, and a beat]I can't tell you how many thousands of hours I've spent digging through genealogy reports, archives and police records looking for documentation about my family. Sometimes I can do the work from my computer at home, other times, for the really specific details around my dad's family, I've had to make the trip back to Alabama, to gather oral history, go to courthouses, walk through cemeteries, and drive around. [sifting through papers] It can be slow and tedious work. Sometimes you think you've found a lead that's going to take you somewhere that you could have never imagined - but then you realize it's a dead end. Sometimes, you get a huge rush of endorphins when you make a discovery that blows open the doors that once seemed forever closed.One night, in 2015, I'd recently received my DNA results showing a strong connection to the white side of the Pugh family. I was sitting in my dark living room, looking into the illuminated screen of my computer at two in the morning. I'd just found the last will and testament of Jesse Pugh, a white ancestor who genealogists surmise is my great great great grandfather, from Pike County, Alabama. We met Jesse Pugh in the last episode. The will was dated March 24, 1852. Jesse Pugh died two years later. To his wife and children, he left hundreds of acres of land, household furnitures, plantation tools, farming animals, bushels of corn, and a number of enslaved people – all listed as “Negroes.”As I pored over the details of the will, I came across a name I'd heard before: Charity. I read it over again. “Second, I give and bequeath to my son Mastin B. a Negro Girl, Charity…” Fixating on those words,“a Negro girl, Charity” my eyes welled up. She was left to Jesse Pugh's son, Mastin B. Pugh. Charity was the grandmother Uncle Ike told me and my father about on our trip to Alabama back in 1991. I remember Uncle Ike telling us about how, when Charity's son, his own father Isaac Pugh Sr., acquired his own farm, mean ol' Grandma Charity would constantly beat Uncle Ike, my Grandma Opie, and their other siblings, right there in the field, usually because she thought they weren't working fast enough. Rosa: Now I'll tell you the exact word he told me, he said "that was the meanest old heifer I ever seen." That's my cousin, Rosa Lee Pugh-Moore, Uncle Ike's daughter. She has few memories of her father talking about his grandmother Charity. But she says whenever he did talk about her, he always had one thing to say. Rosa: He hated his grandma, said she was just really mean. And that's all he talked about. How mean she was and how people tried to get over on her doing things she didn't like them to do, and she would fight.I'd heard so much about Cousin Rosa - a real Pugh matriarch. In 2018 I headed to Birmingham, Alabama to meet my sweet cousin for what I thought would be a conversation with just the two of us. I didn't realize it was her birthday, and when I arrived, it was cousin Rosa, plus about 30 other relatives - her grandchildren, great grandchildren and even a newly born great-great grandchild. Stepping into the home, I was surrounded by generations of family members - and they were just as excited as I was to hear what Cousin Rosa had to say. There was so much they hadn't heard about her life - from walking for miles as part of the Montgomery bus boycott, to leaving the country in Georgiana for the big city in Birmingham, all the way back to the stories she'd heard about Grandma Charity.Before I settled in, I kissed her cheek and sat in a chair next to her to hear as many of the stories of her life and our family as I could. That's what some of the elders who weren't reluctant to share stories used to do, she told me. Rosa: And at night sit up and they tell us about the families and stuff like that. Pots of peanuts and sweet potatoes, stuff like that.With the rest of the family close by, still celebrating her birthday, I can feel those stories passing through her childhood memories into my recorder. I feel so blessed to be here. And I realize she's my gateway to the family in Alabama, because she's called family members all over the country, and pushed them to talk with me. She was brave, never afraid to talk about Alabama, the good and the bad. And her knowledge went all the way back to Grandma Charity. Lee Hawkins:So when, how old were you when you learned when you first learned about Grandma Charity? Rosa: I guess. Oh, good gracious. I was about nine or ten like that. Something like that.Cousin Rosa and I remember Uncle Ike saying that she hated white peopleUncle Ike: She hated white folk... And uh, and uh one time my daddy was fifteen and one of them told them get out or something and someone knocked them down and Grandma kicked them and she did all three of them yeah. This is a recording of Uncle Ike from 1991, when my Dad and I sat down with him at his home in Georgiana, Alabama. It's hard to hear, but he's telling us about how a group of white men showed up at their house one day and tried to pull Grandma Charity out of the house to whip her, until she came out fighting. Rosa: Yeah, that kind of stuff he told us. I don't know that whole story. I don't remember the whole story. Rosa: So then she had that boy. That boy is Isaac Pugh Sr. Uncle Ike's father, Rosa's grandfather, and my great grandfatherRosa: And daddy say he was too light for Black people like him, and he was too dark for white people to like him. So he's kind of a loner.As I listen to Cousin Rosa talk about Grandma Charity, I can't help but think about the most obvious fact about her that eluded me for so much of my life – Grandma Charity was born enslaved. No one had ever told me that! No one had mentioned it. I only learned this that early morning in 2015, when I found Jesse Pugh's will.As Cousin Rosa said, Uncle Ike hated his grandmother. But understanding that she was enslaved for the early part of her life - around 20 years - added a dimension to this supposedly “mean ol” woman. Just how learning more about my father's experiences under Jim Crow added nuance to him as a man in my eyes. They both went through Alabama's version of hell on earth. We model what we see and many of us adopt the rules and customs of the country we're born into. America, before anything else, was founded on violence.Knowing that, I felt skeptical about the way Grandma Charity was characterized for all those years in the family history. And once I discovered Jesse Pugh's will I realized that she'd been simply pathologized – even by her own family– and that, like me with my father, my ancestors and elders didn't know enough about the atrocities she'd experienced to be able to explain why she sometimes thought the way she did, and was the way she was. For the benefit of this project, for my family, and most of all, for Grandma Charity, I knew I had to learn more about what life was like for an enslaved Black woman in the mid-1800s, to add meaningful context to her story. So, what did Grandma Charity endure? What laws and codes governed her life? To learn more, I started with a conversation with Daina Ramey Berry.Dr.Berry: I am the Michael Douglas Dean of Humanities and Fine Arts and a professor of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. I call myself a scholar of the enslaved. Most of my time in the academy has been in archives, conducting research, and trying to find and tell stories like people like your Great Great Grandmother Charity.Dr.Berry: A number of historians are skeptical about making connections between the past and the present. But if we trace the past decade by decade, year by year, we can see connections to contemporary America, and if you look at history as a foundation, the foundations that were laid are still what have built our houses, and we need to, we need to dismantle the parts of our history that need to be rewritten to be more inclusive, right?I reached out to Daina Ramey Berry after I found records and research on Grandma Charity and her mother Laner. It was all words and numbers on a page and I needed more context. I don't remember how I found her - I was knee deep in books and papers and articles at the time. But I wanted to understand more about what life was like for enslaved Black women. LEE: What don't we know about Black women during history? What haven't people been able to pay attention to or, as I would believe, haven't always wanted to pay attention to? Dr.Berry: I think the latter is really where I'd like to start because there are conferences over the years that I've attended with historians, my colleagues, and oftentimes scholars will say, well, Yes, Black women were exploited during slavery, but not that much.Dr.Berry: And my question always is, have you tried to calculate it? How do you know it's not that much? What is not that much? When I look at narratives, I've looked at court records, I've looked at letters and diaries and all kinds of different documents, where enslaved girls and women are talking about sexual exploitation and abuse, physical and sexual abuse.Dr.Berry: Mothers were teaching their daughters how to quote unquote protect their principal at a very young age. Young girls did not want their enslavers to know that they had their first menstrual cycle. And on the flip side, some women even bound their breasts up so that they didn't look like they were developing and they were maturing, um, into adulthood.Dr.Berry: So there's a number of things that enslaved women and girls did to try to protect themselves from puberty and from signs of showing evidence of puberty, because they knew what that meant. On the flip side, enslavers were often hyper focused on women's menstrual cycle, and you might ask, well, why something so personal would they be so concerned with?Dr.Berry: That often was because enslaved people were expensive to purchase. To purchase in the auction, you had to be quite wealthy, and the values of enslaved people were high. So if you could quote unquote grow your own enslaved people, or if natural reproduction, forced reproduction, i. e. rape, then you're gonna, you're gonna grow your plantation workforce without having to purchase somebody.This practice of growing your own free labor is in my bloodline - and repeated for generations. Grandma Laner - Charity's mother - was raped while enslaved. Grandma Charity - who was described as a light skinned woman - is the product. Grandma Charity was also raped by a white man while she was held captive under enslavement, and Isaac Pugh Sr is the result. This is the so-called “white man” I saw as an image on Uncle Ike's mantle when I visited in 1991. If I had just seen his picture without the history, I would never have known his mother was Black. Dr.Berry: So enslaved women's bodies, their reproductive capabilities, their fertility was one of the most important aspects of what maintained and grew through the 19th century the institution of chattel slavery in the United States. LEE: Which is inextricably tied to capitalism. Dr.Berry: Yes. LEE: Yes, and one of the most painful things that I've experienced in the course of doing this research was a conversation that I had with a genealogist who said, well, you know, um, how do we know that she was raped?LEE: Maybe she was a mistress? Dr.Berry: No. Like other enslaved women, Grandmas Laner and Charity had no legal right to refuse sexual advances from their male enslavers - because they were property, nowhere near a relationship of equals. They were also often young girls.The sexual abuse of young girls is shocking, yet this is a key part of maintaining the power dynamic during slavery. Ripping enslaved families apart made it easier for white slave owners and other men to prey on young girls. When she was about 14 years old, Grandma Charity was separated from her mother, Laner. Just a child, she had to adjust to a different plantation and community, and a new enslaver, alone. Dr.Berry: Family separation was one of the most traumatic experiences that enslaved people went through. And it's something that they lived in day to day fear of, of being separated from their, from their parents, from their siblings, from any, any kin that they had, um, on their, in their proximity.Dr.Berry: We've seen it from the perspective of a child remembering the wailing of their mother as they were pulled off and put on a wagon and the child is remaining and they hear their wailing cries of their mothers up until like a mile later or just until they can't hear it anymore.Dr.Berry: There's extreme examples of, babies, infants being ripped from the mother's breast and being sold, literally, uh, breastfeeding mothers. There are also examples of fathers and sons standing on the auction block holding hands, you know, and just silently tears coming down their face because they know that after that day, after that moment, they won't, they most likely won't ever see each other again.Dr.Berry: Um, there's other stories of mothers knowing that this, this stranger that's come to the, the property has asked me to put my son in his Sunday best and I, I've said this before, it's like that child was a child and didn't have really any clothes but a smock and their first set of clothings that they received was the clothing that they were going to put for the auction.Dr.Berry: Another mother talked about braiding her daughter's hair for the last time and putting a ribbon in it, knowing. that she was preparing her for the auction and that she would no longer see her again. These were traumatic experiences and we find that the closeness of the families and the desire to be connected to a family was a survival mechanism for Black people.Dr.Berry: And that even if you look at the evidence we have now in information wanted ads,and these advertisements are powerful testimony to Black genealogy from the perspective of the enslaved and formerly enslaved people searching for, I haven't seen my mother since I was two. I'm 40 years old now. You know, I remember her name was Laura. Her hair was shoulder length. She was wearing an apron and a, and a, and a long dress.Dr.Berry: You know, those kinds of testimonies just show the strength and the impact of the desire to connect to your family, but the impact of separation still did not push them away from trying to locate and connect with their blood relatives or kin. In trying to connect my family tree, I found so many sources of loss. There's the parental loss Grandma Laner experienced with Charity, knowing almost certainly the physical brutality her daughter would face once separated from her. Two generations later, Charity's granddaughter, and my grandmother Opie, experienced the loss of her father at age nine, after seeing him blood splattered and slumped over his horse. And then my father - Opie's son and Charity's great grandson - lost his mother to health inequality when he was just 12 years old. These are the building blocks of a cycle of generational loss. So when I hear Daina Ramey Berry talk about the desire to connect to your family and the impact of separation, I get it. Genealogy is like a giant DNA puzzle that stretches across time. Until you dig, you don't learn these things. Geneticists have data that shows that Black Americans have on average 24 percent European blood in their veins. Yet, there's a denial or an unwillingness to acknowledge how prevalent and pervasive rape was. And some of this is embedded in the laws and the codes of slavery…Dr.Berry: We need context to understand, like you said, the contemporary connections to our current bloodlines.Dr.Berry: And that we are, that slavery was an intimate institution. We are interlaced. We are connected whether we want to be or not, but we are connected. LEE: Thank you so much. Thank you for this magnificent work you're doing.Dr.Berry: Thank you. Thank you. Appreciate it.[MUSIC BEAT]Learning more about what enslaved Black women lived through deepened my love for my strong, brave matriarch, Grandma Charity. And to think she then had to live through Jim Crow apartheid.But I wanted to drill down even more into the specific rules that she – in Greenville in the 1800s - had to live under and follow. For that, I dug up the Alabama Slave Codes of 1852, which governed every facet of Black lives. Under the slave codes, enslaved people were property, not people. The codes were used to regulate the behavior of enslaved people and ensure their subjugation by curtailing many aspects of their lives. Note that I didn't say that these codes only restricted the enslaved, but ALL Black people. I discovered that one widespread myth is that the Black people who weren't in bondage were FREE. Under the slave codes, enslaved people were property, not people. After the abolition of slavery the Black codes picked up where the slave codes ended, and restricted the freedoms of the “free”And then there were the restrictions of Jim Crow policies. In states like Alabama– and the many states in the North that had their own Jim Crow rules – ALL Black people lived under laws and codes, at the country, state or national level, that curtailed their physical and emotional freedom in the United States. As Daina Ramey Berry mentioned in our conversation some of these rules still hold us in invisible bondage and shape how we live and how for some - we parent. For more on “the rules” I spoke with Sally Hadden, a professor at Western Michigan University…Prof.Hadden: I'm a specialist in legal and constitutional history, particularly of early America. My first book was entitled, “Slave Patrols, Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas”. And that book tracked the development of slave patrols as a legal institution from the 1600s to the 1870s.I told Professor Hadden about my family, my white European ancestry, and the enslavement of Grandma Charity and other family members. By then, I'd studied the Slave Codes, the Black Codes, and Jim Crow, and realized that the slave codes that governed Grandma Charity's life informed how she raised her children and grandchildren. And in many ways, the rules my dad learned while growing up under Jim Crow apartheid governed the way my parents raised me.The whip used to punish Slave Code and Black Code violations, became the belt I often faced in the living room. But it was more than the physical. The fear of disobeying the rules added to the mental toll. Those codes also helped shape how many others– both in my family and beyond– expected me to act..it shaped the idea that I needed to stay in my place, or be punished. Prof.Hadden: People parent the way that they experienced being a child with their own parents. It's very hard to break that cycle of parent to child. And I, I'm not a parent myself, I don't have kids. But I see this with my brother's children, and my sister's children, who are all now in their 40s and have kids of their own. And it's remarkable how, to use an old phrase, how close the apple drops from the tree. LEE: So you get it. And, and the academic term is intergenerational trauma. But I like the way you put it because, um, this is my, this was my way to show some level of graciousness to my dad when I got this history. And then for him to show me the grace of being able to go through the journey and study it with me and to say, Hey, you know what?LEE: This should stop in our bloodline.LEE: But one way to heal is certainly, the best way to heal, I think, is to confront it. And that's why the work that you've done is so important, because history just holds so many powerful clues, um, into how, you know, how we got to the way we are. But very few people understand the role of violence and, but the necessity in the context of the capitalism and the, you know, the system of capitalism and what we were trying to accomplish as a nation.Prof.Hadden: A lot of people think that when they discuss slavery, what they think of is, they think of a two party relationship, a master and an enslaved person. And what I was trying to write about was, there's always a third party, and the third party is always government. It's always the state, and whether it's the, uh, at the national level, the state level, or the county level, there's this, third party.Prof.Hadden: And the state is always the backer up of this because the state creates the laws that make it, that, that within the society of that time, legitimated the institution of slavery. Prof.Hadden: So for the purposes of our discussion about the law, we're interested in the common law and how slave patrols were developed as legal institutions. South Carolina had the first laws on the books about, um, slave patrols and, uh, attempts by the state to control enslaved people.LEE: So what did patrols do? Prof.Hadden: Patrols were required by their government, either the, the local or state government or the militia, to perform surveillance and to use violence towards enslaved people. That was their job. They were responsible for going into slave cabins, to see who was there, to make sure there were no runaways.Prof.Hadden: They looked for uh, goods that they thought slaves shouldn't have, they hunted, uh, nighttime music to its source, uh, to look for, uh, dancing groups or for religious meetings where African Americans might be in attendance.Prof.Hadden: Their job was to effectively enforce a curfew. that would have kept every enslaved person on the farm of the master who owned them. They were effectively the government's backstop to a master to make sure that the slaves were where they were supposed to be. So they were a type of government group that used white on Black violence to achieve their ends.The slave patrols enforced the slave codes - created by a colonial or state legislature. Walking into the interview with Professor Hadden, I knew the Slave Codes restricted Black people's movement, requiring written passes for travel. They forbade assembly without a white person present. It was often illegal for Black people to read or write, or for a white person to teach them to do so. Marriage and family rights were non-existent, allowing enslavers to separate families at will. Enslaved people could not testify in court against white people; their testimonies were generally inadmissible. They were also barred from owning property, entering into contracts, or earning wages, with any income typically claimed by their enslavers. Whipping was often the punishment. In Greenville, it was usually 39 to 100 lashes for an offense. And in the case of a rebellion or insurrection, the penalty could be death.And what was most devastating, was that I knew that some of our white family members – mainly Mastin Pugh, the man who inherited Grandma Charity from his father, Jesse – was also in charge of the enforcement of the Alabama Slave Code across Butler County. Him holding that power would have been brutal for Grandma Charity. And eventually, generations later, for me. It made sense that my parents would be overly cautious about us kids not doing anything wrong. They policed us so the law - or those who felt empowered to police us, even without authority - wouldn't. It all goes back to the codes and patrols. Prof.Hadden: The very earliest laws put a requirement on ordinary individuals, uh, to have them be responsible for enforcing slave laws. The idea here was that all whites theoretically would understand that it was in their best interest to keep slaves controlled.Prof.Hadden: Now, this kind of enforcement didn't necessarily work terribly well to ask just everybody walking around in society who's white to keep an eye on everybody who's, um, enslaved. And so, gradually, colonial legislatures switched to other systems of using patrols to say, you people are designated as individuals.Prof.Hadden: Uh, to control slave behavior and so legislatures, um, either required the militia to carve out groups of patrollers and have them do the work or county courts turned to their tax lists and used tax lists to nominate people to serve as patrollers for three months or six months. And, and Alabama's solution was to use the militia, to have the militia be the substitute and say the militia will choose patrollers to work in rotation.Prof.Hadden: So, the militia were ordinary people who were supposed to be self arming. That is to say, you're supposed to show up with your own, uh, rifle, your own gun, uh, with ammunition and enough shot to, um, uh, carry out orders issued by a superior commander. Um, and to do what was necessary to protect your community. Something to highlight here: Patrolling and policing was EVERYWHERE. There was no option for Black people to escape the patroller's whip and gun, and white men were EXPECTED to patrol - they were governmentally required to do so. There was a financial consequence if they didn't. This was the culture and the law. And while it may not be explicit now, we see the ways this culture of being policed versus feeling empowered to patrol plays out along racial lines. There are countless news reports of white people calling the police on gatherings of Black people at cookouts or for watering a neighbor's lawn. Or questioning a Black person's right to be in a gated community - when they live there. That's patrolling - the power of oversight. And then you have some Black parents who continue to have “the talk” with their children, warning them of the ways to address police officers if stopped. Or telling them not to stay out after dark. Or not to gather in large groups in case it draws the wrong kind of attention. That's self policing for preservation and to avoid white oversight. Even though slave patrols came to an end - in theory - with the abolition of slavery, the culture remained.Prof.Hadden: After the Civil War ends, white Southerners are afraid. There's a lot of fear about, um, the African Americans who live around them, who live in their communities, and if patrols no longer exist, um, just like slavery no longer exists, then from the perspective of white lawmakers, Who is supposed to keep African Americans in line? Who is supposed to supervise them if there are no more slave masters? What would be done to stop crime, what would be done to control African Americans?Prof.Hadden: Southern whites in the 1860s were terrified of the possibility of race war, and they lived with that. They talked about that race war was likely to happen, and without patrols, they were sure that they would they had no way to prevent one. So the work done by patrols was divided, you could say. The work that they had done that was about surveillance, that was about stopping crime, became part of the work of police forces. Some southern cities had had police forces, but others had not, in the world when slavery still existed.Prof.Hadden: But the other thing that happens with patrol work after 1865 is that some of the work that patrollers had done, intimidation work, becomes, uh, the, the central feature of the Ku Klux Klan, that, that's, um, that their legacy of intimidation, of, uh, race based violence, uh, very much becomes, um, part and parcel of the Klan's, um, operating uh daily operational activities. Um, the Ku Klux Klan wanted to scare African Americans in the Reconstruction South into doing what the white community wanted. They wanted African Americans to only do agricultural work, not to have schools, not to have guns, not to vote, not to organize, not to demand um, appropriate wages, and the Klan used violence or the threat of violence to get African Americans to do what they want, what they wanted, which was all of those things.This form of control remains, but as we've talked about throughout the series, it's fear based. The whip controlled the enslaved. Scare tactics and violence were used by the Ku Klux Klan. And today, corporal punishment - the threat and the practice - is still perceived by some as a way to keep children safe. LEE: Can you tell us about the differences and similarities between the violence of the slave patrols and corporal punishment that we see in modern times in homes and schools? Prof.Hadden: Well, the, the use of violence usually has one object in mind to get obedience, to get control. And so there's, there's the root of the similarity is if, if corporal punishment or violence has an objective of to get to control, then they spring from the same kinds of beginnings. Now, there are some key differences, obviously. Um, control as a parent might be for an immediate and a transient reason.Prof.Hadden: Um, you know, a mother spanks a child to reinforce the idea in the child's mind that it's a bad idea to go out and chase a ball onto a road where there are lots of cars. Um, I speak on, from personal experience on that one, Lee. Um, having been on the receiving end of my mother's hand when I chased a ball out into the street.Prof.Hadden: I think she probably lost a few years off of her life watching that happen, but she wanted to make sure that I got the message as a preschooler that I shouldn't do that again. Believe me, I remember it firmly. But control can also be about long term domination. And that's different. Um, an abusive parent that beats a child every weekend for no reason, just to reinforce the idea that the parent is bigger, um, badder, a bully, an abuser.Prof.Hadden: Um, you know, the very threat of violence can almost be as intimidating as the actual use of violence in that sort of situation. Um, an abusive father. puts his hand on his belt and the child doesn't have to see anything more because the connection between the belt and its use on them is there. as an instrument of corporal punishment is very live.Prof.Hadden: It's nearly as terrifying that the belt itself is almost as terrifying as, as seeing it in use. Now, of course, there are several large differences between what patrols did and the kind of, corporal punishment or violence one might experience in a home or in a school. One of the biggest is that when a patroller used, um, a rod or a whip against an enslaved person, they could be strangers to each other.Prof.Hadden: That is to say, they might be, the patrol member might not know who the enslaved person was. The enslaved person might never have laid eyes on that patroller before that night. Um, uh, a second difference obviously is, is the racial one. That is to say, patroller is white and the enslaved person is Black. And within the family or within a school, that sort of distinction, both of those distinctions are missing.Prof.Hadden: They're not strangers to each other. They're maybe share the same race as each other. And there are also differences of expectation. Um, we expect, or at least society teaches us to expect, kindness from our family members, from our teachers, that we're going to be nurtured or supported by them. But that may or may not be the case.Prof.Hadden: Whereas, I don't think enslaved people ever thought that they'd see the milk of human kindness coming from a patroller. So they're bearing those differences in mind. There are some similarities, and one of the similarities is the use of an instrument of violence. whether it be a belt or a whip or a rod, um, certainly the instrument by which punishment is inflicted might look very much the same.LEE: Yeah. And you touched on kindness and the expectation of kindness. When I was a kid, I didn't expect kindness from my parents, and the reason was, I did receive kindness from my parents, but I also received the brutality of violence, and in my community, it was stressed to me that violence was kindness, because we're protecting you from the evils of the world, we're protecting you, we're scaring you so that when you go out, you know how to act right, When you're at the mall with your friends so you don't get killed by the police or accused of stealing something you didn't steal or decide to steal something and get arrested and in the process of getting arrested, get killed or join a gang because you're, you're not being disciplined and then get killed on the streets. LEE: And so we're doing this because we have to do this, because the society will kill you if we don't do this, if we don't instill this fear in you. And so it was a very mentally, it was a very, um, hard thing to process as a kid, because I just fundamentally did have that understanding that as a Black kid, there were a different set of rules for me.We talked alot about how concepts and ideas are handed down through generations. Prof.Hadden: But I can tell you that in the early 20th century, um, there was tremendous fear. Again, we're back to a period of fear in American society and fear motivates people to do very strange and dangerous things. And one of the things they were afraid of was the massive influx of immigrants that were coming to America from Southern Europe.Prof.Hadden: Um, this was a time when, um, immigration numbers were going through the roof, nationally, and there's a backlash to that. And for some people, that backlash takes the form of joining, um, uh, political organizations, and sometimes it takes the form of joining a group like the Klan, uh, to demonstrate white supremacy against these perceived outsiders. But it's also just as much about in the 20s, you begin to see the migration, the out migration, of a large number of African Americans from the South to other parts of the country. Um, this is something that had, obviously started in the 1860s and 70s, but it accelerates in the early 20th century, and, um, people moving to Detroit, people moving to Cleveland, people moving to, um, uh, St. Louis, moving to loads of cities where there were industrial opportunities. Prof.Hadden: Um, many of those individuals, African American individuals, moved during, uh, World War I in the late 19 teens. And what this did, it changed the, uh, population complexion of a lot of previous cities that had previously had, um, very large, uh, white, um, populations to being ones that were more racially mixed, where before more than three quarters of the African American population lived in the American South.Prof.Hadden: When you move into the 20th century, this outward migration of African Americans to other parts of the United States meant that, in other communities, a lot of whites begin to experience fear, fear of the unknown. And that concept – the fear of the unknown – also applied to my family and my own community. My father's family moved from Alabama to Minnesota, but those fears of Jim Crow remained. I thought back to my interview with my mother, in which she told me, “we didn't know if something could happen to you, because things have happened.” For Black parents who used the belt to keep their children in their perceived place – or even for Black people who called other Black people “acting white” for excelling in school or having friends of other races – they were paralyzed by that generational fear, which, if you really sit down and read them, are the same attitudes that the Slave Code is rooted in. Prof.Hadden: Um, you know, violence. is something that is passed down just like a family name. And it starts with knowing our history, but then it takes action. And that kind of action, I think, is up to each individual. It can't, you can't wait around for government to do it.It's up to the individual to act and to try to make a change. That's my own personal view. LEE: Okay. Incredible. Thank you, Professor Hadden. Prof.Hadden: You're so welcome, Lee. My research into Grandma Charity's life under the brutal rule of Mastin Pugh and the Alabama Slave Code of 1852, led me to confront a painful question: When my father whipped me with that belt, hoping to mold me into an exceptionally productive Black boy who had to grow up too fast, who was really whipping me? Was it Lee Roy Hawkins Sr., the strong, omnipresent Black father who, drawing on the power of our irrepressible Black village, wanted me to achieve our wildest dreams?Or was it Lee Roy Hawkins Sr., the great-grandson of a Black woman enslaved by Mastin Pugh, driven by the white supremacist DNA in his veins, believing he had no other choice?For me, one of the biggest challenges was accepting that both could be true. As Americans, the same complexity that inspires and haunts the American family hung over my father and our family for generations.To confront this generational tragedy, I had to peel back the layers of truth about the origins of this country and our family's place in it. For only then did I truly understand why so much of my upbringing was defined by rules enforced by the whip, which, for generations, was meant to keep us enslaved. In facing this undeniable American history, I hope that I helped position us to reclaim my family's power and to rewrite our narrative, transforming the pain inherited from “mean ol' Grandma Charity” into a legacy of resilience, and, most importantly, liberation.[outro music]CREDITSWhat Happened In Alabama is a production of American Public Media. It's written, produced and hosted by me, Lee Hawkins.Our executive producer is Erica Kraus. Our senior producer is Kyana Moghadam.Our story editor is Martina Abrahams Ilunga. Our lead writer is Jessica Kariisa.Our producers are Marcel Malekebu and Jessica Kariisa. This episode was sound designed and mixed by Marcel Malekebu. Our technical director is Derek Ramirez. Our soundtrack was composed by Ronen Lando. Our fact checker is Erika Janik.And Nick Ryan is our director of operations.Special thanks to the O'Brien Fellowship for Public Service Journalism at Marquette University; Dave Umhoefer, John Leuzzi, Andrew Amouzou and Ziyang Fu. And also thanks to our producer in Alabama, Cody Short. The executives in charge at APM are Joanne Griffith and Chandra Kavati.You can follow us on our website, whathappenedinalabama.org or on Instagram at APM Studios.Thank you for listening.

Over the course of just one year in the early 1840s, Thomas Smallwood, a recently emancipated Black man, with the assistance of the New England educated white abolitionist Charles Torrey, arranged for around 400 enslaved people to escape the Baltimore and DC area for freedom in Canada. While the abolition movement was still debating the best path forward, Smallwood and Torrey put their beliefs into action, establishing the Underground Railroad, and using the press to taunt the slaveowners whose enslaved people they freed. Joining me in this episode to discuss Thomas Smallwood, Charles Torrey, and the Underground Railroad, is journalist Scott Shane, author of Flee North: A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The mid-episode audio is “Go Down Moses,” performed by the Tuskegee Institute Singers in 1914 and “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” performed by the Fisk University Jubilee Singers in 1909; both songs are in the public domain and available via the Library of Congress's National Jukebox. The episode image is "Crossing the river on horseback in the night,"  from 1872, available via the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library; the image is in the public domain. Additional Resources: “A Narrative of Thomas Smallwood, (Coloured Man:) Giving an Account of His Birth--The Period He Was Held in Slavery--His Release--and Removal to Canada, etc. Together With an Account of the Underground Railroad. Written by Himself.” by Thomas Smallwood. “A Black Voice from the ‘other North”” Thomas Smallwood's Canadian Narrative (1851),” by Sandrine Ferré-Rode, Revue française d'études américaines, vol. 137, no. 3, 2013, pp. 23-37. “Slave Patrols in the President's Neighborhood,” by Penelope Fergison, The White House Historical Association. “What is the Underground Railroad?” National Park Service. “Home!, or, The pilgrim's faith revived / written during his incarceration in Baltimore Jail, after his conviction and while awaiting--his sentence [four lines of poetry] ; published for the benefit of his family.” by Charles Torrey, 1845. “Charles Torrey – The Most Successful, Least Celebrated Abolitionist,” New England HIstory Society. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tyre Nichols was beaten to death by five policemen after being stopped illegally for an alleged traffic violation, in what looks like a targeted, personal attack.In this episode we're talking about some aspects of the Tyree Nichols' murder that are being discussed less, Memphis and LA deputy gangs, some crazy details of the actual murder that shocked us the most, things like implicit bias and how racism can happen against people of your own race. If you like our content please become a patron and get all of our episodes ad-free. 1 We also discuss the EMTs who didn't do their jobs properly, the aggravated kidnapping charges, the now disbanded Scorpion Unit, the history of Slave Patrols and why racism is central to policing in America, and many other insane things that make this case so different from other police killings. 2, 3 Nichols was supposedly stopped for reckless driving, but Memphis Police Chief C.J. Davis said early Friday morning an investigation and review of available camera footage had found "no proof" of that. All five ex-officers who beat Tyree Nichols to death were charged with second-degree murder, two counts of official misconduct, one count of official oppression, one count of aggravated assault, and two counts of aggravated kidnapping. The officers involved — Tadarrius Bean, Demetrius Haley, Emmitt Martin III, Desmond Mills Jr. and Justin Smith — were fired, Davis said, after they violated department policies during the January 7 stop that led to Nichols' death. They are now out on bail awaiting trial. 1. Theodore R. Johnson. Black-on-Black Racism: The Hazards of Implicit Bias. The Atlantic. December 2014. ⇤2. Dr. Gary Potter. The History of Policing in the United States, Part 1. Eastern Kentucky University. June 2013. ⇤3. Lynching In America: Confronting The Legacy Of Racial Terror. Equal Justice Initiative. 3rd ed 2017 ⇤

Well, we're a few days late. But like a no knock warrant BOOM, here we are, out of the blue, on a Thursday morning! This week We're talkin Cops. When did they stop being "good"? Have they ever been "good"? Did something change, or has it always been this way? We also revisit Vegetarianism, Talk Prius Catalytic Converters and celebrate Dan Snyder likely selling the Washington Commanders. Apologies for the delay, But here it is, this week's episode! ENJOY 00:20- What do You Want to Learn About? 01:50- A Little More on Vegetarianism 07:10- Stolen Catalytic Converters 10:15- Ficken 11:50- 'Rise of the Warrior Cop' 12:45- Sources 13:05- Origins 14:00- The Colonies 15:00- Barbados 15:45- Virginia 16:05- South Carolina 16:45- Slave Patrols 16:55- New Orleans 17:15- 'A Treatise on the Police in the Metropolis' 18:25- Robert Peel 20:05- Not Entirely Racist 19:20- David Walker 23:40- Anti-Immigration 25:15- US v. UK differences 27:05- The Mets 29:00- Post Civil War 29:35- August Volmer 30:30- Veterans as Police 31:30- Self Perpetuating System 33:00- Industrialist Police 34:10- 1900's in Decline 34:45- Johnson, Nixon, Reagan 35:45- Presentation V. Fact 37:40- The Defund the Police Movement 39:30- First Responders 43:30- Change? 45:40- TV 47:50- Bye We hope you ALSO learned something, or were at least Entertained! IG- IanWantsToLearn Twitter- IanWantsToLearn email: Ianwantstolearn@gmail.com DISCLAIMER: We are not Experts. We do not claim to be. We use the internet, just like you! So between raising a child and working a Fulltime job Patrick does his best to teach Ian. So, you know, enjoy it, but maybe don't swear by it! Essentially: We Google so you don't have to. ENJOY!

Professor Philip Reichel discusses rural slave patrols, the criminalization of slaves, and the origins of police forces in the South.

In this episode we continue reading chapter 2 of The End of Policing entitled The Police Are Not Here To Protect You and dive into the origins of policing. We learn about the first State Police in the United States and how they were used for strike breaking. We also learn about the Texas Rangers and Slave Patrols.

Surprise, surprise. Modern day citizen's arrest laws across the United States have their roots in Civil War-era laws designed to punish slaves. In this episode, one of the foremost experts on citizen's arrest laws traces the history of these archaic laws from the colonial period to today—exposing yet another disturbing aspect of America's “justice” system. News Beat is a multi-award-winning podcast brought to you by Morey Creative Studios and Manny Faces Media. Audio Editor/Sound Designer/Producer/Host:Manny Faces Editor-In-Chief/Producer: Chris Twarowski Managing Editor/Producer: Rashed Mian Episode Art: Jeff Main Executive Producer: Jed Morey Support the show: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?token=EYkdQRkbZ6vNTGfNSGWZjx7_15orqqDl8vkmrAg3TkxLprft1OguFwxlheC3tAkNd-KVPG&country.x=US&locale.x=US See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Episode Notes:Asha provided lots of resources to educate you about the racist agenda behind the religious right's obsession with abortion laws. She suggested reading Politico Magazine's The Real Origins of the Religious Right and watching Netflix's Reversing Roe. Read more about California banning non-consensual condom removal. If you want to hear more of Keith, check out Episode 51: Donald Trump has Left the Building (ft. Keith Boykin). Also read his book Race Against Time: The Politics of a Darkening America. Pass the PopcornIn this episode, Jarrett wants to add some perspective to the Texas SB8 abortion law and help you understand why Texas's new law is so dangerous, impacting impoverished and people of color worse. Asha joins Jarrett to help guide the discussion. DIS/Honorable Mentions DM: Asha mentions that R. Kelly was finally convicted even though he should have gone to jail years ago, back when he first assaulted singer Aaliyah, which brings us to . . .  HM: The brave victims that were named in the R. Kelly case. HM: Ted Winn and his new recording of Marvin Gaye's classic Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler).HM: Jarrett for taking a vacation.Our Sponsors This WeekRayconFANTI listeners can get 15% off their Raycon at BuyRaycon.com/FANTI.BetterHelpFANTI listeners get 10% off their first month at Betterhelp.com/FANTI.Go ahead and @ usEmail: FANTI@maximumfun.orgIG@FANTIpodcast@Jarrett Hill@rayzon (Tre'Vell)Twitter@FANTIpodcast@TreVellAnderson@JarrettHill@Swish (Senior Producer Laura Swisher)@Rainewheat (Producer Lorraine Wheat)FANTI is produced and distributed by MaximumFun.orgLaura Swisher is senior producer and Lorraine Wheat is producer. Episode Contributors: Jarrett Hill, Laura Swisher, Tre'Vell Anderson, Lorraine Wheat, Keith Boykin, Asha DahyaMusic: Cor.eceGraphics: Ashley Nguyen

From the first Africans of Virginia to Emancipation in 1865, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Movement to today - Donya and Brian can trace the generation of inherited trauma their ancestors and their ancestral families have endured during the entirety of their existence in the United States. Slave catchers, slave patrols, and what we think of as modern policing have contributed to that inherited and experienced trauma.Ret. P.C. Ralph Godbee, Jr joined the show to talk about the history of policing black and brown bodies in the U.S. from the time of the slave patrols to the modern police of today. Ralph draws upon his 25 years of active service in the Detroit Police Department, as well as his numerous connections with police associations, to discuss how black and brown bodies are policed, the trauma that influences black and brown communities in the U.S. when it comes to police interactions - and we closed the show with thoughts about how the current situation can be improved.We couldn't cover everything that we would have liked to in the hour - so there will be a Part 2 on Saturday, 26 June 2021 at 4pm on https://www.facebook.com/genealogyadventuresusa/videos. Part of the second conversation will center on how diversity training needs to be re-imagined. This means moving away from a failed attempt at creating "colorblindness" to an understanding and appreciation of the cultural differences inherent in the numerous populations and cultures within the U.S. And how a reimagined approach to diversity training would serve modern police departments as well. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/genealogy-adventures. Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this week's episode of the Speaking Bluntly podcast, I discuss the trial and verdict of Derek Chauvin and what this means for the future of policing. It's rare that Law Enforcement Officials are found guilty of murder, manslaughter, or negligence when they shoot and/or kill an individual.  This is primarily due to Qualified Immunity. It's long past due that we as a society reimagine policing. With Chauvin being a convicted murderer, that change can arrive sooner rather than later through the power of The People!Tupac's Interview with MTV: Listen to Tupac express his views on Race and Equality in an interview from 1995History of Qualified Immunity: When and why government officials were granted immunity that has allowed them to avoid civil liability and responsibility while on duty. History of Policing in America: The beginning of the Slave Patrols and its evolution into modern day law enforcement that disproportionately target Black and Brown people due to its historical roots. 

Gooooooooood whatever time it is where you are! We're back at ya after a short break with another episode! We're sorry this one isn't so fun, but hey, we all gotta learn something once in a while, even if that something sucks. Taylor tells us the story of Darrell Cannon, just one survivor of Jon Burge's Chicago police torture ring (yeah.) And Emily walks us through a bit of history on Slave Patrols, but finishes telling us about the inspiring, incredible woman Ida B. Wells.     

Was Derik Chauvin Part of the "Slave Patrol?" America must have a conversation on the history, purpose and practice of policing? Ben Jealous - Why the DOJ is crucial to police misconduct, federal police reforms, civil rights violations, and hate crimes. Attorney Debbie Hines - Final Thoughts on the Chauvin Trial.

Thom shares the reasons that he holds to hope despite what seems to be a never ending deluge of gun violence and police brutality. Callers become emotional over their sense of helplessness, however a Swedish listener rings in with a gleam of positivity.

American mass murders are a remnant of our slave patrols. RBG was right that Heller was wrongly decided and needs to be overturned. Is it finally time to get rid of the Second Amendment?

Is it so far fetched to believe that the tactics used by slave patrollers were also used by police officers of the 19th and 20th century? I hope not, because they were. In this second solo episode, I talk about the establishment of slave patrols, some of their methods, the "perks" they received, how they were recruited and from where, as well as how the same formation of slave patrols carried over into state militias, the first armed police departments, and eventually the ku klux klan. Do you disagree with this assessment? Don't care; it's well documented by many historians with better sources that yes, slave patrols were the first form if policing in the US, and they had the best perks for a job based on fear, intimidation, and violence. I even bring up the first unarmed shooting by a police officer in 1858. I bet you don't know the outcome of that officer....you probably do. The accountability, or lack thereof, started real early in our country. It's hard to break a habit that's been ingrained and protected by centuries of tradition. For further reading on this subject, might I suggest:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/85472/1/usappblog-2017-10-05-from-the-slave-codes-to-mike-brown-the-brutal.pdfhttps://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/slave-patrols-and-chokeholds-a-historic-look-at-police-brutality-and-racism-in-the-us

The Two Mamas and a Mustard Seed 12 Days of Restoration devotional is available now hereMarita Willis is the Chief Empowerment Officer at Hope Collaborative. Learn more about Hope Collaborative at hopeccd.orgMarita talked about an organization she has been involved with throughout the years, Cabbage Patch. You can learn more about this organization at cabbagepatch.orgMarita and her husband Bob grew up in the Park Hill neighborhood of Louisville. Learn more about this neighborhood at hereMarita’s son Rashaan died during a historic flood in Louisville in 1997. Read more in The Courier Journal’s article, 16-year-Old St. X Student Drowns after Minivan Goes into Creek, March 3, 1997  More information on The Floods of 1997 from Louisville MSD  Marita and her husband started a foundation in honor of their son. To date, the Team Shaan Foundation has raised more than $1 million that has been distributed throughout the community. Read more about the foundation here Marita talks about Louisville pediatrician Dr. Grace James. Read more about her in the article Remembering Groundbreaking Physician Dr. Grace Marilynn James, March 16, 2018, in Louisville MagazineMarita’s daughter had Sickle Cell Anemia. Read more about Sickle Cell here This episode’s civil rights hero was A. Philip Randolph. Read his full biography here 

The Two Mamas and a Mustard Seed 12 Days of Restoration devotional is available now hereMarita Willis is the Chief Empowerment Officer at Hope Collaborative. Learn more about Hope Collaborative at hopeccd.orgHope Collaborative mainly works with immigrants and refugees in Louisville. Read more about refugees and immigrants in Louisville in A Profile of the Foreign-Born in the Louisville Metropolitan Area, Prepared by the Urban Institute for the Louisville Metro Office for International Affairs  Marita speaks about modern police departments and how they started as slave patrols. Read this Time article, How the US Got Its Police Force, Time Magazine, May 18, 2017  Marita mentions a pastor named Tim. She is speaking about Tim Findley, a pastor at Kingdom Fellowship Christian Life Center in LouisvilleMarita mentions a pastor named Dave Stone. He is a retired senior pastor from Southeast Christian Church in Louisville

As police use private surveillance companies to track protesters and universities hire private forces, there's a danger that public records of police abuse could disappear.

From colonial times to the Civil War, policing meant oversight of slave societies. Those racist policies of the past have moved through time, codified in many ways into the present. Josie Duffy Rice is a journalist and president of The Appeal, a news publication that covers the criminal justice system. She joins host Krys Boyd to talk about why the idea of policing as we know it must be upended because it views “Black safety” as fundamentally separate from “white safety.” Her article in Vanity Fair is called “Abolition’s Promise.”

This week Brittany gives a crash course history lesson on policing in the United States. From the 18th century "Slave Patrols" to modern-day Police Departments, the oppression and brutality persists. TAKE ACTION: Email your State Senators in support of police reform and the Justice in Policing Act of 2020: https://support.naacp.org/a/police-reform-passes-house CONTACT: Reach out to the pod with feedback, critiques, discussion suggestions, or if you’re interested in joining Brittany on an episode! whiteandworkingonit.com Instagram: @WAWOIpodcast Twitter: @WAWOIpodcast Facebook: @WAWOIpodcast Email: whiteandworkingonit@gmail.com

We can't talk about American Police and not discuss the race. And with the invention of camera phones, we can no longer ignore that police are murdering countless amounts of Black people. To understand the tension and distrust of police by Black people, listen to the episode that uncovers the birth of American police and traces how police have evolved over time —Revealing the historical reasons why police are getting away with murder. With the current rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement in response to police brutality paired with the upcoming Presidental election, I invited special guest Will Cooper, writer, host, and executive producer of Politics In 60 seconds,  to talk about history and future of policing. We discuss things like:The origins of Police- Like where did this concept come fromThe relationship between police and Black bodiesWhat policing looks like todayHow you can use your vote to change policing in your neighborhoodDebate defund vs. abolishing policeWhere I get my info from:How the US Got its Police ForceNPR American PoliceHow racist policing took over American cities, explained by a historianFascination and Fear: Covering the Black PanthersFollow and SupportTo learn more about Toya, visit ToyaFromHarlem.com. Connect with Toya on Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedInWatch Will Cooper's  Politics in 60 Seconds IGTV series. Connect with Will  on Instagram, Twitter  and LinkedInVisit our website. Follow the podcast on Instagram , Twitter and Facebook and watch episodes on Youtube

The first in a series of discussions with experts on policing in America, I sit down with Emeritus Professor and Representative to the United Nations on the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Dr. Phil Reichel, to discuss the history of slave patrols, modern policing, and what makes the American criminal justice unique. 

THE SLAVE PATROLS,  THE BLACK CODES HAS MORPHED INTO YOUR LOCAL POLICE FORCES AND WHITE LYNCHED MOBS OF TODAY.

Tuesday on Police Pod Talk hear a 4 Part Series with Angel Dixon, from Crossing Color Lines, on the History of Policing, Black Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, Slave Patrols, DNA Trauma, Police Training, Systemic Racism, How and When to have the conversation with your kids about race, Hate Crime Bills, Stand-Your-Ground Laws and much more. Each part will leave you with a lot to think about along with ways each of us can start opening up the lines of communication towards the healing process for a better World.  

Tuesday on Police Pod Talk hear a 4 Part Series with Angel Dixon, from Crossing Color Lines, on the History of Policing, Black Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, Slave Patrols, DNA Trauma, Police Training, Systemic Racism, How and When to have the conversation with your kids about race, Hate Crime Bills, Stand-Your-Ground Laws and much more. Each part will leave you with a lot to think about along with ways each of us can start opening up the lines of communication towards the healing process for a better World.  

Tuesday on Police Pod Talk hear a 4 Part Series with Angel Dixon, from Crossing Color Lines, on the History of Policing, Black Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, Slave Patrols, DNA Trauma, Police Training, Systemic Racism, How and When to have the conversation with your kids about race, Hate Crime Bills, Stand-Your-Ground Laws and much more. Each part will leave you with a lot to think about along with ways each of us can start opening up the lines of communication towards the healing process for a better World.  

Tuesday on Police Pod Talk hear a 4 Part Series with Angel Dixon, from Crossing Color Lines, on the History of Policing, Black Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, Slave Patrols, DNA Trauma, Police Training, Systemic Racism, How and When to have the conversation with your kids about race, Hate Crime Bills, Stand-Your-Ground Laws and much more. Each part will leave you with a lot to think about along with ways each of us can start opening up the lines of communication towards the healing process for a better World.  

The history of policing comes from Slave Patrols and went to be an integral part of its vast use of violence against the masses! #BLM #HistoryofPolicing #PoliceBrutality July & August Shows: https://bit.ly/CitizenJul-Aug Written, Edited & Filmed by Krish Mohan Music: "Blue" by Old Game Download their album: https://oldgame.bandcamp.com DONATE: http://ramannoodlescomedy.com/donate Download my NEW album "Politely Angry": https://bit.ly/PolitelyAngry Download my album "Empathy On Sale": http://bit.ly/EmpathyOnSale-1 TOUR DATES: http://ramannoodlescomedy.com/shows/ Weekly Updates: http://bit.ly/WeeklyKrish Subscribe: http://eepurl.com/oOJ45 Interview Podcast: http://taboo-table-talk.libsyn.com FFON Podcast: http://ffonkrishmohan.libsyn.com MINDS: https://www.minds.com/KrishMohanHaha Thanks to our current Patrons: Adam & Swarna, Aiden, Lee & Eleanor, Eduardo, Gregory W., Gregg, Hayley, Jason, Joseph, Michael, Uli, Vickie, Jay, Kathryn, Zack, Amy, Bharat, Andrew S., Jay Jackson & Don!

The history of policing comes from Slave Patrols and went to be an integral part of its vast use of violence against the masses! #BLM #HistoryofPolicing #PoliceBrutality July & August Shows: https://bit.ly/CitizenJul-Aug Written, Edited & Filmed by Krish Mohan Music: "Blue" by Old Game Download their album: https://oldgame.bandcamp.com DONATE: http://ramannoodlescomedy.com/donate Download my NEW album "Politely Angry": https://bit.ly/PolitelyAngry Download my album "Empathy On Sale": http://bit.ly/EmpathyOnSale-1 TOUR DATES: http://ramannoodlescomedy.com/shows/ Weekly Updates: http://bit.ly/WeeklyKrish Subscribe: http://eepurl.com/oOJ45 Interview Podcast: http://taboo-table-talk.libsyn.com FFON Podcast: http://ffonkrishmohan.libsyn.com MINDS: https://www.minds.com/KrishMohanHaha Thanks to our current Patrons: Adam & Swarna, Aiden, Lee & Eleanor, Eduardo, Gregory W., Gregg, Hayley, Jason, Joseph, Michael, Uli, Vickie, Jay, Kathryn, Zack, Amy, Bharat, Andrew S., Jay Jackson & Don!

A conversation with Afro-Carolinian William Barnette about police violence, corporations, and their superficial changes to update their "values" and de-funding the police.

A conversation with Afro-Carolinian William Barnette about police violence, corporations, and their superficial changes to update their "values" and de-funding the police.

A conversation with Afro-Carolinian William Barnette about police violence, corporations, and their superficial changes to update their "values" and de-funding the police.

Ein Standpunkt von Hermann Ploppa. Auch nach dem Mord an dem US-Bürger George Floyd durch einen Angestellten der Polizeiwache von Minneapolis geht die Gewalt gegen Afroamerikaner unvermindert weiter. Insgesamt gesehen ist der augenblicklich in den USA tobende Bürgerkrieg eindeutig eine gewaltsame Reaktion auf das geschichtlich einmalige Regime, das seit Ausbrechen der Corona-Pandemie mit unerbittlicher Härte ausgeübt wird. Wenn über 20 Millionen Menschen in den USA in Folge der Pandemie von heute auf gestern ihren Arbeitsplatz verlieren und sie kaum nennenswerte Ersparnisse haben, dann sind solche Revolten die logische Folge. Und sie sind mit Gewissheit von den Herrschenden auch einkalkuliert worden. Dass dennoch die soziale Explosion sich an einem Rassenkonflikt entzündet hat, ist geradezu zwangsläufig. Denn bis auf den heutigen Tag sind die US-Bürger afrikanischen Ursprungs bei den Arbeitslosen, Armen und bei den Gefängnisinsassen überrepräsentiert. So sind sie auch jetzt bei den Corona-Infizierten überrepräsentiert. Sie sind ebenfalls bei den jetzt durch Corona arbeitslos Gewordenen überrepräsentiert. In einem Land, in dem zwölf US-Präsidenten Sklavenhalter waren, hat es lange gedauert, bis den Schwarzen wenigstens auf dem Papier die vollen Bürgerrechte zuerkannt wurden. Viele Institutionen der USA lassen sich nach wie vor auf die Sklaverei in den USA zurückführen. Auch die dezentral organisierten Polizeistationen, die Police Departments, begannen oftmals als Slave-Patrols. Also als Bürgermilizen, die entlaufene Sklaven wieder einfingen. Hinzukommt, dass unterschiedliche Völker im Laufe der Jahrhunderte nacheinander in die USA eingewandert sind und zunächst allesamt von den schon Ansässigen misstrauisch beäugt wurden. Diese neu Eingewanderten profilierten sich gerne, indem sie sich an Gewalt gegen Afroamerikaner aktiv beteiligten und auf diese Weise ein „Wir-Gefühl“ herstellten. ...sondern Teil des Krieges gegen Schwarze in den USA Den vollständigen STANDPUNKTE-Text (inkl ggf. Quellenhinweisen und Links) findet ihr hier: https://kenfm.de/der-mord-an-george-floyd-kein-einzelfall-%e2%80%a2-standpunkte/ Jetzt KenFM unterstützen: https://www.patreon.com/KenFMde https://de.tipeee.com/kenfm Dir gefällt unser Programm? Informationen zu weiteren Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten hier: https://kenfm.de/support/kenfm-unterstuetzen/ Du kannst uns auch mit Bitcoins unterstützen. BitCoin-Adresse: 18FpEnH1Dh83GXXGpRNqSoW5TL1z1PZgZK Abonniere jetzt den KenFM-Newsletter: https://kenfm.de/newsletter/ KenFM ist auch als kostenlose App für Android- und iOS-Geräte verfügbar! Über unsere Homepage kommst Du zu den Stores von Apple und Google. Hier der Link: https://kenfm.de/kenfm-app/ https://www.kenfm.de https://www.twitter.com/TeamKenFM https://www.instagram.com/kenfm.de/ https://www.youtube.com/KenFM https://soundcloud.com/ken-fm See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Chants, toppling statues, signs and singing fill the streets worldwide in response to the death of George Floyd and dozens of other African Americans at the hands of the American Police. Over the next few weeks, the 5 Podcast will be releasing the mini-series “After the protest”. Johanna Kinnock and Maria Brus Pedersen dive into some of the big questions raised by the current demonstrations with some of the leading experts and change-makers on the issue. For this episode they speak to Wendell Adjetey, assistant professor at McGill University, who helps them uncover the historic roots of police brutality towards black people in America. Here’s what to read if you want to learn more:The condition of black life is one of mourning, The New York Times The Underground Railroad, Colson Whitehead (Book) “Do not resist” and the crisis of police militarisation10 experts on how the George Floyd protests fit into American History, Time“Racism isn’t getting worse, it’s getting filmed”, Will Smith on the Late Show Finding 5 Website Instagram Facebook Twitter  

"Policing in southern slave-holding states had roots in slave patrols, squadrons made up of white volunteers empowered to use vigilante tactics to enforce laws related to slavery." - Beth Daley Editor and General Manager As we talk about police brutality and misconduct that comes from the people that are paid by the public to "protect and serve" the conversation now needs to turn to the origins of this organization. Stay connected with LOTUS X here: + Subscribe now! Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/watchlotusx/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/watchlotusx Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/watchlotusx About LOTUS X : Launched by Bennie “Poeticlee” Williams III, LOTUS X is a destination in cultural content for rebirthing your purpose to live. Focused on creatively curating content that is educational in life essentials, insightful towards relationship building, guidance through spiritual awakenings, and many expressions of various art. Topics LOTUS X covers include: Spirituality, marriage, climate change, civics, manhood, brotherhood, and many more.

Please join us Sunday as we discuss the Coronavirus and it's impact on Black communities. Not only are we expected to maintain our daily lives (stress, illness, family life, finances, and much more), we are expected to continue to endure the dehumanizing manner in which we are treated. The white supremacist powers that be demand that we turn a blind eye to the atrocities that are visited upon us daily with glad tidings, a dance for the occasion and a song on our lips. How long do they expect us to endure the suffering? Why do our so called leaders continue to fail us? Why are we asking or begging to be recognized as human beings deserving of fair treatment, equal rights, economic justice, social justice, and so much more? When are we going to not only say enoough is enough, but demonstrate that we aren't going to take the abuse anymore?

Join the R.A.G.E. podcast part 2 as we continue our conversation with co-founder of Black Lives Matter national chapter Dr.Melina Abudllah. Share!

This R.A.G.E. two part series deals with the recent killing that occurred in Aurora, Co. of a 23-year old unarmed and innocent Black man at the hands of the police. Listen in to our guest Dr.Melina Abdullah explain and expound upon both the problems and solutions to murder by police.

Thom Hartmann, often considered the most popular progressive radio host in America, invites us to an in-depth, historically informed discussion of one of the most controversial portions of the U.S. Constitution—the Second Amendment. Hartmann joined us at Town Hall with insight from his book The Hidden History of Guns and the Second Amendment to examine the brutal role guns have played in American history, from the genocide of the Native Americans to the enforcement of slavery (Slave Patrols are in fact the Second Amendment’s “well-regulated militias”) and the racist post-Civil War social order. He asserted that the NRA and conservative Supreme Court justices used specious logic to invent a virtually unlimited individual right to own guns, which has enabled the ever-growing number of mass shootings in the United States. Join Hartmann for an exploration of powerful, common sense solutions that have the potential to break the power of the gun lobby and restore the understanding of the Second Amendment that Hartmann asserted the Framers of the Constitution intended. Thom Hartmann is a progressive national and internationally syndicated talk show host whose shows are available in over a half-billion homes worldwide. He is the New York Times bestselling, 4-times Project Censored Award-winning author of 24 books in print in 17 languages on five continents. Leonardo DiCaprio was inspired by Thom’s book The Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight to make the movie The 11th Hour (in which Thom appears), and Warner Brothers is creating a film starring DiCaprio and Robert De Niro from the book Thom co-authored with Lamar Waldron, Legacy of Secrecy. Recorded live in The Great Hall at Town Hall Seattle on June 23, 2019. 

Did you know that a convicted killer can buy a gun legally in the United States? Did you know that the N.R.A. is lying to you about the 2nd Amendment? Did you know that the 2nd Amendment was initially created to protect "Slave Patrols" in the slave-owning south? In this powerful podcast, host Paul W. Slusher exposes the lies about gun control in the United States. From Donald Trump to Ted Nugent have misled the American public about the history of the Constitution and why guns are still not properly regulated to ensure that those who shouldn't have guns can't get buy them.

Get more episodes, and find links to over 200 VERIFIED & ORGANIZED Resource Links broken into 25 Categories to help you find anything you need for business, job growth, education, professional networks, financing, and of course, Buying from Black-Owned Businesses at buyblackpodcast.com. Host (Gerald Jones): gerald@buyblackpodcast.com 501-765-3998 Twitter, FB, IG @buyblackpodcast Traveling as a black person in the United States is and always has been a dangerous undertaking.  Over the centuries, different laws, practices were put into place to restrict African-Americans' freedom of movement, among many other basic human rights.  At the same time, industrious members of the community have created products, services, and solutions to overcome oppression and regain our freedom and dignity. In today's episode, I describe a brief timeline of events, legislative actions, judicial decisions, and entrepreneurial ventures that overview the history of traveling while black in the United States.  Be sure to check out the links below to multiple source documents referenced to develop this episode.  If you're interested in exploring this topic further, or want to recommend other topics for the show, email me at gjones@buyblackpodcast.com Reference Episode & Noirbnb Blog Post Buy Black Podcast Facebook Group Link - https://www.facebook.com/groups/153161585233467/ http://buyblackpodcast.libsyn.com/002-noirbnb http://noirbnb.com/noirbnb-the-history-of-the-green-book/ Origin and Implementation of Slave Patrols http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-policing http://time.com/4779112/police-history-origins/ Reconstruction Era and the Ku Klux Klan http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-kkk/ http://umich.edu/~lawrace/votetour4.htm Post-Reconstruction Era, Laying the Foundations for Jim Crow https://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_plessy.html The Great Migration & The Green Book https://eji.org/reports/online/lynching-in-america-targeting-black-veterans http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8302729261500500690685?migration=8&bhcp=1 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129827444 http://noirbnb.com/noirbnb-the-history-of-the-green-book/ 21st Century Black Traveling Problems & Solutions http://time.com/money/4144426/airbnb-racism-racist-harvard/ http://www.benedelman.org/publications/airbnb-guest-discrimination-2016-09-16.pdf http://www.huffingtonpost.com/victoria-yore/an-interracial-couple-airbnbwhileblack_b_9858468.html https://medium.com/stay-woke/i-read-about-this-phenomenon-of-black-people-being-rejected-on-airbnb-f36dd3ab0375 https://www.innclusive.com/ http://noirbnb.com

10 July 2017 - Today I was joined by all three of the new associates:  Michele LeSure, David Paquette & Joel Dent. They are all bringing new perspective and strengths to the show so I am reveling in the opportunity to showcase them. Will is still on vacation but he is back next week with, hopefully, some interesting stories to tell. Michele starts off the show with a brief introduction of herself and then her nomination for the Hopping Mad Lying Liar Lie of the Week - Donald Trump. He claims, in some truly twisted ways, to respect women but his actions show us what he really thinks. This week it was revealed that the women who are part of the White House staff, those who work most closely with the President, are paid far less than their male counterparts. Additionally, the Trump White House is far more male dominated than was the Obama White House. No surprise there but now we have evidence. I countered with Trump failing to mention or notice the only female astronaut in the room, Sandy Magnus, when he was signing an executive order establishing a related space commission and while thanking and commenting on the three male astronauts who were there. Trump not only does not value or hear women, he completely erases them.  David followed next with some information on healthcare and American exceptionalism. He introduced a concept called "duct taping" which is a single number which can be seen to encapsulate a wide variety of other seemingly unrelated elements. This, he explained, is why the CIA uses maternal morbidity as a CIA Fact Book statistic. I promise you, you are going to be depressed when you hear where the US falls in the ranking of maternal morbidity. I'm still on trade this week. I get into some detail on the upcoming NAFTA 2.0 negotiations and what you can expect to see there. Additionally, I touch on the brand new (spit in Trump's eye) in-principle trade agreement between Japan and the European Union. They call it, "Cars for Cheese" but this is going to be an enormous and, apparently, forward looking deal. It will take some time to negotiate but this is the first hard evidence that the world is reshaping its relationships into a new structure without either the US or the post-Brexit UK at the center. This really, really isn't a good thing for American business. Joel and Michele close out the show with a sobering discussion about the militarization of the police. Dr. Victor E. Kappeler, of Eastern Kentucky University, has a paper out called A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing, which ties the origins of modern police forces back to slave patrols. It's chilling. Joel and Michele make this concept present by tying it to the murder of Philando Castile and modern policing tactics and mindset. They also discuss the difference between a military action and a police action as well as why this is becoming an evermore gray area in the US. We do not have an interview this week so there is no Extra Mad. I expect all will be back to normal once Will is returns safe and sound. He is missed! Carrots! - Arliss

Listen to The Michael Imhotep Show, Thursday, July, 14th, 4pm-6pm EST (1pm-3pm PST) with host Michael Imhotep founder of The African History Network. 1) A new National Poll on Race Relations says they are at the lowest they have been in the Obama Administration.  2) Why is mainstream media ignoring the fact that most of Police Officers that are killed are killed by White men not African Americans?  3) President Obama tells the truth about Racial Bias at the Memorial Service for the Dallas Police Officers and draws backlash.  4) Five Times in History when Race Relations were worse than today.  5) Origins of Police Departments are rooted in Slave Patrols.  6) President Obama met with 40 Civil Rights Leaders, Black Lives Matters Activists, Police Officers and legislators.  We discussed what was covered.  CALL IN WITH Questions/Comments at 1-888-669-2281.  POST YOUR COMMENTS.  WE MAY READ THEM ON AIR.  Listen online at http://tunein.com/radio/Empowerment-Radio-Network-s199313/ or by downloading the "TuneIn Radio" app to your smartphone and search for "Empowerment Radio Network" or at www.AfricanHistoryNetwork.com for more info and podcasts.

Listen to The Michael Imhotep Show, Fri. Feb., 26th, 10pm-12midnight EST with host Michael Imhotep of The African History Network.  Listen online at http://tunein.com/radio/Empowerment-Radio-Network-s199313/ or by downloading the "TuneIn Radio" app to your smartphone and search for "Empowerment Radio Network" or at www.AfricanHistoryNetwork.com and click on “Radio Shows” at the top of the page for the podcasts.  1) Details on the fight between Apple and the U.S. Government to create a backdoor software to access encrypted information from a terrorist work phone.  This is deeper than most people think. 2) Dr. Gerald Horne talks about the relationship between modern day Police forces and the Slave Patrols.  3) When White suspects are treated better than Black Victims and the Kalamazoo Uber Driver.  4) Hillary Clinton was interrupted on Tuesday in South Carolina at a private fundraiser by a Black Lives Matter Activist about statements she made in 1996. https://www.facebook.com/events/1705142989728143/ DETROIT: FREE EVENT – Sat., Feb. 27th, 2016, 1pm-4pm at Nandi's, "Redistributing The Pain: How African Americans Fought Back Economically Using Cooperative Economics & Economic Boycotts" presentation & discussion with Michael Imhotep of founder of The African History Network and host of “The Michael Imhotep Show” at Nandi's Knowledge Cafe, 12511 Woodward Ave. Highland Pk, MI .  FREE EVENT - Donations Accepted, Visit www.AfricanHistoryNetwork.com for more information.