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Chuck and Chris discuss a radial nerve palsy associated with a humerus fracture. We discuss diagnosis, examination, and preliminary treatment options. Part 2 will follow after the IFSSH meeting. We also discuss upcoming, IFSSH- related episodes.Some citations1: Lieberdorfer A, Shivakumar N, Stonner MM, Brogan DM, Ray WZ, Mackinnon SE, DyCJ. Expectant Management, Tendon Transfer, or Nerve Transfer Surgery for RadialNerve Injury: A Qualitative Study Exploring Patient Expectations, Goals, andTreatment Experiences. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Apr 19;105(8):600-606. doi:10.2106/JBJS.22.01201. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 36795855. 2: Malikowski T, Micklesen PJ, Robinson LR. Prognostic values ofelectrodiagnostic studies in traumatic radial neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2007Sep;36(3):364-7. doi: 10.1002/mus.20848. PMID: 17587226. 3: Steenbeek ED, Pondaag W, Tannemaat MR, Van Zwet EW, Malessy MJA, Groen JL.Optimal timing of needle electromyography to diagnose lesion severity intraumatic radial nerve injury. Muscle Nerve. 2023 Apr;67(4):314-319. doi:10.1002/mus.27787. Epub 2023 Jan 22. PMID: 36625338.4. PMID: 31714418Radial Nerve Palsy Recovery With Fractures of the Humerus: An Updated Systematic Review.Ilyas AM, Mangan JJ, Graham J.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020 Mar 15;28(6):e263-e269. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00142.5. PMID: 32285189Radial nerve palsy associated with closed humeral shaft fractures: a systematic review of 1758 patients.Hendrickx LAM, Hilgersom NFJ, Alkaduhimi H, Doornberg JN, van den Bekerom MPJ.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021 Apr;141(4):561-568. doi: 10.1007/s00402-020-03446-y. Epub 2020 Apr 13.6. PMID: 33335819Incidence and Management of Radial Nerve Palsies in Humeral Shaft Fractures: A Systematic Review.Hegeman EM, Polmear M, Scanaliato JP, Nesti L, Dunn JC.Cureus. 2020 Nov 15;12(11):e11490. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11490.PMID: 33335819 Free PMC article. Review.Please complete our survey: https://bit.ly/3iHGFpDSee www.practicelink.com/theupperhand for more information from our partner on job search and career opportunities.The Upper Hand Podcast is sponsored by Checkpoint Surgical, a provider of innovative solutions for peripheral serve surgery. To learn more, visit https://checkpointsurgical.com/. Subscribe to our newsletter: bit.ly/3X0Gq89As always, thanks to @iampetermartin for the amazing introduction and concluding music.For additional links, the catalog. Please see https://www.ortho.wustl.edu/content/Podcast-Listings/8280/The-Upper-Hand-Podcast.aspx
ALS, a nervous system disease, ruled the headlines in the summer of 2014 thanks to the viral Ice Bucket Challenge. How has our knowledge of the disorder evolved a decade later? Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ‘Lou Gehrig's disease' (named after the iconic baseball player), is a progressive neurological disorder which breaks down a person's motor neurons. The main symptoms are muscle weakness and impaired physical function — mild, at first, but in the latter stages of the disease's progression, essential processes like breathing begin to fail. Most individuals face a life expectancy of two to five years. A small percentage live five to ten years. And an even tinier group survive beyond a decade. Most famously, renowned physicist Stephen Hawking survived more than 50 years past his diagnosis, in part due to the intensive care he was able to afford. In this episode of the ‘Your Brain On...' podcast, we discuss: • What ALS is, and how it affects the brain and the body • The onset and progression of ALS, from the earliest symptoms to the end-stage impacts • How ALS patients are diagnosed, treated, and cared for • Likely causes of ALS, including genetic predispositions and potential environmental risk factors • How new technologies are rapidly accelerating our understanding of ALS, especially in genetics Joining us for this installment of the show are two world-class experts on the disease: • Professor Ammar Al-Chalabi PhD, Professor of Neurology and Complex Disease Genetics at the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute at King's College. • Merit Cudkowicz, Director of the Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital. ‘Your Brain On' is hosted by neurologists, scientists and public health advocates Ayesha and Dean Sherzai. ‘Your Brain On... ALS' • SEASON 4 • EPISODE 3 ——— LINKS PROFESSOR AMMAR AL-CHALABI at King's College: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/ammar-al-chalabi at Motor Neurone Disease Disease Association: https://www.mndassociation.org/get-involved/cure-finders/professor-ammar-al-chalabi Project MinE: https://projectmine.com/ MERIT CUDKOWICZ at Massachusetts General Hospital: https://www.massgeneral.org/doctors/16904/merit-cudkowicz at Harvard University: https://researchers.mgh.harvard.edu/profile/1520993/Merit-Cudkowicz ——— ANNOUNCING: NEURO WORLD RETREAT 2025 We're so excited to share something very close to our hearts, which we've been working on over the past few months: our first ever brain health retreat! You're warmly invited to join us in San Diego, California for the inaugural NEURO World Retreat 2025, taking place September 2–5, 2025 at the breathtaking Paradise Point Resort. For more information, and to book, visit: https://neuroworldretreat.com/ ——— FOLLOW US Join the NEURO Academy: NEUROacademy.com Instagram: @thebraindocs Website: TheBrainDocs.com More info and episodes: TheBrainDocs.com/Podcast ——— References: Brown, Robert H., and Ammar Al-Chalabi. "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." New England Journal of Medicine 377.2 (2017): 162-172. Benatar, Michael, et al. "A roadmap to ALS prevention: strategies and priorities." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 94.5 (2023): 399-402. Voigtlaender, Sebastian, et al. "Artificial intelligence in neurology: opportunities, challenges, and policy implications." Journal of Neurology 271.5 (2024): 2258-2273. Zinman, Lorne, and Merit Cudkowicz. "Emerging targets and treatments in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." The Lancet Neurology 10.5 (2011): 481-490. Raghav, Yogindra, et al. "Identification of gene fusions associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Muscle & Nerve 69.4 (2024): 477-489. Su, Feng-Chiao, et al. "Association of environmental toxins with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." JAMA neurology 73.7 (2016): 803-811. Talbott, Evelyn O., et al. "Case-control study of environmental toxins and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involving the national ALS registry." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration (2024): 1-10.
MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.Originally released: October 17, 2019College is a tough time for any kid. But it should also be exciting. Then to experience the freedoms of young adulthood, only later to face the horrifying reality of a progressive neurodegenerative condition...it's not something anyone should experience. In this week's continuation of the patient narrative series, Dr. Paul McIntosh (Duke) shares his life-changing story and his optimism about surviving a chronic neurologic illness.Produced by James E Siegler with the help of Paul McIntosh. For more information about Pompe Disease, check out the resources provided by the United Pompe Foundation at unitedpompe.com. Music for our program this week was courtesy of Ars Sonor, Franz Danzi, Lee Rosevere, and Scott Holmes. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.REFERENCESBeltran Papsdorf TB, Howard JF Jr, Chahin N. Pearls & Oy-sters: clues to the diagnosis of adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Neurology 2014;82(9):e73-5. PMID 24590251Cupler EJ, Berger KI, Leshner RT, et al. Consensus treatment recommendations for late-onset Pompe disease. Muscle Nerve 2012;45(3):319-33. PMID 22173792Gutiérrez-Rivas E, Bautista J, Vílchez JJ, et al. Targeted screening for the detection of Pompe disease in patients with unclassified limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or asymptomatic hyperCKemia using dried blood: a Spanish cohort. Neuromuscul Disord 2015;25(7):548-53. PMID 25998610Kishnani PS, Howell RR. Pompe disease in infants and children. J Pediatr 2004;144(5 Suppl):S35-43. PMID 15126982Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, et al. Recombinant human acid [alpha]-glucosidase: major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology 2007;68(2):99-109. PMID 17151339Klinge L, Straub V, Neudorf U, et al. Safety and efficacy of recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) in patients with classical infantile Pompe disease: results of a phase II clinical trial. Neuromuscul Disord 2005;15(1):24-31. PMID 15639117Lukacs Z, Nieves Cobos P, Wenninger S, et al. Prevalence of Pompe disease in 3,076 patients with hyperCKemia and limb-girdle muscular weakness. Neurology 2016;87(3):295-8. PMID 27170567Van den Hout JM, Kamphoven JH, Winkel LP, et al. Long-term intravenous treatment of Pompe disease with recombinant human alpha-glucosidase from milk. Pediatrics 2004;113(5):e448-57. PMID 15121988van der Ploeg AT, Clemens PR, Corzo D, et al. A randomized study of alglucosidase alfa in late-onset Pompe's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362(15):1396-406. PMID 20393176Wokke JH, Escolar DM, Pestronk A, et al. Clinical features of late-onset Pompe disease: a prospective cohort study. Muscle Nerve 2008;38(4):1236-45. PMID 18816591We believe that
What is the deal with ‘old man strength' and why does Dr. Armstrong find it somewhat offensive?The concept of “old man strength” suggests that as men age, some may develop strength beyond what would be expected based solely on their muscle mass or apparent physical condition. In this episode, Dr. Armstrong and Corbin Bruton discuss “old men strength”, why some men (and we don't ignore the women) possess it, and why it is important for… aging well.Check out the article in Men's Health titled “What's the deal with ‘old man strength'?" In addition, here are some interesting studies:Allen, M. D., Dalton, B. H., Gilmore, K. J., McNeil, C. J., Doherty, T. J., Rice, C. L., & Power, G. A. (2021). Neuroprotective effects of exercise on the aging human neuromuscular system. Experimental Gerontology, 152, 111465.Häkkinen, K., Newton, R. U., Gordon, S. E., McCormick, M., Volek, J. S., Nindl, B. C., ... & Kraemer, W. J. (1998). Changes in muscle morphology, electromyographic activity, and force production characteristics during progressive strength training in young and older men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 53(6), B415-B423.Porter, M. M., Vandervoort, A. A., & Lexell, J. (1995). Aging of human muscle: structure, function and adaptability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 5(3), 129–142.Power, G. A., Dalton, B. H., & Rice, C. L. (2013). Human neuromuscular structure and function in old age: A brief review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(4), 215–226.Roth, S. M., Martel, G. F., Ivey, F. M., Lemmer, J. T., Tracy, B. L., Metter, E. J., ... & Rogers, M. A. (2001). Skeletal muscle satellite cell characteristics in young and older men and women after heavy resistance strength training. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(6), B240-B247.Trappe, S., Williamson, D., & Godard, M. (2002). Maintenance of whole muscle strength and size following resistance training in older men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(4), B138-B143. Vandervoort, A.A. (2002), Aging of the human neuromuscular system. Muscle Nerve, 25: 17-25. Support the showHave questions you want answered and topics you want discussed on the "Aging Well Podcast"? Send us an email at agingwell.podcast@gmail.com or record your question for us to use in an upcoming episode:https://www.speakpipe.com/AgingWellPodcast
Dans l'épisode de cette semaine je te partage une découverte récente que j'ai fait des mes études et mes recherches sur la prise de masse. J'essaye de vulgariser le tout pour toi aussi tu puisse optimiser grandement tes résultats de prise de masse musculaire! Bon podcast! Subramanian D, Alers A, Sommer MA. Corollary Discharge for Action and Cognition. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2019 Enoka RM, Fuglevand AJ. Motor unit physiology: some unresolved issues. Muscle Nerve. 2001 Piazzesi G, Reconditi M, Linari M, et al. Skeletal muscle performance determined by modulation of number of myosin motors rather than motor force or stroke size. Cell. 2007 Karageorghis CI, Cheek P, Simpson SD, Bigliassi M. Interactive effects of music tempi and intensities on grip strength and subjective affect. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Belkhiria C, De Marco G, Driss T. Effects of verbal encouragement on force and electromyographic activations during exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018 Rhea MR, Landers DM, Alvar BA, Arent SM. The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weight lifting performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Luera MJ, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM. Effects of fatiguing, submaximal high- versus low-torque isometric exercise on motor unit recruitment and firing behavior. Physiol Rep. 2018 Río-Rodríguez D, Iglesias-Soler E, Fernández Del Olmo M. Set Configuration in Resistance Exercise: Muscle Fatigue and Cardiovascular Effects. PLoS One. 2016 Bampouras TM, Reeves ND, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN. Interplay between body stabilisation and quadriceps muscle activation capacity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2017
MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: March 21, 2019 Nobody is getting any younger, which is too bad. Muscle cramping...fatigue...stiffness... you'll be dealing with it more and more. “It's probably nothing,” you tell yourself. But what if it's not? Every once in a while, you might come across a case of myotonia. And you won't want to miss it. This week on BrainWaves, Dr. Noah Levinson provides a brief overview of myotonia and the conditions that are associated with it. Produced by James E Siegler. Music courtesy of Yshwa, Steve Combs, MMFFF, and Scott Holmes. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Miller TM. Differential diagnosis of myotonic disorders. Muscle Nerve 2008;37(3):293-9. PMID 18067134 Okkersen K, Jimenez-Moreno C, Wenninger S, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy with optional graded exercise therapy in patients with severe fatigue with myotonic dystrophy type 1: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(8):671-80. PMID 29934199 Sansone VA. The dystrophic and nondystrophic myotonias. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2016;22(6, Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders):1889-1915. PMID 27922499 Thornton CA, Wang E, Carrell EM. Myotonic dystrophy: approach to therapy. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017;44:135-40. PMID 28376341 We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.
In this episode, we are exploring limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). Joining us for this conversation are two experts, Dr. Louise Rodino-Klapac, and genetic counselor Livija Medne.Dr. Louise Rodino-Klapac is the Executive Vice President, Head of R&D and Chief Scientific Officer at Sarepta Therapeutics who has 15 years of experience researching and studying LGMD. She is renowned for her work in molecular genetics and gene therapy. Her pioneering research is the foundation for five of our investigational limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) programs. Hear from Dr. Rodino-Klapac about LGMD, the importance of knowing your subtype and the basics of gene therapy!Livija Medne is a Senior Genetic Counselor and Systems Director of Genetic Counseling at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. She has 15+ years of experience in pediatric neuromuscular diagnoses, including LGMD. She co-chairs and is one of the course directors of the Curriculum Committee at the University of Pennsylvania Genetic Counseling Program. In addition, Livija is an advocate for the professional development of junior genetic counselors, having co-founded the first Genetic Counselor Mentorship committee at CHOP.On This Episode We Discuss:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD)Which muscles are typically are affected first Symptoms that individuals with LGMD experience and when symptoms usually startThe prevalence of LGMD compared to Duchenne Muscular DystrophyHow people are diagnosed with LGMDWhy genetic testing is important to determine specific subtypes of LGMDGene therapy programs for the most common subtypesThe goal of the gene therapyWhen FDA-approval for LGMD gene therapy can be expected How patients can gain access to the gene therapy program and how health care providers can refer patientsBusting myths about LGMD If you'd like to take a deeper dive after listening to today's episode, follow these links to learn more about limb girdle muscular dystrophy, gene therapy, and genetic testing for LGMD. You can also visit raregenomes.org and limbgirdle.com to learn more! And be sure to follow Dr. Louise Rodino-Klapac on Twitter!You can also check out this installment of the PhenoTips Speaker Series to hear Kira interview Livija Medne about genetic counselors in leadership positions. Stay tuned for the next new episode of DNA Today on March 10th, 2023! New episodes are released every Friday. In the meantime, you can binge over 225 other episodes on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, streaming on the website, or any other podcast player by searching, “DNA Today”. Episodes since 2021 are also recorded with video which you can watch on our YouTube channel. DNA Today is hosted and produced by Kira Dineen. Our social media lead is Corinne Merlino. Our video lead is Amanda Andreoli. Our Outreach Intern is Sanya Tinaikar. Our Social Media Intern is Kajal Patel. And our Graphic Designer Ashlyn Enokian.See what else we are up to on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and our website, DNAToday.com. Questions/inquiries can be sent to info@DNAtoday.com. Which muscular dystrophy causes weakness of the muscles typically starting around the hips and shoulders? That would be limb girdle muscular dystrophy, or LGMD. LGMD is a group of neuromuscular diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for proteins critical for muscle function, regulation, and repair1-3. Sarepta is a global biotechnology company working on engineering precision genetic medicine with the goal of changing the lives of people living with rare muscular dystrophies. Their multi-platform Precision Genetic Medicine Engine includes gene therapy, RNA and gene editing approaches. Oh that reminds me, ACMG is in March and Sarepta will be at booth 504. You can also head over to limbgirdle.com to learn more. (Sponsored) 1. Murphy AP and Straub V. J Neuromusc Dis. 2015;2(suppl. 2):S7-S19.2. Liewluck T and Milone M. Muscle Nerve. 2018;58(2):167-77.3. McNally EM. The Sarcoglycans. In: Landes Bioscience. 2000–2013.Surely you have heard of whole genome sequencing, but what about rapid and ultra-rapid whole genome sequencing? This is an emerging method of diagnosing genetic conditions for quick management. PerkinElmer Genomics offers this incredibly valuable test, which can be life saving for ill babies and kids. Learn more in our full episode (#226) with PerkinElmer Genomics. You can visit perkinelmergenomics.com for more information. (Sponsored)Surely you have heard of whole genome sequencing, but what about rapid and ultra-rapid whole genome sequencing? This is an emerging method of diagnosing genetic conditions for quick management. PerkinElmer Genomics offers this incredibly valuable test, which can be life saving for ill babies and kids. Learn more in our full episode with PerkinElmer Genomics on here, DNA Today! You can visit perkinelmergenomics.com for more information, the link is also available in the show notes and on our website DNAtoday.com. (Sponsored)I've enjoyed recording a few episodes about epigenetics, one of the interviews where I learned the most was with the Diagnostic Labs at the Greenwood Genetic Center. They taught me about EpiSign which is a novel clinically validated test that analyzes methylation. I just learned that since this episode in 2021, verison 4 of EpiSign has been released which has expanded to include over 70 conditions. If you are attending ACMG this month stop by booth 607 to chat with Greenwood Genetics. In the meantime brush up on your epigenetics by listening to Episode #145 of DNA Today and visit GreenwoodGeneticCenter. (Sponsored)
Can rapid whole genome sequencing (WGS) be utilized in the NICU setting? We explore in this podcast episode! Joining us for this episode is Dr. Hong Li, a clinical geneticist at Emory University. Our other expert is a recurring guest, world-renowned geneticist Dr. Madhuri Hegde. She serves as the Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer of Global Lab Services at PerkinElmer Genomics, a global leader in genetic and genomic testing focused on rare diseases, inherited disorders, newborn screening, and hereditary cancer.If you want to hear her on other episodes of DNA Today tune into Episode 177 where we nerded out about the power of whole genome sequencing (which is a great precursor to this conversation) and Episode 202 about Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.In addition to her role at PerkinElmer, Dr. Hegde is also a board certified diplomate in clinical molecular genetics by the American Board of Medical Genetics, and an ACMG Fellow. Previously, she was the Executive Director of Emory Genetics Laboratory. She received a B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Bombay and a Ph.D. from the University of Auckland. She completed postdoctoral studies at Baylor College of Medicine.Dr. Hong Li is a clinical and biochemical geneticist at Emory University School of Medicine who is passionate about diagnosing and treating children and families with genetic and metabolic diseases. She also oversees the Emory Metabolic Clinic, serves as Co-Chair of the Georgia Newborn Screening Advisory Committee (NBSAC), where she is extensively involved in Georgia's NBS development, implementation, and clinical follow-up for children with metabolic disorders, is the Vice-Chief of the genetics section at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and geneticist of the multidisciplinary differences of sex development (DSD) clinic at CHOA and the site PI of the DSD translational research network (DSD-TRN). She also serves as the medical director of the Emory CTCF-related disorder (CRD) center.Dr. Li also holds multiple educational roles, including sponsoring the first Emory Genetics Interest Group at Emory College and School of Medicine to foster interest and attract intelligent students to join the growing field of medical genetics! Her research interests are primarily devoted to exciting clinical trials for genetic/metabolic diseases, and she is the principal investigator for multiple Phase I/II and III clinical trials. She is also interested in new gene discovery and better defining the phenotype of rare genetic diseases.On This Episode We Discuss:Symptoms that would warrant immediate genetic testing after birthStarting with whole genome sequencing (WGS) versus exomeOther tests that are useful for babies in the NICU beyond the genomeHow laboratories are maximizing the genome data for babies in a medical crisisSamples used for urWGS (ultra rapid WGS) and newborn screeningTrio testing with parents to rule out variants of being causative of symptomsurWGS minimizing healthcare costsWhy timing is so important for babies in the NICUHow results from urWGS can influence treatment plansHow projects like Project Baby Bear and Project Baby Deer are paving the way for whole exome sequencing as part of newborn screening Here is an interesting article from PerkinElmer about expanding into ultrarapid whole genome sequencing. During the interview Kira mentioned two episodes about the Telomere to Telomere Consortium which officially finished the complete human genome sequence in 2022. Dr. Eric Green shares his expertise in Episode 183 followed by Dr. Miga and Dr. Phillippy in Episode 184. Stay tuned for the next new episode of DNA Today on Friday, March 17th when muscular dystrophy experts Dr. Louise Rodino-Klapac (from Sarepta) and Livija Medne (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia aka CHOP) share their expertise specifically about limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. New episodes are released every Friday. In the meantime, you can binge over 225 other episodes on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, streaming on the website, or any other podcast player by searching, “DNA Today”. Episodes since 2021 are also recorded with video which you can watch on our YouTube channel. DNA Today is hosted and produced by Kira Dineen. Our social media lead is Corinne Merlino. Our video lead is Amanda Andreoli. Our Outreach Intern is Sanya Tinaikar. Our Social Media Intern is Kajal Patel. And our Graphic Designer Ashlyn Enokian.See what else we are up to on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and our website, DNAToday.com. Questions/inquiries can be sent to info@DNAtoday.com. Surely you have heard of whole genome sequencing, but what about rapid and ultra-rapid whole genome sequencing? This is an emerging method of diagnosing genetic conditions for quick management. PerkinElmer Genomics offers this incredibly valuable test, which can be life saving for ill babies and kids. You can visit perkinelmergenomics.com for more information. (Sponsored)If you've been listening to DNA Today for a while, you probably know I am also a full time prenatal genetic counselor. Between that job, this podcast, and being a producer/host of other podcasts, I am pretty busy! To keep my energy up and stay productive I drink a decent amount of coffee. The new coffee I'm drinking is from Four Sigmatic. I'm really picky about my coffee, it's got to be bold, not watery. And I've been really happy with Four Sigmatic. Here's the difference from other coffees, it includes mushrooms, which I know sounds bizarre. I will admit I was hesitant, but you get health benefits and don't taste it. I like the immune system boost, as I often get sick in the winter months. So we teamed up with Four Sigmatic to get you 30% off using promo code “DNATODAY” redeem it at FourSigmatic.com, again that's FourSigmatic.com using code “DNATODAY” for 30% off! And let me know if you like it too! (Sponsored)I've enjoyed recording a few episodes about epigenetics, one of the interviews where I learned the most was with the Diagnostic Labs at the Greenwood Genetic Center. They taught me about EpiSign which is a novel clinically validated test that analyzes methylation. I just learned that since this episode in 2021, verison 4 of EpiSign has been released which has expanded to include over 70 conditions. If you are attending ACMG this month stop by booth 607 to chat with Greenwood Genetics. In the meantime brush up on your epigenetics by listening to Episode #145 of DNA Today and visit GreenwoodGeneticCenter. (Sponsored)Which muscular dystrophy causes weakness of the muscles typically starting around the hips and shoulders? That would be limb girdle muscular dystrophy, or LGMD. LGMD is a group of neuromuscular diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for proteins critical for muscle function, regulation, and repair1-3. Sarepta is a global biotechnology company working on engineering precision genetic medicine with the goal of changing the lives of people living with rare muscular dystrophies. Their multi-platform Precision Genetic Medicine Engine includes gene therapy, RNA and gene editing approaches. Oh that reminds me, ACMG is in March and Sarepta will be at booth 504. You can also head over to limbgirdle.com to learn more. (Sponsored) 1. Murphy AP and Straub V. J Neuromusc Dis. 2015;2(suppl. 2):S7-S19.2. Liewluck T and Milone M. Muscle Nerve. 2018;58(2):167-77.3. McNally EM. The Sarcoglycans. In: Landes Bioscience. 2000–2013.
MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021. Originally released: January 23, 2020 In a patient with isolated, progressive hand numbness and weakness, there is much to be learned about the clinical exam. Often, it's all you need. Dr. Aakriti Kothiwal of Cooper University Hospital presents this week's clinical case and helps localize the lesion. Produced by James E Siegler and Aakriti Kothiwal. Music courtesy of Jazzar, Lee Rosevere, and Loyalty Freak Music. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Aamodt WW, Siegler JE, Elman L. Teaching Neuro Images: acute infarction of the left medial lemniscus masquerading as a peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 2017;88(17):e178. PMID 28438850 Bouche P. Compression and entrapment neuropathies. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;115:311-66. PMID 23931789 Gross PT, Jones HR Jr. Proximal median neuropathies: electromyographic and clinical correlation. Muscle Nerve 1992;15(3):390-5. PMID 1313546 Gross PT, Tolomeo EA. Proximal median neuropathies. Neurol Clin 1999;17(3):425-45, v. PMID 10393747 Hobson-Webb LD, Juel VC. Common entrapment neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2017;23(2, Selected Topics in Outpatient Neurology):487-511. PMID 28375915 Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol 2016;15(12):1273-84. PMID 27751557 Peters N, Müller-Schunk S, Freilinger T, Düring M, Pfefferkorn T, Dichgans M. Ischemic stroke of the cortical "hand knob" area: stroke mechanisms and prognosis. J Neurol 2009;256(7):1146-51. PMID 19353229 We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode's original release date.
W siódmym odcinku opowiem Wam, dlaczego nie należy zbyt forsownie ćwiczyć i po co katować się zimnymi prysznicami. A skoro o wodzie to zajrzymy do świata rybiej matematyki, przejrzymy także jakie szkody wyrządza naturze człowiek, ale także jak człowiek tę naturę stara się chronić. Będzie też dużo słodkich pand olbrzymich :)A jeśli uznasz, że warto wspierać ten projekt to zapraszam do serwisu Patronite, każda dobrowolna wpłata od słuchaczy pozwoli mi na rozwój i doskonalenie tego podkastu, bardzo dziękuję za każde wsparcie!Zapraszam również na Facebooka, Twittera i Instagrama, każdy lajk i udostępnienie pomoże w szerszym dotarciu do słuchaczy, a to jest teraz moim głównym celem :)Źródła użyte przy tworzeniu odcinka:David R. Clark, "Why You Don't Need to Feel Sore After a Workout to Know if You've Exercised Enough", https://www.sciencealert.com/why-you-don-t-need-to-feel-sore-a-workout-to-know-if-you-ve-exercised-enoughHyldahl RD, Hubal MJ. Lengthening our perspective: morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2014 Feb;49(2):155-70. doi: 10.1002/mus.24077. Epub 2013 Dec 3. PMID: 24030935. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24030935/Matt Evans, "I took cold showers every day for a whole week, and I decided to keep going. Here's why", https://www.fitandwell.com/features/cold-showersBuijze, G. A., Sierevelt, I. N., van der Heijden, B. C., Dijkgraaf, M. G., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2016). The Effect of Cold Showering on Health and Work: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PloS one, 11(9), e0161749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161749Johannes Seiler, "Fish can do math, study finds", https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/fish-can-do-math-study-findsSchluessel, V., Kreuter, N., Gosemann, I.M. et al. Cichlids and stingrays can add and subtract ‘one' in the number space from one to five. Sci Rep 12, 3894 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07552-2Mieke Leenders, "US Federal Program Killed 1.75 Million Animals in 2021 “to Protect Farmers and Public Health”, https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/us-federal-program-killed-1-75m-animals-in-2021-to-protect-farmers-and-public-health/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, "Program Data Report G - 2021, Animals Dispersed / Killed or Euthanized / Removed or Destroyed / Freed or Relocated", https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/wildlifedamage/pdr/?file=PDR-G_Report&p=2021:INDEX:Emilio Godoy, "New Seed Bank to Support Agriculture of the Future", https://www.ipsnews.net/2022/03/new-seed-bank-support-agriculture-future/Crop Trust, https://www.croptrust.org/Christina Barron, "Giant pandas have been stars of the National Zoo for 50 years", https://www.washingtonpost.com/kidspost/2022/04/04/giant-pandas-have-been-stars-national-zoo-50-years/Pandas International, https://www.pandasinternational.org/
En el episodio de hoy, vamos a hablar de la cadera post-ictus, un tema que, como dice el título, es una encrucijada, ya que es un lugar donde se cruzan varios caminos, varias explicaciones sobre el movimiento de los pacientes neurológicos. El episodio parte de un introducción, un breve recordatorio anatómico de la cadera, una justificación de por qué hacer episodios como este y después iremos recorriendo algunos estudios que he leído y sintetizado que tienen relación con el fenotipo de la cadera post-ictus. Compensaciones, fatiga, biomecánica...al servicio de la neurociencia. Referencias del episodio: (1) Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the hip: a focus on muscular actions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Feb;40(2):82-94. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3025. PMID: 20118525 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20118525/). (2) Hyngstrom AS, Onushko T, Heitz RP, Rutkowski A, Hunter SK, Schmit BD. Stroke-related changes in neuromuscular fatigue of the hip flexors and functional implications. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Jan;91(1):33-42. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31823caac0. PMID: 22157434; PMCID: PMC3940208 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22157434/). (3) Rybar MM, Walker ER, Kuhnen HR, Ouellette DR, Berrios R, Hunter SK, Hyngstrom AS. The stroke-related effects of hip flexion fatigue on over ground walking. Gait Posture. 2014 Apr;39(4):1103-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.01.012. Epub 2014 Jan 31. PMID: 24602975; PMCID: PMC4007512 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24602975/). (4) Lewek MD, Schmit BD, Hornby TG, Dhaher YY. Hip joint position modulates volitional knee extensor muscle activity after stroke. Muscle Nerve. 2006 Dec;34(6):767-74. doi: 10.1002/mus.20663. PMID: 16967491 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16967491/). (5) Cruz TH, Dhaher YY. Evidence of abnormal lower-limb torque coupling after stroke: an isometric study. Stroke. 2008 Jan;39(1):139-47. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.492413. Epub 2007 Dec 6. PMID: 18063824; PMCID: PMC3641752 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063824/). (6) Finley JM, Perreault EJ, Dhaher YY. Stretch reflex coupling between the hip and knee: implications for impaired gait following stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2008 Jul;188(4):529-40. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1383-z. Epub 2008 Apr 30. PMID: 18446331; PMCID: PMC2881696 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446331/). (7) Sulzer JS, Gordon KE, Dhaher YY, Peshkin MA, Patton JL. Preswing knee flexion assistance is coupled with hip abduction in people with stiff-knee gait after stroke. Stroke. 2010 Aug;41(8):1709-14. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.586917. Epub 2010 Jun 24. PMID: 20576947; PMCID: PMC3306800 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20576947/). (8) Matsuda et al. 2016. Analysis of strategies used by hemiplegic stroke patients to achieve toe clearance (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjcrs/7/0/7_111/_article). (9) Awad LN, Bae J, Kudzia P, Long A, Hendron K, Holt KG, OʼDonnell K, Ellis TD, Walsh CJ. Reducing Circumduction and Hip Hiking During Hemiparetic Walking Through Targeted Assistance of the Paretic Limb Using a Soft Robotic Exosuit. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Oct;96(10 Suppl 1):S157-S164. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000800. PMID: 28777105; PMCID: PMC7479995 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777105/). (10) Akbas T, Prajapati S, Ziemnicki D, Tamma P, Gross S, Sulzer J. Hip circumduction is not a compensation for reduced knee flexion angle during gait. J Biomech. 2019 Apr 18;87:150-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.02.026. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30876735 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30876735/).
REFERÊNCIAS1.Agarwal A, Chandra A, Jaipal U, Saini N. A panorama of radial nerve pathologies- an imaging diagnosis: a step ahead. Insights Imaging. 2018;9(6):1021-34.2.Esparza M, Wild JR, Minnock C, Mohty KM, Truchan LM, Taljanovic MS. Ultrasound Evaluation of Radial Nerve Palsy Associated with Humeral Shaft Fractures to Guide Operative Versus Non-Operative Treatment. Acta Med Acad. 2019;48(2):183-92.3.Rocchi M, Tarallo L, Mugnai R, Adani R. Humerus shaft fracture complicated by radial nerve palsy: Is surgical exploration necessary? Musculoskelet Surg. 2016;100(Suppl 1):53-60.4.Ljungquist KL, Martineau P, Allan C. Radial nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2015;40(1):166-72.5.Ostermann RC, Lang NW, Joestl J, Pauzenberger L, Tiefenboeck TM, Platzer P. Fractures of the Humeral Shaft with Primary Radial Nerve Palsy: Do Injury Mechanism, Fracture Type, or Treatment Influence Nerve Recovery? J Clin Med. 2019;8(11).6.Hendrickx LAM, Hilgersom NFJ, Alkaduhimi H, Doornberg JN, van den Bekerom MPJ. Radial nerve palsy associated with closed humeral shaft fractures: a systematic review of 1758 patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021;141(4):561-8.7.Cartwright MS, Chloros GD, Walker FO, Wiesler ER, Campbell WW. Diagnostic ultrasound for nerve transection. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35(6):796-9.
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1.Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2.Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 [Available from: https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/muscle/mri-traumatic-changes.3.Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4.Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5.Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6.Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7.Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8.DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9.Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10.Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11.MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12.Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13.Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14.Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15.Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16.AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17.Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18.Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19.Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20.Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21.Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22.Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23.Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24.Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25.Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26.Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27.Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28.Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29.Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30.Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31.Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32.Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33.Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34.Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35.van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36.Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37.Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38.Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39.Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40.Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41.Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42.Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43.Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44.Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46.Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47.Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48.Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50.Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51.Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52.Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53.Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54.Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55.Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56.Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57.Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 14
References1.Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2.Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 [Available from: https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/muscle/mri-traumatic-changes.3.Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4.Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5.Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6.Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7.Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8.DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9.Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10.Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11.MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12.Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13.Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14.Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15.Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16.AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17.Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18.Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19.Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20.Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21.Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22.Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23.Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24.Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25.Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26.Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27.Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28.Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29.Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30.Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31.Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32.Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33.Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34.Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35.van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36.Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37.Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38.Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39.Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40.Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41.Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42.Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43.Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44.Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46.Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47.Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48.Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50.Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51.Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52.Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53.Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54.Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55.Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56.Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57.Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 14
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. 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Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. 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Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,
¡Gracias por escuchar! Los medicamentos antimaláricos, hidroxicloroquina y cloroquina, son fármacos moduladores de las enfermedades reumáticas introducidos por serendipia y empíricamente para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades reumáticas. Ni la cloroquina ni la hidroxicloroquina se sometieron al proceso de desarrollo de fármacos convencional, pero su uso se ha convertido en parte importante de los tratamiento actuales para la artritis reumatoide, lupus eritematoso sistémico, síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolípido y síndrome de Sjögren primario. En este episodio exploraremos sus principales características desde la perspectiva farmacológica.Les pido amablemente dejen sus comentarios en tukua.podbean.com y la calificación a este y otros episodios en iTunes.Estas son algunas referencias de utilidad:Ruiz-Irastorza, G. et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 20–28 (2010).Ostensen, M. et al. 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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine equally affect tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cellFasano, S. et al. Longterm hydroxychloroquine therapy and low-dose aspirin may have an additive effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 44, 1032–1038 (2017).Towers, C. G. & Thorburn, A. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy. EBioMedicine 14, 15–23 (2016).Rand, J. H. et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibodyβ2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood 112, 1687–1695 (2008).Jancinova, V., Nosal, R. & Petrikova, M. On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation. Thromb. Res. 74, 495–504 (1994).Bertrand, E. et al. Antiaggregation action of chloroquine. Med. Trop. 50, 143–146 (1990).Nosal, R., Jancinova, V. & Petrikova, M. 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Increased incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in patients taking hydroxychloroquine: a brand-related issue? J. Rheumatol. 44, 398 (2017).Abdel-Hamid, H., Oddis, C. V. & Lacomis, D. Severe hydroxychloroquine myopathy. Muscle Nerve 38, 1206–1210 (2008).Jafri, K. et al. Antimalarial myopathy in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with quadriparesis and seizures: a case-based review. Clin. Rheumatol. 36, 1437–1444 (2017).Khosa, S. et al. Hydroxychloroquine-induced autophagic vacuolar myopathy with mitochondrial abnormalities. Neuropathology 38, 646–652 (2018).Stein, M., Bell, M. J. & Ang, L. C. Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity. J. Rheumatol. 27, 2927–2931 (2000). Int. J. Cardiol. 157, 117–119 (2012).Sundelin, S. P. & Terman, A. Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. APMIS 110, 481–489 (2002).Jorge, A. et al. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy implications of research advances for rheumatology care. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 693–703 (2018).Marmor, M. F. et al. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 Revision). Ophthalmology 123, 1386–1394 (2016).Yusuf, I. H. et al. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommendations on screening for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine users in the United Kingdom: executive summary. Eye 32, 1168–1173 (2018). J. Rheumatol. 44 1841–1849 (2017).Padol, I. T. & Hunt, R. H. Association of myocardial infarctions with COX-2 inhibition may be related to immunomodulation towards a Th1 response resulting in atheromatous plaque instability: an evidencebased interpretation. Rheumatology 49, 837–843 (2010).Hage, M. P., Al-Badri, M. R. & Azar, S. T. A favorable effect of hydroxychloroquine on glucose and lipid metabolism beyond its anti-inflammatory role. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 5, 77–85 (2014).Costedoat-Chalumeau, N. et al. 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In a patient with isolated, progressive hand numbness and weakness, there is a much to be learned about the clinical exam. Often, its all you need. This week, Dr. Aakriti Kothiwal (Cooper University Hospital) presents this week's clinical case and helps localize the lesion. Produced by James E. Siegler and Aakriti Kothiwal. Music courtesy of Jazzar, Lee Rosevere, and Loyalty Freak Music. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Gross PT and Jones HR, Jr. Proximal median neuropathies: electromyographic and clinical correlation. Muscle Nerve. 1992;15:390-5. Gross PT and Tolomeo EA. Proximal median neuropathies. Neurol Clin. 1999;17:425-45, v. Peters N, Muller-Schunk S, Freilinger T, During M, Pfefferkorn T and Dichgans M. Ischemic stroke of the cortical "hand knob" area: stroke mechanisms and prognosis. Journal of neurology. 2009;256:1146-51. Bouche P. Compression and entrapment neuropathies. Handbook of clinical neurology. 2013;115:311-66. Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, Pazzaglia C, Paolasso I, Loreti C, Caliandro P and Hobson-Webb LD. Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15:1273-1284. Aamodt WW, Siegler JE and Elman L. Teaching NeuroImages: Acute infarction of the left medial lemniscus masquerading as a peripheral neuropathy. Neurology. 2017;88:e178. Hobson-Webb LD and Juel VC. Common Entrapment Neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23:487-511.
College is a tough time for any kid. But it should also be exciting. Then to experience the freedoms of young adulthood, only later to face the horrifying reality of a progressive neurodegenerative condition...it's not something anyone should experience. In this week's continuation of the patient narrative series, Dr. Paul McIntosh (Duke) shares his life-changing story, and his optimism, about surviving a chronic neurological illness. Produced by James E. Siegler with the help of Paul McIntosh. For more information about Pompe Disease, check out the resources provided by the United Pompe Foundation at unitedpompe.com. Music for our program this week was courtesy of Ars Sonor, Franz Danzi, Lee Rosevere, and Scott Holmes. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Kishnani PS and Howell RR. Pompe disease in infants and children. J Pediatr. 2004;144:S35-43. Van den Hout JM, Kamphoven JH, Winkel LP, Arts WF, De Klerk JB, Loonen MC, Vulto AG, Cromme-Dijkhuis A, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Hop W, Van Hirtum H, Van Diggelen OP, Boer M, Kroos MA, Van Doorn PA, Van der Voort E, Sibbles B, Van Corven EJ, Brakenhoff JP, Van Hove J, Smeitink JA, de Jong G, Reuser AJ and Van der Ploeg AT. Long-term intravenous treatment of Pompe disease with recombinant human alpha-glucosidase from milk. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e448-57. Klinge L, Straub V, Neudorf U, Schaper J, Bosbach T, Gorlinger K, Wallot M, Richards S and Voit T. Safety and efficacy of recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) in patients with classical infantile Pompe disease: results of a phase II clinical trial. Neuromuscul Disord. 2005;15:24-31. Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, Byrne B, Mandel H, Hwu WL, Leslie N, Levine J, Spencer C, McDonald M, Li J, Dumontier J, Halberthal M, Chien YH, Hopkin R, Vijayaraghavan S, Gruskin D, Bartholomew D, van der Ploeg A, Clancy JP, Parini R, Morin G, Beck M, De la Gastine GS, Jokic M, Thurberg B, Richards S, Bali D, Davison M, Worden MA, Chen YT and Wraith JE. Recombinant human acid [alpha]-glucosidase: major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology. 2007;68:99-109. Wokke JH, Escolar DM, Pestronk A, Jaffe KM, Carter GT, van den Berg LH, Florence JM, Mayhew J, Skrinar A, Corzo D and Laforet P. Clinical features of late-onset Pompe disease: a prospective cohort study. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38:1236-45. van der Ploeg AT, Clemens PR, Corzo D, Escolar DM, Florence J, Groeneveld GJ, Herson S, Kishnani PS, Laforet P, Lake SL, Lange DJ, Leshner RT, Mayhew JE, Morgan C, Nozaki K, Park DJ, Pestronk A, Rosenbloom B, Skrinar A, van Capelle CI, van der Beek NA, Wasserstein M and Zivkovic SA. A randomized study of alglucosidase alfa in late-onset Pompe's disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2010;362:1396-406. Cupler EJ, Berger KI, Leshner RT, Wolfe GI, Han JJ, Barohn RJ, Kissel JT and Disease ACCoL-oP. Consensus treatment recommendations for late-onset Pompe disease. Muscle Nerve. 2012;45:319-33. Beltran Papsdorf TB, Howard JF, Jr. and Chahin N. Pearls & Oy-sters: clues to the diagnosis of adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Neurology. 2014;82:e73-5. Gutierrez-Rivas E, Bautista J, Vilchez JJ, Muelas N, Diaz-Manera J, Illa I, Martinez-Arroyo A, Olive M, Sanz I, Arpa J, Fernandez-Torron R, Lopez de Munain A, Jimenez L, Solera J and Lukacs Z. Targeted screening for the detection of Pompe disease in patients with unclassified limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or asymptomatic hyperCKemia using dried blood: A Spanish cohort. Neuromuscul Disord. 2015;25:548-53. Lukacs Z, Nieves Cobos P, Wenninger S, Willis TA, Guglieri M, Roberts M, Quinlivan R, Hilton-Jones D, Evangelista T, Zierz S, Schlotter-Weigel B, Walter MC, Reilich P, Klopstock T, Deschauer M, Straub V, Muller-Felber W and Schoser B. Prevalence of Pompe disease in 3,076 patients with hyperCKemia and limb-girdle muscular weakness. Neurology. 2016;87:295-8.
This week on the program, our earlier episode on the multidisciplinary care of ALS patients gets a face lift. Since it originally aired in 2016, there have been several important advances in the treatment of these patients--including the first FDA approved therapy for this condition in more than 2 decades. But many of the core management strategies remain the same. Dr. Lauren Elman, Associate Professor of Neurology, Director of Research Operations and Associate Director of clinical care at the Penn Comprehensive ALS Center, shares her experience in this 2019 update. Produced by James E. Siegler. Music courtesy of Chris Zabriskie, Nuno Adelaida, and Meydan. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, England JD, Kaji R, Kimura J, Mills K, Mitsumoto H, Nodera H, Shefner J and Swash M. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2008;119:497-503. Ludolph A, Drory V, Hardiman O, Nakano I, Ravits J, Robberecht W, Shefner J and ALS/MND WFNRGO. A revision of the El Escorial criteria - 2015. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2015;16:291-2. Geevasinga N, Loy CT, Menon P, de Carvalho M, Swash M, Schrooten M, Van Damme P, Gawel M, Sonoo M, Higashihara M, Noto Y, Kuwabara S, Kiernan MC, Macaskill P and Vucic S. Awaji criteria improves the diagnostic sensitivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review using individual patient data. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016;127:2684-91. Geevasinga N, Menon P, Scherman DB, Simon N, Yiannikas C, Henderson RD, Kiernan MC and Vucic S. Diagnostic criteria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A multicenter prospective study. Neurology. 2016;87:684-90. Weiss MD, Macklin EA, Simmons Z, Knox AS, Greenblatt DJ, Atassi N, Graves M, Parziale N, Salameh JS, Quinn C, Brown RH, Jr., Distad JB, Trivedi J, Shefner JM, Barohn RJ, Pestronk A, Swenson A, Cudkowicz ME and Mexiletine ALSSG. A randomized trial of mexiletine in ALS: Safety and effects on muscle cramps and progression. Neurology. 2016;86:1474-81. Hardiman O and van den Berg LH. Edaravone: a new treatment for ALS on the horizon? The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16:490-491. Meininger V, Genge A, van den Berg LH, Robberecht W, Ludolph A, Chio A, Kim SH, Leigh PN, Kiernan MC, Shefner JM, Desnuelle C, Morrison KE, Petri S, Boswell D, Temple J, Mohindra R, Davies M, Bullman J, Rees P, Lavrov A and Group NOGS. Safety and efficacy of ozanezumab in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16:208-216. Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, Brassington R and Mustfa N. Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2017;10:CD004427. Writing G and Edaravone ALSSG. Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16:505-512. Oskarsson B, Moore D, Mozaffar T, Ravits J, Wiedau-Pazos M, Parziale N, Joyce NC, Mandeville R, Goyal N, Cudkowicz ME, Weiss M, Miller RG and McDonald CM. Mexiletine for muscle cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Muscle Nerve. 2018. Luo L, Song Z, Li X, Huiwang, Zeng Y, Qinwang, Meiqi and He J. Efficacy and safety of edaravone in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2019;40:235-241. Statland JM, Moore D, Wang Y, Walsh M, Mozaffar T, Elman L, Nations SP, Mitsumoto H, Fernandes JA, Saperstein D, Hayat G, Herbelin L, Karam C, Katz J, Wilkins HM, Agbas A, Swerdlow RH, Santella RM, Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ, Rasagiline Investigators of the Muscle Study G and Western ALSC. Rasagiline for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A randomized, controlled trial. Muscle Nerve. 2019;59:201-207. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, England JD, Forshew D, Johnston W, Kalra S, Katz JS, Mitsumoto H, Rosenfeld J, Shoesmith C, Strong MJ, Woolley SC and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of N. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009;73:1227-33. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, England JD, Forshew D, Johnston W, Kalra S, Katz JS, Mitsumoto H, Rosenfeld J, Shoesmith C, Strong MJ, Woolley SC and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of N. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009;73:1218-26.
One study shows that 30 minutes of exercise 5 times a week can reduce your risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, p=0.001. (Let's pretend this is true). What does this mean? Well, let's start by asking the question, how IMPORTANT is it that you reduce your risk of SCC of the skin, and how MUCH does exercise reduce that risk? If the effect of exercise is associated with a relative risk reduction of 1% in your lifetime risk of SCC, is that enough to get you to spend 1 week of your life each year on a treadmill? In this week's "I wonder" series, Dr. Ali Hamedani joins Jim Siegler to discuss the difference between statistical significance and clinical importance, how to interpret p-values, and exactly what kinds of conclusions you should draw from clinical studies. Produced by James E. Siegler and Ali Hamedani. Music courtesy of Jahzzar, Kevin McLeod, Sergey Cheremisinov, and the trio Grossman, Ewell and Grainger. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast. REFERENCES Gardner MJ and Altman DG. Confidence intervals rather than P values: estimation rather than hypothesis testing. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292:746-50. Goodman SN. Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P value fallacy. Annals of internal medicine. 1999;130:995-1004. Bartolucci AA, Tendera M and Howard G. Meta-analysis of multiple primary prevention trials of cardiovascular events using aspirin. The American journal of cardiology. 2011;107:1796-801. Pocock SJ and Stone GW. The Primary Outcome Fails - What Next? The New England journal of medicine. 2016;375:861-70. Howard JF, Jr., Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Muppidi S, Nowak RJ, O'Brien F, Wang JJ, Mantegazza R and Group RS. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. The Lancet Neurology. 2017;16:976-986. Muppidi S, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, Murai H, Barohn RJ, Illa I, Jacob S, Vissing J, Burns TM, Kissel JT, Nowak RJ, Andersen H, Casasnovas C, de Bleecker JL, Vu TH, Mantegazza R, O'Brien FL, Wang JJ, Fujita KP, Howard JF, Jr. and Regain Study G. Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2019;60:14-24. National Institute of Neurological D and Stroke rt PASSG. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The New England journal of medicine. 1995;333:1581-7. Fritz CO, Morris PE and Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141:2-18.
Dr. Justin Willer interviews Dr. Yuebing Li about his article, Clinical and Electrodiagnostic Features Of Nontraumatic Sciatic Neuropathy. This study sought to characterize etiologies and features of sciatic neuropathy unrelated to penetrating nerve trauma. Methods: This investigation was a retrospective review of 109 patients with electrodiagnostically confirmed sciatic neuropathies. Results: Hip replacement surgery represented the most common (34.9%) etiology, whereas inflammatory sciatic neuropathy was seen in 7.3%. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed an axonal neuropathy in 95.4% and a demyelinating neuropathy in 4.6%. Predominant involvement of the peroneal division was seen in 39.4% and was tibial in 5.5%. Nine of 31 (29.0%) patients who had MRI or neuromuscular ultrasound study showed abnormalities within the sciatic nerve. At the final visit, 46.4% of patients required assistance for ambulation. Young age, lack of severe initial weakness, and presence of tibial compound muscle action potential or sural sensory nerve action potential were predictors of favorable outcome. Discussion: Sciatic neuropathies are usually axonal on electrodiagnostic testing, affect preferentially the peroneal division, and are commonly associated with incomplete recovery. Muscle Nerve 59:309–314, 2019.
Dr. Behzad Elahi interviews Dr. Devin I. Rubin on his article, Needle Electromyography and Histopathologic Correlation in Myopathies. Fibrillation potentials and short-duration MUPs predict pathologic changes of muscle fiber necrosis, splitting, and/or vacuolar changes (as seen with inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies). Absence of fibrillation potentials suggests other myopathologic changes (e.g., congenital myopathy). Muscle Nerve 59:315-320, 2019.
Dr. Justin Willer interviews Dr. Athar Parveen on her article, Long‐term neuromuscular outcomes of west nile virus infection A clinical and electromyographic evaluation of patients with a history of infection. The study found that 33% of these patients (10 of 30) showed abnormalities on either nerve conduction or needle electromyography due to primary or secondary outcomes of WNV infection. Most common electrodiagnostic findings and causes of long-term disability were related to anterior horn cell poliomyelitis (WNV poliomyelitis). Electrical data on these patient populations were similar to those observed in chronic poliomyelitis. With more than 16,000 cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease reported across the USA since 1999, understanding clinical outcomes from infection will provide a resource for physicians managing long-term care of these patients. Muscle Nerve 57: 77-82, 2018.
Dr. Speelziek interviews Dr. Kurt Kimpinski and Dr. Luciano Sposato on their article, Subcutaneous versus intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic autoimmune neuropathies. A meta-analysis. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is an evidence-based treatment for multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Recently, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SC-Ig) has received increasing attention. The authors performed a meta-analysis of reports of efficacy and safety of SC-Ig versus IVIg for inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies.The efficacy of SC-Ig is similar to IVIg for CIDP and MMN and has a significant safety profile. Muscle Nerve 55: 802-809, 2017.
Dr. Willer interviews Dr. Johanna Hamel and Dr. Eric Logigian about their article Acute Nutritional Axonal Neuropathy. This study describes clinical, laboratory, and electrodiagnostic features of a severe acute axonal polyneuropathy common to patients with acute nutritional deficiency in the setting of alcoholism, bariatric surgery (BS), or anorexia. Thirteen patients were identified with a severe, painful, sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy that developed over 2-12 weeks with sensory ataxia, areflexia, variable muscle weakness, poor nutritional status, and weight loss, often with prolonged vomiting and normal cerebrospinal fluid protein. Vitamin B6 was low in half and thiamine was low in all patients when obtained before supplementation. Patients improved with weight gain and vitamin supplementation, with motor greater than sensory recovery. The authors suggest that acute or subacute axonal neuropathy in patients with weight loss or vomiting associated with alcohol abuse, BS, or dietary deficiency is one syndrome, caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Muscle Nerve 57: 33-39, 2018.
Dr. Scott Speelziek interviews Dr. Pushpa Narayanaswami and Dr. Lyell K Jones about the article, The Value Transformation of Heath Care: Impact on Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Beginning in 2017, most physicians who participate in Medicare are subject to the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA), the milestone legislation that signals the US health care system's transition from volume-based to value-based care. Here we review emerging trends in development of value-based healthcare systems in the US. MACRA and the resulting Quality Payment Program create 2 participation pathways, the Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) and the Advanced Alternative Payment Model (AAPM) pathway. Although there are several program incentives for AAPM participation, to date there have been few AAPM options for specialists. MIPS and its widening bonus and penalty window will likely be the primary participation pathway in the early years of the program. Value-based payment has the potential to reshape health care delivery in the United States, with implications for neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic (EDX) specialists. Meaningful quality measures are required for neuromuscular and EDX specialists. Muscle Nerve 56: 679-683, 2017.
Dr. Ted Burns interviews Dr. Elie Naddaf and Dr. Margherita Milone about the article Hereditary Myopathies With Early Respiratory Insufficiency in Adults. Hereditary myopathies with early respiratory insufficiency as a predominant feature of the clinical phenotype are uncommon and underestimated in adults. The authors highlighted the most common hereditary myopathies associated with early respiratory insufficiency as the predominant clinical feature, and underscored the importance of a timely diagnosis for patient care. Muscle Nerve 56: 881-886, 2017.
Dr. Ted Burns interviews Dr. Timothy Dillingham about the Normative Data Taskforce (NDTF) report on establishing high quality reference values for nerve conduction studies (NCS). Because there are not uniform standards for NCS in the United States, the NDTF developed consensus-based methodological criteria for examining NCS and applied this quality criteria to a systematic review of the published literature. The NDTF has done the difficult work of scouring the literature and identifying high quality articles for our members. Nerve conduction testing techniques and normative reference values from these studies that met a high quality standard are now presented for our membership to use in an easy to follow tabular format. Two reports on the work of the NDTF were published in the September issue of Muscle and Nerve: Muscle Nerve. 2016 Sep;54(3):366-70. doi: 10.1002/mus.25204 and Muscle Nerve. 2016 Sep;54(3):371-7.
Dr. Justin Willer interviews Dr. Kelly Gwathmey about her article, Sensory Neuronopathies. The sensory neuronopathies (or ganglionopathies) are a small subcategory of neuropathies characterized by primary degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons, resulting in a distinctive clinical presentation. Patients typically have subacute onset of asymmetric, non–length-dependent sensory impairment and early ataxia. The etiologies of acquired sensory neuronopathies are rather limited. Early identification is imperative, as they may herald an underlying malignancy or an autoimmune condition such as Sjögren syndrome. This podcast reviews the Muscle and Nerve article on this subject. Muscle Nerve 53: 8–19, 2016.
Dr. Justin Willer interviews Dr. Lisa Hobson Webb about her Muscle and Nerve article on safely tapering mycophenolate mofetil in myasthenia gravis patients. MMF is frequently used to treat patients with MG but there is little information to guide clinicians on the safety of reducing the dose in well-controlled patients. Discussion includes standard dosages, determining clinical response to MMF and suggested goals in tapering MMF. Muscle Nerve. 2015 Aug;52:211-5. doi: 10.1002 mus.24694. Epub 2015 Jun 18.
In this second part of the Clinical Presentation and Acquired Causes of Rhabdomyolysis podcast, Dr. Ted Burns interviews Drs. Jessica Nance and Andrew Mammen about their paper Diagnostic evaluation of rhabdomyolysis from the June 2015 issue of Muscle and Nerve. Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by severe acute muscle injury resulting in muscle pain, weakness, and/or swelling with release of myofiber contents into the bloodstream. Symptoms develop over hours to days after an inciting factor and may be associated with dark pigmentation of the urine. This podcast focuses on the inherited etiologies. For the article in Muscle and Nerve refer to Muscle Nerve 51: 793-810, 2015.
Dr. Ted Burns interviews Drs. Jessica Nance and Andrew Mammen about their paper Diagnostic evaluation of rhabdomyolysis from the June 2015 issue of Muscle and Nerve. This podcast focuses on the clinical presentation and acquired causes which can include substance abuse, medication or toxic exposures, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrine disturbances, and autoimmune myopathies. For the article in Muscle and Nerve refer to Muscle Nerve 51: 793-810, 2015.
This podcast, Electrodiagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (Une): a Bayesian approach, is based on an article in Muscle Nerve. 2014 Mar;49(3):337-44. doi: 10.1002/mus.23913.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and palliative care: Where we are, and the road ahead by Dr. Leslie J. Blackhall, interviewed by Dr. Michael K. Hehir. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have high symptom burdens, including pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and sialorrhea, and they must make difficult decisions about the use of life-prolonging therapies, such as long-term mechanical ventilation. The impact of ALS is also felt by family caregivers who often struggle to meet the heavy physical, financial, and emotional demands associated with the illness. Expert multidisciplinary care may improve both quality and length of life of patients with ALS. However, although advances have been made in the treatment of some symptoms, others, including pain management, remain poorly studied. Involvement of palliative care specialists as part of the ALS multidisciplinary team is recommended, as we continue to work toward improving the quality of life for patients and their families. Muscle Nerve, 2012. The ideas and opinions expressed are solely those of the specific authors and do not necessarily represent those of AANEM.
Inherited Neuropathies: Clinical Overview and Update by Drs. Christopher Klein and Michael Shy interviewed by Dr. Laurie Gutmann. Muscle Nerve. 2013 Jan 30. doi: 10.1002/mus.23775
Drs. Ted Burns and Vera Bril discuss the article Evidence Based Guidelines on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2011;43:910-7.
Drs. Ted Burns and Christopher Spurney discuss the article Cardiomyopathy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: current understanding and future directions in Muscle Nerve 2011;44:8-19.
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