Podcast appearances and mentions of William Pitt

Rerun: “In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes”, the American statesman Benjamin Franklin once said, but until 9 January, 1799, taxation looked very different to the way it does today, because this was the day the world was first introduced to income tax. Its introduction by British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger was not one of his most popular innovations, but he had good reason to be wanting to bring more money into the government's coffers, given the national debt had doubled during the American War of Independence and now stood at £243 million. In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly explain why there was a bonfire outside Westminster the day income tax was eventually repealed; marvel that taxation used to target the wealthy rather than the poor; and reveal why taxing farts is more sensible than it sounds…  Further Reading: • ‘9 January 1799: income tax introduced to Britain' (Money Week, 2021): https://moneyweek.com/372129/9-january-1799-income-tax-introduced-to-britain  • ‘A short history of income tax' (The Independent, 1995): https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/a-short-history-of-income-tax-1577708.html • ‘William Hague on William Pitt' (Cambridge University, 2010): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0tHmYEaqok ‘Why am I hearing a rerun?' Each Thursday and Friday we repeat stories from our archive of 800+ episodes, so we can maintain the quality of our independent podcast and bring you fresh, free content every Monday-Wednesday…  … But

Um die Abschaffung des Sklavenhandels haben sich viele Menschen verdient gemacht. Einer von ihnen war William Wilberforce. Er lebte zur Zeit der französischen Revolution und Napoleons, stammte aus gutem Hause und war lange Mitglied des Parlaments. Seit seiner Jugend war er mit William Pitt befreundet, dem langjährigen Leiter der englischen Politik. Wilberforce wuchs in einem christlich-pietistischen Elternhaus auf. Aus dem Umgang mit der Bibel wurde für ihn klar, dass Sklavenhaltung mit der Hl. Schrift nicht zu vereinbaren ist.Er sagte einmal: »Mir erschien die Verderbtheit des Sklavenhandels so enorm, so furchtbar und nicht wiedergutzumachen, dass ich mich uneingeschränkt für die Abschaffung entschieden habe. Mögen die Konsequenzen sein, wie sie wollen …« So widmete er sein Leben als Parlamentarier fast ganz dem Kampf für ein Verbot des Sklavenhandels. Widerstand gab es von vielen Seiten: Die US–Südstaaten, die Franzosen, arabische Händler und auch manche afrikanischen Stämme verdienten zu gut daran, um davon abzulassen.Aber Wilberforce ließ nicht locker. Er erlebte noch, dass die britische Regierung die Sklaverei in Großbritannien endgültig abschaffte. Sein Ausharren hatte sich also gelohnt; Wilberforce war zum Segen für sehr viele Menschen geworden.Neben der von Wilberforce bekämpften Form der Sklaverei gibt es allerdings eine viel weiter gehende Sklaverei, der einschränkungslos und bis heute alle Menschen unterworfen sind: Es ist die Sklaverei der Sünde. Die Sünde ist ein schrecklicher Herr, und ihre Herrschaft führt zum Tod. Um den Menschen hiervon zu befreien, reicht auch ein beherzter politischer Kampf nicht aus. Hier musste der Sohn Gottes mit seinem Leben bezahlen.Karl-Otto HerhausDiese und viele weitere Andachten online lesenWeitere Informationen zu »Leben ist mehr« erhalten Sie unter www.lebenistmehr.deAudioaufnahmen: Radio Segenswelle

With the Stamp Act defeated, the Sons of Liberty in New York City celebrate by raising a Liberty Pole in tribute to George III, William Pitt, and Liberty, provoking a violent confrontation with British soldiers quartered in the city barracks, who see the wooden mast as a monument to mob rule and a symbol of sedition.  Featuring: Wendy Bellion, Shira Lurie, Jon Kukla, Patrick Griffin, Brad Jones, Christopher Minty, and John McCurdy Voice Actors: Adam Smith, Melissa Gismondi, Mills Kelly, Nate Sleeter, Anne Fertig, and Dan Howlett. Narrated by Jim Ambuske. Music by Artlist.io Find the official transcript here. Worlds Turned Upside Down is a production of R2 Studios at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University.

La lista adulta contemporánea de España www.top40star.es www.radio2050.es Segunda parte de la edición de TOP 40 STAR de 19 de octubre de 2024 @top40star

**Neil G's Ice Cream Sundae Show Replay On traxfm.org. This Week Neil Gave Us Soulful House/Nu Disco/Remixes From Degrees Of Motion Ft Biti, Block & Crown, Ken@Work, Loleatta Holloway - Heart Stealer (The Freddy Bastone Mix), Jay Caruso & G-Sax, Adri Block, William Pitt , Willie Blake, Mike Newman, Pretty Lights, Discotron, Jason Madden, Aretha Franklin - R.E.S.P.E.C.T. (ID Funky Edit), Evelyn Champagne King - I'm In Love (Joey Negro Tribute To Kashif Mix) & More. #originalpirates #nudiscohouse #discohousemusic #discoremixes #SoulfulHouseMusic Catch Neil G's Ice Cream Sundae Show Every Sunday From 1PM UK Time Each & Every Sunday Listen Live Here Via The Trax FM Player: chat.traxfm.org/player/index.html Mixcloud LIVE :mixcloud.com/live/traxfm Free Trax FM Android App: play.google.com/store/apps/det...mradio.ba.a6bcb The Trax FM Facebook Page : https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100092342916738 Trax FM Live On Hear This: hearthis.at/k8bdngt4/live Tunerr: tunerr.co/radio/Trax-FM Radio Garden: Trax FM Link: http://radio.garden/listen/trax-fm/IEnsCj55 OnLine Radio Box: onlineradiobox.com/uk/trax/?cs...cs=uk.traxRadio Radio Deck: radiodeck.com/radio/5a09e2de87...7e3370db06d44dc Radio.Net: traxfmlondon.radio.net Stream Radio : streema.com/radios/Trax_FM..The_Originals Live Online Radio: liveonlineradio.net/english/tr...ax-fm-103-3.htm**

In 1759, the British had launched a highly successful campaign to push the French out of the Ohio Country and into Canada. Influenced by British sugar magnates, William Pitt decided to order a British attack on the major French sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean. The attack on Martinique failed, but the subsequent invasion of Guadeloupe was a huge success. Back in North America, General Jeffrey Amherst attempted to rack up more British victories against the tenacious French forces. Would he succeed? You already know the answer to the question...listen, and you shall find out!

William Pitt goes toe to toe against a large coalition led by Charles Fox and Lord North.  George 3 is on firmly on his side, all the power of the crown is bent to his support.  And yet this is not enough until public opinion finds a clear expression.  We cover the background to the rise of William Pitt, what was going in France at the time to weaken the French government, and Charles Fox and his gigantic overreach trying to take control of India.

If I asked you to name "the most haunted house in London", you probably wouldn't pick Berkeley Square as your location. Yet for almost a century, No. 50. Berkeley Square had quite the supernatural reputation. It's part of the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, built in the mid-18th century by architect William Kent. Famous residents of the square have included Horace Walpole, Winston Churchill, William Pitt the Younger, Charles Rolls, the co-founder of Rolls Royce, and Harry Gordon Selfridge. But was it actually haunted? Let's find out in this week's episode of Fabulous Folklore! Find the blog post with the images and the references here: https://www.icysedgwick.com/50-berkeley-square/ Get your free guide to home protection the folklore way here: https://www.icysedgwick.com/fab-folklore/ Become a member of the Fabulous Folklore Family for bonus episodes and articles at https://patreon.com/bePatron?u=2380595 Fabulous Folklore Bookshop: https://uk.bookshop.org/shop/fabulous_folklore Enjoyed this episode and want to show your appreciation? Buy Icy a coffee to say 'thanks' at: https://ko-fi.com/icysedgwick Pre-recorded illustrated talks: https://ko-fi.com/icysedgwick/shop Request an episode: https://forms.gle/gqG7xQNLfbMg1mDv7 Get extra snippets of folklore on Instagram at https://instagram.com/icysedgwick 'Like' Fabulous Folklore on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fabulousfolklore/ Find Icy on BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/icysedgwick.bsky.social Tweet Icy at https://twitter.com/IcySedgwick

Napoleonic Quarterly regulars Charles Esdaile and Alexander Mikaberidze join Alex Stevenson to respond to listeners' questions and comments. Featuring the following topics: [3:46] - an anti-Charles missive [21:07] - the sexual proclivities of Napoleon Bonaparte [32:39] - French leadership in the Revolution and afterwards: executive by committee vs strongman, with an answer from David Andress [41:22] - William Pitt's role in Britain's success [47:04] - Activity on the Rhine / in Germany during 1798, with an answer from David Hollins [55:16] - the massacre at Jaffa

190 years ago today, the great British parliamentarian and abolitionist William Wilberforce died at the home of his cousin near Westminster, London. Three days earlier, Parliament had passed the Slavery Abolition Act, which "abolished slavery in most British colonies, freeing more than 800,000 enslaved Africans in the Caribbean and South Africa as well as a small number in Canada” on condition that the Crown compensated slave owners. When his friend Thomas Babington Macaulay delivered the news, Wilberforce allegedly responded, “Thank God that I should have lived to witness the day in which England is willing to give 20 million sterling for the abolition of slavery.”   Upon the news of his death, newspapers around the world proclaimed Wilberforce “as pure and virtuous a man as ever lived.”  During his life, however, he endured incredible opposition and even hostility. England benefited both economically and militarily from the transatlantic slave trade. Some 46,000 British families owned slaves, and during war with France, abolitionists were accused of being unpatriotic. In a private letter, legendary naval hero Lord Horatio Nelson wrote that he would never surrender Britain's “West India possessions … whilst I have an arm to fight in their defen[s]e, or a tongue to launch my voice against the damnable and cursed doctrine of Wilberforce and his hypocritical allies.” One of Wilberforce's most vocal opponents, a slave trader named George Hibbert, was a fellow congregant at his church, Holy Trinity Clapham.   Many years ago, Chuck Colson described Wilberforce as “biblical worldview in action”:   When Wilberforce came to Christ early in his political career, he thought about leaving Parliament and public life altogether. Thankfully, William Pitt—who went on to become Great Britain's youngest prime minister—convinced him otherwise. Pitt wrote to Wilberforce: “Surely the principles as well as the practice of Christianity are simple and lead not to meditation only, but to action.”  And for the rest of his life, Wilberforce's Christianity meant action. His fiercely unpopular crusade against the slave trade consumed his health and cost him politically—but he could not stand idly by and see the imago Dei, the image of God, enslaved and abused in the holds of ships. He endured verbal assaults and was even challenged to a duel by an angry slave-ship captain.  When the French Revolution began, what had been merely an unpopular position became a dangerous one in Britain. Wilberforce's detractors charged that the humanist revolution would sweep England, and Wilberforce, with his passion for the slaves, was made suspect.  Nonetheless, Wilberforce persevered. Writing about political expediency and whether to give up the fight, Wilberforce notes, “a man who fears God is not at liberty” to give up.  But Wilberforce's worldview led him to engage in more than just the issue of slavery. He sold his home and dismissed servants to have more money to give to the needy. He fought for prison reform. He founded or participated in sixty charities. He convinced King George III to reissue a proclamation encouraging virtue and reinstated the Proclamation Society to help see such virtue encouraged. He cared for God's creation, founding the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; and he championed missionary efforts, like the founding of the British and Foreign Bible Society.  All of us would do well to take Pitt's words to Wilberforce to heart: Surely the principles and practice of Christianity lead not just to meditation, but to action.  Chuck penned these words around the 2006 biographic film of Wilberforce's life, Amazing Grace. Last week, one of our nation's greatest leaders revealed that she watches this film at least once a year.  The life of William Wilberforce is a direct rebuke to a privatized faith. Having had a very personal experience with God through Jesus Christ, for Wilberforce, Real Christianity (which was also the title of his book) requires living out the full implications of the Gospel. For him that meant embracing conflicts with his culture, challenges to his reputation, and doing hard things if they were the right things to do. As he put it, “If to be feelingly alive to the sufferings of my fellow-creatures … is to be a fanatic, I am one of the most incurable fanatics ever permitted to be at large.”   Thank God that he was.  This Breakpoint was co-authored by Kasey Leander. If you're a fan of Breakpoint, leave a review on your favorite podcast app. For more resources to live like a Christian in this cultural moment, go to breakpoint.org. 

"on hearing his height was eight feet four inches, I expected to see a deformed monster"

Llegó el verano y este podcast compila grandes canciones ideales para escuchar en la playa contemplando el mar o a la orilla de una piscina. Porque es donde nos trasportan automáticamente. La mayoría fueron pinchadas constantemente en aquellos veranos en Ibiza, lo que luego se denominó “Balearic Beat”, el resto se encuentran entre el Sophisti-Pop, toques Jazzy y Pop ochentero elegante. A continuación un resumen de los interpretes de las canciones: Hong Kong Syndikat Banda alemana de SynthPop en activo entre 1982 y 1989. Su mayor éxito “Too Much” se publico en 1985 logrando un buen resultado en gran parte de Europa, sobretodo en la isla de Ibiza donde se convirtió en un clásico del Balearic Beat Sade De madre británica y padre nigeriano creció en el Reino Unido desde pequeña y su fascinación con la música (en especial el Soul y el Jazz) no paro hasta convertirse en cantante profesional, ingreso en el grupo Arriba, más tarde renombrado como Pride para finalmente convertirse en Sade. Lograron firmar contrato en 1984 y automáticamente se convirtieron en unos de los principales artistas de la década, sobre todo por la belleza, elegancia y voz de su cantante (Sade Adu). William Pitt cantante nacido en Estados Unidos de profesión modelo durante los 80s se trasladó a Paris un productor se interesó en su presencia y su voz y le ofreció un contrato, su primer single fue “City Lights” convirtiéndose en un éxito en gran parte de Europa en el verano del ‘87. En realidad fue su único éxito, publico otros singles pero no corrieron la misma suerte. Mike Francis cantante y compositor italiano quien publico varios singles de éxito en gran parte de europa, con un estilo entre el pop y el soul. En 2009 fallece por causa de un cáncer de pulmón. Imagination trio británico a mitad de camino entre la música disco y la sofisticación del New Romantic, lograron gran éxito durante toda la década pero nunca pudieron igualar el éxito alcanzado con “Just an Illusion” Dizzi Heights uno de los primeros raperos surgidos del Reino Unido a comienzo de la década, en 1984 formó parte del proyecto musical de Paul Weller, The Council Collective. Publico algunos singles durante los 80s con moderado éxito. Would I Find Love publicado en 1986 es un clásico del sonido Balear surgido en la isla de Ibiza en aquellos años. Chris Rea músico británico, publico su primer larga duración en 1978. Su sonido se caracteriza por fusionar Blues, Pop, Rock, Soul, Gospel y Jazz. En 1986 lanza como single “On The Beach” pero no fue hasta dos años más tarde cuando regrabo la canción y relanzándola con el nombre de “On The Beach ‘88” donde logra el éxito mundial. Cabe mencionar que dicha canción la compuso en la isla de Formentera. La otra canción “Josephine” habla de su hija y la remezcla “LA Version Francaise” se convirtió en un clásico del sonido Balear, sonando en toda la isla de Ibiza desde que se editó. Illusion poco se sabe sobre este proyecto, salvo que fue creado por Eddie De Gucht, el mismo que se encontraba detrás de “Disco Connection” quienes lograron un gran éxito en 1982 con “Rock You Baby”. “Why Can't We Live Together” es su único single y la canción fue compuesta e interpretada por Timmy Thomas en 1972 convirtiéndose en gran éxito en las listas. Basia (Basia Trzetrzelewska) de origen Polaco fue parte del grupo Matt Bianco pero en medio del éxito de su primer disco decide abandonar y lanzar su carrera como solista, de sonido similar al de Sade, coquetando con el Jazz y el Soul logro gran éxito en las listas de USA. Su mayor hit “Cruising The Bruising” fue publicado en 1990 Bryan Ferry Cantante de Roxy Music y solista con decena de singles de éxito. En 1985 publica uno de sus discos más populares y aclamado por la crítica “Boys & Girls” del que se lanzan varios singles, entre ellos se encuentra “Don't Stop The Dance” Mandy Smith cantante y modelo, fue fichada por el trio Stock, Aitken & Waterman y en 1987 publicó su primer single"I Just Can't Wait" el que no deslumbro en los charts europeos, pero una de sus remezclas "The Cool and Breezy Jazz Mix" fue un gran éxito en Ibiza por su sonido Balear y fue bien recibida por la crítica musical, mencionándola como una de las mejores composiciones del trio. Electra proyecto electrónico formado por Paul Oakenfold, Steve Osborne, Nick Divaris y Johny Rocca. Luego de aquel famoso viaje a Ibiza para celebrar el cumpleaños de Oakenfold, todos quedaron alucinados con la música que se pinchaba en la isla, sobre todo con Alfredo en el Amnesia. De hecho la versión original de la canción Jibaro era una de las más sonadas en la isla, compuesta por Elkin & Nelson, dúo colombiano radicado en España que durante la década de los 70s publicaron un par de discos donde fusionaban ritmos latinos con Funk y Rock. Hoy son verdaderas piezas de coleccionistas. Espero que disfrutéis del podcast. TRACKLIST: 01 - Hong Kong Syndikat - Too Much 02 - Sade - Paradise (Extended Remix) 03 - William Pitt - City Lights (Extended Version) 04 - Mike Francis - Survivor (Original 12' Version) 05 - Imagination - Just An Illusion (12' Version) 06 - Sade - Hang On To Your Love 07 - Dizzi Heights - Would I Find Love (Extended Version) 08 - Chris Rea - Josephine (LA Version Francaise) 09 - Illusion - Why Can't We Live Together 10 - Basia - Cruising for Bruising 11 - Chris Rea - On The Beach (Summer '88) 12 - Bryan Ferry - Don't Stop The Dance (Special 12" Remix) 13 - Mandy Smith - I Just Can't Wait (The Cool and Breezy Jazz Instrumental) 14 - Electra - Jibaro (English Version)

Llegó el verano y este podcast compila grandes canciones ideales para escuchar en la playa contemplando el mar o a la orilla de una piscina. Porque es donde nos trasportan automáticamente. La mayoría fueron pinchadas constantemente en aquellos veranos en Ibiza, lo que luego se denominó “Balearic Beat”, el resto se encuentran entre el Sophisti-Pop, toques Jazzy y Pop ochentero elegante. A continuación un resumen de los interpretes de las canciones: Hong Kong Syndikat Banda alemana de SynthPop en activo entre 1982 y 1989. Su mayor éxito “Too Much” se publico en 1985 logrando un buen resultado en gran parte de Europa, sobretodo en la isla de Ibiza donde se convirtió en un clásico del Balearic Beat Sade De madre británica y padre nigeriano creció en el Reino Unido desde pequeña y su fascinación con la música (en especial el Soul y el Jazz) no paro hasta convertirse en cantante profesional, ingreso en el grupo Arriba, más tarde renombrado como Pride para finalmente convertirse en Sade. Lograron firmar contrato en 1984 y automáticamente se convirtieron en unos de los principales artistas de la década, sobre todo por la belleza, elegancia y voz de su cantante (Sade Adu). William Pitt cantante nacido en Estados Unidos de profesión modelo durante los 80s se trasladó a Paris un productor se interesó en su presencia y su voz y le ofreció un contrato, su primer single fue “City Lights” convirtiéndose en un éxito en gran parte de Europa en el verano del ‘87. En realidad fue su único éxito, publico otros singles pero no corrieron la misma suerte. Mike Francis cantante y compositor italiano quien publico varios singles de éxito en gran parte de europa, con un estilo entre el pop y el soul. En 2009 fallece por causa de un cáncer de pulmón. Imagination trio británico a mitad de camino entre la música disco y la sofisticación del New Romantic, lograron gran éxito durante toda la década pero nunca pudieron igualar el éxito alcanzado con “Just an Illusion” Dizzi Heights uno de los primeros raperos surgidos del Reino Unido a comienzo de la década, en 1984 formó parte del proyecto musical de Paul Weller, The Council Collective. Publico algunos singles durante los 80s con moderado éxito. Would I Find Love publicado en 1986 es un clásico del sonido Balear surgido en la isla de Ibiza en aquellos años. Chris Rea músico británico, publico su primer larga duración en 1978. Su sonido se caracteriza por fusionar Blues, Pop, Rock, Soul, Gospel y Jazz. En 1986 lanza como single “On The Beach” pero no fue hasta dos años más tarde cuando regrabo la canción y relanzándola con el nombre de “On The Beach ‘88” donde logra el éxito mundial. Cabe mencionar que dicha canción la compuso en la isla de Formentera. La otra canción “Josephine” habla de su hija y la remezcla “LA Version Francaise” se convirtió en un clásico del sonido Balear, sonando en toda la isla de Ibiza desde que se editó. Illusion poco se sabe sobre este proyecto, salvo que fue creado por Eddie De Gucht, el mismo que se encontraba detrás de “Disco Connection” quienes lograron un gran éxito en 1982 con “Rock You Baby”. “Why Can't We Live Together” es su único single y la canción fue compuesta e interpretada por Timmy Thomas en 1972 convirtiéndose en gran éxito en las listas. Basia (Basia Trzetrzelewska) de origen Polaco fue parte del grupo Matt Bianco pero en medio del éxito de su primer disco decide abandonar y lanzar su carrera como solista, de sonido similar al de Sade, coquetando con el Jazz y el Soul logro gran éxito en las listas de USA. Su mayor hit “Cruising The Bruising” fue publicado en 1990 Bryan Ferry Cantante de Roxy Music y solista con decena de singles de éxito. En 1985 publica uno de sus discos más populares y aclamado por la crítica “Boys & Girls” del que se lanzan varios singles, entre ellos se encuentra “Don’t Stop The Dance” Mandy Smith cantante y modelo, fue fichada por el trio Stock, Aitken & Waterman y en 1987 publicó su primer single"I Just Can't Wait" el que no deslumbro en los charts europeos, pero una de sus remezclas "The Cool and Breezy Jazz Mix" fue un gran éxito en Ibiza por su sonido Balear y fue bien recibida por la crítica musical, mencionándola como una de las mejores composiciones del trio. Electra proyecto electrónico formado por Paul Oakenfold, Steve Osborne, Nick Divaris y Johny Rocca. Luego de aquel famoso viaje a Ibiza para celebrar el cumpleaños de Oakenfold, todos quedaron alucinados con la música que se pinchaba en la isla, sobre todo con Alfredo en el Amnesia. De hecho la versión original de la canción Jibaro era una de las más sonadas en la isla, compuesta por Elkin & Nelson, dúo colombiano radicado en España que durante la década de los 70s publicaron un par de discos donde fusionaban ritmos latinos con Funk y Rock. Hoy son verdaderas piezas de coleccionistas. Espero que disfrutéis del podcast. TRACKLIST: 01 - Hong Kong Syndikat - Too Much 02 - Sade - Paradise (Extended Remix) 03 - William Pitt - City Lights (Extended Version) 04 - Mike Francis - Survivor (Original 12' Version) 05 - Imagination - Just An Illusion (12' Version) 06 - Sade - Hang On To Your Love 07 - Dizzi Heights - Would I Find Love (Extended Version) 08 - Chris Rea - Josephine (LA Version Francaise) 09 - Illusion - Why Can't We Live Together 10 - Basia - Cruising for Bruising 11 - Chris Rea - On The Beach (Summer '88) 12 - Bryan Ferry - Don't Stop The Dance (Special 12" Remix) 13 - Mandy Smith - I Just Can't Wait (The Cool and Breezy Jazz Instrumental) 14 - Electra - Jibaro (English Version)

Madonna - Frozen Kajagoogoo - Too Shy The Rolling Stones - Miss You Hot Chocolate - You Sexy Thing Lucy Pearl - Don't Mess With My Man Stevie Wonder - Sir Duke Cock Robin - The Promise You Made Nick Kamen - Each Time You My Break My Heart Simply Red - Come To My Aid Prince - Cream DeBarge - Rhythm Of The Night Cher - The Shoop Shoop Song William Pitt - City Lights Happy Mondays - Step On Chumbawamba - Thubthumping Tina Turner - The Best Seal - Crazy Mick Jagger - Sweet Thing

He was a Tory of the old school. If it was progressive, he was against it.

"having found in my head and body above 20 lice, little and great"

On 10th January, 1870 John D. Rockefeller took his first steps towards becoming the world's richest ever person by forming his company, Standard Oil. He had arrived in the oil industry at a time of wild instability when oil refining was almost a cottage industry. Rockefeller quickly realised that if he had control over not just the refineries but also the output and distribution of refined oil he could keep prices as high as he liked – a mode of thinking that his critics and rivals declared monopolistic.  In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly discuss what Rockerfeller was imagining oil might be useful for given cars hadn't been invented yet; reveal how he bankrupted his competitors; and explain why Winston Churchill turned down an invitation to write Rockerfeller's biography…  Further Reading: • ‘Biography of John D. Rockefeller, America's First Billionaire' (Thought Co, 2019): https://www.thoughtco.com/john-d-rockefeller-p2-1779821  • ‘John D. Rockefeller Was the Richest Person To Ever Live. Period' (TSmithsonian Magazine, 2017): https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/john-d-rockefeller-richest-person-ever-live-period-180961705/ • ‘William Hague on William Pitt' (Cambridge University, 2010):  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0tHmYEaqok #1800s #US #Business Love the show? Join 

On this day in 1799, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduced the nation's first income tax.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

“In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes”, the American statesman Benjamin Franklin once said, but until 9 January, 1799, taxation looked very different to the way it does today, because this was the day the world was first introduced to income tax. Its introduction by British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger was not one of his most popular innovations, but he had good reason to be wanting to bring more money into the government's coffers, given the national debt had doubled during the American War of Independence and now stood at £243 million. In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly explain why there was a bonfire outside Westminster the day income tax was eventually repealed; marvel that taxation used to target the wealthy rather than the poor; and reveal why taxing farts is more sensible than it sounds…  Further Reading: • ‘9 January 1799: income tax introduced to Britain' (Money Week, 2021): https://moneyweek.com/372129/9-january-1799-income-tax-introduced-to-britain  • ‘A short history of income tax' (The Independent, 1995): https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/a-short-history-of-income-tax-1577708.html • ‘William Hague on William Pitt' (Cambridge University, 2010): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0tHmYEaqok #1700s #UK #Politics #Economics Love the show? Join 

As today's guest Tim Clayton explains, 'the late eighteenth-century mixed the extremely crude with the extremely fine in a fascinating sort of way.' The grand master of this potent concoction was the greatest political caricaturist of modern times: James Gillray. Gillray worked in raucous, restless times. He began in the wake of the American War of Independence and, having charted each twist and turn of the French Revolution, he died a short time before the Battle of Waterloo. In this time he pioneered a fearless new brand of political satire. No one was spared. He lampooned King George III; his son the Prince of W(h)ales; the prime minister William Pitt the Younger, and all the prominent cultural and political figures in London life. But how did he get away with it? What was his true motivation? How clever really was James Gillray? In this episode the historian Tim Clayton takes us back to 1792, a testing year for Gillray, to find out. The characters and stories that feature in this episode of Travels Through Time form part of Clayton's latest book. James Gillray: A Revolution in Satire is out now. Show notes Scene One: February/March 1792 London and Hannah Humphrey's house at 18 Old Bond Street. Scene Two: 21 May 1792. The Royal Proclamation against seditious writing. Scene Three: December 1792. The French King is on trial and Gillray releases his series of ‘pro bono publico' prints. Memento: A fire screen, painted on both sides by Gillray, as presented by the artist to Hannah Humphrey. People/Social Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Tim Clayton Production: Maria Nolan Podcast partner: Ace Cultural Tours Theme music: ‘Love Token' from the album ‘This Is Us' By Slava and Leonard Grigoryan Follow us on Twitter: @tttpodcast_ See where 1972 fits on our Timeline

The US declaration of Independence described George III (1760-1820) as “marked by every act which may define a tyrant.” At home he was described as one of the most conscientious sovereigns who ever sat upon the English throne. Yet, he vehemently opposed catholic emancipation and the abolition of slavery. His characterisations are almost as broad as the events that unfolded during long reign. It saw an independent United States and a revolutionary France. It saw the age of enlightenment, the age of industry, science and technology and the age of imperialism that would see Europe reach the peak of its global power. Characters George III – King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (1760-1820) and Ireland (1801-20) Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitz – Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (1760-1820) and Ireland (1801-20) Prince Frederick – father of George III, son of George II, Prince of Wales (1729-51) Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha – mother of George III Prince George – son of George III, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent of the United Kingdom (1811-20) Prince Henry – duke of Cumberland, brother of George III France Maximillien Robespierre – leading Jacobin revolutionary Charles Danton – leading Jacobin revolutionary Napoleon Bonaparte – Emperor of France Louis XVI – King of France (1774-92) Louis XVIII – King of France (1814-15, 1815-24) Marie Antoinette – Queen consort of France, wife of Louis XVI (1774-92) Pierre-Charles Villaneuve – French vice-admiral at the Battle of Trafalgar Joseph Bonaparte – King of Spain and Naples, brother of Napoleon Louis Bonaparte – King of Holland, brother of Napoleon United States Thomas Paine – English-born American revolutionary activist Benjamin Franklin – writer, diplomat and philosopher George Washington – military officer and statesman. 1st President of the United States (1789-97) James Madison – President of the United States (1809-17) Andrew Jackson – general and statesman, President of the United States (1829-37) Prime Ministers Thomas Pelham, Duke of Newcastle (1757-62) John Stuart, Earl of Bute (1762-63) George Grenville (1763-65) Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham (1765-66, 82) William Pitt (the elder), earl of Chatham – Prime Minister (1766-68) Augustus FitzRoy, Duke of Grafton (1768-70) Frederick, Lord North (1770-82) William Petty, Earl of Shelburne (1782-83) William Cavendish-Bentinck, Duke of Portland (1783, 1807-09) William Pitt (the younger) (1783-1801, 1804-06) Henry Addington (1801-04) William Grenville (1806-07) Spencer Perceval (1809-12) Robert Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool (1812-27) Charles Fox – Whig politician Lord Effingham – in charge of the coronation Horatio Nelson – Admiral and flag officer in the Royal Navy Cuthbert Collingwood – Admiral in the Royal Navy Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington – commander at the Battle of Waterloo William Howe – commander-in-chief of the British land forces during the American War of Independence John Burgoyne – British general during the American War of Independence Charles Cornwallis – British general during the American War of Independence Thomas Gray – British poet and scholar Sarah Lennox – favourite of George John Harrison – British clockmaker and inventor of the marine chronometer Abel Tasman – Dutch seafarer and explorer James Cook – British captain and explorer Capability Brown – British gardener and landscape architect Benjamin West – American artist William Herschel – German-born British astronomer Pope Pius VI – head of the Catholic Church (1775-99)

William Pitt the Younger became the youngest ever Prime Minister of Great Britain at the age of ...

William Episode 27: Hello, thank you for joining us today! It takes a near act of God for someone to stand back and view themselves, and their culture with a wide angle lens - To rise above their own time and view things from an eternal or heavenly perspective. Everyone can and usually does critique history  quite well when they look back on time… But it's something special and rare for one to do it in real time and space with grace and with truth. It is nearly impossible for people to internally realize the their own personal short comings, or their blind spots, and then to recognize it externally, in their own time and culture, without having adopted it, or more often, become complacent to it. Above this, it is even more difficult to not only see the changes that need to be made but then do the hard work in implementing them - to actually change the cultural and political norm of one's day. To try this and fail, and get up and fail again, time and time again…..To get back up and try over and over…. until your life is spent….with no promise of success. This is what we'll look at in today's narrative.I was going to say that this is “a” story…. but really, due to its immense scope, its nature, and its extreme rarity, this is “the” story of a man's life given to change a worldwide and institutional practice, so openly accepted and ingrained in cultures times-past, that to identify it and capture it, would be like trying to separate the air surrounding you from the air inside your lungs…. Slavery was normal. It was in the air that all people breathed. Although practiced by all people in all of history, the very small framed William Wilburforce determined to change that. By the grace of God, William would spearhead the movement that would change the world forever.Eric Metaxas wrote, that “[William] Wilberforce overturned not just European civilization's view of slavery but its view of almost everything in the human sphere; and that is why it's nearly impossible to do justice to the enormity of his accomplishment: it was nothing less than a fundamental and important shift in human conscience.” Intro XVLet's look into William's life and times and ask God to give us clarity, and vision for what He may have for us in our life and times today.……Episode 27, William, starts now.William Wilberforce was born on August 24th, 1759. He was an abnormally small and fragile boy — in fact he would never grow taller than 5' 3”. From his childhood, William would suffer from a weak and sickly constitution accompanied with poor eyesight. So, with the recent death of his eldest sister and his father, the young and ill-looking eight-year-old, William, felt even smaller. On top of this all, William's mother was becoming very sick. With her nearing the verge of death, his relatively comfortable world that he had known was crashing down around him.As a result of losing his father, sister, and now, possibly his mother, little William was forced to move from his small town of Hull close to the large city of London with his Aunt Hannah and Uncle William. Not only was he moving to a completely new environment, with a new school, and new caretakers, but his Aunt as Uncle were Methodists.The new break off sect of the Church of England started by John Wesley nearly three decades before was largely viewed with contempt. At the time, Methodists were considered to be religious radicals - fanatics who took the gospel of Jesus seriously and passionately in a time where Bibles were only opened on Sunday mornings and where Christian teachings stayed safely within church walls. Both Anglicans and non-religious people frowned upon Methodists and their zeal of God. Later, William wrote about this time in his life saying, “It's impossible for you to have any idea of the hatred in which the Methodists were then held. I cannot better explain it to you than by than saying that it is more like the account given in Ivanhoe of the persecutions against the Jews, than anything else I know.” (Metaxas, p. 12).At the time, the prospect for the small and fatherless boy seemed overwhelming. Yet, this was the plan of God for William, without which he would never be the same - nor would the world.___________________________________________________________________________William's Aunt and Uncle had a profound influence upon the young boy — and it was precisely because they were not, what William's mother had hoped, just nominal Anglicans. Besides being extremely wealthy, and befriending many notable people in both the church and state, it was from them that William truly saw the Christian faith put into everyday practice. His Aunt and Uncle were also friends with some of the most dominate Christian figures of the century, namely, John Newton and George Whitefield.Whitefield had traveled to America several times and was on his 13th and last trip to America when William came to live with his Aunt and Uncle. Whitefield, had an impact on William, although indirectly, as it's doubtful the two ever met. But young William did meet John Newton, the slave trader-turned-pastor and author of “Amazing Grace”. Throughout the years, the two became very close. William regarded Newton as his spiritual father. By the age of fourteen, William wrote a paper against the slave trade. No doubt, much of his knowledge of it came from Newton's influence.Concerned that William was being overly affected by her Methodist relatives, William's mother and grandfather moved him back to Hull. William had only spent two years with his Aunt and Uncle but he had grown to cherish them dearly. He wrote them shortly after leaving London saying, “I can never forget you as long as I live.” (Metaxas 12). Soon after William reluctantly returned to Hull, to his delight, the headmaster of his school, Joseph Milner, had become a passionate Methodist as well. And so, despite being in Hull, mostly surrounded by people who were nothing like his Aunt and Uncle, William still found encouragement in these formative years while his young faith and biblical worldview were developing.Just 3 months after the rebels in the United States declared their independence from Britain, the seventeen year old William entered St. John's College in Cambridge in 1776.___________________________________________________________________________Typical of young men his age, college for William began with much socializing, singing, card playing and late night drinking. In these years, William was blossoming into a charismatic man. Because he could sing quite well and charm people with his speech, he was always looked on with favor and gladly received by all people. William had the unique ability to captivate those around him with the rare and welcomed capability to be both moral and entertaining. With the recent death of his grandfather, William was left with a large inheritance which not only allowed William to throw extravagant parties, but would be crucial in his future in politics, where money played a big part in being elected.William's induction into Parliament came earlier than he probably intended. In college, William became close friends with William Pitt. Pitt, a statesmen himself, was the son of the famed Prime Minister, William Pitt the Elder. Throughout college, the two young Williams became very close and maintained a devoted friendship that would last for years to come. It was with Pitt's encouragement that William decided to try his hand in politics — getting the idea to represent the city of Hull in the House of Commons. Having just turned 21, and throwing a birthday party sparing no expense, William found himself elected as a member of Parliament, having received more votes than his two challengers combined. And within only a few years, his dear friend advanced in his own career as a politician. The twenty four-year-old, William Pitt, would become the youngest Prime Minister in English history, being appointed by the King on December 18, 1783.But in the midst of all the limelight and success, William began to question his existence, namely his faith and purpose in life. As he mused on the simple faith he once had as a child, he could not help but notice the dreadful gap between himself and God's holiness. He read the Bible often leading him to confess in his diary, “I believe all the great truths of the Christian religion, but I am not acting as though I did.” (Metaxas, p. 53). Wanting to have a real faith like his Aunt and Uncle, William found himself in a predicament as Methodists and their ilk were still not welcomed in Parliament or high society, both of which William was deeply entwined.It's no wonder then that William spent much of his time reading, praying, and writing in his diary, about the looming decision awaiting him. William knew that he wanted to pursue and follow God above all else. This was the “Great Change” that William would refer to years later. Having reached out to his close fiends and mentors for advice, William laid out the problem that he wanted to be a faithful Christian but that it was probably incompatible with a life of a politician. His dear friend Pitt acknowledged William's desire to live as a Christian unfettered by social or political constraints but encouraged him to stay in Parliament. Heartened, William was still not convinced and decided to converse with his old friend John Newton, who was now sixty years old. Newton, like Pitt, advised William that a life of politics and religion can indeed coexist. Soon after, speaking of William, Newton wrote a friend, “I hope the Lord will make him a blessing both as a Christian and a statesman. How seldom do these characteristics coincide!! But they are not incompatible.” (Metaxas p. 61).With that, William had decided to remain in parliament — resolved to let his faith in God dictate not only his character but more importantly the policies he would soon put forward. It was a balance act. With diligence, William now had to let his biblical theology or those “great Christian truths” permeate his  personal and political life, without losing his influence and charismatic ability to persuade.  ___________________________________________________________________________The twenty-six-tear-old, was now back in the House of Commons and set before himself two “great objects” that he would sacrifice the remainder of his life to. The second of the “great objects” was the reformation of manners. Being in the very heart of London, William had a front row seat to society's many ailments that not only affected the poor, but the rich, and everyone in between. Being one the largest cities of the time, disease, overcrowding and crime were rampant. The death penalty was unjust and carried out by public hangings and even public burnings at times. Grotesque violence was commonplace. Animal cruelty like dogfights and bull-baiting were also displayed in the public square for people's amusement. Alcoholism and addiction were also destroying families namely among the poor. Many infants were often abandoned and died from neglect as more and more parents left reality for the temporary comfort of alcohol and opium. Poverty also led many to obtain finances through the the sex trade. At the time, twenty-five percent of unmarried women in London were prostitutes. The average age of those girls was sixteen and there were even brothels that provided the services of fourteen year-old adolescents.This dark culture in which William lived stood in stark contrast to many of the core truths of Christianity like self control, sobriety, sexual purity, and compassion. All of these Christian characteristics and callings were based upon the foundational doctrine of seeing the “Imago Dei” the (image of God) in oneself and in others. As a result, its no wonder that most people didn't see anything wrong or immoral with the slave trade. It was just another custom of the culture. Thus, William's second “great object” to change or reform the practices of society, naturally led to his first “great object” — the suppression of the slave trade.While Willian was laying the groundwork towards both of these goals, it wasn't until he was twenty-eight years old that he famously penned in his diary, “God almighty has set before me two great objects: the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners.” (Metaxas p. 85). Soon after, William determinedly wrote, ”So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the [slave] trade's wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for abolition. Let the consequences be what they would: I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected it's abolition.” ___________________________________________________________________________The task in front William did not just seem overwhelming, it was. For years to come, more than he could have ever thought, William would have to work with all types of people in every possible way to see any amount of success. Thankfully, there were others who shared his same sentiments and like him, were willing to risk their livelihood. From artist's, poets, theologians, and preachers to Quakers, sailors, and escaped slaves, all participated in various ways.In 1783, four years before William penned his two ‘great objects' the Quakers had already set up the ‘Committee on the Slave Trade' which attracted the attention of Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson — two giants in the cause to end slavery. Under their leadership, the Quakers committee soon became the more influential 'Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade'. At this same time, (1787) William helped to found the ‘Society for the Reformation of Manners'.But just as the movement was gaining recognition, and William was laying the groundwork to bring a bill to the House of Commons, he became very sick with fevers and exhaustion. In February of 1788 William became so ill with diarrhea and chronic stomach pain that doctors believed he was nearing death. After aiding him, the physicians concluded that William was suffering from an “absolute decay of all [his] digestive tracts.” Fearing the worst, they began to prescribe Opium. To their surprise, the opiate which William would remain on for the remainder of his life, worked better than expected. While he slowly regained his strength, William would be afflicted with stomach infections for the rest of his life and dependent upon the drug which didn't help his worsening eyesight.Despite this setback, about a year and a half after this, on May 12, 1789, William was back in the House of Commons. Mustering all of his oratory skills, William delivered his first major speech, putting forward twelve propositions for abolition of the slave trade. His discourse would last for three-and-a-half hours through which he graphically explained the horrific conditions of the  transatlantic route. Although William made the case that his propositions would be economically beneficial to the country, he did not hide that the primary purpose for abolition should be due to principle — the principles of conscience and of justice, and ultimately “the laws of religion and of God.”While the oration was noted as being one of William's greatest by many notable people, the members of Parliament remained unconvinced. The debate ended with a decision to hear more evidence. In effect, nothing politically or lawfully changed and so William and all those working with him suffered their first of many legislative defeats. And although William's speech heartened many, as it vocalized a growing movement toward civility, it also raised the ire of others.William had become the most public target of many who opposed abolition. Scottish biographer and lawyer, James Boswell, turned on William by publishing a blistering rhyme attacking not only his Christian faith but small stature writing, “Go Wilberforce with narrow skull, Go home and preach away at Hull. Go, Wilberforce, be gone, for shame, Thou dwarf with big resounding name,” (Metaxas p. 156). The Prince of Wales also singled out William as did the King of England's third son, the Duke of Clarence. William's life was directly threatened by some slave-ship captains. Besides this, fanciful rumors were spread around that William was a cruel and violent husband — a man who would often beat his wife. Regardless that William wasn't even courting a woman at the time, let alone married, the constant attacks upon him and his cause were always hurtful. For many across the globe, their income was directly or indirectly dependent upon the well being of the slave trade. Thus, William's leadership for its abolition was unwanted and resisted tooth and nail.Regardless, year after year, William was resolute in putting forth bills to chip away at the institution from every possible angle. And for various reasons, (whether it was because the French Revolution was unfolding to the south or the American rebels fighting for independence across the Atlantic) England found itself intertwined among dangerous revolutions discovering reasons or excuses to hinder any progress for abolition. Meanwhile, that the barbaric and evil slave trade ran as usual, was not lost to William. It vexed him greatly. But although precious time was passing into the darkness of history, William's purpose and resolve was only growing brighter. After ten years the tide was beginning to change.___________________________________________________________________________A welcomed reprieve and a great personal encouragement to William after many years of legislative losses, was meeting his future wife, Barbara Ann Spooner. In April of 1797, the two met at a dinner party in the city of Bath. Only after eight days of getting to know each other, they were engaged and would be married within a month's time. On May 30, of the same year, the thirty-seven-year-old William married his twenty-year-old bride Barbara Ann. Although she nearly died from typhoid early in their marriage, Barbara recovered and would continue raising a family with her husband. And within ten short years of marriage, William found himself closer than ever to his beautiful wife, who shared his same heart for Christian reform, while fathering two girls and four young boys. With Barbara's influence and help, William would not only continue to fight for abolition, but many other social changes as well. In 1804, William helped found the British and Foreign Bible Society as well and the Church Missionary Society. In a very real sense, the more missionaries bringing Christian principles to new people groups could only bolster the movement for abolition.As William had become painfully aware, he'd need all the help he could get. But oddly, that help to advance abolition came through the early death of his best friend and Prime Minister, William Pitt. In January of 1806, the forty-six-year-old Pitt died from ulcers and chronic stomach problems. He past away unmarried and without any children. William Grenville, Pitt's cousin, and long time friend of Wilburforce was then elected as the new Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Grenville, who had long believed the slave trade was an evil and cruel institution, sensed the public sentiment was leaning in favor of abolition and decided to become personally involved in the battle to help advance it.By now though, after nearly two decades of losses, the forty-seven-year-old William, was not as optimistic. But although the small framed man was even smaller and weaker than he had been as a youth, his spirit and mind were not. And even though William had endured many political defeats, he was still heartened by the Prime Minister's willingness to engage in the progress for abolition. On January 2, 1807 Grenville personally read the bill before the House of Lords. A month later on February 5, the second reading of the bill was given. This ignited a long debate in Parliament that would last throughout the night. Again, Grenville, the new Prime Minister, gave a speech championing William's twenty year effort to abolish the slave trade. And as Wilburforce had done years before, Grenville likewise appealed to his fellow member's morality — presenting the case that the bill for abolition should pass because it was both the ethical and virtuous choice for any nation, let alone a Christian one.After many orations were presented throughout the night, in a stunning ending, the votes were finally cast and tallied at 5:00 in the morning. The bill for abolition had past by 46 counts! Undoubtedly, William and all those with him were surprised and thrilled. But William's excitement was tempered as the bill would still need to pass one last time in the House of Commons. The date was set three weeks away for February 23.William knew that for the bill to succeed in it's final reading and vote, God would have to “turn the hearts of men” — namely, the West Indian planters who constantly resisted the bill. But by William's political insight, he astonishingly counted on having their favor. By an act of God's grace, William believed that abolition had now become popular, even to some of those who prospered from it. The twenty years of effort and sacrifice from William and all those working with him had changed the public's sentiment and it seemed now that the writing was on the wall.At last, the day arrived for the bill's 3rd and final reading. After commencing, member after member arose to give their speech. As one finished, more eagerly stood to address the Parliament. As the hours past, the momentum seemed to be swelling, not only in favor of abolition but in favor of its champion, William Wilburforce. Sir Samuel Romilly, the solicitor-general  and an admirer of William stirred the crowd to tears by eloquently contrasting Wilburforce as England's peacemaker to Napoleon as France's warlord. Humbled by this show of approval and praise, William began to shed tears of joy. Upon seeing this, the house was filled with great applause and sincere cheers! It was in this atmosphere that the 299 votes were then cast. After a short count, the House would vote 283 in favor of the bill to only 16 against.The battle to end the slave trade was officially won on February 23, 1807.___________________________________________________________________________Although the slave trade had legally ended in England, nearly 20 years after William resolved to end it, slavery itself had not. While terminating the trade would serve as a moral light for other countries to emulate, the question that William would continue to fight for was whether England could go even further and abolish slavery all together. By now, William was not young, nor was he healthy, but he was mature and determined to continue the battle to reform England's manners — which included many social reforms but could not be made more evident than to legally abolish slavery.And so, William went from one monumental battle straight into the next. In 1813, William convinced Parliament to permit Christian missionaries to India. Soon after this, he and his friends began an antislavery public opinion campaign never seen before in English history. “In 1814 they had gathered one million signatures, one-tenth of the population, on 800 petitions, which they delivered to the House of Commons.” (Christianity Today). In 1822, he helped form the anti-Slavery Society which officially launched his campaign for the emancipation of slaves the year after.But only 2 years after this, in 1825 the sixty-six-year-old retired from the House of Commons. His health was suffering more than normal and once again, his life was in danger from pro-slavery radicals. Although William's workload was reduced now working from home, he remained involved for emancipation as much as he possibly could. The movement to abolish slavery within Parliament was in other capable hands and there was much to do behind the scenes. So, like the many years before, William would work tirelessly for the years to come. Knowing that his time was drawing near, the seventy-two-year-old made another anti-slavery speech at a public meeting in April 1833. It would be his last.Surely the old man thought that hoping to abolish slavery entirely was too large of an ambition — a youthful promise made in relative and emotional haste that was probably more foolhardy than courageous. But even if emancipation was not to be seen in his lifetime, William took comfort, especially in his last days, that he fought for it for nearly half a century. On July 19, William likened himself to an old clock that was winding down. He was 73 years old and as his health continued to decline, William found himself surrounded by loved ones who all knew what was soon to come.But then, something unexpected came on a Friday night, July 26 — and it was great news! A report came that the government had just conceded, granting freedom to all slaves in the British Empire. At last, the Slavery Abolition Act had officially passed. William could hardly believe it! All at once, his life's aim was granted, his prayers answered, his struggle was over and on the following day, William reveled in it!“Who can dream what went through the old man's mind that day? To know that the battle for emancipation was really and truly over, and won—to know that every slave in the vast reaches of the British Empire would soon have his legal freedom and could never again suffer under such a system. Such a Saturday of joy as Wilberforce lived that day can only come after a thousand Saturdays of battle. But it had come. It was a dream come true.” (Metaxas p. 275). A dream, that would indeed console his dying body for a few more days. For in the early hours of Monday morning, July 29, 1833, William Wilburforce, exhaled for the last time.  Days later, the York Herald newspaper eulogized Wilberforce writing that towards him:"...there is probably associated more love and veneration than ever fell to the lot of any civilised individual throughout the civilised globe ...  His warfare is accomplished, his cause is finished; he kept the Faith. Those who regard him merely as a philanthropist, in the worldly sense of that abused term, know but little of his character”. (https://www.mylearning.org/stories/william-wilberforce/168) 

Welcome to today's 10th episode show! Today Jason talks about censorship by big tech companies, which he declares is the biggest problem humanity is facing, and what he thinks our government can do to stop it. We also might be seeing the emergence of a possible hero in this fight for our freedoms in our growing dystopian society. Also, get your tickets to the Empowered Investor LIVE event at Scottsdale, Arizona this January 27-29. Early bird rates are ending soon! Key Takeaways: 0:00 Introduction 2:23 A bit of optimism- society is doomed! No, he's not talking about the housing market crash 3:50 The biggest problem facing humanity 4:15 Shame on Apple and Tim Cook 6:44 Twitter & Tesla  9:31 Growing up, clean your messes and take responsibility 12:44 Anthony Faucky, Fakebook and my new favorite platform 14:24 The distinction we must understand 16:00 It is not just a platform 19:59 A possible hero in a dystopian world 21:44 The connection I want to make for you 23:16 Using tech companies as proxies 25:01 Prescriptions for solving the most critical issue in our world today 26:56 Join us in Scottsdale, Arizona for the Empowered Investor Live event in January 27-29 Quotables: "Power corrupts; and absolute power corrupts absolutely." - William Pitt the Elder, Earl of Chatham “Software is eating the world” - Marc Andreessen "The first amendment does not protect us from censorship of private parties." - Jason Hartman "I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - a paraphrase by Evelyn Beatrice Hall of what she thought Voltaire was thinking Mentioned: Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury 1984 by George Orwell Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand Matt Taibbi on the Creating Wealth Show Episode 1111   Follow Jason on TWITTER, INSTAGRAM & LINKEDIN Twitter.com/JasonHartmanROI Instagram.com/jasonhartman1/ Linkedin.com/in/jasonhartmaninvestor/ Call our Investment Counselors at: 1-800-HARTMAN (US) or visit: https://www.jasonhartman.com/ Free Class:  Easily get up to $250,000 in funding for real estate, business or anything else: http://JasonHartman.com/Fund CYA Protect Your Assets, Save Taxes & Estate Planning: http://JasonHartman.com/Protect Get wholesale real estate deals for investment or build a great business – Free Course: https://www.jasonhartman.com/deals Special Offer from Ron LeGrand: https://JasonHartman.com/Ron Free Mini-Book on Pandemic Investing: https://www.PandemicInvesting.com  

Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart   Support The Daily Gardener Buy Me A Coffee    Connect for FREE! The Friday Newsletter |  Daily Gardener Community   Historical Events 1714 Birth of William Shenstone, English poet, and landscape gardener. In the early 1740s, Shenstone inherited his family's dairy farm, which he transformed into the Leasowes (pronounced 'lezzoes'). The transfer of ownership lit a fire under Shenstone, and he immediately started changing the land into a wild landscape - something he referred to as an ornamented farm. Shenstone wisely bucked the trend of his time, which called for formal garden design (he didn't have the money to do that anyway.) Yet, what Shenstone accomplished was quite extraordinary. His picturesque natural landscape included water features like cascades and pools and structures like temples and ruins. What I love most about Shenstone is that he was a consummate host. He considered the garden's comfort and perspective from his visitors' standpoint. When he created a walk around his estate, Shenstone wanted to control the experience. So, Shenstone added seating every so often along the path to cause folks to stop and admire the views that Shenstone found it most appealing. Then, he incorporated signage with beautiful classical verses and poems, even adding some of his own - which elevated the Leasowes experience for his guests. After his death, his garden, the Leasowes, became a popular destination - attracting the likes of William Pitt, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. It was William Shenstone who said, Grandeur and beauty are so very opposite, that you often diminish the one as you increase the other. Variety is most akin to the latter, simplicity to the former.   1806 Birth of Charles Leo Lesquereux, Swiss botanist. Leo was born with a naturalist's heart. A self-described dreamer, Leo loved going out into the forest, collecting all kinds of flowers and specimens for his mother. Sadly, when Leo was seven years old, he fell off the top of a mountain. He was carried back to his home completely unconscious, with multiple injuries to his body and head trauma. He remained motionless and unconscious for two weeks. His survival was a miracle, yet the fall resulted in hearing loss that would eventually leave Leo utterly deaf by the time he was a young man. Despite the fall, nature still ruled Leo's heart. As Leo matured, he tried to provide for his family as a watchmaker. But, he found himself returning again and again to the outdoors. Eventually, Leo began to focus his efforts on peat bogs, and his early work protecting peat bogs attracted the attention of Louis Agassiz of Harvard, who invited Leo to bring his family to America. When he arrived, Leo classified the plants that Agassiz had discovered on his expedition to Lake Superior. Then, on Christmas Eve, 1848, Asa Gray summoned Leo to help William Starling Sullivant. Asa  predicted the collaboration would be successful, and he wrote to his friend and fellow botanist John Torrey: They will do up bryology at a great rate. Lesquereux says that the collection and library of Sullivant in muscology are magnifique, superbe,and the best he ever saw. So, Leo packed up his family, traveled to Columbus, Ohio, and settled near the bryologist, William Starling Sullivant. Bryology is the study of mosses. The root, bryos, is a Greek verb meaning to swell and is the etymology of the word embryo. Bryology will be easier to remember if you think of the ability of moss to expand as it takes on water. Mosses suited Leo and Sullivant's strengths. They require patience and close observation, scrupulous accuracy, and discrimination. Together, Leo and Sullivant wrote the book on American mosses. Sullivant funded the endeavor and generously allowed Leo to share in the proceeds. In 1873, Sullivant contracted pneumonia - ironically, an illness where your lungs fill or swell with fluid - and died on April 30, 1873. Leo lived for another 16 years before dying at the age of 83. It was Leo Lesquereux who said, My deafness cut me off from everything that lay outside of science. I have lived with Nature, the rocks, the trees, the flowers. They know me. I know them.   1810 Birth of Asa Gray, American botanist.   As a professor of botany at Harvard University, Asa interacted with the top scientific minds of his time, including Charles Darwin. In 1857, Asa Gray received a confidential letter from Charles Darwin. In the letter, Darwin confided: I will enclose the briefest abstract of my notions on the means by which nature makes her species....[but] I ask you not to mention my doctrine.   Darwin revealed his concept of natural selection two years later in his book,  On the Origin of Species. Asa and Darwin mutually admired each other. Although Asa's masterwork, Darwiniana, deviated from Darwin's because Asa purported that religion and science were not mutually exclusive. Asa was a prolific writer. His most famous work was his Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and South to Ohio and Pennsylvania Inclusive, known today simply as Gray's Manual.  During his long tenure at Harvard, Gray established the science of botany and guided American botany into the international arena. He also co-authored 'Flora of North America' with John Torrey. When the botanist Joseph Trimble Rothrock arrived at Harvard, he worked every day in the private herbarium of Asa Gray. And, of Dr. Gray, Rothrock said, [He] was kindness personified, though a strict disciplinarian and a most merciless critic of a student's work. I owe more to him than to any other man, and I never think of him without veneration.   1939 Birth of Margaret Atwood, Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, teacher, environmental activist, and inventor. In Bluebeard's Egg (1986), Margaret wrote, Gardening is not a rational act. What matters is the immersion of the hands in the earth, that ancient ceremony of which the Pope kissing the tarmac is merely pallid vestigial remnant. In the spring, at the end of the day, you should smell like dirt.   Grow That Garden Library™ Book Recommendation We Took to the Woods by Louise Dickinson Rich This book came out in 1942 (a 2007 reprint), and the subtitle is Simple Ideas For Small Outdoor Spaces. Louise Dickinson Rich (14 June 1903 - 9 April 1991) was a writer known for fiction and nonfiction works about the New England region of the United States, particularly Massachusetts and Maine. This autobiographical book was her first and is regarded as her most famous and well-known work. Louise once wrote,  I feel displaced in towns and cities; although have never found myself in an uninhabited place where I did not at once feel perfectly at home.   We Took to the Woods is set in the 1930s when she and her husband Ralph, and her friend and hired help Gerrish, lived in a remote cabin near Umbagog Lake. It was described as "a witty account of Thoreau-like existence in a wilderness home." In a 1942 review of the book in The Boston Globe, the story of how Louise met her husband Ralph came to light. [Louise] taught school. She went on a holiday canoe trip to Maine and saw a man cutting wood. He saw her, too, for he asked the girls to stay and eat. Wasn't it lucky the wood lasted that long, for that is how Miss Dickinson met Mr. Rich. Back in Massachusetts, she couldn't bear the distance between them. Neither could he, and pretty soon she was married and setting up housekeeping in a neighborhood of deer and bear and wildcats, a clearing on the Rapid River, a carry between two lakes. The nearest community is Middle Dam, five miles away.   A 1987 review of We Took to the Woods shared the daily life of Louise and her younger sister Alice, When other girls were spending cold winter afternoons stewing in the house, we were down at the pond skating, or out in the woods tracking rabbits ...or on hot summer afternoons, we were in the sun-drenched fields or shadowy woods, looking, listening, tasting, smelling. [To be part of the natural world is] a thousand times more thrilling and beautiful than watching the most elaborate man-made spectacle on the biggest stage in the world.   A 1942 review in the Hattiesburg American revealed [Louise] (who speaks of herself as an "obscure Dickinson' because she is distantly related to the late and famous Emily) has found content in the Maine woods. She describes herself, her family and her contentment in 'We Took to the Woods." ...she is so deep in the Maine woods that strangers practically never reach her house. And she likes it.  The cabin is in the Rangeley Lake Section. There were two cabins when Mrs. Rich wrote her book-- one for summer, and one for winter. The winter cabin looks like some- thing out of a fairy tale, imbedded as it is in snow too deep and too fluffy to be anything but a stage setting. There are animals all about deer and wildcats and foxes and skunks. Once she befriended a little skunk, and found it made perfect pet, gradually growing a bit wilder, however. Finally it took to the woods. But when by chance it saw Mrs. Rich it always trotted up to her to be fondled and talked to a bit. Mrs. Rich's first baby was born in the deep woods with only the father as attendant-the doctor couldn't get to the house on time.    A more poetic review was featured in The Harding Field Echelon: [Louise once] received a letter from a friend exclaiming, "Isn't it wonderful that you're at last doing what you always wanted."  [At that moment, Louise realized with a start that she was living her... dream. There is nothing at all on the hills but forest, and nobody lives there but deer and bear and wildcats. The lakes come down from the north like a gigantic staircase to the sea. Thisis the background for Mrs. Rich's unique and enchanting story. Her friends are always asking her questions, the kind of questions anyone would put to a woman who lives in a remote wilderness out of choice:  How do you make a living? Do you really live there all year round?  Isn't housekeeping difficult?  Aren't the children a problem?  Don't you get terribly bored? Here the whole panorama of life in the wilderness unfolds: the drama of the spring drive when the logs are brought down the river from the upper lake; the fun of wood-cutting and ice-cutting; the zest of hunting and fishing when one is dependent of the results for food. There are amusing sidelights on everyday events - [like] the time Mrs. Rich felt she was being watched and in spite of her husband's amusement, went to the door and saw a wildcat eyeing her, no more than three feet from where she had been knitting. We Took to the Woods is more than an adventure story, more than a simple nature study; it is a shining, refreshing picture of an entirely new way of life. Written with warmth and enthusiasm and great charm, it is a book to stir the imagination of every reader and kindle his heart with envy.    This book is 368 pages of Louis Dickenson's precious life in the Maine woods. You can get a copy of We Took to the Woods by Louise Dickinson Rich and support the show using the Amazon link in today's show notes for around $2.   Botanic Spark 2000 On this day, The Indianapolis Star shared an editorial called November Garden Work Inspires by Jean L. McGroarty. Jean lives in Battle Ground with her husband and three teenagers. She is the director of education at the Tippecanoe Humane Society She wrote, I can't remember a Thanksgiving when I haven't been able to go to my garden and dig carrots or pull scallions for my after-holiday turkey soup. My garden, SO often neglected in July and August, still gives what can in November.  I am not a good gardener, but I enjoy doing what little I do. My favorite chore is digging my little plot, a pleasure I have twice a year, once in March and once in November. I have a tiller but never use it. I prefer to use a garden fork, with wide, flat tines, a short stem, and a bright red handle.  Digging my small garden is a lesson in patience, in small and gradual accomplishment. It gives me time to stop and reflect. It's a thinkless job. There IS no mental work involved, just the rhythm of tapping soil with the tines to find the right spot, pushing the fork Into the soil, lifting it up, and turning it over again and again and again.  I can easily see my progress, for each fork full takes me closer to the garden put to bed for winter or ready for spring planting. I like this. I can't do it all at once and only work a little bit at a time, doing as much as I can, measuring my success, loving the feeling of inching my way to the goal. When I do this, I can turn my mind to other thoughts, listen to other sounds, see other things than the fork and the soil.  It's a time to reflect, on seasons and work and growth deferred but growth that will come again someday. I count the earthworms because they give me an inkling of how fertile my soil will be in the spring. I listen to squirrels rustling in the dry leaves, the neighbors calling the wayward dog, and the sound of the wind In the bare trees. During the summer, when the weather is hot and it's easier to stay indoors than work and sweat in the sun, the weeds grow foxtails, plantain, dandelions, and crabgrass.  In November, they're still in the garden, sand-colored and dry and spiky and full of seeds. I turn them into the soil and put them on my scraggly compost pile. Either way, there are thin stems sticking out of the soil or the top of the pile. I turn and turn, giving more to the worms, in the hope that more will come to wind their way through my garden so I can grow bigger and better tomatoes and foxtails next summer.  There are still green things. There are the carrots and the onions that I didn't harvest in the summer. There are chamomile plants, their new growth leaves creeping along the ground, unaware that snow and ice and below zero are coming. I let my lettuce go to seed last spring, and lo, there are some tiny pale green lettuce plants hoping to grow bigger before the snow comes. My snow peas are up and beautiful and blooming with a dozen colors of purple, but I know won't find any pea pods before Christmas. There's still a little bit of parsley left and will pick sprigs of it until it's covered with snow. Most of these green things are turned under, to feed the worms, to feed the soil, and green manure to make the garden better.  There are two stubborn trees that continue to live In my garden, despite my efforts: a mulberry and a hackberry. They are ruthless survivors and I've learned to leave them where they are. There's the aster that plunked in the middle of the beets, not knowing what else to do with it. If it returns in the spring, I'll decide then.  I turn one row at a time, moving from left to right, then back from right to left, tapping, plunging, turning, and thinking. About time. About the sadness of summer lost. About gray skies and cold weather. About the little miracles found in a November garden. I listen and sniff the air and feel the moisture of the dirt under my fork. In three afternoons of work, all the soil in the garden is turned, except for that holding the carrots, scallions, peapods, parsley, and one little lettuce plant. The carrots, scallions, and parsley are useful. The snow peas are beautiful. The lettuce gives me hope that spring will come again.  The garden is ready. Ready for sleep. Ready for snow. Ready to wake up in the spring and start again. I pull some of those carrots for vegetable soup, along with a small onion and a bit of parsley. My November garden keeps giving me gifts, and for that, I'm grateful.  Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener And remember: For a happy, healthy life, garden every day.

In this podcast, history of Pittsburgh, Alexander Calder's life and work, Allegheny County, the Greater Pittsburgh International Airport Art Collection, Calder's mobiles and his artwork were discussed. So, Pittsburgh PA(Pennsylvania), also known as “The gateway to the west” used in the early 1800s when colonists first established themselves here in the United States well before it was united. The city of champions was founded on November 27th, 1758 by General John Forbes and was named after a British statesman named “ William Pitt the Elder”. Additionally, Calder was born in 1898 outside of Philadelphia. At first, he initially studied mechanical engineering, but Calder found his office for drawing and sketching animals which turned into a passion. Allegheny county is west of Pennsylvania, bordering West Virginia and Ohio. Additionally, The Arts and Culture program at the Pittsburgh International Airport is dedicated to showcasing dynamic art and performance produced by local, regional, national, and international artists in all media. Lastly, Alexander Calder created the mobile by making figures which hang and uses air or motors to move around but the original invention/creation was to be pushed or turned by air or any gaseous motion.

De nieuwe premier Rishi Sunak is een bijzonder mens. Niet alleen is hij de jongste prime minister in ruim 200 jaar, hij is ook een van de meest vermogende bewoners ooit van Downing Street 10 en de eerste gelovige hindoe uit de Brits-Indiase minderheid als leider van de Tories. Jaap Jansen en PG Kroeger duiken daarom in de historie en vertellen over een reeks Britse premiers die net als Sunak een culturele, religieuze en sociale doorbraak vormden. En zij ontmythologiseren daarbij meteen een paar van de beweringen over Sunak!De jongste ooit is een van de meest iconische premiers. Zonder twijfel zal William Pitt de jongere nog vele eeuwen gelden als een van de belangrijkste, meest succesvolle Britse leiders. Met 24 werd hij premier na een koloniale oorlog die uitliep op het verlies van Amerika. Een ramp, ook voor de staatskas. Pitt saneerde niet alleen de begroting, maar herstelde de Britse macht zozeer dat dankzij hem uiteindelijk ook Napoleon verslagen werd. De kiezers noemden hem 'Honest Billy'. Hij regeerde tussen 1783 tot 1801 en van 1804 tot zijn vroege dood in 1806.De eerste premier uit een religieuze en etnische minderheid werd minstens zo'n icoon in de Britse historie. Benjamin Disraeli was van joodse komaf in Marokko. 'Dizzy' was een zeer kleurrijk man, literair begaafd, politiek van vele markten thuis. Zijn bijzondere vriendschappen met de twee machtigste mensen van zijn tijd maakten hem nog meer een legende. Dat waren Queen Victoria en de Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck.De eerste premier uit de meest eenvoudige milieus was David Lloyd George. Hij was ook de eerste Welshman in Downing Street 10, bekend als 'the Welsh Wizard'. Hij legde als groot sociaal vernieuwer de grondslag voor de 'welfare state' en leidde de regering in en na de Eerste Wereldoorlog. In zijn latere jaren vielen ook zijn politieke en financiële gewetenloosheid en zijn bewondering voor Adolf Hitler nogal op. Zelfs zijn protégé Winston Churchill moest hem toen laten vallen.We kunnen in deze aflevering natuurlijk niet om Margaret Thatcher heen. Eerste vrouw, eerste bèta-alumnus, eerste kruideniersdochter als premier. Maar vooral ook was zij de grote promotor van de Indiase hindoeminderheid. In hen zag zij familiezin, ijver en ondernemendheid zoals ze die ook herkende in de grote joodse minderheid in haar eigen kiesdistrict bij wie zij zeer geliefd was. Zonder Maggie geen Rishi!Maar… is Sunak wel de rijkste premier ooit? PG vertelt over die slagerszoon die in de vroege 16e eeuw de premier en de rijkste Britse machthebber ooit werd. Thomas Wolsey werd 'Alter Rex'- de andere koning – genoemd. Hij was als kardinaal ook bijna paus geworden en onmetelijk rijk. Koning Henry VIII werd daarom jaloers en liet zijn lord chancellor zelfs diens allermooiste paleis aan hem cadeau doen.Nu Rishi Sunak premier is geworden moeten we natuurlijk ook nog even aandacht schenken aan de kortst zittende premier ooit, Liz Truss. PG heeft ontdekt dat dé Britse componist, Georg Friedrich Händel, al in de 18e eeuw van Pitt over haar een opera schreef! We horen die lyrische Liz van toen zingen: 'Myself I Shall Adore!' vlak voordat zij roemloos ten onder gaat.***Deze aflevering is mede mogelijk gemaakt door donaties van luisteraars die we hiervoor hartelijk danken. Word ook vriend van de show!Ook zijn we blij met de advertentie van de Volkskrant. Neem een proefabonnement!En met Bamigo werken we ook fijn samen. Korting op je eerste bestelling krijg je met code: bron25Wilt u sponsoren of adverteren? Stuur voor informatie een mailtje naar adverteren@dagennacht.nl***Hieronder nog meer informatie. Op Apple kun je soms niet alles lezen. De complete tekst vind je altijd hier***Verder lezenAndrew Roberts - George IIIWilliam Hague - William Pitt the Younger***Verder luisteren283 - Zinkende schepen verlaten de rat: het pijnlijke afscheid van Boris Johnson262 - Waarom India - ook voor Nederland - steeds belangrijker wordt190 - Napoleon, 200 jaar na zijn dood: zijn betekenis voor Nederland en Europa103 - Geheim geld in de politiek81 - Ambassador Peter Wilson: 'No race to the bottom after Brexit'69 - Britse verkiezingen! PG Kroeger over 'the mother of parliaments'60 - Coen Brummer & Daniël Boomsma: De canon van het sociaal-liberalisme52 - Hoe Rutte David Cameron teleurstelde40 – De geniale broers Von Humboldt32 - Churchill en Europa: biografen Andrew Roberts en Felix Klos30 - Delors en Thatcher27 - Rob Jetten (D66) wil muren slopen08 - Pim Waldeck over 'die gekke Britten' - Paul Rem over The Queen03 - Peter Wilson over Brexit***Tijdlijn00:00:00 – Deel 100:06:43 – Volkskrant advertentie00:44:48 – Deel 201:03:20 – Bamigo advertentie01:38:23 – Einde Zie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815. Examining Pitt's foreign policy from 1783 to 1797—the years before and during the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France—Jarrett considers a question that has long vexed historians: Did Pitt adhere to the “blue water” school, imagining a globe-trotting navy, or did he favor engagement nearer to shore and on the European Continent? And was this approach grounded in precedent, or was it something new? While acknowledging the complexities within this dichotomy, The Lion at Dawn: Forging British Strategy in the Age of the French Revolution, 1783–1797 (U Oklahoma Press, 2022) argues that the prime minister consistently subordinated colonial to continental concerns and pursued a new vision rather than merely honoring past glories. Deliberately, not simply in reaction to the French Revolution, Pitt developed and pursued a grand strategy that sought British security through a novel collective European system—one ultimately realized by his successors in 1815. The Lion at Dawn opens a critical new perspective on the emergence of modern Britain and its empire and on its early effort to create a stable and peaceful international system, an ideal debated to this day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815. Examining Pitt's foreign policy from 1783 to 1797—the years before and during the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France—Jarrett considers a question that has long vexed historians: Did Pitt adhere to the “blue water” school, imagining a globe-trotting navy, or did he favor engagement nearer to shore and on the European Continent? And was this approach grounded in precedent, or was it something new? While acknowledging the complexities within this dichotomy, The Lion at Dawn: Forging British Strategy in the Age of the French Revolution, 1783–1797 (U Oklahoma Press, 2022) argues that the prime minister consistently subordinated colonial to continental concerns and pursued a new vision rather than merely honoring past glories. Deliberately, not simply in reaction to the French Revolution, Pitt developed and pursued a grand strategy that sought British security through a novel collective European system—one ultimately realized by his successors in 1815. The Lion at Dawn opens a critical new perspective on the emergence of modern Britain and its empire and on its early effort to create a stable and peaceful international system, an ideal debated to this day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815. Examining Pitt's foreign policy from 1783 to 1797—the years before and during the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France—Jarrett considers a question that has long vexed historians: Did Pitt adhere to the “blue water” school, imagining a globe-trotting navy, or did he favor engagement nearer to shore and on the European Continent? And was this approach grounded in precedent, or was it something new? While acknowledging the complexities within this dichotomy, The Lion at Dawn: Forging British Strategy in the Age of the French Revolution, 1783–1797 (U Oklahoma Press, 2022) argues that the prime minister consistently subordinated colonial to continental concerns and pursued a new vision rather than merely honoring past glories. Deliberately, not simply in reaction to the French Revolution, Pitt developed and pursued a grand strategy that sought British security through a novel collective European system—one ultimately realized by his successors in 1815. The Lion at Dawn opens a critical new perspective on the emergence of modern Britain and its empire and on its early effort to create a stable and peaceful international system, an ideal debated to this day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815. Examining Pitt's foreign policy from 1783 to 1797—the years before and during the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France—Jarrett considers a question that has long vexed historians: Did Pitt adhere to the “blue water” school, imagining a globe-trotting navy, or did he favor engagement nearer to shore and on the European Continent? And was this approach grounded in precedent, or was it something new? While acknowledging the complexities within this dichotomy, The Lion at Dawn: Forging British Strategy in the Age of the French Revolution, 1783–1797 (U Oklahoma Press, 2022) argues that the prime minister consistently subordinated colonial to continental concerns and pursued a new vision rather than merely honoring past glories. Deliberately, not simply in reaction to the French Revolution, Pitt developed and pursued a grand strategy that sought British security through a novel collective European system—one ultimately realized by his successors in 1815. The Lion at Dawn opens a critical new perspective on the emergence of modern Britain and its empire and on its early effort to create a stable and peaceful international system, an ideal debated to this day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies

In February 1793, in the wake of the War of American Independence and one year after British prime minister William Pitt the Younger had predicted fifteen years of peace, the National Convention of Revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. France thus initiated nearly a quarter century of armed conflict with Britain. During this fraught and still-contested period, historian Nathaniel Jarrett suggests, Pitt and his ministers forged a diplomatic policy and military strategy that envisioned an international system anticipating the Vienna settlement of 1815. Examining Pitt's foreign policy from 1783 to 1797—the years before and during the War of the First Coalition against Revolutionary France—Jarrett considers a question that has long vexed historians: Did Pitt adhere to the “blue water” school, imagining a globe-trotting navy, or did he favor engagement nearer to shore and on the European Continent? And was this approach grounded in precedent, or was it something new? While acknowledging the complexities within this dichotomy, The Lion at Dawn: Forging British Strategy in the Age of the French Revolution, 1783–1797 (U Oklahoma Press, 2022) argues that the prime minister consistently subordinated colonial to continental concerns and pursued a new vision rather than merely honoring past glories. Deliberately, not simply in reaction to the French Revolution, Pitt developed and pursued a grand strategy that sought British security through a novel collective European system—one ultimately realized by his successors in 1815. The Lion at Dawn opens a critical new perspective on the emergence of modern Britain and its empire and on its early effort to create a stable and peaceful international system, an ideal debated to this day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We start off the & Years war with a look at some of the major leaders, William Pitt the elder, Choiseul, Frederick the Great and Maria Teresa and the Diplomatic Revolution. Then we turn to North America, where this war was known as the French and Indian War and take the war from the small forces with obscure commanders like George Washington through the deportation of the Acadians and then look at Wolfe and Montcalm covering the dramatic seizure of Quebec.  There is also a long look at the failed campaign in upper New York under Abercromby starring Duncan Campbell and the ghost who haunts him.

1/2. It's a big summer for British politics with Boris Johnson's resignation and the race between conservative hopefuls Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss to take his place firmly on. To make sense of this coveted premiership, we've delved into the History Hit podcast archives for a rampage through the history of British Prime Ministers. In this episode, Dan is joined by Dr Hannah Grieg for a whirlwind tour of the eighteenth century's many Prime Ministers. From Sir Robert Walpole through William Pitt the younger through to Lord Liverpool, they discuss the creation of the office, prime ministerial control of the House of Commons, conflicts with the king and how politics has changed from continuity to constant change.If you'd like to learn more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad-free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today!To download the History Hit app please go to the Android or Apple store. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

William Pitt gains power and decides to attempt a reboot of the war effort in America.   Join us on social media!   Twitter: https://twitter.com/ushistpodcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/USPoliticalpodcast/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/uspoliticalpodcast/ Website: http://www.uspoliticalpodcast.com Bibliography: http://www.uspoliticalpodcast.com/bibliography/

Prior to Christ, the only object of Wilberforce's work was his own glory. But upon his conversion, Wilberforce began asking questions about what God was up to in the world and how he might leverage his vocation to join in his Savior's mission.But where was Wilberforce to start? Britain had so many wrongs that needed to be righted: prolific prostitution, the orphan crisis, poverty, and of course the slave trade, which Wilberforce described as “that hideous traffic, so disgraceful to the British character.”Wilberforce knew that he needed to focus intensely on one or two causes in Parliament in order to make the most of the life the Lord had given him to steward. But he was far less clear about what that cause should be. So, he took more than a year to explore his options. As one of his biographers wrote, “[Wilberforce] wasn't about to be bullied or badgered into a decision on how to spend the rest of his life….He would need to know God's mind, as he would put it…Wilberforce was not about to leap into the fray thoughtlessly; he would first ‘count the cost.'”After he counted the cost and identified the object the Lord was leading him to focus on (the abolition of slavery), Wilberforce recognized that he needed to go all-in and focus singularly on that “Great Object.” And quickly, too. As his dear friend and prime minister William Pitt told him as Wilberforce was close to committing to the cause of abolition, “Do not lose time or the ground will be occupied by another.” Wilberforce knew that if “God Himself was calling him to this task and he shrank from it, God too could find another to do it, and surely would.” In this, Wilberforce demonstrated remarkable humility in choosing his vocational path. He knew that if God wanted slavery abolished, He would find the right person to work through to that end. God didn't need Wilberforce specifically to accomplish His plans. I imagine Wilberforce meditating on Proverbs 19:21 at this critical juncture of his career: “Many are the plans in a person's heart, but it is the Lord's purpose that prevails.” The Lord's purpose would have prevailed with or without Wilberforce. But Wilberforce wanted the privilege of being a part of fighting evil on behalf of his Savior. And so, Wilberforce committed to the “Great Object” of his career from that moment forward: He would be God's instrument for ending slavery throughout Great Britain.

Pitting Englishmen against tyranny.  

An episode about interludes… The first of these looked like the end of an era, when William Pitt the Younger stepped down as Prime Minister, after seventeen years in power, and still younger than any other British Prime Minister has been on even first taking office. It turns out, though, that seeing it as an end was premature. It was, indeed, an interlude. The other was the Peace of Amiens. The treaty signed in the northern French city brought an end to fighting between Britain and France, for the first time in nearly a decade. Sadly, however, that wasn't to be an end either, but merely another interlude. Illustration: Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth. Sir William Beechey, oil on canvas, engraved 1803. National Portrait Gallery 5774 Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

Photo:   A new way to pay the National Debt, James Gillray, 1786. King George III, with William Pitt handing him another moneybag. 2/2:  #Ukraine: Lenin, Stalin, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin fear of failed sovereign debt. Dr. Judy Shelton  @judyshel , Independent Institute #nedemocracy https://www.wsj.com/search?query=shelton&mod=searchresults_viewallresults

Few British officers names from the American Revolution come to mind as readily as Charles, First Marquis of Cornwallis  (1738–1805).  What happened to him after his surrender at Yorktown?   Richard Middleton, author of the new biography  Cornwallis:  Soldier and Statesman in a Revolutionary World joins us to discuss Lord Cornwallis's career after Yorktown, the lessons learned in America which he applied to India and to Ireland, and Cornwallis's role in British politics and the military.   

Things just got worse and worse for the Austrians after the Battle of Marengo, until they were defeated again by the French, and much closer to home, at Hohenlinden in Bavaria. They made peace with France, as did Russia, leaving Britain as the only major power still in the Second Coalition, which was now all but dead. Britain did win a couple more victories, notably in Malta and then, with the Turks, over the isolated remnants of the French Army of Egypt. Most spectacularly, it won the great naval Battle of Copenhagen, where Nelson won undying fame for his laconic comment “I see no signal”, though the truth was slightly less creditable to him, and a lot more creditable to his commander than the legend allows. News of that victory would have been balm to William Pitt the Younger's soul. But, oddly, he was no longer Prime Minister to receive it. After seventeen years, he'd gone two weeks earlier. Illustration: The British fleet off Kronborg Castle, Elsinore, 28 March 1801 [before the Battle of Copenhagen], by Nicholas Pocock, 1810. © National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

We're wrapping up on the curious year of 1797, when Britain saw success at sea against its external enemies, but also a terrible threat from within its own Royal Navy, in the mutinies at Spithead and the Nore. It saw economic problems and the struggle to keep funding the war, both resolved by more touches of William Pitt's financial genius. It also saw Pitt negotiating for peace with France, failing, and having to reconcile himself to war. And, at a personal level, it saw Pitt having to deal with his marital prospects, ultimately dashed, quite possibly because of his sexual orientation. Illustration: ‘The nuptial-bower; - with the evil-one, peeping at the charms of Eden' (Eleanor Eden; William Pitt; Charles James Fox) by James Gillray, 13 February 1797 NPG D12597 Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

Strange times for Britain. And for William Pitt the Younger. While at the beginning of his time as Prime Minister, he'd had to contend with being in a parliamentary minority, losing votes right and left, he'd enjoyed extraordinary economic success. Now, though, with a powerful majority, he faced economic hardship and the unrest to which it led. Partly that was due to bad harvests as well as the impact of war. The turbulence was met with repression. Nowhere was that worse that in Ireland, where Britain put it down ferociously, though without addressing the fundamental problems, which would only lie in wait to preoccupy Pitt again later. As for the war, Britain, with its allies dropping out one after the other, was doing badly on land. But it was doing superbly at sea, as each of its three main rivals, France, Spain and Holland went down to spectacular defeat. And yet it was in the Royal Navy itself, that he came closest to facing his own defeat, as it too was caught up in the unrest sweeping the country. Illustration: ‘The Delegates in Council, or Beggars on Horseback'. George Cruikshank. A contemporary cartoon of the delegation of sailors who devised the terms of settlement of the Mutiny of Spithead, 1797. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or fewer. Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

We're into the slide into the most destructive of the series of wars of that rocked the eighteenth century. It would be a war that had a devastating effect on most of Europe. It was also the last war between Britain and France, and by far the biggest. But, oddly enough, in the run up to it William Pitt had worked hard, and with an apparently high degree of success, to rebuild Britain's status as a world power and to use that status to ensure that the whole continent was at peace, and stayed that way. Indeed, apart from a certain intransigence from the Russians, the only factor that denied him complete success was the refusal of the House of Commons to back him on the last key step in his plans. Shades of his defeats in 1784… Although, given the slide to war, all of that effort for peace was a little irrelevant. Events way beyond Pitt's control were driving Europe towards war. They were happening in France, where the revolution was still far from over. Illustration: The Battle of Valmy, September 20th, 1792, by Horace Vernet. This was the surprising victory of the French revolutionary forces over the Prussian, a sign of things to come… Public domain. Published anywhere (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before 1927 and public domain in the U.S. Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

Sign-up for my free 20 day devotional, The Word Before Work Foundations, at http://TWBWFoundations.com There are different kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit distributes them. There are different kinds of service, but the same Lord. There are different kinds of working, but in all of them and in everyone it is the same God at work. Now to each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good. (1 Corinthians 12:4–7)Prior to Christ, the only object of Wilberforce's work was his own glory. But upon his conversion, Wilberforce began asking questions about what God was up to in the world and how he might leverage his vocation to join in his Savior's mission.But where was Wilberforce to start? Britain had so many wrongs that needed to be righted: prolific prostitution, the orphan crisis, poverty, and of course the slave trade, which Wilberforce described as “that hideous traffic, so disgraceful to the British character.”Wilberforce knew that he needed to focus intensely on one or two causes in Parliament in order to make the most of the life the Lord had given him to steward. But he was far less clear about what that cause should be. So, he took more than a year to explore his options. As one of his biographers wrote, “[Wilberforce] wasn't about to be bullied or badgered into a decision on how to spend the rest of his life….He would need to know God's mind, as he would put it…Wilberforce was not about to leap into the fray thoughtlessly; he would first ‘count the cost.'”After he counted the cost and identified the object the Lord was leading him to focus on (the abolition of slavery), Wilberforce recognized that he needed to go all-in and focus singularly on that “Great Object.” And quickly, too. As his dear friend and prime minister William Pitt told him as Wilberforce was close to committing to the cause of abolition, “Do not lose time or the ground will be occupied by another.”Wilberforce knew that if “God Himself was calling him to this task and he shrank from it, God too could find another to do it, and surely would.” In this, Wilberforce demonstrated remarkable humility in choosing his vocational path. He knew that if God wanted slavery abolished, He would find the right person to work through to that end. God didn't need Wilberforce specifically to accomplish His plans.I imagine Wilberforce meditating on Proverbs 19:21 at this critical juncture of his career: “Many are the plans in a person's heart, but it is the Lord's purpose that prevails.” The Lord's purpose would have prevailed with or without Wilberforce. But Wilberforce wanted the privilege of being a part of fighting evil on behalf of his Savior. And so, Wilberforce committed to the “Great Object” of his career from that moment forward: He would be God's instrument for ending slavery throughout Great Britain.

Like so many good things, this one could have some fairly lousy consequences. Just like the United States, if not quite to the same extent, Britain after the War of American Independence was pushing forward the notion of limited government. The king, while still powerful, couldn't do just what he wanted. So while he'd campaigned hard to get his man, William Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister, it had been made clear that Pitt saw himself as his own man. Similarly Pitt, despite a big majority in the House of Commons, couldn't get everything his own way either. He had some wins, but he had some big losses too. Which is a good thing, if you're not keen on any individual having too much power. On the other hand, it was a pity that Pitt's big losses were on a measure which might have gone a long way to fixing the relationship between England and Ireland, and on starting to reform parliament and doing away with some of its worst abuses, which was long overdue. A pity that British parliamentarians decided that those were the issues on which to limit the power of the British government… Illustration: Cicero in Catilinam by James Sayers, published by Thomas Cornell by 17 March 1785. Pitt is standing and speaking at the dispatch box in the House of Commons. Opposite him, the obese Fox is listening and the nearly-blind Lord North is peering at a document. National Portrait Gallery 12236 Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

Marking the third centenary of the office of Prime Minister, The Impossible Office?: The History of the British Prime Minister (Cambridge UP, 2021) tells its extraordinary story, explaining how and why it has endured longer than any other democratic political office in world history. Sir Anthony Seldon, historian of Number 10 Downing Street, explores the lives and careers, loves and scandals, successes and failures, of all our great Prime Ministers. From Robert Walpole and William Pitt the Younger, to Clement Attlee and Margaret Thatcher, Seldon discusses which of our Prime Ministers have been most effective and why. He reveals the changing relationship between the Monarchy and the office of the Prime Minister in intimate detail, describing how the increasing power of the Prime Minister in becoming leader of Britain coincided with the steadily falling influence of the Monarchy. This book celebrates the humanity and frailty, work and achievement, of these 55 remarkable individuals, who averted revolution and civil war, leading the country through times of peace, crisis and war. Charles Coutinho Ph. D. of the Royal Historical Society, received his doctorate from New York University. His area of specialization is 19th and 20th-century European, American diplomatic and political history. He has written for Chatham House's International Affairs, the Institute of Historical Research's Reviews in History and the University of Rouen's online periodical Cercles. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This episode takes a look at the man who was Prime Minister at the beginning of the 19th Century, William Pitt the Younger. …

Faced with deepening and increasingly violent resistance to its rule in the American colonies, Britain's new Prime Minister, the Marquess of Rockingham, repealed the Stamp Act that had excited so much anger. William Pitt, in particular, spoke out forcefully against that Act, and Benjamin Franklin warned British parliamentarians of the difficulties ahead. However, Rockingham and even Pitt, still believed that Britain had the right to impose its will on the colonies. Repeal of the Stamp Act was followed up two months later by passage of the Declaratory Act, asserting British control in America, at just the time when that control was beginning to unravel. With its back to the wall, Britain was clearly unable to read the writing on it. Note and apology: To anyone who listened to the first version of this episode: it incorrectly stated that William Pitt the Elder had already been raised to the House of Lords as Earl of Chatham when he spoke for the repeal of the Stamp Act. In fact, that didn't happen until later the same year. I've corrected the episode to remove that error. Illustration: Rockingham, the Prime Minister who repealed the Stamp Act, but then passed the Declaratory Act asserting Britain's control over the colonies. After Sir Joshua Reyonolds, ca 1768 National Portrait Gallery 406 Music: Bach Partita #2c by J Bu licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (aka Music Sharing) 3.0 International License

Iain Dale talks to Charles Pitt (no relation) about William Pitt the Elder, 1st Earl of Chatham, who served as Prime Minister from July 1766 to October 1768.