Podcast appearances and mentions of mustafa kemal ataturk

Last time we spoke about the legendary battle of Tsushima. Admiral Rozhdestvenski traveled across the globe to bring the Baltic fleet to the Pacific to give a climactic fight to Admiral Togo's combined fleet. Yet during the journey, Port Arthur fell leaving the only destination to be Vladivostok and they would have to take a perilous journey through the Tsushima strait to get to her. Rozhdestvenski's grand journey meant his ships were ill maintained and the crews had no time for training. The Japanese meanwhile had trained vigorously and brought new technological advantages into the mix that would significantly tip the scale. The Russian baltic fleet was absolutely annihilated at a minimal lose for the IJN. The battle of Tsushima became one of the most famous naval battles in history and its decisive nature would become indoctrinated in the IJN until the end of WW2.    #84 The Russo-Japanese War part 11: The Portsmouth Treaty    Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. I have to start this podcast by repeating a funny little bit from this week. One of my bosses over at Kings and Generals suddenly messages me on discord and says “hey what's going on with the China Podcast, are we doing a series on the Russo-Japanese War now?” And to this I laughed, because he had a good point, I am sure there are a lot of you who were wondering….well why are we spending so much time on this, if the Fall and Rise of China podcast is ..well about China. The Russo-Japanese War would have a profound effect on China and global history. Something many forget, this entire war occurred within China, a nation not officially taking part in the conflict! Having a war break out between two other empires within your borders was an absolutely humiliating situation. China had just lost a war against the Russians in Manchuria. When the war broke out, China declared neutrality and asked both sides to not violate her territory, which both did without a care in the world. The Chinese did help the Japanese, especially the Honghuzi. Now the 1st Sino-Japanese War had left quite a foul taste in the mouth of the Chinese, but during the Russo-Japanese War some Pan-Asianim did develop. The Chinese public gradually began supporting the Japanese, there were quite a lot of youth in China demanding the Qing government allow them to enlist and help fight off the Russians. Countless Chinese helped with labor, working in a vast spy network and sold both sides provisions. When the Russians lost the battle of Tsushima and Mukden, there were many influential and future influential figures that celebrated this. Notably Mahatma Gandhi, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Jawaharlal Nehru and Sun Yat-Sen were deeply influenced by the Japanese victory. Why were they so influenced, because it was the first time a non-white nation had defeated a white one, and not just that, one of the great powers. The Russian Empire was in the public's mind, defeated handily by a small asiatic nation, it was a david and goliath story come true. Ironically, the Yellow Peril which Kaiser Wilhelm had utilized to usher in the war was turned up to 100 when the Japanese won.Now all that is fine and dandy, but there was another dramatic effect this war would hold over Japan and China. We technically have not spoken about “the end” of the Russo-Japanese War, there is actually another battle and the peace negotiations to discuss. It is here things will occur that will actually lay the groundwork for WW2. So now we are heading back into the story. The Japanese had won at Mukden and now at Tsushima, so that was that, they had won the war right? The Russians had taken up a new defensive position in northern Manchuria and were still being reinforced, 2 corps were enroute. In the war of attrition, the Russians would eventually win, despite having no naval ability, they would simply overwhelm the Japanese with numbers. Both nations faced bankruptcy, but the Russians were able to take larger loans from France and Germany, thus the situation was from a financial point of view more perilous for Japan. 53% of Japan's annual revenue had been devoted to the war effort. For Russia, the humiliation and financial ruin was accompanied by a full blown revolution. Thus both nations really needed the war to end and fast. Now comes in my favorite US president, Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt was one of the few at the offset of the war to place his bet on a Japanese victory. He also attempted to resolve the disputes between the two empires before the war broke out, often citing the Kaiser's Yellow Peril propaganda as being a main culprit to the hostilities. Roosevelt wrote to the British diplomat, Cecil Spring Rice that he believed Wilhelm should bear partial responsibility for the war "as he has done all he could to bring it about". Roosevelt is a fascinating figure. He was of course a product of his time, a 19th century man, he had views of white superiority, but demonstrated a certain tolerance towards nonwhites. This extended itself a lot towards the Japanese, there was a lot about the Japanese he admired. After the battle of Tsushima Roosevelt wrote “even the battle of Trafalgar could not match this. I grew so excited that I myself became almost like a Japanese, and I could not attend to official duties.” Roosevelt famously practiced judo with Japanese opponents and avidly read Nitobe Inazo's “Bushido”. Roosevelt was sent many books from his friend at Harvard, Kaneko Kentaro and wrote in appreciation “Perhaps I was most impressed by this little volume on Bushido. …It seems to me, my dear Baron, that Japan has much to teach to the nations of the Occident, just as she has something to learn from them. I have long felt that Japan's entrance into the circle of the great civilized powers was of good omen for all of the world.Certainly I myself, hope that I have learned not a little from what I have read of the fine Samurai spirit, and from the way in which that spirit has been and is being transformed to meet the needs of modern life.” In some ways perhaps you could call Roosevelt a Japanophile, but I would stress, like any white elites of the 19th century, he still had ingrained in him a sense that whites, notably white anglo saxons were the most civilized in the world.  It should come to no surprise, Roosevelt who publicly spoke well of the Japanese during the war, found the Japanese coming to him to help mediate the peace. Now as much as Roosevelt had openly favored the Japanese during the conflict, now there was a looming issue on the American president's mind. The Japanese were aggressively expanding in Asia and the Pacific, this was not something Roosevelt liked very much. After the fall of Port Arthur, Roosevelt wrote “if Japan tries to gain from her victory in the Russo-Japanese War more than she ought to have, she will array against her all the great powers, and however determined she may be she cannot successfully face an allied world”. Roosevelt was greatly troubled by the potential threat Japan posed against America's own increasing strength and influence in the asia-pacific. He would dispatch one General Arthur MacArthur, for you Pacific War week by week podcast listeners, yes I managed to bring MacArthur into this one. Arthur MacArthur was sent on a tour of the far east in 1905 and he was of course accompanied by his wife and a young Lt Douglas MacArthur who would go on to write ‘The purpose of our observations was to measure the strength of the Japanese Army and its method of warfare … But I had the uneasy feeling that the haughty, feudalistic samurai who were their leaders, were, through their victories, planting the seed of eventual Japanese conquest of the Orient.' No worries I am not going to turn this into a MacArthur rant. Roosevelt's agreed to act as a mediator before the battle of Tsushima. After the Tsushima victory, the Japanese expected they would receive large benefits from peace talks. They had good reason to believe so, Russia had lost on the land and sea, revolution was burning within the empire. Anarchists attacked the Tsar's uncle and brother in law, Grand Duke Serge Alexandroitich, the governor general of Moscow. Riots and anti-war demonstrations were widespread, violence was found in major Russian cities. From the Russian point of view, the Japanese had committed all her available manpower in the field, thus only mediation could save Japan from incoming disaster. In many ways it was a kind of race, who would run out of men first? Japan because she literally had a much smaller population, or would the Russian people simply overthrow the Tsar regime? Both regimes also were verging bankruptcy, whose dollar would run out first? Russia had not lost any of “her” territory, something Roosevelt was quick to point out to the Japanese. Thus Roosevelt was sort of winking at the Japanese that they should secure Russian territory so they had more bargaining power at the peace table, so the Japanese went to work. Japan and Russian had signed a treaty in 1875, the Treaty of Saint Petersburg that saw Japan ceding part of Sakhalin island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril islands. Now by the time of the Russo-Japanese war the population of Sakhalin was roughly 30,000 including 4000 Ainu. The island held a large prison and was used as a place for those Russia sought to exile. Overall it was not a very significant territory to the Russians. Its climate as you can imagine, was quite harsh, even by Russian standards. The Russians had a garrison of 7280 men on the island, the majority were conscripted farmers, hunters and prisoners with little in terms of training or equipment. They were led by General Mikhail Nikolaevich Lyapunov, who had been appointed military governor of Sakhalin in 1898. He had joined the military academy at the age of 16, but quickly found a talent in law, so he became a lawyer, while continuing his military career on the side. Thus the man was not particularly experienced in terms of war.  After the battle of Tsushima, the Japanese quickly wrangled together a force of 14,000 men for the brand new 13th IJA division led by General Haraguchi Kensai. Admiral Kataoka Shichiro assembled a naval force at Aomori Bay of 8 armored cruisers, 9 destroyers, 4 coastal defense ships and 12 torpedo boats to transport the division for an invasion of Sakhalin. The naval force departed on July 5th and landed in Aniwa Bay and near the port of Korsakov. They faced little opposition, a second group landed closer to Korsakov where they destroyed a battery of field artillery and defeated a small Russian force. The Japanese quickly advanced against Korsakov the next day, but the garrison of 2000 Russians led by Colonel Josef Arciszweski there had burned it to the ground. On July 8th the IJN force cleared Chitose Bay and on the 10th occupied Kindo Cape. Meanwhile the 13th division advanced north, taking the village of Vladimirovka. Colonel Arciszweski had dug to resist the Japanese, but his force was quickly outflanked and they withdrew into mountains within the interior of the island. By July 16th, Arciszweski surrendered his forces. Around 200 Russians were captured, the Japanese had suffered 18 deaths and 58 wounded. On the 17th 1905 General Lyapunov, through a representative, sent a message to General Kensai "Your Excellency! The lack of medicines and dressings and, as a result, the lack of the possibility of rendering assistance to the wounded, forced me to propose to Your Excellency to cease hostilities for purely humane reasons." General Haraguchi responded by demanding that General Lyapunov surrender all weapons and all movable and immovable state property that were intact, as well as the surrender of all maps, documents, papers related to the military department and administration. On the 19th General Lyapunov at his headquarters in the village of Onor gave the order: "The lack of food and firearms, as well as entrenching tools, the lack of sanitary facilities, the enormous numerical superiority of the Japanese army and the absence of a prepared path of retreat put us in such a situation when which further resistance would be useless bloodshed. In view of this, having received an offer from the commander of the Japanese army, which landed on the island, to surrender, I convened a military council, at which, to discuss the general situation...". On the 24th the Japanese landed in northern Sakhalin near Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky. The Russians had 5000 troops under the direct control of General Lyapunov. Lyapunov chose to flee the city with his forces and later surrendered seeing the Japanese capture 3200 men, 79 officers and General Lyapunov. He was the only Russian governor to surrender during the war. The Japanese would also capture another 1260 soldiers around Onor with a large stockpile of weapons, ammunition and food. After all was said and done, the battle for Sakhalin saw the Russians suffer 181 deaths, thousands taken prisoner. With that done with, the Japanese now had officially seized Russian territory. Alongside this the Japanese re-signed the Anglo-Japanese alliance for another 10 years and entered talks with the US regarding their positions over Korea and the Philippines. The Taft-Katsura agreement between William Howard Taft and Count Katsura Taro saw the US agree Japan should seek a protectorate over Korea, and Japan agreed the Philippines should be left under the good governance of the US. It should be noted this was all “a agreement” nothing was signed. In many ways it was a betrayal of Korea by the US, as the Americans and Koreans had signed an amity and commerce treaty in 1882, which the Koreans assumed was a mutual defense treaty. Regardless, the Japanese were securing their poker hand before heading into the negotiations. The peace negotiations were held at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Russian peace team was led by Sergius Witte who quickly stressed Russia had not been beaten and the war was very much still on. He also began privately complaining to all that it was his view the Japanese sought to gain as much loot from an agreement as possible. He was 100% correct in that assumption. Witte also made it clear, the Tsar's position in regards to Korea had not changed and that Russia would never pay a rouble in war indemnities. The Japanese were lead by Baron Komura, a harvard graduate. He came into the negotiations immediately demanding Korea was in the sphere of Japanese influence, that the Russians should depart Manchuria, the cession of Sakhalin, the granting of new fishing rights along the Russian coast, the spoils of war to be agreed upon and of course a fat sum of war indemnities. The teams had arrived on August 8th of 1905, and would stay at the Hotel Wentworth in New Castle. The actual negotiations took place at the General Stores Building, furnished with Mahogany furniture from the Cabinet Room of the White House. The conference was arranged so the most difficult parts would come last, namely, indemnities and Sakhalin. There were 12 sessions held between August 9th to the 30th. During the first 8 sessions, both sides reached an agreement on 8 points.  There should be an immediate ceasefire. The Russians would recognize  Japanese claims over Korea. The Russian forces would evacuate Manchuria.  Russia would cede its leases over Port Arthur and Dalien, the South Manchuria Railway and some mining concession, and Russia would retain the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria. The next 4 points were much trickery.  On August the 15th the two vexed subjects were brought forth, Sakhalin and indemnity payments. It seemed the American public opinion over these issues had swung to the Russians. Witte, briefed by the Tsar stated there would be no payments for the return of Sakhalin and no indemnities, and stressed the Russians remained resolved to continue fighting. The Russians were very aware of Japan's financial distress and concluded that a demand for indemnity would be their most pressing concern. During the talks Roosevelt would later write ‘This (the indemnity) would never have been entertained by him, and he had calculated that the Peace Conference would break down on this point, and the struggle be continued until Japan could raise no more money.'On the issue Roosevelt intervened and advised the Japanese that if she did not abandon her claims for an indemnity, the world would come to believe the war had been fought for financial gain. Roosevelt on the 18th proposed dividing Sakhalin. Witte countered this on the 23rrd proposing Japan keep Sakhalin and drop her claims of indemnities. Komura rejected this proposal prompting Witte to warn him he was instructed to cease negotiations and resume the war. This ultimatum was met by 4 new Russian divisions arriving to Manchuria and Witte made a public display of literally showing everyone himself packing his bags preparing to leave. The Russians were convinced the Japanese could not afford to resume the war and were making a grand display to the Americans and Japanese that Russia would never agree to paying a single rouble. Komura was not in a good position and caved into the demands. The Japanese agreed in exchange for the southern half of Sakhalin they would drop their claims for indemnities. On September 5th, the treaty was signed, and ratified on the 10th of October in Japan, and the 14th for Russia. A random little side note, during the war Montenegro had declared war on Japan, but everyone kind of forgot about this and no mention of Montenegro was made in the treaty so technically Japan and Montenegro were at war until 2006 when Japan officially ended the war. Witte wrote to the New York Times about the treaty “The judgement of all observers here, whether pro-Japanese or pro-Russian, is that the victory is as astonishing a thing as ever was seen in diplomatic history. A nation hopelessly beaten in every battle of the war, one army captured and the other overwhelmingly routed, with a navy swept from the seas, dictated her own terms to the victory”. His rather bombastic claims were well warranted as the treaty signing had a profound effect on Japan. The Japanese public exploded. The over taxation for the war effort, the loss of so many sons and fathers had prompted the Japanese public to believe they were owed a lot. From the point of view of the Japanese public, the only news they received was endless victories over the lands and seas, they had no idea of the financial plight of their nation. When they heard the terms of the treaty, riots exploded. The most famous riots occurred in Hibiya Park in central Tokyo where activities and protesters assembled some 30,000 people strong. They marched upon the Imperial Palace grounds and rampaged the city for over 2 days. They especially targeted government buildings, the police, Russian property, but notably that of the US. From the publics view, Roosevelt and America had backstabbed them. Russian and American missionary churches were vandalized, martial law was erected. Over 350 buildings were damaged, 17 people were killed, 450 policemen, 48 firemen and civilians were injured. Prime Minister Katsura Taro's cabinet collapsed. While Roosevelt earned a nobel peace prize for his efforts, Japan's extremely positive view of America had dramatically soured. Its hard to picture it given the history of WW1 and WW2, but until this point America was kind of seen as a good big brother to Japan all things considered. The Japanese felt cheated of their rightful claims as victors of the war. Take this into consideration. During the 1st sino-Japanese War, Japan was denied her spoils by the triple intervention of France, Germany and Russia. During the Boxer Rebellion, the Russians used the situation to encroach into Manchuria, which Japan saw as a direct threat. Japan from her perspective won the Russo-Japanese War and now the US was stealing her spoils from her. From the Japanese perspective she deserved recognition as a great power and furthermore recognition as being racially equal. I wont delve to deeply into it, but after WW1, Japan would receive another similar and egregious wound when President Woodrow Wilson denied Japan's request to be recognized as racially equal to the other great powers. That would become the last straw, that drove Japan away from the west and towards WW2. But this is not a Japanese podcast haha, I apologize if I sometimes go in that direction its what I specialized in.  The Russo-Japanese War saw the Japanese suffer 58,000 to 86,000 deaths, for the Russians it was between 43,000 and 120,000. Of the casualties, the Japanese had lost perhaps 59,000 from combat, 27,000 from disease. For the Russians 34-53,000 died from combat and 9-19,000 from disease with another 75,000 captured. And let us not forget the Chinese who would see 20,000 civilian deaths and a financial loss of over 69 million taels. While the Japanese treated the tens of thousands of Russian prisoners extremely well considering what POW treatment would look like during WW1 and WW2, the treatment of Chinese was abysmal. The war between Russia and Japan occurred on Chinese soil, but China was powerless to prevent it and suffered human and financial loss. This added to the Chinese public's sense of humiliation. Alongside this, the treaty of Portsmouth basically started an annexation process of Korea to Japan, but it also handed a ton of privileges and extraterritorial rule over to Japan. Now Japan had her feet firmly set in Manchuria, weakening Qing rule. If you were part of the elites in the Qing dynasty and your responsibility was to improve the empire, it seems investigating how Japan beat Russia should be on top of your list of “to do's”.  Indeed, as we spoke a lot about during the 1st sino japanese war, Japan and China took different paths to modernization in the face of western imperialism. Japan did not defeat Russia solely because of the modernization of her army, Japan had thoroughly organized and prepared her populace for modern politics, military, economic, social and culture….while China struggled behind. China needed to emulate certain aspects, like Japan had to strengthen herself. When Japan and Russia signed the treaty of Portsmouth they were exchanging benefits and many of these were not theirs to take or give, but rather Chinas! Imagine you were a subject of the Qing dynasty living in Manchuria where your home may have been destroyed, perhaps you lost loved ones to the conflict, what did your government do? Nothing. It was a watershed moment for the common people of China, their government did absolutely nothing in the face of all of it. The intellectual class of China was enraged and invigorated by it all. There was this tremendous sense they as a people needed to improve in terms of politics, military, societal, economic, education and culture, China needed to actually modernize. The Qing dynasty was being seen by many as decrepit, too old and stuck in its ways.   In the historical context China was entering the “late Qing reforms” or “new policies” period. This actually began in 1901, but I believed it was very important to get the Russo-Japanese War story into the mix before I dabbled into this very complex part of modern Chinese history. The Qing dynasty is soon coming to its end. Stating all of that I thought it would be a cool time to do a bit of housekeeping. You Mr or Mrs listener, I'd love to hear from you. As you likely know I write and narrate the two podcast Pacific War week by week and the Fall and Rise of China Podcast's for Kings and Generals. However, I also happen to be a Youtuber, and Podcaster on the side. I have the Pacific War Channel where you can find content about the history of Asia from the 1830's until the end of the Pacific war in 1945, in many ways its like this podcast. I also awkwardly have a podcast platform called “the pacific war channel”, and as you can imagine its a bit directionless since …well lets be honest its redundant given these two podcasts I do. I have been trying to think about how to change that podcast around and I would love to hear from you guys. Best way to give feedback, toss comments on my Youtube channel, or join my Pacific War Channel discord, found on my Youtube channel page. I have a few idea's myself, perhaps doing a more general history focused podcast where I tell stories just like the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, but my god in much short series haha, let's say in 3 parters and such. Or I could do an entire other podcast series on The Rise and Fall of Japan, see what I did there with the titles? Yeah that ones been in the back on my mind for awhile. I could also take on a co-pilot for the podcasts so its not only single narration, similar to Tom Holland's “the rest is history”. There's a ton of directions I can go in, but one thing is for sure, the “Pacific War Channel Podcast” needs a new direction, probably a new name as well.  Also and I know its annoying, but a big thank you to all of you who check out the Pacific War channel on Youtube and my Patreon where I make monthly patreon exclusive podcasts. I would love to go full time one day, but alas the Youtube game is a hard one. If you get the chance please check out my Youtube channel, I am now as we speak unleashing a multiple part series on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931-1932, something barely anyone covers. Most historians give it about a few paragraphs, but it was quite a complicated event. I am trying to tackle the 15 year war between Japan and China from 1931-1945 in a chronological order, event by event and such. Stating all of that I love all you guys, and here comes the same outro I do every single time haha. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. One Empire has Risen like a bright Sun as another, tumbles down like a large bear. Asia henceforth will completely change, now the Japanese dominate the landscape. Yet what of China? How will the common Chinese take to this latest round of humiliation? The Qing dynasty is hanging by a thread and that thread is about to be cut. 

*) US says ‘no way' to solve conflict without Palestinian state There is “no way” to solve Israel's long-term security challenges in the region and the short-term challenges of rebuilding besieged Gaza without the establishment of a Palestinian state, US State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said. The comments came after Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in a press conference he had told Washington that he objected to any Palestinian statehood that did not guarantee Israel's security. *) Israel's war on Gaza to hit economies across Middle East: Qatar The war in Gaza will hit economies across the Middle East if it is not resolved and the conflict urgently needs a non-military solution, Qatar's Finance Minister Ali al Kuwari said. He also noted that the solution is really to look for a permanent solution for the main issue in the Middle East which is the Palestinian problem. Al Kuwari added this cannot be fixed by military actions. *) North Korea says tested ‘underwater nuclear weapon system' North Korea has tested an “underwater nuclear weapon system” in response to joint naval exercises by Washington, Seoul and Tokyo, which involved a US nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, state media said. The drills were “seriously threatening the security” of the North, so in response, Pyongyang “conducted an important test of its underwater nuclear weapon system in the East Sea of Korea,” according to the country's defence ministry. North Korea has been stepping up pressure on Seoul in recent weeks, declaring it the “principal enemy,” saying the North will never reunite with the South and vowing to enhance its military capabilities. *) Pakistan strikes show Iran not ‘well-liked' in region: Biden US President Joe Biden has said air strikes by Pakistan and Iran on each other's territory showed Tehran was not “well-liked,” as the White House warned against any escalation. The US president stressed that Washington was now trying to understand how the Iran-Pakistan situation would develop, adding: “Where that goes we're working on now – I don't know where that goes.” Tensions between Islamabad and Tehran have soared after Iran struck alleged militant targets in Pakistan and Pakistan responded in kind. And finally… *) Türkiye propels into space history with launch of country's first astronaut Colonel Alper Gezeravci, a fighter pilot in the Turkish Air Force, has blasted off to space for a two-week mission in the International Space Station, putting Türkiye among the group of nations that have successfully sent astronauts into space. Colonel Gezeravci told TRT World in an exclusive interview that “it's a very symbolic, important step. However, it's not the last. It's the beginning of a journey for our great country.” Gezeravci's highly anticipated first remarks in space were an echo from the early years of the Turkish Republic, as he quoted the country's founding father Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: “İstikbal göklerdedir (meaning, the future is in the skies)!"

The Father of All Turks, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was a revolutionary, a hardcore military commander, a bulwark against Fascism, a reformer, a humanitarian, and a man who worked to rebuild bridges with the peoples he had warred against. The United Nations declared him a humanitarian hero, the Australians built a statue for him even though he'd fought against them in war, and it's actually illegal in Turkiye to say anything bad about him in public. Not just anybody gets that sort of treatment.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

durée : 00:30:53 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda - L'émission "Le Monde insolite" propose en 1974 une thématique sur la Turquie, plus particulièrement sur les réformes initiées par Mustafa Kemal Ataturk président à partir de 1923, alors que la république turque venait d'être proclamée et donnait naissance à la Turquie moderne.

*) Palestinians protesting 'Flag March' face Israeli fire Israeli forces have fired tear gas and live bullets at Palestinians in occupied Gaza as they protested against a "flag march" in occupied Jerusalem. One Gaza resident was wounded in the protests against the annual event marking Israel's capture of Jerusalem in the 1967 war. Thousands of illegal Israeli settlers and far-right Israelis had gathered in occupied East Jerusalem, raising racist chants against Arabs and also storming Al Aqsa Mosque compound. *) Pakistan police outside Imran Khan's house Pakistani police have kept up their presence around the home of former prime minister Imran Khan as a deadline to hand over suspects allegedly sheltered inside expired. The siege and the authorities' demand for the suspects, wanted in violent protests over Khan's recent detention, have raised fears of renewed clashes. Khan had demanded a probe into the violence, but denied his supporters were behind it, instead accusing Pakistan's ruling party of trying to foment trouble between his supporters and the army. *) China unveils Central Asia development plan China's President Xi Jinping has unveiled an ambitious plan to help further modernise and develop Central Asia in an address at the China-Central Asia Summit. Xi said China stands ready to synergise development strategies with the five Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. He also urged the six countries to oppose external interference in their internal affairs and maintain a zero-tolerance stance against separatism and extremism. *) Scores killed in central Nigeria clashes More than 3,000 people have been displaced in central Nigeria after 85 people were killed in clashes between herders and farmers. The violence erupted on May 15th in several villages of Plateau State, an area which has struggled with ethnic and religious tensions for years. It was unclear what triggered this week's attacks in Mangu district, but tit-for-tat killings between herders and farmers often spiral into village raids by heavily armed gangs. And finally… *) Türkiye marks Commemoration of Ataturk, Youth and Sports Day Türkiye celebrates the 104th anniversary of the Commemoration of Ataturk, Youth and Sports Day, a milestone marking the beginning of the country's War of Independence. 19 May 1919 was the day when Türkiye's founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk arrived in the Black Sea city of Samsun to launch the war that transformed the Turkish republic. The national holiday, dedicated to the Turkish youth by Ataturk, sees youth take part in sporting and cultural activities with official ceremonies across the country.

durée : 00:30:53 - Les Nuits de France Culture - par : Albane Penaranda - L'émission "Le Monde insolite" proposait en 1974 une thématique sur la Turquie, plus particulièrement sur les réformes initiées par Mustafa Kemal Ataturk président à partir de 1923, alors que la république turque venait d'être proclamée et donnait naissance à la Turquie moderne.

In deze aflevering gaan we terug in de tijd. Honderd jaar geleden werd de Turkse republiek gesticht door Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, de vader van de Turken. Hij is een ideologisch voorbeeld voor velen, een cultfiguur voor sommigen, én de laatste jaren ook een symbool voor oppositie tegen de conservatieve koers van de huidige regering onder leiding van Erdogan. Er wordt wel eens gezegd dat Ataturk, misschien wel Erdogan's grootste rivaal is. Ook al is ie al 84 jaar dood. Waarom speelt Ataturk nu nog zo'n grote rol in Turkije? En hoe verhoudt Erdogan zich tot hem? In de vijfdelige serie "Erdogan: de naschok" neemt NOS Turkije-correspondent Mitra Nazar je mee naar een land onder hoogspanning. Een land verzonken in rouw, angst en onzekerheid. En waar voor het eerst een scenario mogelijk is waarin Erdogan van het toneel verdwijnt. Presentatie, redactie en montage: Mitra Nazar Eindmixage: Homam Alakkad Eindredactie: Lars Hulshof

This year Turkey celebrates its 100th anniversary; 2023 will also bring a summer with elections that could see (according to some polls) President Recep Erdogan replaced. Yet, according to Ziya Meral, don't expect to see a huge change in foreign policies no matter who takes power. Like other Western states, Turkey has been balancing interests and values since the creation of the republic by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Since that founding Turkey has been rarely from the headlines – most recently in relation to migrants to Europe, shooting down foreign war planes that intrude into their airspace, buying Russian surface to air missile systems, or manufacturing drones for militaries round the world, Turkey remains is fiercely independent in its actions. The country's leaders have, over generations, sought to walk a tightrope between placating Western demands and acknowledging the differences it has as a state, a culture and a people from those in Europe. Nor have they been afraid to make difficult decisions that upset the balance, and the expectations of Western diplomats – as well as those from further abroad. So what will 2023 bring?   

O fundador da República da Turquia morreu faz hoje 84 anos.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, 9 Ways to Heat Your Home Post SHTF, and 9 Benefits of Cold Exposure Episode Specific Links: https://personalliberty.com/9-ways-heat-post-shtf/ https://blog.biotrust.com/9-health-benefits-cold-exposure/ The Honorable Man Links: https://thehonorablemanpodcast.com/ https://gab.com/TheHonorableMan https://www.facebook.com/thehonorablemanpodcast https://patchops.com/ Flawedcast CLE Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/flawedcast-cle/id1482042608 SMITH'S Heart Of Man Repair Manual: https://www.amazon.com/Smiths-Heart-Man-Repair-Manual/dp/1736980017/ref=sr_1_1?crid=F1IJSYNICX7H&keywords=SMITH%27S+Heart+Of+Man+Repair+manual&qid=1641207630&sprefix=smith%27s+heart+of+man+repair+manual%2Caps%2C168&sr=8-1 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7664948/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 Dark Side Of Our Past by MaxKoMusic | https://maxkomusic.com/ Music promoted by https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Luego de la Primera Guerra Mundial, las potencias aliadas victoriosas y los otomanos derrotados se reunieron en la ciudad de Sevres - Francia, para firmar el tratado que oficialmente disolvió el Imperio Otomano. Si bien el Sultán Mehmed VI respaldó el tratado, éste fue rechazado por el nuevo Movimiento Nacionalista Turco bajo el liderazgo de Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, quien se había separado de la monarquía y quien estableció la Asamblea Nacional Turca en abril de 1920 con objetivos de impulsar la Guerra Turca por la independencia. La Asamblea Nacional nunca ratificó el tratado. La victoria de Ataturk llevó a la renovación de las negociaciones y la firma del Tratado de Lausanne en 1923. A pesar de que el Tratado de Sevres nunca fue ratificado, fue importante para los sionistas porque incorporó las porpuestas de la declaración de Balfour, prometiendo un hogar nacional judío en Palestina.

Continuing with our accidental theme of the week, we have another badass dude that led his people in killing a whole bunch of other people for the freedom of their nation. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk kicked ass for a long time, then saw an opportunity to create an independent Turkey, and boy did he seize that opportunity. This guy's life was dope, so give the episode a listen and enjoy!

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

What happens after an Empire collapses? Who can mend the broken pieces and unite them into one nation? Once religion is ingrained into the fabric of a government, how can the two be separated? In this episode, my guest and I explore the remarkable creation of a modern, progressive nation, the Turkish Republic, in 1923, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.The Ottoman Empire once stretched across North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, encircling most of the Mediterranean Sea; but the heart of the Empire always lay within the land now known as Türkiye (formerly spelled 'Turkey'). After the fall of the Empire, it was the leadership of one man, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, which kept European nations from claiming the land as their own.Ataturk united Türkiye against all odds to create a nation and society ahead of its times. Modern freedoms were granted to all Turks, and women in particular enjoyed opportunities not yet established in other countries. One striking example is that Ataturk refused to force Turkish women to be identified by the titles "Mrs." and "Miss." because he believed that a woman's identity cannot be described by whether or not she is married. Turkish women thank you, Ataturk!

Refleksi Rajab Momen Tepat bagi Kebangkitan Umat Oleh: Atien Voice over talentt: Sofia Ariyani NarasiPost.Com-“Sungguh waktu telah diputar sebagaimana keadaannya saat Allah Swt. menciptakan langit dan bumi. Satu tahun itu ada dua belas bulan. Di antaranya ada empat bulan haram (suci). Tiga berurutan yaitu Zulkaidah, Zulhijah dan Muharam. Lalu Rajab bulan Mudharr yang terdapat di antara Jumadil dan Syakban.” (HR Muslim). Bulan Rajab dipilih oleh Allah Swt. sebagai salah satu bulan yang dimuliakan. Maka tidak heran jika banyak peristiwa-peristiwa penting yang terjadi di bulan Rajab. Namun, selama ini bulan Rajab lebih dikenal dengan peristiwa Isra Mikraj. Itulah pemahaman yang ada di tengah-tengah umat Islam. Peristiwa Penting Padahal ada peristiwa penting lainnya yang harus diketahui oleh umat Islam. Apalagi peristiwa ini ternyata menjadi awal penderitaan panjang umat Islam di seluruh penjuru dunia. Peristiwa penting yang menorehkan luka mendalam tersebut adalah runtuhnya Kekhilafahan Turki Utsmani pada 3 Maret 1924 ( 28 Rajab 1342 H) oleh Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Maka sejak runtuhnya kepemimpinan Islam tersebut, runtuh pula kekuatan dan persatuan umat muslim. Dengan kelicikannya, Mustafa Kemal mengoyak kejayaan Islam yang telah memimpin dunia selama 1400 tahun. Kini sudah genap 101 tahun umat Islam hidup tanpa sistem Islam. Umat Islam bagaikan anak ayam yang kehilangan induknya. Mereka kehilangan pelindung dan penjaga. Tidak ada tempat berlindung bagi umat Islam saat para pemangsa datang mengadang. Naskah selengkapnya: https://narasipost.com/2022/03/02/refleksi-rajab-momen-tepat-bagi-kebangkitan-umat/ Terimakasih buat kalian yang sudah mendengarkan podcast ini, Follow us on: instagram: http://instagram.com/narasipost Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/narasi.post.9 Fanpage: Https://www.facebook.com/pg/narasipostmedia/posts/ Twitter: Http://twitter.com/narasipost

Sosok Kemal Ataturk sering disebut sebagai founding father Republik Turki, menjabat sebagai presiden negara tersebut antara tahun 1923 hingga 1938, dan melakukan banyak terobosan untuk menjadikan Turki sebagai negara industri modern yang kita kenal hingga sekarang ini. Namun, citra Ataturk selalu menimbulkan pertentangan di benak banyak orang – terutama di kalangan umat Muslim, termasuk juga di Indonesia. Ini karena kiprah Ataturk dianggap keras terhadap agama Islam ketika melakukan pembaharuan-pembaharuan di Turki. Terlepas dari pro kontra tersebut, nyatanya Ataturk punya pengaruh yang cukup besar loh di Indonesia. Ini terkait fakta bahwa keberhasilan Ataturk memodernisasi Turki menjadi inspirasi bagi banyak gerakan kebangkitan yang terjadi di Indonesia saat era pergerakan mulai muncul. Bahkan, beberapa tokoh macam Jenderal A. H. Nasution menyebut dirinya mendapatkan banyak inspirasi dari Ataturk. Wih. Lalu, seperti apa kisah Ataturk dan seperti apa sebetulnya pengaruhnya di Indonesia?

“A good teacher is like a candle—it consumes itself to light the way for others.”    -Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

每日英語跟讀 Ep.K197: Fifteen centuries, two faiths and a contested fate for Hagia Sophia   A Turkish court on July 10 annulled a 1934 government decree that had turned Istanbul's Hagia Sophia into a museum, opening the way for the sixth-century building to be converted back into a mosque. 一九三四年所頒布的一項政令，將伊斯坦堡的聖索菲亞大教堂改為博物館。土耳其法院七月十日廢除了此政令，為這座建於六世紀的建築改為清真寺闢出道路。 President Tayyip Erdogan, whose ruling AK Party sprung from political Islam, has said the cavernous domed building should revert to being a place of Muslim worship. 土耳其總統塔伊普‧艾爾多安所屬的執政黨「正義與發展黨」源於「政治伊斯蘭」〔屬宗教基本教義派，主張政教合一〕，他表示，這座有巨大深廣圓頂的建築應回復為穆斯林的禮拜場所。 Hagia Sophia is nearly 1,500 years old and served as one of the most exalted seats of Christian and then Muslim worship in the world, meaning that any change to its status will have a profound impact on followers of both faiths. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 聖索菲亞大教堂有近一千五百年之歷史，曾為世界上最崇高的基督宗教〔包含東正教、天主教、基督新教等〕與穆斯林敬拜場所之一，這意味其狀態的任何改變都會對基督宗教與伊斯蘭教之信徒造成深遠的影響。聖索菲亞大教堂也被聯合國教科文組織指定為世界遺產。 Hagia Sophia, or “Divine Wisdom” in Greek, was completed in 537 by Byzantine emperor Justinian. The vast structure overlooked the Golden Horn harbor and entrance to the Bosphorus from the heart of Constantinople. It was the center of Orthodox Christianity and remained the world's largest church for centuries. 希臘文「聖索菲亞」意為「神聖智慧」，由拜占庭帝國〔即東羅馬帝國〕查士丁尼大帝所建，於西元五三七年落成。其宏偉的建築俯瞰金角灣港口，以及由君士坦丁堡中心通往博斯普魯斯海峽的入口。它是東正教的中心，曾為世界上最大教堂，稱霸時間有數世紀之久。 Hagia Sophia stayed under Byzantine control — except for a brief seizure by Crusaders in the 13th century — until the city was captured in 1453 by Muslim forces of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet the Conqueror, who converted it into a mosque. 聖索菲亞大教堂一直由拜占庭帝國所控制──除了在十三世紀短暫被十字軍佔領──直到西元一四五三年，鄂圖曼帝國蘇丹「征服者穆罕默德」率穆斯林軍隊佔領該城，並將聖索菲亞大教堂改為清真寺。 The Ottomans built four minarets, covered Hagia Sophia's Christian icons and luminous gold mosaics, and installed huge black panels embellished with the names of God, the prophet Mohammad and Muslim caliphs in Arabic calligraphy. 鄂圖曼帝國建了四座宣禮塔，將聖索菲亞大教堂的基督宗教聖像及閃閃發光的金色馬賽克鑲嵌畫遮蓋住，並裝上數個巨大黑色牌子，以阿拉伯文書法寫著上帝、先知穆罕默德與穆斯林哈里發之名。 In 1934 Turkey's first president, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, forging a secular republic out of the defeated Ottoman Empire, converted Hagia Sophia into a museum, now visited by millions of tourists every year. 一九三四年，土耳其第一任總統穆斯塔法‧凱末爾‧阿塔圖克由戰敗的鄂圖曼帝國中建立起一世俗〔非宗教〕共和國，並將聖索菲亞大教堂改為博物館，如今每年有數百萬遊客參訪。 Erdogan, who has championed Islam and religious observance during his 17-year rule, supported the Hagia Sophia campaign, saying Muslims should be able to pray there again and raised the issue — which is popular with many pious AK Party-voting Turks — during local elections last year. 艾爾多安執政十七年以來，他一直倡導伊斯蘭教與宗教儀規，他支持聖索菲亞清真寺化運動，稱穆斯林應當可以再去那裡祈禱，並在去年的地方選舉期間提出此議題──在許多投票給正義與發展黨、信仰虔誠的土耳其人心中，此議題很受到歡迎。 Turkish pollster Metropoll found that 44 percent of respondents believe Hagia Sophia was put on the agenda to divert voters' attention from Turkey's economic woes. 土耳其民調機構Metropoll發現，有百分之四十四的受訪者認為，聖索菲亞大教堂清真寺化此時被提出，是為了轉移選民的注意力，減少關注土耳其困頓的經濟。 The pro-government Hurriyet newspaper reported last month that Erdogan had already ordered the status be changed, but that tourists should still be able to visit Hagia Sophia as a mosque and the issue would be handled sensitively. 土耳其親政府的《自由報》上月報導，艾爾多安已下令將聖索菲亞改為清真寺，但遊客仍可進入參觀，且相關問題將會有細緻的處理。 Outside Turkey, the prospect of change has raised alarm. 此山雨欲來的改變，在土耳其國境外引發了驚慌與擔憂。 Neighboring Greece, an overwhelmingly Orthodox country, said Turkey risked opening up a “huge emotional chasm” with Christian countries if it converts a building which was central to the Greek-speaking Byzantine empire and Orthodox church. 絕大多數民眾信仰東正教的鄰國希臘表示，如果土耳其將一座對講希臘語的拜占庭帝國與東正教教會極重要的建築進行改造，就可能會造成與基督宗教國家之間的「巨大的情感鴻溝」。 Pope Francis on July 12 joined an international chorus of condemnation of Turkey's decision to convert Istanbul's iconic Hagia Sophia landmark back into a mosque. “I think of Hagia Sophia, and I am very saddened,” Pope Francis said towards the end of his midday sermon in Saint Peter's Square. Turkey has criticized what it says is foreign interference. “This is a matter of national sovereignty,” Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said. “What is important is what the Turkish people want.” 教宗方濟各七月十二日也加入國際言論，譴責土耳其決定將伊斯坦堡代表性的地標聖索菲亞大教堂改建為清真寺。「我念及聖索菲亞大教堂，我感到非常悲傷」，教宗方濟各在聖彼得廣場午間佈道結束時說道。土耳其認為這些言論是外國的干涉而加以批評。土耳其外交部長梅夫呂特‧恰武什奧盧說：「這是國家主權問題」。「土耳其人民想要的，才是重要的事」。 Source article: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2020/07/21/2003740253   每日英語跟讀Podcast，就在http://www.15mins.today/daily-shadowing 每週Vocab精選詞彙Podcast，就在https://www.15mins.today/vocab 每週In-TENSE文法練習Podcast，就在https://www.15mins.today/in-tense   用email訂閱就可以收到通勤學英語節目更新通知。

In what ways was the course of twentieth-century Middle Eastern history shaped by the immediate post-World War I years at the dawn of the Mandatory Period? Winston S. Churchill and the Shaping of the Middle East, 1919-1922 (Academic Studies Press, 2020) examines the key developments in Iraq, Palestine and the Aegean as they were coped with by Winston S. Churchill, who served as Secretary for War and Air and as Colonial Secretary during 1919-1922. Author Sara Reguer depicts the diplomatic relationship between Churchill and the Zionist movement, the formation of a Middle East Department in the Colonial Office, the dangers posed by the Bolsheviks in the post-Russian Revolution moment, and the threat to British interests posed by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) of Turkey in a new light to stress the unique role in diplomatic history played by Winston Churchill as a creative, nuanced and sophisticated individual situated in the right place at the right time. Ari Barbalat holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of California in Los Angeles. He lives in Toronto with his family. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In what ways was the course of twentieth-century Middle Eastern history shaped by the immediate post-World War I years at the dawn of the Mandatory Period? Winston S. Churchill and the Shaping of the Middle East, 1919-1922 (Academic Studies Press, 2020) examines the key developments in Iraq, Palestine and the Aegean as they were coped with by Winston S. Churchill, who served as Secretary for War and Air and as Colonial Secretary during 1919-1922. Author Sara Reguer depicts the diplomatic relationship between Churchill and the Zionist movement, the formation of a Middle East Department in the Colonial Office, the dangers posed by the Bolsheviks in the post-Russian Revolution moment, and the threat to British interests posed by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) of Turkey in a new light to stress the unique role in diplomatic history played by Winston Churchill as a creative, nuanced and sophisticated individual situated in the right place at the right time. Ari Barbalat holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of California in Los Angeles. He lives in Toronto with his family. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/israel-studies

In what ways was the course of twentieth-century Middle Eastern history shaped by the immediate post-World War I years at the dawn of the Mandatory Period? Winston S. Churchill and the Shaping of the Middle East, 1919-1922 (Academic Studies Press, 2020) examines the key developments in Iraq, Palestine and the Aegean as they were coped with by Winston S. Churchill, who served as Secretary for War and Air and as Colonial Secretary during 1919-1922. Author Sara Reguer depicts the diplomatic relationship between Churchill and the Zionist movement, the formation of a Middle East Department in the Colonial Office, the dangers posed by the Bolsheviks in the post-Russian Revolution moment, and the threat to British interests posed by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) of Turkey in a new light to stress the unique role in diplomatic history played by Winston Churchill as a creative, nuanced and sophisticated individual situated in the right place at the right time. Ari Barbalat holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of California in Los Angeles. He lives in Toronto with his family. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/biography

Today we're joined by Mert Akyim, Founder of the International School of Geneva's Student Anti Discrimination, We'll be learning about in his home country of Turkey which recently elected it‘s first mayor with a disability and the history of the student anti discrimination committee and it's future. Hopefully this episode will encourage other students in other schools to take up similar projects. Please leave a review on ITunes and share the show with your family and friend. Learn more about the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/crpd/pages/crpdindex.aspx Learn more about the 1998 UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders: https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/srhrdefenders/pages/declaration.aspx Learn more about Turan Hancerli, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and their ideals: Turan Hancerli: https://globalaccessibilitynews.com/2019/05/22/turkeys-first-mayor-with-disability-aims-to-improve-lives-of-persons-with-disabilities/ Mustafa Kemal Atatür: https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-103908/biography-of-ataturk.html https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kemal-Ataturk View the presentation I gave at Campus des Nations on 12 May (unfortunately it was not recorded): https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Jvyjqq8ZO6fT-0D99sXq6owc3u_pepjYHvcwc7oyaE4/edit#slide=id.p If you would like to ask Mert any questions regarding the Student Anti Discrimination Committee: ayikmert@gmail.com If you have any questions for me regarding this show: atelierfuralle@gmail.com

Lo scorso 16 aprile, Stroncature ha ospitato la presentazione di “Costruire una nazione. La Turchia di Mustafa Kemal Ataturk” di Emanuela Locci (Franco Angeli, 2020). Con l'autrice dialogano Alberto Gasparetto e Nicola Melis. Modera Benedetto Ligorio.

In a nice, abbreviated package we introduce a new figure to the continuing tale of Parresari. She's a mermaid by the name Mezami and goes from being a damp Mister Rogers to Ataturk. Enjoy!Related EpisodesThe Occupation of Honor Ano, imperious elven conquerors: ep. 3.18&19———Curious about something you heard in this episode? Chances are you can find out more about it in the Record of the Lorekeeper!———Want to learn more about Halûme? Got some ideas of your own? Join the conversation at www.reddit.com/r/thelorekeepers or by visiting our homepage at thelorekeepers.com and clicking on "Canon". Note that it may not render properly on your browser. If so, try using Chrome.Questions or ideas? Visit r/thelorekeepers!Website: thelorekeepers.comEmail: lorekeeperspodcast@gmail.comTwitter: @thelorekeepersLorekeepers art by Sam Wade.Instagram: @bysamwade

Today that may be surprising given the deep religiosity that has come to characterise President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his ruling Justice & Development Party (AKP). The extent to which Erdogan’s Islamist leanings has filtered into public life has caused many Turks to chafe, but the president has persisted in his imposition of a more religious character onto Turkey. Dr. Gökhan Bacık explained in a recent podcast interview with Ahval News’ Editor-in-Chief Yavuz Baydar that traditionally the state has long used religion to help govern Turkey. However, the relationship was traditionally more asymmetric than it may be today. “What we call Turkish state tradition has been more or less the same since the thirteenth century,” said Bacik, who teaches political science at Palacky University in the Czech Republic and is an expert on Turkish and Middle Eastern politics. Rulers in Turkey during the Seljuk, Ottoman and republican era have all used Islamic groups in different ways as part of their governance. As the host of the caliphate and while controlling Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, Islam’s three holiest cities, Ottoman rulers relied especially on Islam to cement its legitimacy as the centre of the Muslim world. Once the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the new Turkish republic under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk underwent a process of reducing the power of Islam vis-a-vis the state, but not removing it completely. To this end, the Ministry of Religious Affairs was established in 1924 “to administrate the affairs related to faith and worship of the religion of Islam”. Bacik acknowledges that Islam in Turkish politics was frequently used as an “ideology of justification” and was not always a “dynamic paradigm.” To this end, Turkey’s government would be content to work with religious groups, but only so long as it was the dominant player. “When a group becomes too powerful to challenge the power elite, the state is quick to purge it,” said Bacik. This has been a defining feature in the story of President Erdogan’s rise to power and take-over of the state. For years, Erdogan was a member of numerous Islamist parties that were suppressed by the republican authorities, but once he became prime minister in 2003, Erdogan found a ready ally in the movement of Fethullah Gulen. Together, they took over numerous posts in the government and worked together to defang the military, who saw itself as the protector of state secularism. This partnership began crumbling after the Gezi Park protests and corruption investigations against the AKP in 2013. The drift reached a climax in 2016 after the failed coup attempt against Erdogan that he blamed on Gulen and his followers. Today they are regarded by terrorists by the Turkish state. In some sense, Erdogan is a part of both trends; using religion as an ideology of justification and increasing pressure on it when religious forces opposed to him becomes a force in its own right. “Erdogan has always been a part of this network, but skeptical of these religious orders,” Bacik explained.

This week on the WarriorU Podcast, Bram Connolly and Trent Burnard continue their Leadership Analysis Series. During this series Bram and Trent will be forensically analysing leadership styles throughout history and attributing them with a score for different facets of leadership. By doing this, they hope to find knowledge, skills and attributes that modern leaders may, or may not want to emulate. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was born in 1881 to a Turkish family in Salonica in the Ottoman Empire, now Thessaloniki in Greece. His father was a military officer, and he sent Mustafa to. secular school and later on Mustafa joined the Salonica Military School in 1893. In 1899 he joined the Ottoman military academy, graduating in 1905.Ataturk died in 1938 at the age of 57 of liver failure. His life ended as Turkey's founding president and its greatest leader of the 20th century. His legacy will be remembered in how he crafted the political and social fabric of modern Turkey. Despite some political opposition to his leadership and his ideology, internationally and domestically he is regarded as a highly effective and visionary leader that demonstrated strong personal courage and deep empathy for his people and was able to successfully implement his vision for a modern Turkey – seeing him regarded as one of the 20th century's most revered and effective leaders Leadership Analysis:Inspiration and Motivation - Score: 10 / 10Providing Purpose and Direction - Score: 9 / 10Effectiveness of Leadership Style - Score: 10 / 10Enduring Legacy - Score: 8 / 10How it ended for them - Score: 10 / 10Overall Leadership Summary - Score: 47 / 50www.warrioru.com.auwww.hindsightleadership.com See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Many people may not realize, but Turkey is a relatively new country--just shy of 100 years old. It was created as a republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, largely by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who stuck around as president until 1938.Since then there have been elected governments, military coups and now a -- well, Recep Tayyip Erdogan has reshaped the country in his own likeness - or at least how he likes.To help us make sense of it all, we’ve invited Andrew Finkel onto the show. Finkel has been a journalist based in Istanbul since 1989, corresponding and freelancing for a variety of print and broadcast media that has included The New York Times, The Times, TIME, The Economist, The Guardian, the Observer, CNN, and the Financial Times as well as Turkish language media. His popular handbook: Turkey What Everyone Needs to Know” is published by OUP (2012).Recorded on 7/8/20Is Turkey a free country? “No.”Who is Erdogan?What went down during the coup of 2016The Gülen of it allThe state of Turkish journalismThe fight over social mediaThe immunity of Western mediaHow Covid is effecting thingsStrangling the economyWhat are the lessons of Turkey’s rise of authoritarianism? War College has a substack! Join the Information War to get weekly insights into our angry planet and hear more conversations about a world in conflict.https://angryplanet.substack.com/You can listen to War College on iTunes, Stitcher, Google Play or follow our RSS directly. Our website is warcollegepodcast.com. You can reach us on our Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/warcollegepodcast/; and on Twitter: @War_College. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

La ex basílica Santa Sofía es ya una mezquita. El viernes pasado se llevó a cabo el primer rezo, al que asistió RFI, en el interior de la que fuera basílica bizantina y, hasta hace unas semanas, museo. Fue un rezo multitudinario con la presencia del presidente turco Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Decenas de miles de personas, hasta 350.000 según las autoridades turcas, se congregaron en el exterior del templo el pasado viernes y extendieron en calles y plazas sus alfombras de oración para acompañar la plegaria. Habían venido de todos los rincones del país, como Huseyin, llegado desde Ankara, según quien “es un día muy importante para nosotros, para todos los musulmanes. Es una resurrección del islam”. Emoción de los musulmanes La emoción que supone este momento para los más creyentes sólo se entiende teniendo en cuenta la historia y la simbología del monumento. Inaugurada por el emperador Justiniano en el año 537, se mantuvo como catedral cristiana hasta 1453, fecha en que los turcos otomanos tomaron Constantinopla, hoy Estambul, y convirtieron Santa Sofia en su principal mezquita. En cambio, en 1934, el fundador de la Turquía laica, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, decidió convertirla en museo para preservar el legado de ambas religiones. Una decisión que enojó a los más islamistas. Necip Fazil Kisakürek, uno de los poetas turcos más influyentes del siglo XX, decía que un día, Santa Sofía sería reabierta al culto musulmán, porque mantenerla cerrada significaba encadenar a los creyentes. Kisakurek no era sólo un poeta, también fue un ideólogo islamista del que el actual presidente turco Recep Tayyip Erdogan se considera discípulo. Así que se entiende que la noche en que decretó la conversión de Santa Sofía en mezquita, Erdogan apenas pudiese dormir, tal era la emoción que lo embargaba. Santa Sofía es un importante símbolo. Muchos islamistas la definen como un trofeo de la conquista, de la victoria otomana sobre Bizancio, de la victoria del islam en estas tierras sobre el cristianismo. Entonces, para Nursin, una estudiante turca de 20 años, “es una gran victoria para nosotros. Y el hecho de que enfade a nuestros enemigos me hace muy feliz”. Preocupación por el arte Pero precisamente esta retórica inquieta mucho a quienes pretenden conservar los tesoros artísticos del interior de Santa Sofía. Tugba Tanyeri, académica de la Universidad de Pittsburgh y especialista en conservación del legado religioso, estima que “esta retórica crea un momento complicado, en el que puede ser difícil controlar a las masas dentro del monumento. Así que me preocupa que pueda haber actos de vandalismo”. Por el momento los mosaicos han sido cubiertos con sábanas y cortinas y permanecerán tapados durante la oración, y descubiertos durante el horario de visitas. Pero la UNESCO ya ha mostrado su preocupación por el estado de conservación de un edificio Patrimonio de la Humanidad, y en su próxima reunión podría tomar medidas, como poner Santa Sofía en la lista de monumentos en riesgo.  

Guest Ronnie Barkan describes his ordeal along with two other activists who are facing trial in Berlin for disrupting an event which was held in June 2017 at the Humboldt University for member of the Israeli Knesset Aliza Lavie. To learn more about the Humboldt-3 visit: https://medium.com/humboldt3/ Jess and Jamal discuss Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s decree ordering the Hagia Sophia to be opened for Muslim prayers. A top Turkish court had revoked the 1934 decree by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish republic, that had turned the Hagia Sophia into a museum.

18 Mart Canakkale Zaferi Ozel Programi. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk onderliginde savasan gazilerimiz, sehitlerimeze saygi ve minnetle..

La miniserie de los años 20 contínua con uno de los temas más complejos de la época: la geopolítica y los hechos políticos del mundo. Aquí hablaremos de procesos y acontecimientos sucedidos en la tercera década del XX como los logros de las sufragistas, la repartición del Imperio turco otomano, la aparición de la República de Turquía, el origen de la República de Irlanda, la consolidación de la Unión Soviética y el terrible avance del fascismo en Italia. Todos estos fenómenos terminaron por marcar al siglo pasado y su influencia puede incluso encontrarse en nuestros días. Notas del episodio: Una visita al sufragismo a través del arte de sus carteles La disolución del imperio turco otomano, la «apertura de la caja de pandora» Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, el hombre que fue una «República» ¿Por qué la República de Irlanda no pertenece al Reino Unido? Stalin al poder, la aparición del totalitarismo soviético 100 años después del nacimiento del fascismo Nuestra película recomendada del día «Novecento» de Bernardo Bertolucci   ¡Síguenos en nuestras Redes Sociales! Pagina web: https://www.dianauribe.fm Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DianaUribe.fm/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dianauribef... Twitter: https://twitter.com/dianauribefm?lang=es

From the Rebels, Rogues, and Scholars bracket, we pit the great Ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, against a true rogue, the Russian mystic, Grigori Rasputin. Find out who moves on to the second round to face Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.Support the show (http://www.battlegroundhistory.com)

“Het secularisme wordt door Turkse Nederlanders niet altijd goed begrepen," stelt Önder Kaya. Reden voor Kaya om historicus Armand Sag uit te nodigen om te praten over Mustafa Kemal Ataturk en de beginselen van laïcité, de Franse variant van het secularisme, dat bij de oprichting van Turkije is ingesteld. De Turkse staatsman Ataturk is, net als het secularisme dat hij instelde, controversieel gebleven in Turkije. Afgezien van het relatieve onbegrip dat Ataturk oogstte onder de religieus-conservatieve delen van de resterende delen van het Ottomaanse rijk in de jaren twintig, is ook het privéleven en de militaire loopbaan van Ataturk een bron voor controverse. In het gesprek van Kaya en Sag wordt geprobeerd meer licht te laten schijnen op deze kwesties, zodat het secularisme dat Ataturk nastreefde ook voor de politieke ontwikkeling van Turkse Nederlanders in Nederland als inspiratie kan dienen.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire set off a mad scramble for territory. No one paid any attention to what the people who actually lived in the former empire actually wanted. But in the heart of Anatolia, one Turkish general was determined to preserve his homeland. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire stretched from the border of Europe all the way to the Arabian Peninsula, although the amount of control actually exerted by Istanbul diminished with distance from the capital. The Gallipoli Campaign was a British strategy to attack the Central Powers from the southeast. The first step was to conquer the Dardanelles, the waterway that connects the Mediterranean with the Black Sea. The British assumed the weakened Ottoman army would provide little resistance. But under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottomans mounted a spirited defense and drove off the Allied troops. This is an image of ANZAC Cove, where Australian and New Zealand troops, who bore the brunt of the invasion attempt, were headquartered. Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero and the savior of Gallipoli. The Arab Revolt was a British-backed campaign of Bedouin troops to overthrow the Ottomans. Through daring raids, railroad attacks, and desert marches, the Arabs forced the Ottomans out of territory from the Arabian Peninsula all the way to Syria. In the Mesopotamian Campaign, British troops conquered modern-day Iraq, marching into Baghdad in 1917. This photo depicts British units parading through the city. Note that many of them were Indian soldiers, likely Sikhs from Punjab. When Russia moved south through the Caucasus into Turkey, the Turks believed that Armenians were aiding them. In retribution, the Turks carried out a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing that killed, according to Armenian accounts, 1.5 million people. Photographed here are Armenian refugees at a Red Cross camp outside of Jerusalem. The Kurds live in a mountainous territory that overlaps the boundaries of today's Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. The Kurdish nationalist movement was in its infancy in 1919 and found it difficult to achieve international support for its aims. The British promised a lot of people a lot of things during the war, and most of those promises were incompatible. This map shows one proposed post-war configuration, with an independent Armenia and France in control of southern Turkey, northern Syria, and Lebanon. British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued a declaration in support of the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917. This was a monumental step toward the eventual creation of the state of Israel--and prompted protests and riots among Palestinians. Prince Faisal, who expected to become King of Syria, invited himself to the Paris Peace Conference to plead his cause. Lawrence of Arabia, third from right, accompanied him as a translator and guide. They were very definitely not wanted. Faisal was later crowned King of the new Iraq. This is a rare photo of the ceremony. Notice that Faisal is surrounded by British military officers, a sight that would not have reassured Iraqis worried about the independence of their new country. Greek troops invaded Turkey in 1919, prompting a furious reaction. This is a photo of protests in Istanbul--notice Haghia Sophia in the background. Mustafa Kemal did more than protest. He headed to the Anatolian heartland with a core group of army officers and began organizing the Turkish War of Independence. His arrival in the city of Samsun on May 19, 1919 is a day of celebration in Turkey. This is an artist's depiction of Kemal's arrival. The Treaty of Sevres captured on paper the reality that Britain was attempting to establish on the ground. Notice the independent Armenia in the east and the French Mandate in Syria. Italians were granted a zone in southern Turkey and Greeks in the south and west. On paper, the Zone of the Straits was to be an international territory supervised by the League of Nations; on the ground, the Greeks were in charge. Kemal's troops steadily advanced on the Greeks, pushing hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees before them. Something like a million Greeks and Armenians were crowded into the Greek headquarter city of Smyrna when Kemal's forces arrived in September 1922. Fire broke out in the city and left it a devastated ruin; the number of casualties is unknown. The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, replaced the Treaty of Sevres. The borders defined in this treaty have generally held, although conflict in the region has never ceased. Please note that the links below to Amazon are affiliate links. That means that, at no extra cost to you, I can earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. (Here's what, legally, I'm supposed to tell you: I am a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for me to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.) However, I only recommend books that I have used and genuinely highly recommend.

durée : 00:04:16 - Le Journal de l'histoire - par : Anaïs Kien - Aujourd’hui dans le journal de l’Histoire un documentaire qui retrace l’histoire de la Turquie à travers deux figures politiques majeures Mustafa Kemal Ataturk et Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. - réalisation : Thomas Jost, Peire Legras

Turkish republic celebrates its 96th anniversary and firefighters seek to contain raging wildfire on the west side of Los Angeles *)Turkey-Russia deal for YPG withdrawal from N Syria expires The deal between Turkey and Russia, which gave PKK/YPG terrorists a 150-hour deadline to withdraw from northern Syria, expires at 1500GMT today. Ankara has repeatedly said its anti-terror campaign Operation Peace Spring will continue if the terror group fails to leave the region entirely. Meanwhile, a local council was established in Syria’s Tal Abyad, which Turkey recently cleared of the terror group. *)US House to hold first formal impeachment process vote The US House of Representatives is set to vote to authorise an impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump. The measure is likely to pass in the Democratic-controlled House given that 228 Democrats out of a total of 435 House members support impeachment inquiry. US President Donald Trump called the impeachment proceedings a "hoax.” *)British PM Johnson fails to find support for December polls Lawmakers in the UK Parliament have rejected Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s request to hold an early general election in December. This comes after the European Union agreed to extend the Brexit deadline until January 31st. Johnson accepted the three-month delay, but stressed he’s doing it against his will and urged the EU to grant no more delays. *)Turkey celebrates republic’s 96th anniversary Turks across Turkey and outside the country are celebrating the 96th anniversary of the foundation of the republic. Turkey’s founder and first president, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, announced the nation’s name and declared it a republic on this day in 1923. Thousands of people and high-level officials, including President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, began the commemoration by visiting Ataturk’s mausoleum in the capital, Ankara. *)California fires tear into LA as Sonoma inferno rages And finally, More than 180,000 people fled their homes in Sonoma County of San Francisco due to the wind-fueled “Kincade Fire”. NBA superstar Lebron James is among evacuees who searched for a place to stay for the night. Mayor Eric Garcetti said the cause of the fire remains under investigation, but firefighters are battling the inferno.

For 1,300 years, there were caliphs — “successors” to the Prophet Muhammad. In 1924, however, the last caliph, Abdulmecid II was sent into exile by Mustafa Kemal — Ataturk, father of the secular Republic of Turkey. In Egypt, four years later, Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood – an organization dedicated to reviving the caliphate, and uniting Muslims around the world. In its motto, the Brotherhood declares: “The Quran is our law; Jihad is our way; dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope.” What’s the state of the Muslim Brotherhood today? How serious a threat does it represent? And what should be done about it? To find and discuss the answers, host Cliff May is joined by Samuel Tadros, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute’s Center for Religious Freedom, and Jonathan Schanzer, FDD’s senior vice president for research.

For 1,300 years, there were caliphs — “successors” to the Prophet Muhammad. In 1924, however, the last caliph, Abdulmecid II was sent into exile by Mustafa Kemal — Ataturk, father of the secular Republic of Turkey. In Egypt, four years later, Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood – an organization dedicated to reviving the caliphate, and uniting Muslims around the world. In its motto, the Brotherhood declares: “The Quran is our law; Jihad is our way; dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope.” What's the state of the Muslim Brotherhood today? How serious a threat does it represent? And what should be done about it? To find and discuss the answers, host Cliff May is joined by Samuel Tadros, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute's Center for Religious Freedom, and Jonathan Schanzer, FDD's senior vice president for research.

As a graduate student, I spent quite a bit of time explaining to people how we needed to pay much more attention to the history of World War One in the East.  What I didn’t realize is that we needed to see the war as it appeared from Istanbul just as much or more as we needed to see it from Vienna, Warsaw or Budapest. Hans-Lukas Kieser has played a critical role in beginning to flesh out our understanding of the war from an Ottoman perspective. His new political biography Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2018) greatly expands our sense of Talaat’s world view and his effort to his vision into place. Kieser highlights the evolution in Talaat’s imagined future in the period before the war, his attempt to use violence to achieve this vision, and the legacy this left for Turkish politics and ideas. Naturally, the Armenian genocide forms a core part of Kieser’s book. But Kieser sets this genocide into context, explaining the connections between foreign and domestic policy. He argues convincingly that Talaat’s militaristic policies toward surrounding countries are part of a greater whole, in which ethnic cleansing within the Ottoman Empire complemented territorial expansion in the Caucuses.  And he argues that Talaat, by abandoning constitutionalism to embrace one-party authoritarian rule and a Social-Darwinist nationalism, set the stage for Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Kelly McFall is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University. He’s the author of four modules in the Reacting to the Past series, including The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a graduate student, I spent quite a bit of time explaining to people how we needed to pay much more attention to the history of World War One in the East.  What I didn’t realize is that we needed to see the war as it appeared from Istanbul just as much or more as we needed to see it from Vienna, Warsaw or Budapest. Hans-Lukas Kieser has played a critical role in beginning to flesh out our understanding of the war from an Ottoman perspective. His new political biography Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2018) greatly expands our sense of Talaat’s world view and his effort to his vision into place. Kieser highlights the evolution in Talaat’s imagined future in the period before the war, his attempt to use violence to achieve this vision, and the legacy this left for Turkish politics and ideas. Naturally, the Armenian genocide forms a core part of Kieser’s book. But Kieser sets this genocide into context, explaining the connections between foreign and domestic policy. He argues convincingly that Talaat’s militaristic policies toward surrounding countries are part of a greater whole, in which ethnic cleansing within the Ottoman Empire complemented territorial expansion in the Caucuses.  And he argues that Talaat, by abandoning constitutionalism to embrace one-party authoritarian rule and a Social-Darwinist nationalism, set the stage for Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Kelly McFall is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University. He’s the author of four modules in the Reacting to the Past series, including The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a graduate student, I spent quite a bit of time explaining to people how we needed to pay much more attention to the history of World War One in the East.  What I didn’t realize is that we needed to see the war as it appeared from Istanbul just as much or more as we needed to see it from Vienna, Warsaw or Budapest. Hans-Lukas Kieser has played a critical role in beginning to flesh out our understanding of the war from an Ottoman perspective. His new political biography Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2018) greatly expands our sense of Talaat’s world view and his effort to his vision into place. Kieser highlights the evolution in Talaat’s imagined future in the period before the war, his attempt to use violence to achieve this vision, and the legacy this left for Turkish politics and ideas. Naturally, the Armenian genocide forms a core part of Kieser’s book. But Kieser sets this genocide into context, explaining the connections between foreign and domestic policy. He argues convincingly that Talaat’s militaristic policies toward surrounding countries are part of a greater whole, in which ethnic cleansing within the Ottoman Empire complemented territorial expansion in the Caucuses.  And he argues that Talaat, by abandoning constitutionalism to embrace one-party authoritarian rule and a Social-Darwinist nationalism, set the stage for Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Kelly McFall is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University. He’s the author of four modules in the Reacting to the Past series, including The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a graduate student, I spent quite a bit of time explaining to people how we needed to pay much more attention to the history of World War One in the East.  What I didn’t realize is that we needed to see the war as it appeared from Istanbul just as much or more as we needed to see it from Vienna, Warsaw or Budapest. Hans-Lukas Kieser has played a critical role in beginning to flesh out our understanding of the war from an Ottoman perspective. His new political biography Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2018) greatly expands our sense of Talaat’s world view and his effort to his vision into place. Kieser highlights the evolution in Talaat’s imagined future in the period before the war, his attempt to use violence to achieve this vision, and the legacy this left for Turkish politics and ideas. Naturally, the Armenian genocide forms a core part of Kieser’s book. But Kieser sets this genocide into context, explaining the connections between foreign and domestic policy. He argues convincingly that Talaat’s militaristic policies toward surrounding countries are part of a greater whole, in which ethnic cleansing within the Ottoman Empire complemented territorial expansion in the Caucuses.  And he argues that Talaat, by abandoning constitutionalism to embrace one-party authoritarian rule and a Social-Darwinist nationalism, set the stage for Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Kelly McFall is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University. He’s the author of four modules in the Reacting to the Past series, including The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a graduate student, I spent quite a bit of time explaining to people how we needed to pay much more attention to the history of World War One in the East.  What I didn’t realize is that we needed to see the war as it appeared from Istanbul just as much or more as we needed to see it from Vienna, Warsaw or Budapest. Hans-Lukas Kieser has played a critical role in beginning to flesh out our understanding of the war from an Ottoman perspective. His new political biography Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2018) greatly expands our sense of Talaat’s world view and his effort to his vision into place. Kieser highlights the evolution in Talaat’s imagined future in the period before the war, his attempt to use violence to achieve this vision, and the legacy this left for Turkish politics and ideas. Naturally, the Armenian genocide forms a core part of Kieser’s book. But Kieser sets this genocide into context, explaining the connections between foreign and domestic policy. He argues convincingly that Talaat’s militaristic policies toward surrounding countries are part of a greater whole, in which ethnic cleansing within the Ottoman Empire complemented territorial expansion in the Caucuses.  And he argues that Talaat, by abandoning constitutionalism to embrace one-party authoritarian rule and a Social-Darwinist nationalism, set the stage for Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Kelly McFall is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University. He’s the author of four modules in the Reacting to the Past series, including The Needs of Others: Human Rights, International Organizations and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The popularity of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Republic of Turkey, reverberates thousands of miles away from Istanbul or Ankara. When the University of British Columbia held a commemoration event for Mustafa Kemal on the 79th anniversary of his passing, we set out to explore how the Turkish community remembers his legacy and perceives his reforms that have often split historians and critics. 'Democracy Watch' reporter Rehmatullah Sheikh also inquires about Turkey’s strengthening role in the region, made possible in part owing to an exclusive interview with the Consul General of Turkey in Vancouver.

Iraq’s Kurds have been making international headlines since September after forging ahead with their independence referendum, despite regional and international warnings. They are the only one of the Middle East's Kurdish communities to have their own regional government. The other notable communities are in Turkey, Iran and Syria. So who are the Kurds? Origins “They are a separate ethnic group, living in the Middle East where Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq meet. They have been there as long as we know,” says Michael Gunter, a professor at the Tennessee Technological University, who has been researching and writing about the Kurds for over 30 years. And as Gérard Gauthier, an anthropologist and researcher at the Kurdish Institute of Paris, adds ”You also have Kurds in the former Soviet Union [….] There have been Kurds in Pakistan, in Afghanistan, in Georgia, you even have Kurds, I suspect, in China as well. So they are present in a lot of places. But basically the heart of their area is the Middle East.” While an actual Kurdish state is harder to trace in history, the fact remains that the Kurdish people have been in the Middle East region since as far back as 400BC. Contact with ancient Greece In fact, an ancient Greek general by the name of Xenophon details this in his work, Anabasis (The March Up Country). “Xenophon was the head of a troop of 10,000 Greek mercenaries and they were working for a Persian king," explains Gauthier. "And they were defeated and they had to leave Tsifphon, which is near Baghdad, at the time and had to walk all the way back to Greece. At one point they found a tribe of mountain people who blocked their passage, and those people described themselves as Kardokhoy.” It's hard to verify 100 percent if the Kurds were in fact this Kardokhoy or Karochi group and another theory states they are descendants of the Medes, an ancient people who lived in the north-west of what is now Iran. “The Kurds themselves claim to be the descendants of the Medes," adds Gunter. "The Medes were an Assyrian empire in 612BC. But we're not absolutely sure of that. The origins of the Kurds are lost in history. But they certainly have been there for a long time." Tribal allegiances The Kurds speak a language that is similar to Persian but unrelated to Arabic or Turkish. In fact, Gunter points out that the Kurds are a “separate ethnic group, completely different from the Turks and Arabs. [They] speak an Indo-European language, so they are related to the Iranians.” Even though there was a common language and culture among the Kurds, as was the case among other ethnic groups in the area, Kurdish unity was often based on tribal lines. This idea of fidelity to tribal lines goes back as far as the Middle Ages, says Gauthier, as it was important in “ keeping the communities together in times when you had the big wars and destruction” such as the Crusaders and the invasion of the Mongols. He adds that such events brought along destruction to the Middle East and so divisions along tribal lines would have been reinforced. Arrival of Islam During the seventh century, Islam spread from the Arabian Peninsula, bringing another unifying element to the Kurds: religion. Although uniting the Kurds under one banner was not really what was happening. “Because at the time of the empires -- Ottoman empires, Persian empires -- even before when it was the Caliph and you had a united Middle East with a Muslim caliph, then you had a lot of different communities in there. You had Turks, you had Arabs, Persians, Kurds, and the people they had unity and the banner of Islam basically,” explains Gauthier. He adds that like the other groups within the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds would also have spoken several languages. One famous Kurd from the Abbasid Muslim Caliphate was Saladin; he was a sultan, though he also received the title of king, but he was known for leading Islamic forces against the European Crusaders. After his big victory, however, he was revered not for his ethnicity as a Kurd but simply for being a great fighter. Independence So we see that the Kurds have always been a part of the regional history of the Middle East. But have they ever had independent states? “Well into the 19th century there were Kurdish immigrants who by today's standards meet many of the criteria for independence,” says Gunter. “And there's an ancient Kurdish history called Sharafnama, written by Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in 1596, in which he talks about at least five Kurdish dynasties or emirates in the past that had the attributes of what we would today call independence. So it's possible to say that in effect there were independent Kurdish entities four to five hundred years ago which were eventually wiped out by the Ottoman and Persian empires.” Gauthier notes that al-Din Bitlisi was in fact a Kurd, although the manuscripts were written in Persian, since he was an administrator in the Ottoman Empire and also with the Savafid shahs, the rival Persian dynasty at the time. He began to put to paper the history of the Kurdish local dynasties. As Gauthier explains, Bitlisi wondered if they, the Kurds, had their own prince who could lead them; perhaps they would no longer be exploited by the Turks, Persians and Arabs. So already by the 16th century, we see that the Kurdish people, under Ottoman rule by then, were feeling the pinch. One mustn’t forget that under Ottoman rule, different ethnic and cultural groups were living side by side; but no one had independence. Each province, such as Syria, or Egypt, was ruled by a chosen representative of the Ottomans. The idea of the nation-state The notion of the nation-state as it is currently understood is a modern idea, appearing at the end of the 19th-century. It was really after World War I, which saw the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, that the push for nation-states took effect in the Middle East. “Obviously there was a big push for the idea of a nation-state with Kurds at the end of the Ottoman empire because the people had to choose,” says Gauthier. “A lot of those Kurds, they were generals, officers, administrators to the Ottoman empire, they had Ottoman identity.” And so when the Ottoman empire ceased to exist, many Kurds had to make a choice. And this is where the Kurds may have had a chance to have a state. But don’t forget they had spent years spread out over the region. So when Turkey, Iraq and Syria all pushed for independent states in response to the mandates run by Western powers that replaced the Ottomans, the Kurds found themselves in the middle of it all. “Then in 1918 when the modern state system was created, you created another division between Kurds: Turkish Kurds, Iranian Kurds, Iraqi Kurds and Syrian Kurds” explains Gunter. “That's been going on for a 100 years now. So that's another way the Kurds are divided between the four states that they live in.” In fact, the Kurds almost had a state. As the big Western powers were carving up the Middle East, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres proposed a Kurdish state in part of what was to become Turkey, although the Kurdish nationalists themselves could not agree on what its borders should be. But the treaty was rejected by the creator of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who launched a war against the Greeks, Italians, British and French. “He [Ataturk] first recruited them [Kurds] against the imperialists, saying we are going to set up a state, which will be a state of brotherhood between Turks and Kurds and when he won he told them there [are] no Kurds,” explains Gauthier. Added to that problem was the fact that the Kurds didn’t have a central figure to bring them together to push for their own state at the time. So they turned to the British. The British were in the north of Iraq and were initially interested in creating a Kurdish state, as a kind of buffer state between Iraq and Mustafa Kemal’s Turkey. “But then they discovered the oil, so they forgot about this buffer state,” says Gauthier. So the Kurdish populations were absorbed into Iran, Syria, Iraq and Turkey. But constant tensions between the Kurdish communities and their country’s governments have always been a reason for them to push for their own state. In the case of Iraq’s Kurds, the US's 2003 invasion of Iras gave them outside support to set up their autonomous region, says Gunter. But as Iraqi’s Kurds face the consequences of pushing ahead with their quest for independence, Falah Mustafa, the foreign minister of the Kurdish Regional Government says that the Kurds are “a different nation”. Their efforts for independence have not worked out thus far, but “we tried our best, we went to Baghdad, we played a positive role. …. we should not be punished. We have to be realistic.”

This week in Arab Spring: A History we finish looking at Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. We look at how Turkey was created through a mixture of political, social and economic reforms, such as the use of political parties, the Latin alphabet and the 1932 Miss Universe Contest.

This week in Arab Spring: A History we cover the rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. We look at his early life, and follow him through World War One and the Turkish Wars of independence. Ataturk may have created a state, but he still needs to create a nation.

Historian Traveler Gordon Smith talks about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey - a remarkable man we've been promising to discuss for years.

Historian Traveler Gordon Smith talks about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey - a remarkable man we've been promising to discuss for years.

To get a full and balanced appreciation for today's Istanbul, you must leave the old town and explore the lively, more cosmopolitan neighborhoods. Experience urban Istanbul by hiking the entire length of its main pedestrian boulevard, immersed in a fascinating sea of people: a melting pot of twenty or so different ethnic groups, with styles from the very traditional to the latest. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.

To get a full and balanced appreciation for today's Istanbul, you must leave the old town and explore the lively, more cosmopolitan neighborhoods. Experience urban Istanbul by hiking the entire length of its main pedestrian boulevard, immersed in a fascinating sea of people: a melting pot of twenty or so different ethnic groups, with styles from the very traditional to the latest. For more information on the Rick Steves' Europe TV series — including episode descriptions, scripts, participating stations, travel information on destinations and more — visit www.ricksteves.com.