Podcast appearances and mentions of ann emerg med

Contributor: Taylor Lynch, MD Educational Pearls: How do we risk-stratify chest-pain patients? One option is the HEART score This score predicts a patient's 6-week risk of a major adverse cardiac event. Ex. Cath procedure, CABG, PCI, death H stands for History Ask 1) Was the patient diaphoretic? 2) Did they have nausea and/or vomiting? 3) Did the pain radiate down the right or left arm? 4) Was it exertional? Yes to one = one point. Two or more = two points. E stands for EKG One point for left ventricular hypertrophy, t-wave inversions, new bundle-branch blocks. No points for first degree AV block, benign early repolarization, or QT-prolongation Two points for ST-depression A stands for Age >65 gets two points 45-64 gets one point R stands for Risk factors Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, family history, smoking, previous MI, previous CABG, stroke, peripheral arterial disease 1-2 risk factors get 1 point More than two risk factors gets two points T stands for Troponin 1-3x upper limit of normal gets one point >3x upper limit of normal gets two points This gives you a score between zero and ten 0-3 points, patients have a ~2% chance of an adverse event These patients likely go home 4-6 points, patients have a ~20% chance of an adverse event These patients get admitted or expedited outpatient stress test/echo 7-10 points, patients have a ~60% chance of an adverse event Admit and call cardiology. These patients likely get catheterized References Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, Bosschaert MA, Mast EG, Mosterd A, Veldkamp RF, Wardeh AJ, Tio R, Braam R, Monnink SH, van Tooren R, Mast TP, van den Akker F, Cramer MJ, Poldervaart JM, Hoes AW, Doevendans PA. A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3;168(3):2153-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.255. Epub 2013 Mar 7. PMID: 23465250. Laureano-Phillips J, Robinson RD, Aryal S, Blair S, Wilson D, Boyd K, Schrader CD, Zenarosa NR, Wang H. HEART Score Risk Stratification of Low-Risk Chest Pain Patients in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;74(2):187-203. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.12.010. Epub 2019 Feb 2. PMID: 30718010. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/1752/heart-score-major-cardiac-events Summarized by Jeffrey Olson, MS4 | Edited by Jorge Chalit, OMS4 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/

About this Episode Episode 46 of “The 2 View” – Heat Stroke Tx, A New Virus, Oral Cephalosporins Vs Pyelo, Safe Discharges Segment 1A – Music Therapy In the ED Edited by Chaphalkar A. Music therapy eases pain and anxiety in the ED. Medscape. May 2, 2025. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/music-therapy-eases-pain-and-anxiety-emergency-department-2025a1000apm Episode 1. The 2 View. 2view.fireside.fm. Published January 11, 202. https://2view.fireside.fm/1 Segment 1B – Heat Stroke Guidelines Barletta JF, Palimeri TL, Toomy SA, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Treatment of Heat Stroke. Crit Care Med. 2025; 53(2):p e490-e500. https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/fulltext/2025/02000/societyofcriticalcaremedicineguidelinesfor.22.aspx Eifling KP, Gaudio FG, Dumke C, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2024 Update. Wildness Environ Med. 2024;35(1_suppl):112S-127S. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10806032241227924 Hawkins SC, David F. An Evidence-Based Guide to Heat Stress. Image. Raw Medicine. https://rawmedicine.org/episodes/f/episode-6-heat-emergencies-with-tod-schimelpfenig-and-tim-durkin Published July 1, 2018. Segment 2A – Cephalosporins for Outpatient Treatment of Pyelonephritis Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber, KG, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Inf Dis. 2011;52(5):e103-120. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/52/5/e103/388285 Koehl J, Spolsdoff D, Negaard B, et al. Cephalosporins for Outpatient Pyelonephritis in the Emergency Department: COPY-ED Study. Ann Emerg Med. 2025;85(3):240-248. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(24)01140-5/abstract Segment 2B - Ouropouche Virus Clinical Overview of Oropouche Virus Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 8, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/oropouche/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html Glatter RD, Sader Neves Ferreira J. Why Is Oropouche Spreading so Fast? Medscape. May 19, 2025. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/why-oropouche-spreading-so-fast-2025a1000cgb Segment 3 - Discharging Patients Safe Discharge From The Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(5):e95. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(19)30622-5/abstract Ward, M. When And How Should Clinicians View Discharge Planning as Part of a Patient's Care Continuum? AMA J Ethics. 2023;25(12):e866-872. https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/when-and-how-should-clinicians-view-discharge-planning-part-patients-care-continuum/2023-12 Some Points to Consider Before Discharging a Patient, from Mike and Martha: History / Physical • Abnormal vital signs – treated/explained • Timely repeat vital signs relative to discharge • Addressed all concerns raised in your history-taking and nursing notes • Pertinent history & exam positives/negatives Diagnostics / Decision-Making • Reviewed all diagnostics ordered • Documented abnormalities, explained their significance, & directed follow-up • Adequately considered differential diagnosis • Even in a non-acute setting, adequately ruled out life/limb/organ threats • Appropriately documented communication with staff, consultants, pt's family • Documented patient declining any diagnostics/treatment and their reasons • Documented any reasonable attempts at an alternative plan • Documented assessment of pt's capacity to make informed medical decisions General Documentation • Reviewed “smart phrases” word-for-word to ensure they apply to this pt • Documented use of language services in accordance with institution policies • Documented all appropriate diagnoses (including abnormal vital signs and abnormal diagnostics as appropriate) Discharge Plan • A discharge plan that make sense for this patient, including taking social determinants of health into consideration • Patient can reasonably attend follow-up visits • Follow-up timeframe is appropriate for patient • Patient can afford or obtain essential medications and treatments • Discharge instructions and return precautions, especially for high-risk issues (chest/abdo pain, wounds, infections, fx, splints/casts, controlleds)? Recurring Sources Center for Medical Education. http://ccme.org The Proceduralist. http://www.theproceduralist.org The Procedural Pause. https://journals.lww.com/em-news/blog/theproceduralpause/pages/default.aspx The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine. http://www.thesgem.com Be sure to keep tuning in for more great prizes and fun trivia questions! Once you hear the question, please email us your guesses at 2viewcast@gmail.com and tell us who you want to give a shout-out to.

Reference: Muldowney et al. A Comparison of Ketamine to Midazolam for the Management of Acute Behavioral Disturbance in the Out-of-Hospital Setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2025  Date: April 24, 2025 Guest Skeptic: Dr. Howie Mell received his Medical Doctorate (MD) from the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine at Rockford. Prior to that, he […] The post SGEM#473: Did You Ever Have To Make Up Your Mind – Midazolam or Ketamine for Acute Agitation in the Pre-Hospital Setting first appeared on The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine.

This is the next episode of our Push Dose Pearls miniseries with ED Clinical Pharmacist, Chris Adams. In this ongoing series we'll dig into some of the questions we all have about medications we commonly see and use in the ED. In this epsidoe, we unpack the complexities of anticoagulation reversal in the emergency department - It's not just about vitamin K anymore! Tune in as we explore the key reversal agents, when and why to use them, how fast they work, and the risks that come with turning off anticoagulation. From bleeding emergencies to stroke prevention, this quick dive offers practical pearls for navigating the coagulation cascade in real time. Have you had a bad GI bleed or intracranial hemorrhage in a patient on thinners?. Share your story with us on social media or at ucdavisem.com. Hosts: Dr. Julia Magaña, Professor of Pediatric Emergency Medicine at UC Davis Dr. Sarah Medeiros, Professor of Emergency Medicine at UC Davis Guests: Christopher Adams, PharmD, Emergency Department Senior Clinical Pharmacist and former Assistant Professor at UC Davis Resources: Baugh CW, Levine M, Cornutt D, et al. Anticoagulant Reversal Strategies in the Emergency Department Setting: Recommendations of a Multidisciplinary Expert Panel. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;76(4):470-485. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.09.001. Epub 2019 Nov 13. PMID: 31732375; PMCID: PMC7393606. ACEP Point of Care Tools: Anticoagulation Reversal. **** Thank you to the UC Davis Department of Emergency Medicine for supporting this podcast and to Orlando Magaña at OM Productions for audio production services.

Recognition and Management of Complications Following Gender Affirming Surgery Co-Host: Laura Douglass, MD Outline: Segment #1 Topic: Why is this important for ALL urologists to know? Segment #2 Topic: Introduction to Gender Affirming Surgery (GAS) Segment #3 Topic: Emergency/ED consultations vs. Outpatient/clinic consultations Resources: - Hanley K, Wittenberg H, Gurjala D, Safir MH, Chen EH. Caring for Transgender Patients: Complications of Gender-Affirming Genital Surgeries. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Sep;78(3):409-415. - Krakowsky Y, Shah G, Nguyen AV, Kavanagh AG, Potter E, Remondini T, Goldsher YW, Millman A. Gender-affirming care in urology: emergency care of the gender-affirming surgical patient-what the primary urologist needs to know. BJU Int. 2024 Feb;133(2):124-131. doi: 10.1111/bju.16249. Epub 2023 Dec 14. PMID: 38060336. - Mann RA, Kasabwala K, Kim N, Pariser JJ. The Management of Complications of Feminizing Gender Affirming Genital Surgery. Urology. 2021 Jun;152:67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.01.031. Epub 2021 Jan 23. PMID: 33493512. - Maffucci F, Clark J, Jun M, Douglass L. A Urologist's Guide to Caring for Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients. Urol Clin North Am. 2023 Nov;50(4):577-585. doi: 10.1016/j.ucl.2023.06.020. Epub 2023 Aug 9. PMID: 37775216. - Nikolavsky D, Hughes M, Zhao LC. Urologic Complications After Phalloplasty or Metoidioplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 2018 Jul;45(3):425-435. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.013. PMID: 29908632.

Contributor: Ricky Dhaliwal, MD Educational Pearls:  Ketorolac and ibuprofen are NSAIDs with equivalent efficacy for pain in the emergency department Oral ibuprofen provides the same relief as intramuscular ketorolac IM ketorolac is associated with the adverse effect of a painful injection IM ketorolac is slightly faster in onset but not significant Studies have assessed the two medications in head-to-head randomized-controlled trials and found no significant difference in pain scores IM ketorolac takes longer to administer and has a higher cost Ketorolac dosing Commonly given in 10 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg doses However, higher doses are associated with more adverse effects Gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and bleeding risk Studies have demonstrated equal efficacy in pain reduction with lower doses References Motov S, Yasavolian M, Likourezos A, et al. Comparison of Intravenous Ketorolac at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(2):177-184. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.10.014 Neighbor ML, Puntillo KA. Intramuscular ketorolac vs oral ibuprofen in emergency department patients with acute pain. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(2):118-122. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02595.x Summarized & Edited by Jorge Chalit, OMS3 Donate: https://emergencymedicalminute.org/donate/  

Welcome to Episode 40 – the BIG 4-0!! – of “The 2 View,” the podcast for EM and urgent care nurse practitioners and physician assistants! Show Notes for Episode 40 of “The 2 View” – ST-segment elevation MI to occlusion MI, recurrent uncomplicated UTIs in Women, stercoral colitis in the emergency department, an interview with Dr. Ken Milne, and more. Segment 1 – ST-segment elevation MI to occlusion MI, corneal abrasions, and recurrent uncomplicated UTIs in women Green SM, Tomaszewski C, Valente JH, Lo B, Milne K. Use of Topical Anesthetics in the Management of Patients With Simple Corneal Abrasions: Consensus Guidelines From the American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. Annals of Emergency Medicine: An International Journal. Published May 2024. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(24)00004-0/fulltext McLaren J, de Alencar JN, Aslanger EK, Meyers HP, Smith SW. From ST-Segment Elevation MI to Occlusion MI: The New Paradigm Shift in Acute Myocardial Infarction. JACC Adv. JACC Journals. Published November 2024. https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101314 Morgenstern J. More medical dogma: The “golden period” for laceration repair. First10EM. Published October 24, 2022. https://first10em.com/more-medical-dogma-the-golden-period-for-laceration-repair/ Recurrent Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: AUA/CUA/SUFU Guideline (2022) - American urological association. Auanet.org. Published 2019, Reviewed and Validity Confirmed 2022. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/recurrent-uti Segment 2 – Stercoral colitis in the emergency department Bae E, Tran J, Shah K. Stercoral colitis in the emergency department: a review of the literature. Int J Emerg Med. Published January 2 2024. https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12245-023-00578-x Hoverstadt MDP. International journal of emergency medicine. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/ International Journal of Emergency Medicine. BioMed Central. https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/ Keim AA, Campbell RL, Mullan AF, et al. Stercoral Colitis in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Review of Presentation, Management, and Outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. Annals of Emergency Medicine: An International Journal. Published July 2023. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(23)00098-7/abstract Segment 3 – Interview with Dr. Ken Milne Milne K. SGEM#457: Inhale – Nebulized or IV Ketamine for Acute Pain? The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine - Meet 'em, greet 'em, treat 'em and street 'em. Published October 19, 2024. https://thesgem.com/2024/10/sgem457-inhale-nebulized-or-iv-ketamine-for-acute-pain/ Recurring Sources Center for Medical Education. Ccme.org. http://ccme.org The Proceduralist. Theproceduralist.org. http://www.theproceduralist.org The Procedural Pause. Emergency Medicine News. Lww.com. https://journals.lww.com/em-news/blog/theproceduralpause/pages/default.aspx The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine. Thesgem.com. http://www.thesgem.com Trivia Question: Send answers to 2viewcast@gmail.com Be sure to keep tuning in for more great prizes and fun trivia questions! Once you hear the question, please email us your guesses at 2viewcast@gmail.com and tell us who you want to give a shout-out to. Be sure to listen in and see what we have to share!

Welcome to Episode 37 of “The 2 View,” the podcast for EM and urgent care nurse practitioners and physician assistants! Show Notes for Episode 37 of “The 2 View” – Pitfalls in Managing Pain in the ED with Sergey M. Motov, MD, FAAEM. Segment 1 Bachhuber MA, Hennessy S, Cunningham CO, Starrels JL. Increasing Benzodiazepine Prescriptions and Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1996-2013. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(4):686-688. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303061. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26890165/ Bijur PE, Kenny MK, Gallagher EJ. Intravenous morphine at 0.1 mg/kg is not effective for controlling severe acute pain in the majority of patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46(4):362-367. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.03.010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16187470/ Evoy KE, Covvey JR, Peckham AM, Ochs L, Hultgren KE. Reports of gabapentin and pregabalin abuse, misuse, dependence, or overdose: An analysis of the Food And Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS). Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):953-958. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303196/ Kim HS, McCarthy DM, Hoppe JA, Mark Courtney D, Lambert BL. Emergency Department Provider Perspectives on Benzodiazepine-Opioid Coprescribing: A Qualitative Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(1):15-24. doi:10.1111/acem.13273. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28791786/ Li Y, Delcher C, Wei YJ, et al. Risk of Opioid Overdose Associated With Concomitant Use of Opioids and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108(1):81-89. doi:10.1002/cpt.1807. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32022906/ Peckham AM, Evoy KE, Covvey JR, Ochs L, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. Predictors of Gabapentin Overuse With or Without Concomitant Opioids in a Commercially Insured U.S. Population. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(4):436-443. doi:10.1002/phar.2096. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29484686/ Smith RV, Havens JR, Walsh SL. Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Addiction. 2016;111(7):1160-1174. doi:10.1111/add.13324. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265421/ Suvada K, Zimmer A, Soodalter J, Malik JS, Kavalieratos D, Ali MK. Coprescribing of opioids and high-risk medications in the USA: a cross-sectional study with data from national ambulatory and emergency department settings. BMJ Open. 2022;12(6):e057588. Published 2022 Jun 16. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057588. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35710252/ Segment 2 Caplan M, Friedman BW, Siebert J, et al. Use of clinical phenotypes to characterize emergency department patients administered intravenous opioids for acute pain. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2023;10(3):327-332. doi:10.15441/ceem.23.018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37092185/ Connors NJ, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Motov S, Kim HK. Relative addictive potential of opioid analgesic agents. Pain Manag. 2021;11(2):201-215. doi:10.2217/pmt-2020-0048. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33300384/ Fassassi C, Dove D, Davis A, et al. Analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate immediate release vs. oxycodone/acetaminophen for acute pain in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:579-584. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.034. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33341323/ Irizarry E, Cho R, Williams A, et al. Frequency of Persistent Opioid Use 6 Months After Exposure to IV Opioids in the Emergency Department: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Emerg Med. Published online March 14, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2024.03.018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38821847/ Sapkota A, Takematsu M, Adewunmi V, Gupta C, Williams AR, Friedman BW. Oxycodone induced euphoria in ED patients with acute musculoskeletal pain. A secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;53:240-244. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35085877/ Wightman R, Perrone J, Portelli I, Nelson L. Likeability and abuse liability of commonly prescribed opioids. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8(4):335-340. doi:10.1007/s13181-012-0263-x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22992943/ Segment 3 Anshus AJ, Oswald J. Erector spinae plane block: a new option for managing acute axial low back pain in the emergency department. Pain Manag. 2021;11(6):631-637. doi:10.2217/pmt-2021-0004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34102865/ Chauhan G, Burke H, Srinivasan SK, Upadhyay A. Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Block for Refractory Abdominal Pain Due to Acute on Chronic Pancreatitis. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31817. Published 2022 Nov 23. doi:10.7759/cureus.31817. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36579238/ Dove D, Fassassi C, Davis A, et al. Comparison of Nebulized Ketamine at Three Different Dosing Regimens for Treating Painful Conditions in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(6):779-787. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.04.031. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34226073/ Elkoundi A, Eloukkal Z, Bensghir M, Belyamani L, Lalaoui SJ. Erector Spinae Plane Block for Hyperalgesic Acute Pancreatitis. Pain Med. 2019;20(5):1055-1056. doi:10.1093/pm/pny232. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30476275/ Finneran Iv JJ, Gabriel RA, Swisher MW, Berndtson AE, Godat LN, Costantini TW, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous intercostal nerve cryoneurolysis for analgesia following traumatic rib fracture -a case series. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020 Oct;73(5):455-459. doi: 10.4097/kja.19395. Epub 2019 Nov 5. PMID: 31684715; PMCID: PMC7533180. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7533180/ Finneran JJ, Swisher MW, Gabriel RA, et al. Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Cryoneurolysis for Analgesia in Patients With Burns. J Burn Care Res. 2020;41(1):224-227. doi:10.1093/jbcr/irz192. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31714578/ Gabriel RA, Finneran JJ, Asokan D, Trescot AM, Sandhu NS, Ilfeld BM. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for Acute Pain Management: A Case Report. A A Case Rep. 2017;9(5):129-132. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000546. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509777/ Herring AA, Stone MB, Nagdev AD. Ultrasound-guided abdominal wall nerve blocks in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(5):759-764. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.03.008. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21570238/ Kampan S, Thong-On K, Sri-On J. A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial comparing nebulized ketamine to intravenous morphine for older adults in the emergency department with acute musculoskeletal pain. Age Ageing. 2024;53(1):afad255. doi:10.1093/ageing/afad255. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38251742/ Mahmoud S, Miraflor E, Martin D, Mantuani D, Luftig J, Nagdev AD. Ultrasound-guided transverse abdominis plane block for ED appendicitis pain control. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(4):740-743. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30718116/ McCahill RJ, Nagle C, Clarke P. Use of Virtual Reality for minor procedures in the Emergency Department: A scoping review. Australas Emerg Care. 2021;24(3):174-178. doi:10.1016/j.auec.2020.06.006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32718907/ Nguyen T, Mai M, Choudhary A, et al. Comparison of Nebulized Ketamine to Intravenous Subdissociative Dose Ketamine for Treating Acute Painful Conditions in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. Published online May 2, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.03.024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38703175/ Sikka N, Shu L, Ritchie B, Amdur RL, Pourmand A. Virtual Reality-Assisted Pain, Anxiety, and Anger Management in the Emergency Department. Telemed J E Health. 2019;25(12):1207-1215. doi:10.1089/tmj.2018.0273. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30785860/ Recurring Sources Center for Medical Education. Ccme.org. http://ccme.org The Proceduralist. Theproceduralist.org. http://www.theproceduralist.org The Procedural Pause. Emergency Medicine News. Lww.com. https://journals.lww.com/em-news/blog/theproceduralpause/pages/default.aspx The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine. Thesgem.com. http://www.thesgem.com Trivia Question: Send answers to 2viewcast@gmail.com Be sure to keep tuning in for more great prizes and fun trivia questions! Once you hear the question, please email us your guesses at 2viewcast@gmail.com and tell us who you want to give a shout-out to. Be sure to listen in and see what we have to share!

Reference: Knack et al. Early Physician Gestalt Versus Usual Screening Tools for the Prediction of Sepsis in Critically Ill Emergency Patients. Ann Emerg Med 2024 Date: July 25, 2024 Guest Skeptic: Dr. Justin Morgenstern is an emergency physician and the creator of the #FOAMed project called www.First10EM.com Case: Your hospital is running Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) […] The post SGEM#448: More than A Feeling – Gestalt vs CDT for Predicting Sepsis first appeared on The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine.

LISTENER DISCRETION IS ADVISED References: Band RA, Salhi RA, Holena DN, Powell E, Branas CC, Carr BG. Severity-adjusted mortality in trauma patients transported by police. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):608-614.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.11.008. Epub 2014 Jan 2. PMID: 24387925; PMCID: PMC5912155. Inaba K, Jurkovich GJ. Police Transport for Penetrating Trauma-Lessons From Patients in Philadelphia. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2035122. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35122. PMID: 3349Time 2370. Maher, et. Al. (2021). Police transport of Firearm-Injured patients- more often and more injured. Journal of Acute Care Surgery. PMID 34108420 Winter, et al. (2021). Association of Police Transport with Survival Among Patients With Penetrating Trauma in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. JAMA Open Network. PMID 33492375 Winter E, Byrne JP, Hynes AM, Geng Z, Seamon MJ, Holena DN, Malhotra NR, Cannon JW. Coming in hot: Police transport and prehospital time after firearm injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022 Nov 1;93(5):656-663. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000003689. Epub 2022 May 20. PMID: 36282621.

Description:There is evidence that clinician experience with intubation is associated with improved success rates and evidence that missed intubation attempts are associated with worse survival, at least in cardiac arrest. The recent Airway EBG paper recommends EMS agencies with low intubation proficiency should use SGAs instead of intubation in cardiac arrest. This all begs the question of whether agencies who intubate more often have higher success rates than those who do not. That's exactly the question a new paper from Annals of Emergency Medicine attempts to answer. Join Dr. Jarvis for a discussion of the paper and his thoughts on how to integrate its findings into practice.Citations:1.        Jarvis JL, Panchal AR, Lyng JW, Bosson N, Donofrio-Odmann JJ, Braude DA, Browne LR, Arinder M, Bolleter S, Gross T, et al.: Evidence-Based Guideline for Prehospital Airway Management. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2024;28(4):545–57.2.        Murphy DL, Bulger NE, Harrington BM, Skerchak JA, Counts CR, Latimer AJ, Yang BY, Maynard C, Rea TD, Sayre MR: Fewer Tracheal Intubation Attempts are Associated with Improved Neurologically Intact Survival Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Resuscitation. 2021;July 13;167(Oct 2021):289–96.3.        Crewdson K, Lockey DJ, Røislien J, Lossius HM, Rehn M: The success of pre-hospital tracheal intubation by different pre-hospital providers: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2017;December;21(1):31.4.        Thomas J, Crowe R, Schulz K, Wang HE, De Oliveira Otto MC, Karfunkle B, Boerwinkle E, Huebinger R: Association Between Emergency Medical Service Agency Intubation Rate and Intubation Success. Ann Emerg Med. Published online: January 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.11.005 (Epub ahead of print).5.        Carlson JN, De Lorenzo R: Does Practice Make Perfect, or Is There More to Consider? Ann Emerg Med. Published online: January 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.04.019 (Epub ahead of print).

Alex and Venk talk through the medicolegal aspects of practicing emergency medicine with emergency physician and attorney, Dr. Rachel Lindor. She is previous chair of research for Mayo Clinic Emergency Medicine in Scottsdale Arizona and holds both MD & JD degrees. She outlines how the most commonly litigated conditions (MI, orthopedics etc) still only accounts for about 1/5 of medicolegal cases in the United States and the importance of certain key behaviors in our practice to maintaining legal safety. Check it out!   CONTACTS X - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda YouTube - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda Instagram – @AlwaysOnEM; @Venk_like_vancomycin; @ASFinch Email - AlwaysOnEM@gmail.com   REFERENCES & LINKS Heaton HA, Campbell RL, Thompson KM, Sadosty AT. In support of the medical apology: the nonlegal arguments. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016. 51(5)605-609 Gallagher TH, Waterman AD, Ebers AG, Fraser VJ, Levinson W. Patients' and Physicians' attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors. JAMA 2003;289:1001-7 Carlson JN, et al. Provider and Practice Factors associated with emergency physicians being named in a malpractice claim. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71:157-164 Sachs. Malpractice claims: It's a crapshoot-Time to stop the self-blame and ask different questions. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71(2):165-167 Weinstock & Jolliff.  High-Risk Medicolegal Conditions in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 39(2021) 479-491 Selbst, et al. Epidemiology and etiology of malpractice lawsuits involving children in US emergency departments and urgent care centers.  Pediatr. Emerg Care. 2005 Mar;21(3):165-9 Wong, et al. Emergency Department and Urgent Care Malpractice Claims 2001-2015. West JEM. 2021. 22(2): 333-8  

Pedro Magno, Luisa Sousa e Caio Bastos falam de 4 clinicagens sobre magnésio: 1. Como investigar hipomagnesemia? 2. Magnésio e outros eletrólitos 3. Quando repor? 4. Como repor? Referências: 1. Zipursky, Jonathan et al. “Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization with hypomagnesemia: a population-based case-control study.” PLoS medicine vol. 11,9 e1001736. 30 Sep. 2014, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001736 2. Cheungpasitporn, Wisit et al. “Hospital-Acquired Dysmagnesemia and In-Hospital Mortality.” Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 8,3 37. 1 Sep. 2020, doi:10.3390/medsci8030037 3. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8951):669-685. 4. Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial Investigators. Early administration of intravenous magnesium to high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9341):1189-1196. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11278-5 5. Ray S, Park KW. Movement Disorders and Other Neurologic Impairment Associated With Hypomagnesemia: A Systematic Review. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023;13(6):e200202. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200202 6. De las Peñas R, Escobar Y, Henao F, Blasco A, Rodríguez CA; Spanish Society for Medical Oncology. SEOM guidelines on hydroelectrolytic disorders. Clin Transl Oncol. 2014;16(12):1051-1059. doi:10.1007/s12094-014-1234-2 7. Spichler A, Athanazio DA, Furtado J, Seguro A, Vinetz JM. Case report: severe, symptomatic hypomagnesemia in acute leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79(6):915-917. 8. Porath A, Mosseri M, Harman I, Ovsyshcher I, Keynan A. Dead Sea water poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18(2):187-191. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80112-x 9. Wacker WE, Parisi AF. Magnesium metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1968;278(12):658-663. doi:10.1056/NEJM196803212781205

Description: Let's say you were looking for a safe and effective BLS option for analgesia. Something other than oral acetaminophen or ibuprofen. You want the Green Whistle (methoxyflourane) but you can't get the Green Whistle (thanks FDA!). How about sub-dissociative ketamine by nebulizer? Sounds great, but you're worried about your colleagues getting stoned, aren't you? Admit it, you are. Fortunately, there are breath actuated nebulizers. Maybe those things will work? Dr Jarvis reviews a recent paper that compares the effectiveness of nebulized ketamine compared with IV ketamine. And he gives a quick review of some other papers that paved the way for this one. Citations:1. Nguyen T, Mai M, Choudhary A, Gitelman S, Drapkin J, Likourezos A, Kabariti S, Hossain R, Kun K, Gohel A, et al.: Comparison of Nebulized Ketamine to Intravenous Subdissociative Dose Ketamine for Treating Acute Painful Conditions in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Controlled Trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. (2024) May 2.2. Motov S, Mai M, Pushkar I, Likourezos A, Drapkin J, Yasavolian M, Brady J, Homel P, Fromm C: A prospective randomized, double-dummy trial comparing IV push low dose ketamine to short infusion of low dose ketamine for treatment of pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;August;35(8):1095–100.3. Motov S, Rockoff B, Cohen V, Pushkar I, Likourezos A, McKay C, Soleyman-Zomalan E, Homel P, Terentiev V, Fromm C: Intravenous Subdissociative-Dose Ketamine Versus Morphine for Analgesia in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;September;66(3):222-229.e1.4. Motov S, Yasavolian M, Likourezos A, Pushkar I, Hossain R, Drapkin J, Cohen V, Filk N, Smith A, Huang F, et al.: Comparison of Intravenous Ketorolac at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;August;70(2):177–84.5.Dove D, Fassassi C, Davis A, Drapkin J, Butt M, Hossain R, Kabariti S, Likourezos A, Gohel A, Favale P, et al.: Comparison of Nebulized Ketamine at Three Different Dosing Regimens for Treating Painful Conditions in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2021;December;78(6):779–87.6.Patrick C, Smith M, Rafique Z, Rogers Keene K, De La Rosa X: Nebulized Ketamine for Analgesia in the Prehospital Setting: A Case Series. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2023;February 17;27(2):269–74. FAST24 | June 10 - 12, 2024 | Wilmington, North CarolinaFAST24 is our annual conference for pre-hospital and critical care transport professionals, including nurses, paramedics, and other disciplines. It features engaging workshops, talks by industry leaders, and focused sessions on air and surface critical care transport medicine. The event also offers a unique vendor experience, special guest appearances from notable talent in the industry, catered lunches, as well as relaxing and entertaining networking and social opportunities. Tickets are limited so don't wait! Visit fbefast.com for more information.

Welcome to Episode 35 of “The 2 View,” the podcast for EM and urgent care nurse practitioners and physician assistants! Show Notes for Episode 35 of “The 2 View” – the spring editorial edition! POCUS in the ED for Cholecystitis March 2024: Annals of Emergency Medicine. SoundCloud. Published January 2022. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://soundcloud.com/annalsofem/march-2024 The Center for Medical Education. Upper Abdominal Disorders | The EM Boot Camp Course. YouTube. Published July 12, 2022. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESxRdeEYeHk Wilson SJ, Thavanathan R, Cheng W, et al. Test Characteristics of Emergency Medicine-Performed Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. Published October 18, 2023. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(23)01214-3/abstract PECARN Validation Holmes JF, Yen K, Ugalde IT, et al. PECARN prediction rules for CT imaging of children presenting to the emergency department with blunt abdominal or minor head trauma: a multicentre prospective validation study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. PubMed. NIH: National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Published May 2024. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38609287/ PECARN Pediatric Head Injury/Trauma Algorithm. MDCalc. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/589/pecarn-pediatric-head-injury-trauma-algorithm PECARN Pediatric Intra-abdominal injury (IAI) algorithm. MDCalc. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/3971/pecarn-pediatric-intra-abdominal-injury-iai-algorithm PECARN Spotlight: Tools Validated. EM Pulse PodcastTM. EM Pulse PodcastTM - Bringing research and expert opinion to the bedside. Published April 18, 2024. Accessed May 2, 2024. https://ucdavisem.com/2024/04/18/pecarn-spotlight-tools-validated/ Recurring Sources Center for Medical Education. Ccme.org. http://ccme.org The Proceduralist. Theproceduralist.org. http://www.theproceduralist.org The Procedural Pause. Emergency Medicine News. Lww.com. https://journals.lww.com/em-news/blog/theproceduralpause/pages/default.aspx The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine. Thesgem.com. http://www.thesgem.com Trivia Question: Send answers to 2viewcast@gmail.com Be sure to keep tuning in for more great prizes and fun trivia questions! Once you hear the question, please email us your guesses at 2viewcast@gmail.com and tell us who you want to give a shout-out to. Be sure to listen in and see what we have to share!

Thomas Conlon, MD is a pediatric intensivist at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, where he also serves as the Director of Pediatric Critical Care Ultrasound. His professional/research interests include clinical and educational outcomes in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound as well as programmatic ultrasound implementation.Sarah Ginsburg, MD is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Texas Southwestern and pediatric intensivist at Children's Medical Center Dallas. Her professional & research interests include clinical applications of POCUS in the PICU. She is very active both locally and nationally in improving POCUS skills for pediatric intensivists, including participating in Pediatric Research Collaborative on Critical Ultrasound, a subgroup of PALISI.Learning Objectives:By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to:Identify the limitations of the physical exam and lab-based data in evaluating shock at the bedside of critically ill children.Describe how point-of-care ultrasound might provide greater accuracy in our evaluation of complex shock physiology.Discuss limitations to our ability as critical care physicians to use point-of-care ultrasound in our clinical practice and suggest solutions to overcome commonly encountered barriers.References:Lu et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Children: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023 Mar;36(3):265-277. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.11.010. Epub 2023 Jan 23. PMID: 36697294.Walker et al. Clinical Signs to Categorize Shock and Target Vasoactive Medications in Warm Versus Cold Pediatric Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Dec;21(12):1051-1058. Conlon et al. Diagnostic Bedside Ultrasound Program Development in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: Results of a National Survey. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Nov;19(11):e561-e568.Ultrasound Guidelines: Emergency, Point-of-Care, and Clinical Ultrasound Guidelines in Medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2023 Sep;82(3):e115-e155. Conlon et al. Establishing a risk assessment framework for point-of-care ultrasound. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 Apr;181(4):1449-1457. https://coreultrasound.com/ https://coreultrasound.com/5ms/ https://www.youtube.com/@perccus How to support PedsCrit:Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit. Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at pedscritpodcast@gmail.com. Check out http://www.pedscrit.com for detailed show notes. And visit @critpeds on twitter and @pedscrit on instagram for real time show updates.Support the show

Thomas Conlon, MD is a pediatric intensivist at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, where he also serves as the Director of Pediatric Critical Care Ultrasound. His professional/research interests include clinical and educational outcomes in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound as well as programmatic ultrasound implementation.Sarah Ginsburg, MD is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Texas Southwestern and pediatric intensivist at Children's Medical Center Dallas. Her professional & research interests include clinical applications of POCUS in the PICU. She is very active both locally and nationally in improving POCUS skills for pediatric intensivists, including participating in Pediatric Research Collaborative on Critical Ultrasound, a subgroup of PALISI.Learning Objectives:By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to:Identify the limitations of the physical exam and lab-based data in evaluating shock at the bedside of critically ill children.Describe how point-of-care ultrasound might provide greater accuracy in our evaluation of complex shock physiology.Discuss limitations to our ability as critical care physicians to use point-of-care ultrasound in our clinical practice and suggest solutions to overcome commonly encountered barriers.References:Lu et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Children: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023 Mar;36(3):265-277. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.11.010. Epub 2023 Jan 23. PMID: 36697294.Walker et al. Clinical Signs to Categorize Shock and Target Vasoactive Medications in Warm Versus Cold Pediatric Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Dec;21(12):1051-1058. Conlon et al. Diagnostic Bedside Ultrasound Program Development in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: Results of a National Survey. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Nov;19(11):e561-e568.Ultrasound Guidelines: Emergency, Point-of-Care, and Clinical Ultrasound Guidelines in Medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2023 Sep;82(3):e115-e155. Conlon et al. Establishing a risk assessment framework for point-of-care ultrasound. Eur J Pediatr. 2022 Apr;181(4):1449-1457. https://coreultrasound.com/ https://coreultrasound.com/5ms/ https://www.youtube.com/@perccus How to support PedsCrit:Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit. Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at pedscritpodcast@gmail.com. Check out http://www.pedscrit.com for detailed show notes. And visit @critpeds on twitter and @pedscrit on instagram for real time show updates.Support the show

The JournalFeed podcast for the week of March 4-8, 2024.These are summaries from just 2 of the 5 article we cover every week! For access to more, please visit JournalFeed.org for details about becoming a member.Monday Spoon Feed:A meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials found that ketamine had a quicker analgesic effect than morphine, but morphine exhibited sustained reduction in pain at 120 minutes.Source:Low-dose ketamine versus morphine in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Am J Emerg Med. 2024;76:140-149. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2023.11.056Wednesday Spoon Feed:The ACEP consensus seems to indicate that it may be safe for patients with a simple corneal abrasion to go home with 24 hour usage of topical anesthetics for pain relief, but the ophthalmologists are not on board.Source:Use of Topical Anesthetics in the Management of Patients With Simple Corneal Abrasions: Consensus Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2024 Feb 6:S0196-0644(24)00004-0. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.01.004. Epub ahead of print.

Contributor: Aaron Lessen MD Educational Pearls: Button batteries cause alkaline corrosion and erosion of the esophagus when swallowed Children swallow button batteries, which create a medical emergency as they can perforate the esophagus A recent study compared various home remedies as first-aid therapy for button battery ingestion Honey, jam, normal saline, Coca-Cola, orange juice, milk, and yogurt The study used a porcine esophageal model to assess resistance to alkalinization with the different home remedies Honey and jam demonstrated a significantly lower esophageal tissue pH compared with normal saline Histologic changes in the tissue samples appeared 60 minutes later with honey and jam compared with normal saline These treatments do not preclude medical intervention and battery removal References 1. Chiew AL, Lin CS, Nguyen DT, Sinclair FAW, Chan BS, Solinas A. Home Therapies to Neutralize Button Battery Injury in a Porcine Esophageal Model. Ann Emerg Med. 2023:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.08.018 Summarized by Jorge Chalit, OMSII | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit  

Dr. Casey Clements spent two hours breaking down the history and influences in sepsis care over the past three decades and going through the best practices in today's emergency medicine. Do you know how Sepsis is defined currently? What is the difference between SEP - 1 and surviving sepsis campaign? What is the role of steroids or vitamin C? Can you resuscitate these patients with albumin? These and so many more questions will be answered in this two part series. So join Venk like vancomycin, and Alex (aka Zosyn) and Casey "not-cidal" Clements in these amazing episodes.   CONTACTS X - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda YouTube - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda Instagram – @AlwaysOnEM; @Venk_like_vancomycin; @ASFinch Email - AlwaysOnEM@gmail.com REFERENCES & LINKS SOFA Score: Vincent JL, MOreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction / failure. On Behalf of the working group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996 Jul;22(7):707-10 Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction / failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on ‘sepsis-related problems' of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(11):1793-1800 Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Merlot C, Vincent JL. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcomes in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2001 Oct 10;286(14):1754-8 Cardenas-Turanzas M, Ensor J, Wakefield C, Zhang K, Wallace SK, Price KJ, Nates JL. Cross-validation of a sequential organ failure assessment score-based model to predict mortality in patients with cancer admitted to the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2012 Dec;27(6):673-80 qSOFA score Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762-774 Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and SEptic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):775-787 Freund Y, Lemachatti N, Krastinova E, et al. Prognostic accuracy of Sepsis-3 Criteria for in-hospital mortality among patients with suspected infection presenting to the emergency department. JAMA. 2017;317(3):301-308 Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317(3):290-300 Comparing Prognostic scores Henning DJ, Puskarich MA, Self WH, Howell MD, Donnino MW, Yealy DM, Jones AE, Shapiro NI. An Emergency Department validation of the SEP-3 Sepsis and Septic Shock definitions and comparison with 1992 consensus definitions. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Oct;70(4):544-552 IDSA concern Rhee C, Chiotos K, Cosgrove SE, Heil EL, Kadri SS, Kalil AC, Gilbert DN, Masur H, Septimus EJ, Sweeney DA, Strich JR, Winslow DL, Klompas M. Infectious diseases society of america position paper: Recommended revisions to the National Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock early management bundle (SEP-1) Sepsis Quality Measure. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 16;72(4):541-552 About Barcelona Declaration Slade E, Tamber PS, Vincent JL. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: raising awareness to reduce mortality. Crit Care. 2003;7:1-2 1- hour surviving sepsis bundle guidance Freund Y, Khoury A, Mockel M, et al. European Society of Emergency Medicine position paper on the 1-hour sepsis bundle of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign: expression of concern. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;26(4):232-233 Early Goal Directed Therapy Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. NEJM. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77 SEP - 1 Quality Measure National Quality Forum Measure submission and evaluation worksheet 5.0 for NQF #0500 Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Management Bundle, last updated Date: Oct 05, 2012. Website link Accessed 01-31-2024: https://www.qualityforum.org/Projects/i-m/Infectious_Disease_Endorsement_Maintenance_2012/0500.aspx  National Quality Forum: NQF Revises Sepsis Measure. Website link accessed 01-31-2024: https://www.qualityforum.org/NQF_Revises_Sepsis_Measure.aspx  Faust JS, Weingart SD. The Past, Present, and Future of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Quality Measure SEP-1 - the early management bundle for severe sepsis / septic shock. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2017; 35:219-231 Affordable care act Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Law 148, U.S. Statutes at Large 124 (2010):119-1024. Website link accessed 01-31-2024: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-124/STATUTE-124-Pg119/summary.  Fluids for sepsis in concerning populations Pence M, Tran QK, Shesser R, Payette C, Pourmand A. Outcomes of CMS-mandated fluid administration among fluid-overloaded patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2022 May:55:157-166 Zadeh AV, Wong A, Crawford AC, Collado E, Larned JM. Guideline-based and restricted fluid resuscitation strategy in sepsis patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Nov:73:34-39   WANT TO WORK AT MAYO? EM Physicians: https://jobs.mayoclinic.org/emergencymedicine EM NP PAs: https://jobs.mayoclinic.org/em-nppa-jobs   Nursing/Techs/PAC: https://jobs.mayoclinic.org/Nursing-Emergency-Medicine EMTs/Paramedics: https://jobs.mayoclinic.org/ambulanceservice All groups above combined into one link: https://jobs.mayoclinic.org/EM-Jobs  

In this episode, we review evidence-based guidelines for the emergency reversal of warfarin, dabigatran, and the oral Xa inhibitors (apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban). Key Concepts Reversal of anticoagulation is indicated in patients with major hemorrhage or when emergency surgery is necessary. Reversal of warfarin (Coumadin®) involves a fast-acting, short-term solution (usually prothrombin complex concentrates [PCC]) and a slower-acting, long-term solution (intravenous vitamin K). Idarucizumab (Praxbind®) is the preferred reversal strategy for dabigatran (Pradaxa®). Idarucizumab is a monoclonal antibody fragment specific that binds and inactivates dabigatran. If idarucizumab is unavailable, PCCs are recommended. Andexanet alfa (Andexxa®) is the preferred reversal strategy for oral Xa inhibitors and has FDA approval specific to apixaban and rivaroxaban. Andexanet alfa is a decoy factor Xa protein with higher binding affinity than human clotting factor Xa. There are several barriers to use with andexanet alfa that has led to low utilization in hospitals. If andexanet alfa is unavailable, PCCs are recommended. References Baugh CW, et al. Anticoagulant Reversal Strategies in the Emergency Department Setting: Recommendations of a Multidisciplinary Expert Panel. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(4):470-485. Cuker A, Burnett A, Triller D, et al. Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: Guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(6):697-709. doi:10.1002/ajh.25475 Tomaselli GF, et al. 2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(5):594-622.

Contributor: Jorge Chalit, OMS II Educational Pearls: Migraine pathophysiology Primarily mediated through the trigeminovascular system Serotonin, dopamine, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) Trigeminovascular system is linked to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, which relays pain to the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex One effective treatment for acute migraines is -triptan medications 5-HT1D/1B agonists such as sumatriptan Often combined with NSAIDs and dopamine antagonists (as antiemetics) in migraine cocktails Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) was shown to be ineffective in a randomized controlled trial comparing it with placebo and a dopamine antagonist antiemetic.  The -triptan medications carry significant risk for peripheral vasoconstriction and are therefore avoided in cardiovascular disease One serotonin agonist specifically approved for use in vascular disease Lasmiditan - 5-HT1F agonist Slightly different mechanism of action avoids peripheral vasoconstriction CGRP antagonists are also used in patients who are unresponsive to -triptans References 1. Friedman WB, Cabral L, Adewunmi V, et al. Diphenhydramine as adjuvant therapy for acute migraine. An ED-based randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(1):32-39.e3. doi:doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.495 2. Lasmiditan (Reyvow) and ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) for acute treatment of migraine. (2020). The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 62(1593), 35–39. 3. Robbins MS. Diagnosis and Management of Headache: A Review. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2021;325(18):1874-1885. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1640 4. Vanderpluym JH, Halker Singh RB, Urtecho M, et al. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2021;325(23):2357-2369. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.7939 Summarized by Jorge Chalit, OMSII | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMSII

If you work in an ED, you've probably heard of EMTALA, or the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. But how much do you really know about this law? When does it apply and when does it not? EMTALA expert, Dr. Sophie Terp, helps us understand the history of EMTALA and what we need to know to ensure we provide the best care for our ED patients.  Do you have more questions about EMTALA? Have you ever witnessed a violation? Share your thoughts with us on social media @empulsepodcast or at ucdavisem.com Hosts: Dr. Sarah Medeiros, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine at UC Davis Dr. Julia Magaña, Associate Professor of Pediatric Emergency Medicine at UC Davis Guests: Dr. Sophie Terp, Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine at the Keck Schoo of Medicine at the University if Southern California, and Quintiles Clinical Fellow at the Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics Resources: The EMTALA origin story U.S. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Interpretive Guidelines  Terp S, Seabury SA, Arora S, et al. Enforcement of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, 2005 to 2014. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Feb;69(2):155-162.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.021. Epub 2016 Aug 2. PMID: 27496388; PMCID: PMC7176068.. ****** Thank you to the UC Davis Department of Emergency Medicine for supporting this podcast and to Orlando Magaña at OM Productions for audio production services.

Contributor: Nick Tsipis MD Educational Pearls: The review article assessed 16.3 million patients across six states to identify those at high-risk for critical revisit Criteria for critical revisit was ICU admission or death within three days of discharge from the ED Critical revisits are extremely rare  0.1% of patients have a critical revisit after discharge 0.00001% die after revisit Of the patients that do experience critical revisits, the two major risk factors are Asthma - relative risk 2.24 Chronic medical conditions - incidence rate ratio 11.03  Of the top ten diagnoses that lead to critical revisits, 5 are respiratory Others include cellulitis, seizures, gastrointestinal disease, appendectomy, and sickle cell crisis.  References 1. Cavallaro SC, Michelson KA, D'Ambrosi G, Monuteaux MC, Li J. Critical Revisits Among Children After Emergency Department Discharge. Ann Emerg Med. 2023;82(5):575-582. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.06.006 Summarized by Jorge Chalit, OMSII | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMSII  

Neonatal fever can raise the temperature of the entire clinical pod along with the baby, but it doesnt have to. Join as Dr. Meghan Cain, chair of the division of pediatric and adolescent emergency medicine at Mayo Clinic, talks through the nuances of evaluating fever concerns in neonates of different ages and risk profiles and empowers you to be cool as a cucumber in these situations. CONTACTS X - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda YouTube - @AlwaysOnEM; @VenkBellamkonda Instagram – @AlwaysOnEM; @Venk_like_vancomycin; @ASFinch Email - AlwaysOnEM@gmail.com REFERENCES & LINKS Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Adams WG, Dreyer BP, Kuppermann N, O'Leary ST, Okechukwu K, Woods Jr CR. Evaluation and management of well-appearing febrile infants 8 to 60 days old. Pediatrics. 2021 Aug;148(2):e2021052228 Powell EC, Mahajan PV, Roosevelt G, Hoyle Jr JD, Gattu R, Cruz AT, Rogers AJ, Atabaki S, Jaffe DM, Casper TC, Ramilo O, Kuppermann N. Epidemiology of bacteremia in febrile infants aged 60 days and younger. Ann Emerg Med. 2018 Feb;71(2):211-216 Mahajan P, Browne LR, Levine DA, Cohen DM, Gattu R, Linaki JG, Anders J, Borgialli D, Vitale M, Dayan PS, Casper TC, Ramilo O, Kuppermann N. Risk of bacterial coinfections in febrile infants 60 days and younger with documented viral infections. J Pediatr. 2018 Dec:203:86-91.e2

Have you heard that you're supposed to decrease the dose of your sedative when performing RSI on hypotensive patients? First, avoid the question about why you haven't addressed the hypotension before intubating.. maybe there's a reason. Maybe. But, regardless of why, intubate you will. What about those doses? I've been hearing for years that I should be dropping the dose of sedation prior to RSI. But what evidence are these recommendations based on? We review a paper today that is aimed at providing some evidence on this question. Oh, and I offer a gratuitous plug for the ESO/PCRF Research Forum nerdvanna. Here's the URL for more information: https://www.eso.com/events/research-forum-pcrf/ Citation:Driver BE, Trent SA, Prekker ME, Reardon RF, Brown CA: Sedative Dose for Rapid Sequence Intubation and Postintubation Hypotension: Is There an Association? Annals of Emergency Medicine. June 2023 (Epub Ahead of Print) Also discussed:Pappal RD, Roberts BW, Mohr NM, Ablordeppey E, Wessman BT, Drewry AM, Winkler W, Yan Y, Kollef MH, Avidan MS, et al.: The ED-AWARENESS Study: A Prospective, Observational Cohort Study of Awareness With Paralysis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Admitted From the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;77(5):532–44.

Yes i have been MIA for a month now! Was at Amsterdam to participate at the ICEM 2023 conference. What an experience it was! Loved it! Got to meet my idol Cliff Reid too! That was the icing! but I am back and speaking today about sustainable EDs and how healthcare contributes to climate change. yes it does! Go through some of the papers cited here - 1. Walsh O, Harris R, Flower O, Anstey M, McGain F. Everyone's a winner if we test less: the CODA action plan. Aust Health Rev. 2022 Aug;46(4):460-462. doi: 10.1071/AH22145. PMID: 35772927. 2. Linstadt H, Collins A, Slutzman JE, Kimball E, Lemery J, Sorensen C, Winstead-Derlega C, Evans K, Auerbach PS. The Climate-Smart Emergency Department: A Primer. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Aug;76(2):155-167. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.11.003. Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 31983497. 3. McAlister S, Barratt AL, Bell KJ, McGain F. The carbon footprint of pathology testing. Med J Aust. 2020 May;212(8):377-382. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50583. Epub 2020 Apr 18. PMID: 32304240. 4. Tennison I, Roschnik S, Ashby B, Boyd R, Hamilton I, Oreszczyn T, Owen A, Romanello M, Ruyssevelt P, Sherman JD, Smith AZP, Steele K, Watts N, Eckelman MJ. Health care's response to climate change: a carbon footprint assessment of the NHS in England. Lancet Planet Health. 2021 Feb;5(2):e84-e92. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30271-0. PMID: 33581070; PMCID: PMC7887664. 5. Kanem N, Murray CJL, Horton R. The Lancet Commission on 21st-Century Global Health Threats. Lancet. 2023 Jan 7;401(10370):10-11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02576-4. Epub 2022 Dec 15. PMID: 36529147; PMCID: PMC9754642.

Episode Notes Drs. Zack Nelson (@zacroBID), Alison Dittmer, and Michael Pulia (@DrMichaelPulia) join Dr. Jillian Hayes (@thejillianhayes) to discuss the ins and outs of antimicrobial stewardship in one of the busiest parts of the hospital: the emergency department! Tune in for a discussion on communication considerations in the ED, the role of lipoglycopeptides for common gram-positive syndromes, and a rapid-fire round discussing common stewardship interventions. This podcast was supported by an educational grant from Melinta Therapeutics. References: Pulia M, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2018;36(4):853-872. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.012. PMID: 30297009. Rech, Megan A et al. “PHarmacist Avoidance or Reductions in Medical Costs in Patients Presenting the EMergency Department: PHARM-EM Study.” Critical Care Explorations 2021;3(4):e0406. doi:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000406. PMID: 33912836. Sacdal JPA, Cheon E et al. Oritavancin versus oral antibiotics for treatment of skin and skin structure infections in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2022;60:223-224. Jenkins TC, Jaukoos JS et al. Patterns of use and perceptions of an institution-specific antibiotic stewardship application among emergency department and urgent care clinicians. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2020;41:212-215. Dretske D, Schulz L, Werner E, Sharp B, Pulia M. Effectiveness of oritavancin for management of skin and soft tissue infections in the emergency department: A case series. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021;43:77-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.050. PMID: 33545550. Paul M, Pulia M, Pulcini C. Antibiotic stewardship in the emergency department: not to be overlooked. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(2):172-174. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.015. PMID: 33253938. Baxa J, McCreary E, Schulz L, Pulia M. Finding the niche: An interprofessional approach to defining oritavancin use criteria in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(2):321-324. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158442. Pulia MS, Hesse S, Schwei RJ, Schulz LT, Sethi A, Hamedani A. Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Conditions Does Not Improve Press Ganey® Patient Satisfaction Scores in the Emergency Department. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7(6): ofaa214. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa214. Pulia MS, Lindenauer PK. Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - A Critical Look at Procalcitonin Testing in Pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):HO2-HO3. doi:10.7326/M21-1913. Redwood R, Knobloch MJ, Pellegrini DC, Ziegler MJ, Pulia M, Safdar N. Reducing unnecessary culturing: a systems approach to evaluating urine culture ordering and collection practices among nurses in two acute care settings. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7. doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0278-9. Pulia MS, Schwei RJ, Hesse SP, Werner NE. Characterizing barriers to antibiotic stewardship for skin and soft-tissue infections in the emergency department using a systems engineering framework. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2022;2(1):e180. doi:10.1017/ash.2022.316. May L, Gudger G, Armstrong P, et al. Multisite exploration of clinical decision making for antibiotic use by emergency medicine providers using quantitative and qualitative methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(9):1114-1125. doi:10.1086/677637. May L, Cosgrove S, L'archeveque M, et al. A Call to Action for Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department: Approaches and Strategies. Ann Emerg Med 2013;62(1):69-77.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.09.002. PMID: 23122955. Schoffelen T, Schouten JA, Hoogerwerf JJ, et al. Quality indicators for appropriate antimicrobial therapy in the emergency department: a pragmatic Delphi procedure. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(2):210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.027. PMID: 33144204. Yadav K, Stahmer A, Mistry RD, May L. An Implementation Science Approach to Antibiotic Stewardship in Emergency Departments and Urgent Care Centers. Academic Emergency Medicine 2020; 27(1):31-42. doi: 10.1111/acem.13873. PMID: 31625653. Learn more about the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: https://sidp.org/About Twitter: @SIDPharm (https://twitter.com/SIDPharm) Instagram: @SIDPharm (https://www.instagram.com/sidpharm/) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sidprx LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/sidp/   SIDP welcomes pharmacists and non-pharmacist members with an interest in infectious diseases, learn how to join here: https://sidp.org/Become-a-Member Listen to Breakpoints on iTunes, Overcast, Spotify, Listen Notes, Player FM, Pocket Casts, Stitcher, Google Play, TuneIn, Blubrry, RadioPublic, or by using our RSS feed: https://sidp.pinecast.co/ Check out our podcast host, Pinecast. Start your own podcast for free with no credit card required. If you decide to upgrade, use coupon code r-7e7a98 for 40% off for 4 months, and support Breakpoints.

Contributor: Travis Barlock MD Educational Pearls: Three categories of pressors: inopressors, pure vasoconstrictors, and inodilators Inopressors:  Epinephrine - nonselective beta- and alpha-adrenergic agonism, leading to increased cardiac contractility, chronotropy (increased heart rate), and peripheral vasoconstriction. Dose 0.1mcg/kg/min. Levophed (norepinephrine) - more vasoconstriction peripherally than inotropy; useful in most cases of shock. Dose 0.1mcg/kg/min. Peripheral vasoconstrictors: Phenylephrine - pure alpha agonist; useful in atrial fibrillation because it avoids cardiac beta receptor activation and also in post-intubation hypotension to counteract the RSI medications. Start at 1mcg/kg/min and increase as needed. Vasopressin - No effect on cardiac contractility. Fixed dose of 0.4 units/min. Inodilators are useful in cardiogenic shock but often not started in the ED since patients mostly have undifferentiated shock Dobutamine - start at 2.5mcg/kg/min. Milrinone - 0.125mcg/kg/min. References 1. Ellender TJ, Skinner JC. The Use of Vasopressors and Inotropes in the Emergency Medical Treatment of Shock. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26(3):759-786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2008.04.001 2. Hollenberg SM. Vasoactive drugs in circulatory shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(7):847-855. doi:10.1164/rccm.201006-0972CI 3. Lampard JG, Lang E. Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;61(3):351-352. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.08.028 Summarized by Jorge Chalit, OMSII | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMSII  

Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: What is thrombolysis? Thrombolysis is performed by administration of a medication that promotes the body's natural ability to break up clots. These medications include Alteplase (tPA) and Tenecteplase (TNK). The main side effect of using such an agent is bleeding which typically occurs at puncture sites but can also occur internally. However, an unusual side effect of thrombolytic agents, which occurs in about 1-5% of cases, is angioedema. What is angioedema? Angioedema is a medical condition that causes swelling beneath the surface of the skin, typically in the face, lips, and throat (orolingual angioedema). Fluid leaks from blood vessels and accumulates in the deeper layers of the skin. How are these two connected? The mechanism by which angioedema occurs after thrombolysis is not well understood, but it is likely connected to how tPA can increase levels of bradykinin and histamine. Swelling can appear suddenly but can also occur up to 24 hours after thrombolysis, and may last for a few hours or several days. In some cases, angioedema can affect the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. What can be done? If this side effect occurs the provider can stop the medication or infusion and treat the patient with anti-histamines, steroids, epinephrine, and airway monitoring. Medications such as Berinert or Icatibant, typically used in hereditary angioedema or ACE-i-induced angioedema, can also be used but have limited evidence for their efficacy. Fun fact tPA-related angioedema is about 4 times more likely in patients on ACE inhibitors. This is likely related to how ACE inhibitors also increase bradykinin and histamine in a patient's body. References Zhu A, Rajendram P, Tseng E, Coutts SB, Yu AYX. Alteplase or tenecteplase for thrombolysis in ischemic stroke: An illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022 Sep 20;6(6):e12795. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12795. PMID: 36186106; PMCID: PMC9487449. Pahs L, Droege C, Kneale H, Pancioli A. A Novel Approach to the Treatment of Orolingual Angioedema After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Sep;68(3):345-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.02.019. Epub 2016 May 10. PMID: 27174372. Burd M, McPheeters C, Scherrer LA. Orolingual Angioedema After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration in Patients Taking Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2019 Jul/Sep;41(3):204-214. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000250. PMID: 31356244. Sczepanski M, Bozyk P. Institutional Incidence of Severe tPA-Induced Angioedema in Ischemic Cerebral Vascular Accidents. Crit Care Res Pract. 2018 Sep 27;2018:9360918. doi: 10.1155/2018/9360918. PMID: 30363665; PMCID: PMC6180929. Summarized by Jeffrey Olson, MS1 | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMS1

Welcome to Episode 25 of “The 2 View,” the podcast for EM and urgent care nurse practitioners and physician assistants! Show Notes for Episode 25 of “The 2 View” Pediatric Nurse Practitioners Are Not Okay Della Volpe K. We Are Not Ok, Say Pediatric NPs. Clinical Advisor. Published March 17, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/meeting-coverage/napnap-2023/pediatric-nps-not-ok/?utmsource=newsletter&utmmedium=email&utmcampaign=NWLTRCADCONFNAPNAPMODERNA032023RM&hmEmail=1f%2FJfEV7hN5vJr6vg%2FQRqK0NA6IXtyO3&sha256email=092493d8223fdfa40d9e995176d13e5fc5b5211674db9deb440c025fd462c80c&hmSubId=&NID=1639413404&elqTrackId=31abe541d69a4ca587368d18c07e2aeb&elq=24134fa5abd64addafddd14ad54e8f8d&elqaid=13088&elqat=1&elqCampaignId=10964&fbclid=IwAR2YZErTgA9ET7Yzib3bPYuhD68VDtGAayIfQ2bu398LBTX6xEmLjZX3EY Sarjoo A. Pediatricians: We Can't Bear the Burden of Teen Angst. Medscape. Published March 13, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989552 New TASER Bleetman A, Hepper AE, Sheridan RD. The use of TASER devices in UK policing: an update for clinicians following the recent introduction of the TASER 7. BMJ Journals. Emerg Med J. Published 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://emj.bmj.com/content/40/2/147.long Taser Injuries. Emergency Central. Unboundmedicine.com. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-MinuteEmergencyConsult/307682/all/Taser_Injuries Vilke G, Chan T, Bozeman WP, Childers R. Emergency Department Evaluation After Conducted Energy Weapon Use: Review of the Literature for the Clinician. NIH National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubMed. J Emerg Med. Published September 26, 2019. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500994/ Hyperacute T-Waves Dr. Smith's ECG blog. Blogspot.com. Published March 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/search/label/hyperacute%20T-waves Koechlin L, Strebel I, Zimmermann T, et al. Hyperacute T Wave in the Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ann Emerg Med. PubMed. NIH: National Library of Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Published online February 9, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774205/ Writing Committee, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. Published November 2022. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.750 DEA Updates – Segment with Dr. Rick Bukata Criteria for Furnishing Number Utilization by Nurse Practitioners. State of California, DCA (Department of Consumer Affairs). Board of Registered Nursing. Rn.ca.gov. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.rn.ca.gov/pdfs/regulations/npr-i-16.pdf DEA Announces Proposed Rules for Permanent Telemedicine Flexibilities. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Published February 24, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2023/02/24/dea-announces-proposed-rules-permanent-telemedicine-flexibilities Mid-Level Practitioners Authorization by State. US Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Administration. Diversion Control Division. Usdoj.gov. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/practioners/ Removal of DATA Waiver (X-Waiver) Requirement. SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Samhsa.gov. Last Updated January 25, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.samhsa.gov/medications-substance-use-disorders/removal-data-waiver-requirement Statutory Changes in Pharmacy Law. Pharmacy.ca.gov. Published December 9, 2022. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/lawsregs/newlaws.pdf Recurring Sources Center for Medical Education. Ccme.org. http://ccme.org The Proceduralist. Theproceduralist.org. http://www.theproceduralist.org The Procedural Pause. Emergency Medicine News. Lww.com. https://journals.lww.com/em-news/blog/theproceduralpause/pages/default.aspx The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine. Thesgem.com. http://www.thesgem.com Trivia Question: Send answers to 2viewcast@gmail.com Be sure to keep tuning in for more great prizes and fun trivia questions! Once you hear the question, please email us your guesses at 2viewcast@gmail.com and tell us who you want to give a shout-out to. Be sure to listen in and see what we have to share!

In this podcast, Dr. Jon Cole - an emergency medicine physician with Hennepin Healthcare and medical director with Minnesota Poison Control Center and Samantha Lee, PharmD - managing director with Minnesota Poison Control Center discuss the poison control system - past and present; along with a disscusion around toxicology - the big, the bad, and the ugly. Enjoy the podcast. Objectives:Upon completion of this podcast, participants should be able to: Describe the purpose of the Minnesota Poison Control Center, and how it works. Name the most common call types coming into MN Poison Control Center. Summarize the management of toxicological exposures for APAP, bupropion and calcium channel blockers. CME credit is only offered to Ridgeview Providers & Allied Health staff for this podcast activity. After listening to the podcast, complete and submit the online evaluation form.  Upon successful completion of the evaluation, you will be e-mailed a certificate of completion within approximately 2 weeks. You may contact the accredited provider with questions regarding this program at Education@ridgeviewmedical.org. Click the link below, to complete the activity's evaluation. CME Evaluation (**If you are listening to the podcasts through iTunes on your laptop or desktop, it is not possible to link directly with the CME Evaluation for unclear reasons. We are trying to remedy this. You can, however, link to the survey through the Podcasts app on your Apple and other smart devices, as well as through Spotify, Stitcher and other podcast directory apps and on your computer browser at these websites. We apologize for the inconvenience.)  DISCLOSURE ANNOUNCEMENT  The information provided through this and all Ridgeview podcasts as well as any and all accompanying files, images, videos and documents is/are for CME/CE and other institutional learning and communication purposes only and is/are not meant to substitute for the independent medical judgment of a physician, healthcare provider or other healthcare personnel relative to diagnostic and treatment options of a specific patient's medical condition; and are property/rights of Ridgeview Medical Center & Clinics.  Any re-reproduction of any of the materials presented would be infringement of copyright laws.  It is Ridgeview's intent that any potential conflict should be identified openly so that the listeners may form their own judgments about the presentation with the full disclosure of the facts. It is not assumed any potential conflicts will have an adverse impact on these presentations. It remains for the audience to determine whether the speaker's outside interest may reflect a possible bias, either the exposition or the conclusions presented. Ridgeview's CME planning committee members and presenter(s) have disclosed they have no significant financial relationship with a pharmaceutical company and have disclosed that no conflict of interest exists with the presentation/educational event. Thank-you for listening to the podcast. SHOW NOTES:  *See the attachment for additional information.  HISTORY of MN POISON CONTROL CENTER TOXICOLOGYCalcium Channel Blockers - Diltiazem, Verapamil, Amlodipine - Causes bad distributive shock - Pulmonary edema is an issue - Norepinephrine infusion is recommended in setting of shock with high dose insulin simultaneously - "Red, white and blue" therapy for refractory Ca++ blocker overdose - Activated charcoal - not for all patients, give if patient not at risk of aspiration for potentially lethal ingestions Bupropion - Chemical structure similar to amphetamine and bath salts - Sympathomimetic effects (tachycardia, agitation, seizures, ultimately cardiogenic shock) - Treatment with benzodiazepines - usually high dose - may need intubation - Norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock - ECMO may be needed Sodium Nitrite - Salt used to cure meats - Internet suicide phenomenon - Effect: Life threatening methemoglobinemia (chocolate colored blood, pallor, low O2 sats) - Very rapid onset of symptoms - Methylene Blue use N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for acetaminophen poisoning - Transitioning from 3 bag Prescott regimen to a 2 bag regimen - Rumack-Matthew nomogram is the same Article Resources:Cole JB, Lee SC, Prekker ME, Kunzler NM, Considine KA, Driver BE, Puskarich MA, Olives TD. Vasodilation in patients with calcium channel blocker poisoning treated with high-dose insulin: a comparison of amlodipine versus non-dihydropyridines. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022 Nov;60(11):1205-1213. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2131565. Epub 2022 Oct 25. PMID: 36282196.   Cole JB, Olives TD, Ulici A, Litell JM, Bangh SA, Arens AM, Puskarich MA, Prekker ME. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Poisonings Reported to U.S. Poison Centers from 2000 to 2018: An Analysis of the National Poison Data System. Crit Care Med. 2020 Aug;48(8):1111-1119. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004401. PMID: 32697480. Coralic Z, Kapur J, Olson KR, Chamberlain JM, Overbeek D, Silbergleit R. Treatment of Toxin-Related Status Epilepticus With Levetiracetam, Fosphenytoin, or Valproate in Patients Enrolled in the Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Sep;80(3):194-202. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.04.020. Epub 2022 Jun 17. PMID: 35718575. Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD, Raymond RM. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Nov;267(2):744-50. PMID: 8246150.   Thanks to Dr. Jon Cole and Samantha Lee, PharmD for their knowledge and contribution to this podcast. Please check out the additional show notes for more information/resources.

Date: March 3, 2023 Reference: Hosseinialhashemi et al. Intranasal Topical Application of Tranexamic Acid in Atraumatic Anterior Epistaxis: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Guest Skeptic: Dr. Dominique Trudel is a CCFP-EM resident in Ottawa, Ontario. Her interest is serving French minority communities delivering care at the Montfort Hospital in Ottawa. Case: Jim is […] The post SGEM#395: Too Much Blood from My Nose – Will TXA Help? first appeared on The Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine.

Episode 129: Emergency ContraceptionBailey describes the available methods of emergency contraception in the United States. Written by Bailey Corona, MS4, American University of the Caribbean. Editing by Hector Arreaza, MD.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Definition. Emergency contraception refers to therapy used after intercourse to prevent pregnancy. The need for emergency contraception can happen for many reasons, such as a condom breaking or failure to use contraception. More than 11% of sexually active women in the United States between ages 15 and 44 reports using emergency contraception at least once. With such high demand, a multitude of options has become available to meet these needs. With so many options on the market, it may be difficult to decide which option best fits the needs of each individual, which makes it important for providers to have a clear understanding of the risks and benefits associated with each method. Emergency contraception may be commonly used by young patients as their main contraception method. Let's talk about the types of emergency contraception.Levonorgestrel-only (Plan B®).Levonorge'strel-only emergency contraception is the most popular option on the market today. More commonly known as “Plan-B”, this therapy works because of levonorgestrel's similar make-up to progesterone. Mechanism of action.High levels of progesterone delay follicular development so long as it is administered before the level of luteinizing hormone begin to rise. This gives contraceptive therapy of this class a therapeutic window of 72 hours which is the most limited window of all the methods discussed. Despite this shortcoming, Levonorgestrel contraception remains the most popular option because it can be purchased over the counter without the need of a physician and is available to women of all ages. Additionally, therapy includes only a single 1.5mg dose making noncompliance virtually non-existent. Side effects. Side effects include nausea in 12% of patients and headache in 19% of patients. According to one study, 16% of women reported self-resolving uterine bleeding within the first week after use.Selective progesterone modulators (Ella®).The second most commonly used form of emergency contraception are the selective progesterone receptor modulators or more widely known as Ella®. Mechanism of action.Treatment includes a single 30mg dose of ulipristal acetate, which inhibits follicular rupture even after the luteinizing hormone has begun to rise. Due to this mechanism of action, selective progesterone receptor modulators have a wider therapeutic window of 5 days.Side effects.Side effects resemble that of progesterone-only therapy, significant for nausea and headache. Treatment has 2 major barriers preventing it from being the most widely used. Firstly, efficacy is decreased in women with a BMI greater than 35, and secondly, treatment requires a prescription from a medical professional. Estrogen-progesterone combination.Estrogen-progesterone combination therapy is also a viable option for emergency contraception; however, it is no longer available as a dedicated product but can be made from a variety of oral contraceptives. Its decreased popularity is likely due to its increased incidence of nausea when compared to the other options available.Copper IUD.Lastly, Copper IUDs like Paragard can be used for emergency contraception despite not being FDA-approved for this purpose. Copper IUDs are highly effective if placed within 5 days of intercourse, but studies have shown therapy to be effective up to 10 days after. Mechanism of action.Copper IUDs prevent fertilization by altering sperm viability and oocyte-endometrium interaction. This method is the most invasive as it requires placement by a physician and carries the rare risk of uterine perforation, occurring in around 1/1000 IUD placements. That said, copper IUD placement carries with it the added benefit of continued contraception for 10 years. It is contraindicated, however, in patients with a history of heavy menstrual bleeding. FAQs about emergency contraception:Does increasing the availability of emergency contraception encourage risky sexual behavior?No, according to a systematic review by Maria Rodrigues, there was no significant increase in sexually risky behavior correlated with increased availability of emergency contraception.Rodriguez MI, et al.What is the greatest barrier to emergency contraception use in the United States?Education. A study by Abbott J, et al, interviewed adolescents receiving care in urban emergency rooms. The study showed that only 64% of patients had ever heard of emergency contraception. By educating patients of reproductive age on what options may be available to them it is expected that there would be a decrease in unplanned pregnancies. Additionally, studies like “knowledge of emergency contraception among women aged 18-44 in California” by Foster DG have gone further to establish that women of lower socioeconomic status, foreign birth, or who have not graduated high school also have suboptimal education in emergency contraception.When should someone use emergency contraception?Treatment should begin as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse in order to ensure maximum efficacy. 3 days for Plan B, 5 days for Ella, and 10 days for IUD.How effective is emergency contraception?The answer to this question differs based upon what method a patient decides to useIUDsA systematic review of 42 studies over a 35-year time period reports that pregnancy rates were between 0 and 2%.The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience by Cleland K. et al. Oral regimens have been studied extensively and have shown that ulipristal acetate like Ella® are slightly more effective, showing a pregnancy rate of 1.4% and a rate of 2.2% in levonorgestrel-only pills like Plan B. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomized non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis by Glacier AF.Do patients require follow up after use of emergency contraception?No. Only if there is a delay in the start of normal menses by greater than 1 week or if lower abdominal pain or persistent irregular bleeding develops.___________________Conclusion: Now we conclude episode number 129 “Emergency Contraception.” Bailey explained that a pelvic exam is not needed in most cases before or after emergency contraception. Plan B® is available over the counter, while Ella® is available with a prescription. Copper IUD is not FDA-approved for emergency contraception, but evidence has shown it is an effective method. Dr. Arreaza suggested that, after learning more about emergency contraception, listeners can draw their own conclusions about the ethical dilemma of prescribing it to their patients. This week we thank Hector Arreaza and Bailey Corona. Audio editing by Adrianne Silva.Even without trying, every night, you go to bed a little wiser. Thanks for listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast. We want to hear from you; send us an email at RioBravoqWeek@clinicasierravista.org, or visit our website riobravofmrp.org/qweek. See you next week! ____________________Sources:Abbott J, Feldhaus KM, Houry D, Lowenstein SR. Emergency contraception: what do our patients know? Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Mar;43(3):376-81. doi: 10.1016/S019606440301120X. PMID: 14985666. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985666/.Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod. 2012 Jul;27(7):1994-2000. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des140. Epub 2012 May 8. PMID: 22570193; PMCID: PMC3619968. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619968/.“Emergency Contraception.” ACOG, https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2015/09/emergency-contraception.Foster DG, Harper CC, Bley JJ, Mikanda JJ, Induni M, Saviano EC, Stewart FH. Knowledge of emergency contraception among women aged 18 to 44 in California. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jul;191(1):150-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.004. PMID: 15295356. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619968/Glasier AF, Cameron ST, Fine PM, Logan SJ, Casale W, Van Horn J, Sogor L, Blithe DL, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Jaspart A, Ulmann A, Gainer E. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010 Feb 13;375(9714):555-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60101-8. Epub 2010 Jan 29. Erratum in: Lancet. 2014 Oct 25;384(9953):1504. PMID: 20116841.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20116841/Jayson, Sharon. “5.8M Women Have Used 'Morning after' Pill.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 14 Feb. 2013, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/13/cdc-contraception-emergency-methods/1914673/. Rodriguez MI, Curtis KM, Gaffield ML, Jackson E, Kapp N. Advance supply of emergency contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013 May;87(5):590-601. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.011. Epub 2012 Oct 4. PMID: 23040139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23040139/.von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, Chen J, Song S, Bártfai G, Ng E, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Oyunbileg A, Wu S, Cheng W, Lüdicke F, Pretnar-Darovec A, Kirkman R, Mittal S, Khomassuridze A, Apter D, Peregoudov A; WHO Research Group on Post-ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Dec 7;360(9348):1803-10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11767-3. PMID: 12480356. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12480356/.Royalty-free music used for this episode: “Gushito - Burn Flow." Downloaded on October 13, 2022, from https://www.videvo.net/

In this episode I explore the small yet deadly world of Anaphylaxis. Remember the most common cause of death in anaphylaxis is the wrong dose at the wrong time of epinephrine! Feel free to go through the following references - 1. McHugh K, Repanshek Z. Anaphylaxis: Emergency Department Treatment. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2022 Feb;40(1):19-32. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.08.004. Epub 2021 Oct 29. PMID: 34782088. 2. Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report–second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47(4):373–80. 3. Manivannan V, Hess EP, Bellamkonda VR, et al. A multifaceted intervention for patients with anaphylaxis increases epinephrine use in adult emergency department. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014;2(3):294–9.e1. 4. Alqurashi W, Ellis AK. Do corticosteroids prevent biphasic anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5(5):1194–205. 5. Thomas M, Crawford I. Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 2005;22(4): 272–3 6. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath R, et al. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia 2020;75(4):509–28.

Contributor: Travis Barlock, MD Educational Pearls: Early repolarization a benign EKG pattern that can mimic an anterior STEMI Can be seen in the anterior leads typically in young male patients Can differentiate Early Repolarization vs Anterior STEMI by looking at four variables: Corrected QT interval QRS amplitude in V2 R wave amplitude in V4 ST elevation 60 ms after J point in V3 These four variables can be plugged into a formula (available on MDCalc) Note that a longer QT is more corelated with STEMI   References Macfarlane PW, Antzelevitch C, Haissaguerre M, et al. The Early Repolarization Pattern: A Consensus Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jul 28 2015;66(4):470-7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.033 Smith SW, Khalil A, Henry TD, et al. Electrocardiographic differentiation of early repolarization from subtle anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med. Jul 2012;60(1):45-56.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.02.015   Summarized by Mark O'Brien, MS4 | Edited by John Spartz, MD, & Erik Verzemnieks, MD   The Emergency Medical Minute is excited to announce that we are now offering AMA PRA Category 1 credits™ via online course modules. To access these and for more information, visit our website at https://emergencymedicalminute.org/cme-courses/ and create an account.

Medication for opioid use disorder is extremely effective and can reduce overdose mortality by two-thirds. However, treatment initiation rates are low among overdose survivors. Prehospital buprenorphine administration after an overdose has the potential to help treat withdrawal symptoms and reduce repeat overdoses. Come join us at the next PCRF Journal Club to find out if the prehospital administration of buprenorphine has beneficial effects on clinical outcome measures in patients with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal.Carroll G, Solomon KT, Heil J, Saloner B, Stuart EA, Patel EY, Greifer N, Salzman M, Murphy E, Baston K, Haroz R. Impact of Administering Buprenorphine to Overdose Survivors Using Emergency Medical Services. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Sep 30:S0196-0644(22)00506-6. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.07.006. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36192278.To view the video, visit: https://youtu.be/-fJFub6oEAM

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released July 18, 2017 Dr. Pouya Khankhanian describes his experience with "worst headache of life." A harbinger of head pathology, thunderclap headache should be quickly and meticulously addressed in order to prevent life-threatening neurologic disease. BrainWaves podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used to guide medical decision-making in routine clinical practice. Any cases discussed in this episode are fictional and do not contain any patient health-identifying information. The content in this episode was vetted and approved by Roderick Spears. REFERENCESEdlow JA, Caplan LR. Avoiding pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):29-36. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200001063420106. PMID 10620647Linn FH, Wijdicks EF, van der Graaf Y, Weerdesteyn-van Vliet FA, Bartelds AI, van Gijn J. Prospective study of sentinel headache in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 1994;344(8922):590-3. PMID 7914965Misra UK, Kalita J, Chandra S, Kumar B, Bansal V. Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol 2012;19(7):1030-6. PMID 22416902Muehlschlegel S, Kursun O, Topcuoglu MA, Fok J, Singhal AB. Differentiating reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with subarachnoid hemorrhage from other causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(10):1254-60. PMID 23939614Sames TA, Storrow AB, Finkelstein JA, Magoon MR. Sensitivity of new-generation computed tomography in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acad Emerg Med 1996;3(1):16-20. PMID 8749962Schwedt TJ, Matharu MS, Dodick DW. Thunderclap headache. Lancet Neurol 2006;5(7):621-31. PMID 16781992van der Wee N, Rinkel GJ, Hasan D, van Gijn J. Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage on early CT: is lumbar puncture still needed after a negative scan? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58(3):357-9. PMID 7897421Vergouwen MD, Rinkel GJ. Clinical suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage and negative head computed tomographic scan performed within 6 hours of headache onset--no need for lumbar puncture. Ann Emerg Med 2013;61(4):503-4. PMID 23522819Vermeulen M, Hasan D, Blijenberg BG, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Xanthochromia after subarachnoid haemorrhage needs no revisitation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52(7):826-8. PMID 2769274We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date. 

In the first episode of this season I talk about using high dose Nitroglycerine and Bipap for the sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema (SCAPE) patients in you ED. Don't take my word for it. Go through the following references and make your own protocol for your department. We have had fantastic results! 1. Paone S, Clarkson L, Sin B, Punnapuzha S. Recognition of Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) and use of high-dose nitroglycerin infusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Aug;36(8):1526.e5-1526.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.013. Epub 2018 May 10. PMID: 29776826. 2. Mathew R, Kumar A, Sahu A, Wali S, Aggarwal P. High-Dose Nitroglycerin Bolus for Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study. J Emerg Med. 2021 Sep;61(3):271-277. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.05.011. Epub 2021 Jun 30. PMID: 34215472. 3.Hsieh YT, Lee TY, Kao JS, Hsu HL, Chong CF. Treating acute hypertensive cardiogenic pulmonary edema with high-dose nitroglycerin. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018 Feb 2;18(1):34-36. doi: 10.1016/j.tjem.2018.01.004. PMID: 29942881; PMCID: PMC6009803. 4. Levy P, Compton S, Welch R, Delgado G, Jennett A, Penugonda N, Dunne R, Zalenski R. Treatment of severe decompensated heart failure with high-dose intravenous nitroglycerin: a feasibility and outcome analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Aug;50(2):144-52. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.02.022. Epub 2007 May 23. PMID: 17509731. 5.Houseman BS, Martinelli AN, Oliver WD, Devabhakthuni S, Mattu A. High-dose nitroglycerin infusion description of safety and efficacy in sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema: The HI-DOSE SCAPE study. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Jan;63:74-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.10.018. Epub 2022 Oct 18. PMID: 36327753.

Contributor: Jared Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Two conventional ways to aid in external jugular vein (EJ) catheter placement are Trendelenburg's position and Valsalva's maneuver by patient  One study compared ultrasound visualization of cross sections of EJ and common femoral vein at baseline and with patients in Trendelenburg's position, Valsalva's maneuver, and while humming The study found all three conditions distended the veins from baseline, but there was no significant difference in diameter between the conditions   Humming may be a viable technique in distended EJ for catheter placement, and may be easier for patients to comprehend than Valsalva    References Lewin MR, Stein J, Wang R, et al. Humming is as effective as Valsalva's maneuver and Trendelenburg's position for ultrasonographic visualization of the jugular venous system and common femoral veins. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(1):73-77. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.01.024   Summarized by Kirsten Hughes, MS4 | Edited by John Spartz, MD, & Erik Verzemnieks, MD   In an effort to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in Emergency Medicine, The Emergency Medical Minute is proud to present our 2nd annual Diversity and Inclusion Award. We support increasing the representation of underrepresented groups in medicine and extend this award to individuals applying to emergency medicine residencies during the 2022-2023 cycle. For information on award eligibility and the application process, visit https://emergencymedicalminute.com/edi-award/ Donate to EMM today!

Join this discussion of some of the recent literature surrounding EMS care of traumatic brain injury with Dr. Al Lulla. This is the perfect confluence of advancing evidence, relatively straightforward interventions, and a patient population where we can definitely improve prehospital outcomes. See where the literature, education, and protocol implementation can meet to improve TBI outcomes in your EMS service. REFERENCES 1. Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, et al. Optimal Out-of-Hospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Jul;80(1):46-59. 2. Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, et al. Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA Surg. 2019 Jul 1;154(7):e191152.

Contributor: Aaron Lessen, MD Educational Pearls: Intranasal medication administration is a convenient, quick, and relatively painless option for pediatric patients Often used as an initial medication to help control pain in children prior to establishing an IV Using an atomizer is preferred when administering intranasal medications The syringe should be angled towards the ipsilateral eye or occiput rather than straight upwards Do not administer more than 1 mL of fluid per nostril as volumes greater than 1 mL are not sufficiently absorbed Intranasal medication doses differ from the traditional IV dosages and have a slower onset of action References Del Pizzo J, Callahan JM. Intranasal medications in pediatric emergency medicine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(7):496-501; quiz 502-494. Fantacci C, Fabrizio GC, Ferrara P, Franceschi F, Chiaretti A. Intranasal drug administration for procedural sedation in children admitted to pediatric Emergency Room. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(1):217-222. Rech MA, Barbas B, Chaney W, Greenhalgh E, Turck C. When to Pick the Nose: Out-of-Hospital and Emergency Department Intranasal Administration of Medications. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(2):203-211. Schoolman-Anderson K, Lane RD, Schunk JE, Mecham N, Thomas R, Adelgais K. Pediatric emergency department triage-based pain guideline utilizing intranasal fentanyl: Effect of implementation. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(9):1603-1607.   Summarized by Mark O'Brien, MS4 | Edited by John Spartz, MD & Erik Verzemnieks, MD   The Emergency Medical Minute is excited to announce that we are now offering AMA PRA Category 1 credits™ via online course modules. To access these and for more information, visit our website at https://emergencymedicalminute.org/cme-courses/ and create an account.  Donate to EMM today!

Integrating an ED clinical pharmacist was a complete practice changer for us at UC Davis! It is a positive trend across the US and in this episode, we talk with Chris Adams, Clinical Senior Pharmacist at UC Davis. Tell us how YOUR department integrates a pharmacist @empulsepodcast, or reach out via email empulsepodcast@gmail.com, or through our website, ucdavisem.com. Encourage your friends and colleagues to listen and share their stories, too! ***Please rate us and leave us a review on iTunes! It helps us reach more people.*** Host: Dr. Julia Magaña, Associate Professor of Pediatric Emergency Medicine at UC Davis Guest: Chris Adams, Clinical Senior Pharmacist at UC Davis *** Thank you to the UC Davis Department of Emergency Medicine for supporting this podcast and to Orlando Magaña at OM Audio Productions for audio production services. Resources: Farmer BM, Hayes BD, Rao R, Farrell N, Nelson L. The role of clinical pharmacists in the emergency department. J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(1):114-116. Acquisto NM, Hays DP, Fairbanks RJT, et al. The outcomes of emergency pharmacist participation during acute myocardial infarction. J Emerg Med. 2012;42(4):371-378. Jacoby JS, Draper HM, Dumkow LE, Farooq MU, DeYoung GR, Brandt KL. Emergency medicine pharmacist impact on door-to-needle time in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurohospitalist. 2018;8(2):60-65. Moussavi K, Nikitenko V. Pharmacist impact on time to antibiotic administration in patients with sepsis in an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(11):2117-2121. Patanwala AE, Sanders AB, Thomas MC, et al. A prospective, multicenter study of pharmacist activities resulting in medication error interception in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59(5):369-373.

HEED THE REFERENCES: Anand Swaminathan, "REBEL Core Cast 47.0 Nausea and Vomiting", REBEL EM blog, January 13, 2021. Available at: https://rebelem.com/rebel-core-cast-47-0-nausea-and-vomiting/. Beadle KL, Helbling AR, Love SL, April MD, Hunter CJ. Isopropyl Alcohol Nasal Inhalation for Nausea in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.09.031. Furyk, J. S., Meek, R. A., & Egerton-Warburton, D. (2015). Drugs for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in adults in the emergency department setting. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015(9), CD010106. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010106.pub2 Mark Ramzy, "Aromatherapy vs Oral Ondansetron for Antiemetic Therapy Among Adult Emergency Department Patients", REBEL EM blog, December 3, 2020. Available at: https://rebelem.com/aromatherapy-vs-oral-ondansetron-for-antiemetic-therapy-among-adult-emergency-department-patients/. Phips, Ashley. (2015). Article Review: RCT of Antiemetic Efficacy in the ED. Available at http://www.emdocs.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AntiemeticUseED-Phipps-.pdf Plewa, Young, Yerman. (20 July 2008). The vomiting patient in the ED: Evaluation and management. Emergency Medicine Reports. Available from https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/13681-the-vomiting-patient-in-the-ed-evaluation-and-management Scorza K, Williams A, Phillips JD, Shaw J. Evaluation of nausea and vomiting. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Jul 1;76(1):76-84. PMID: 17668843. Wegrzyniak LJ, Repke JT, Ural SH. Treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;5(2):78-84. Yartsev. (2021). Deranged Physiology: Question 10 - Describe the physiology of vomiting. Available from https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/past-papers/2010-paper-1-saqs/question-10p2#answer-anchor

Contributor: Jarod Scott, MD Educational Pearls: Rectal prolapse is an evagination of the rectal tissue through the anal opening Factors that weaken the pelvic floor muscles increase the risk of rectal prolapse These include age > 40, female, multiple pregnancies, constipation, diarrhea, cystic fibrosis, prior pelvic floor surgeries, or other pelvic floor abnormalities Noninvasive treatment options include increasing fluid and fiber intake to soften stools as well as using padding/taping to reinforce the perineum Surgery is an option to repair the prolapse so long as the patient is a good surgical candidate Medical sugar can be used as a desiccant to dry out and shrink the prolapse thus allowing for easier manual replacement References Coburn WM, 3rd, Russell MA, Hofstetter WL. Sucrose as an aid to manual reduction of incarcerated rectal prolapse. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(3):347-349. 2Gachabayov M, Bendl R, Flusberg M, et al. Rectal prolapse and pelvic descent. Curr Probl Surg. 2021;58(9):100952. Segal J, McKeown DG, Tavarez MM. Rectal Prolapse. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 202   Summarized by Mark O'Brien, MS4 | Edited by John Spartz MS4 & Erik Verzemnieks, MD   The Emergency Medical Minute is excited to announce that we are now offering AMA PRA Category 1 credits™ via online course modules. To access these and for more information, visit our website at https://emergencymedicalminute.org/cme-courses/ and create an account.  Donate to EMM today!

In this episode of EMplify: Conversation, Sam Ashoo, MD and TR Eckler, MD discuss high sensitivity troponin testing and clinical pathways.Topics discussed include: Which troponin assay are you currently using and what are its limits of detection? Do delta troponin results only count if they increase? If the test result is indeterminate, then what? repeat in 1 hr (European standard), repeat in 3 hours (depending on chest pain onset), or just admit if the HEAR(T) score is high? What does one negative troponin on presentation mean? No death in 30 days to 1 year but still missed MI?And more... ReferencesAnand A, et al; HiSTORIC Investigators†. High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin on Presentation to Rule Out Myocardial Infarction: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation. 2021 Jun 8;143(23):2214-2224. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052380. Epub 2021 Mar 23. PMID: 33752439; PMCID: PMC8177493.Chapman AR, et al. Association of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentration With Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome. JAMA. 2017 Nov 21;318(19):1913-1924. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.17488. Erratum in: JAMA. 2018 Mar 20;319(11):1168. Soerensen NA [corrected to Sorensen NA]. PMID: 29127948; PMCID: PMC5710293.Chenevier-Gobeaux C, et al. Multi-centre evaluation of recent troponin assays for the diagnosis of NSTEMI. Pract Lab Med. 2018 Feb 26;11:23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.02.003. PMID: 30014015; PMCID: PMC6045566.Chiang CH, Chiang CH, Lee GH, Qian F, Chen SC, Lee CC. Time to Implement the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-Hour Algorithm. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Nov;76(5):690-692. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.05.038. PMID: 33097132; PMCID: PMC7575504.McCarthy CP, Januzzi JL Jr. Increasingly Sensitive Troponin Assays: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Dec;9(23):e019678. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019678. Epub 2020 Nov 26. PMID: 33238785; PMCID: PMC7763764.Neumann JT, et al. Application of High-Sensitivity Troponin in Suspected Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 27;380(26):2529-2540. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1803377. PMID: 31242362.Miller J, Cook B, Singh-Kucukarslan G, Tang A, Danagoulian S, Heath G, Khalifa Z, Levy P, Mahler SA, Mills N, McCord J. RACE-IT - Rapid Acute Coronary Syndrome Exclusion using the Beckman Coulter Access high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2021 Apr 23;22:100773. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100773. PMID: 34013092; PMCID: PMC8114080.

There is no possible way to improve ketamine, right? Join Dr. Patrick for a discussion of exciting recent literature investigating the effectiveness and safety of nebulized ketamine for emergency department analgesia. Everyone's favorite EMS medication may be primed for an enhanced delivery option. REFERENCES 1. Dove D, et al. Comparison of Nebulized Ketamine at Three Different Dosing Regimens for Treating Painful Conditions in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Dec;78(6):779-787. 2. Rhodes AJ, et al. Nebulized ketamine for managing acute pain in the pediatric emergency department: A case series. Turk J Emerg Med. 2021 Apr 9;21(2):75-78.

The medical directors revisit one of our old favorites "The Serial Killers Series" to discuss 5 trauma killers to keep in your front brain as you are preparing or caring for a sick trauma patient. If you've not considered your differential diagnosis until patient contact and initial evaluation then you're too late. Following this episode, you'll be ready to evaluate, act and prevent acute hemorrhage, obstructive shock, hypoxia, traumatic brain injury and DIC in your sickest trauma patients. REFERENCES 1. Childress K, et al. Prehospital End-tidal Carbon Dioxide Predicts Mortality in Trauma Patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018 Mar-Apr;22(2):170-174. 2. Androski CP Jr, et al. Case Series on 2g Tranexamic Acid Flush From the 75th Ranger Regiment Casualty Database. Journal of Special Operations Medicine : a Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals. 2020 ;20(4):85-91. 3. Taghavi S, et al. An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial examining prehospital procedures in penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021 Jul 1;91(1):130-140. 4. Sims CA, et al. Effect of Low-Dose Supplementation of Arginine Vasopressin on Need for Blood Product Transfusions in Patients With Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2019 Nov 1;154(11):994-1003. 5. Kupas DF, et al. Glasgow Coma Scale Motor Component ("Patient Does Not Follow Commands") Performs Similarly to Total Glasgow Coma Scale in Predicting Severe Injury in Trauma Patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Dec;68(6):744-750. 6. Rankin CJ, et al. A review of transfusion- and trauma-induced hypocalcemia: Is it time to change the lethal triad to the lethal diamond? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020 Mar;88(3):434-439. 7. Laan DV, et al. Chest wall thickness and decompression failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing anatomic locations in needle thoracostomy. Injury. 2016 Apr;47(4):797-804.

Contributor: Don Stader, MD Educational Pearls: In a secondary analysis of the PART trial, the mortality effect of timing of airway management for patients in cardiac arrest was examined Study looked at whether timing played a part in both laryngeal tube placement or endotracheal intubation during cardiac arrest Did not find any association of timing and survival to hospital discharge High-quality CPR and defibrillation are the only two things that improve outcomes in cardiac arrest References Okubo M, Komukai S, Izawa J, Aufderheide TP, Benoit JL, Carlson JN, Daya MR, Hansen M, Idris AH, Le N, Lupton JR, Nichol G, Wang HE, Callaway CW. Association of Advanced Airway Insertion Timing and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2022 Feb;79(2):118-131. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.07.114. Epub 2021 Sep 16. PMID: 34538500. Summarized by John Spartz, MS4 | Edited by Erik Verzemnieks, MD   The Emergency Medical Minute is excited to announce that we are now offering AMA PRA Category 1 credits™ via online course modules. To access these and for more information, visit our website at https://emergencymedicalminute.org/cme-courses/ and create an account.  Donate to EMM today!  

Contributor: Chris Holmes, MD Educational Pearls: Many are taught that patients with cocaine chest pain should not receive beta-blockers due to unopposed alpha agonism, but is this true? 363 consecutive admissions for chest pain with positive cocaine on urine toxicology were reviewed in a retrospective cohort study 60 patients in this cohort received a beta-blocker and multivariate analysis demonstrated a reduction in myocardial infarction risk Another retrospective cohort study demonstrated no association of negative outcomes with beta-blocker administration in those with a recent positive result on cocaine urine toxicology Two more recent meta-analyses were performed finding no association between adverse clinical outcomes and beta-blocker administration for cocaine chest pain No prospective randomized-controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the use of beta-blockers for treatment of cocaine chest pain in the ED setting References Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K, Sohal D, Nordin C. Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use [published correction appears in Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Jul;52(1):90]. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51(2):117-125. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.04.015 Rangel C, Shu RG, Lazar LD, Vittinghoff E, Hsue PY, Marcus GM. Beta-blockers for chest pain associated with recent cocaine use. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(10):874-879. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.115 Pham D, Addison D, Kayani W, et al. Outcomes of beta blocker use in cocaine-associated chest pain: a meta-analysis. Emerg Med J. 2018;35(9):559-563. doi:10.1136/emermed-2017-207065 Lo KB, Virk HUH, Lakhter V, et al. Clinical Outcomes After Treatment of Cocaine-Induced Chest Pain with Beta-Blockers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Med. 2019;132(4):505-509. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.11.041 Richards JR, Hollander JE, Ramoska EA, et al. β-Blockers, Cocaine, and the Unopposed α-Stimulation Phenomenon. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2017;22(3):239-249. doi:10.1177/1074248416681644 Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED, et al. Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(12):897-903. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-112-12-897 Summarized by John Spartz, MS4 | Edited by Erik Verzemnieks, MD   The Emergency Medical Minute is excited to announce that we are now offering AMA PRA Category 1 credits™ via online course modules. To access these and for more information, visit our website at https://emergencymedicalminute.org/cme-courses/ and create an account.  Donate to EMM today!