Podcasts about Terman

Being an Architect is difficult and there is plenty of evidence that this is not a vocation that is suitable for everyone. The coursework you will take in college is all over the place – from the drawing and design classes to physics and upper level math requirements, you seem to have to be both an artist and a scientist to go down this path. This begs the question, Just how smart do you need to be in order to become an architect? Welcome to Episode 171: The IQ of an Architect [Note: If you are reading this via email, click here to access the on-site audio player]  Today Andrew and I are going to be talking about intelligence quotient and architects. This was a topic that I tackled with the 3rd blog post I ever wrote (titled IQ's and Jobs), and for years, it was a foundational blog post in the development of my website because so many people read that article. I just checked and it currently has 92 comments, and almost amusingly, there are some angry people out there and they are vocalizing their discontent. When I was younger, probably between the ages of 8 and 12, I bet I took 20 of them. My mother was a school teacher and all of her schoolteacher friends Would use me and my sisters as practice subjects as they were pursuing diagnostician licenses. I am going to confess right now that this is a nerdy episode because there is a lot of data that needs to be presented and digested in order for us to have a fruitful conversation. The History jump to 8:21 The origins of the IQ test can be traced back to early-20th-century France. In 1904, the French Ministry of Education commissioned psychologist Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon to develop a method to identify children who required special educational assistance. The result was the first practical intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale (published in 1905). The French government needed a systematic way to distinguish students whose learning challenges were not being met in the regular classroom. The aim was to provide extra support, not to label them pejoratively or permanently, but to help tailor education to their needs. Binet and Simon introduced the concept of a “mental age.” The test included a series of tasks grouped by age level (e.g., tasks that an average 7-year-old could handle, an average 8-year-old could handle, etc.). A child's performance on age-relevant tasks indicated their “mental age”—a reflection of cognitive performance relative to age-based norms. Memory: Recalling digits or sentences Problem-Solving: Completing puzzles or analogies Verbal Skills: Defining words, understanding analogies Attention & Comprehension: Following instructions, basic reasoning The tasks grew progressively more complex. If a child could perform the tasks that most 8-year-olds could but not those of a typical 9-year-old, the test would assign that child a “mental age” of 8. Although Binet did not explicitly define IQ as a single number, the later concept of IQ was directly inspired by the idea of mental age. Psychologist William Stern (1912) introduced the term Intelligenzquotient (Intelligence Quotient) as a ratio. Not long after Binet and Simon released their scale, Lewis Terman at Stanford University adapted and expanded their test. The resulting Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (first published in 1916) formalized the IQ concept for the English-speaking world and continued to refine “mental age” benchmarks. Terman's goal was to make Binet's test more suitable for the American population by adjusting questions, norms, and scoring based on data from U.S. schoolchildren. He also introduced the now-familiar numeric scale with an average (mean) of 100 and a set standard deviation—initially, each standard deviation was 15–16 IQ points. Terman's (Circa 1916) Stanford-Binet Categories Although the exact cutoff points and names varied slightly in different editions,

How do you raise children to value their uniqueness while also growing in maturity? Sally Clarkson returns to the show to discuss with Joseph Holmes and Nathan Clarkson the new book by Sally and Nathan: "Uniquely You" Discrimination against left-handed people: https://www.press.jhu.edu/newsroom/stuttering-and-retraining-left-handed-children-mid-century-us#:~:text=By%20the%20second%20decade%20of%20the%20twentieth,retraining%20left%2Dhanders%20had%20negative%20consequences%2C%20especially%20stuttering.&text=Terman%20(1877%2D1956)%20concluded%20that%20a%20third%20to,attempts%20to%20transform%20left%2Dhanded%20children%20into%20right%2Dhanders. Howard Gardener's Multiple Intelligences: https://www.niu.edu/citl/resources/guides/instructional-guide/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences.shtml Mental illness vs neurodiversity debate: https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/mental-disorder-or-neurodiversity "Gentle Parenting" creates unhappy children: https://ifstudies.org/blog/do-your-political-beliefs-affect-your-parenting- Blesses: Finding Forrester (Movie) A Wrinkle in Time (Book) Anne of Green Gables (Book)   Curses: A Wrinkle in Time (Movie) Anti-Family Trends in Pixar Films (Movie) Websites: Nathan Clarkson: nathanclarkson.me Joseph Holmes: josephholmesstudios.com Sally Clarkson: sallyclarkson.com   Buy "Uniquely You" today: https://www.amazon.com/Uniquely-You-Exploring-Extraordinarily-Distinctive/dp/0802432786/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.FLcU4czIiBsDVW0-BpzfHq3dMhqKT9xdOS7adg1hFrVBwKbNFU303KovJtg_yaYhaHXp8OeXQ9FovH4JL_HdY8IkLJ5kIUGRiHccIXp0L3rMwN3ZroPoO7r0AhYIMfM2DsIz3LIU7UsJejV-zAC-nWCV4nSEE7tPq2oenPkJ9DWVwl6P364nvIjha3VvZCPK0oHEtGjRNtFQJh2Zi-KVcG_j2-xi2rLbGfYC-FDg_jU.Pi6PI6MI84yTG4gWtYRCTE_TobJhNqyCjBhcSXIE0Xs&dib_tag=se&keywords=uniquely+you&qid=1736131771&sr=8-1  

This week I discuss the growing trend of light therapy and its potential to improve physical and mental well-being. I explain that light therapy works by exposing the body to specific wavelengths of light that are absorbed by our cells, triggering biochemical changes and promoting healing and regeneration. The main benefits of light therapy include:- treating seasonal affective disorder, - combating hair loss, - wound healing, and supporting immune function. I also emphasize the importance of focusing on the basic pillars of health before considering light therapy as a biohack. I also mention the science behind red light therapy, including its ability to increase ATP production and reduce oxidative stress!Episode Resources:https://www.jacuzzi.com/en-us/infraredhttps://joovv.com/Finsen, N.R. (1903). Finsen Light Therapy. Nobel Prize Lecture. Retrieved from [Nobel Prize](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1903/finsen/lecture/)Terman, M., Terman, J.S. (2005). Light Therapy for Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression: Efficacy, Protocol, Safety, and Side Effects. CNS Spectrums. doi:10.1017/S1092852900018634.Hamblin, M.R. (2017). Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophysics, 4(3), 337-361. Retrieved from [AIMS Biophysics](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5523874/)Zabilia, E., Georgakopoulos, J., & Eleftheriadou, M. (2014). Phototherapy in dermatology. Clinics in Dermatology, 32(1), 733-739. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001.Warden-Smith, P. (2009). The Role of Red and Near-Infrared Light in Promoting Healing, Pain Relief, and Tissue Regeneration: A Review. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 1(1-2), 63-71. These references highlight the origins, mechanisms, and diverse applications of light therapy, providing a comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic potential.If you love the Get Lean Eat Clean Podcast, we'd love for you to subscribe, rate, and give a review on Apple Podcasts and Spotify! Until next time!Links:Watch Get Lean Eat Clean podcast video episodes on YouTube!How to Take Simple Steps to Reclaim the Body, Energy, and Strength You Had 10-15 Years Ago Using My Stepladder System:https://www.stepladdersystem.com/B.rad Whey Protein Isolate Superfuel:The Best Protein on The Planet! Available in Two Delicious Flavors: Vanilla Bean and Cocoa BeanUse Coupon Code glec10off for 10% off your order!https://a.co/d/731gssVFifth (5th) Element Mineral Rich Living Sea Blend:This is the World's most pure, best tasting and broadest spectrum unrefined, solar dehydrated, hand harvested Sea Salt!This artisan salt is exactly suited for hydrating the body's cells from head to toe. Just melt a small amount into the water you drink and enjoy a great tasting elixir that supplies your body the minerals it is craving.This supports a very healthy cardiovascular system that improves daily the longer you consume it in your water.https://tracking.activationproducts.com/JRD6SLRT/2H6QR9N/Upgraded Formulas hair mineral test (Coupon Code: GETLEAN10) :https://www.upgradedformulas.com/pages/kit?rfsn=6677062.f87541&utm_source=refersion&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_campaign=6677062.f87541X3 Bar: Variable Resistance Technology allows for a full body workout in only 10 minutes! Use discount code "Save50" for $50 off your purchase! https://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-100286468-13650338| Listen to the Get Lean Eat Clean Podcast |►Apple Podcasts | https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/get-lean-eat-clean/id1540391210►Spotify | https://open.spotify.com/show/0QmJzYZsdV6tUNbDxaPJjS| Connect with Brian |►Website | https://www.briangryn.com►Instagram | https://www.instagram.com/bdgryn►Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/getleanandeatclean►Twitter | https://twitter.com/grynnerwinner

When psychologist Lewis Terman launched his decades-long study of high-IQ children in 1921, he had a specific goal in mind: to prove that "gifted" people were born leaders, and superior in just about every way. Although his theory didn't pan out, Terman did kick off national interest in identifying and cultivating intellectually gifted children.Just over a century later, experts in science, education, and psychology are grappling with questions about how we define giftedness, who qualifies as gifted, how we should teach and treat gifted children, and where the limits of their talents lie.On this episode, we hear stories about the challenges of growing up gifted, how musical prodigies are made — and identified, and what a chess wunderkind has to teach us about the value of raw talent vs. experience.Learn more about sponsor message choices: podcastchoices.com/adchoicesNPR Privacy Policy

How Tony Stark, the myth of meritocracy, and our unspoken beliefs about genius explain Elon Musk and the (re)turn of eugenics to the right wing Blog version and information about podcast and mailing list: https://literatemachine.com/2024/04/01/elon-musk-wokeness-and-the-myth-of-meritocracy If you enjoyed this, please tell someone, as word-of-mouth is how projects like this grow. For as little as $1 an episode, you can get exclusive authors notes, excerpts, and early access to episodes by supporting me on Patreon at: https://www.patreon.com/ericrosenfield Thanks to my current Patrons: Kathryn Carruthers, Gabi Ghita, Hristo Kolev, Kevin Cafferty, Ulysse Pence, Wilma Ezekowitz, IndustrialRobot, Not Invader Zim, Jason Quackenbush, Arthur Rosenfield, and Nancy S. Rosen Bibliography and Further Reading Interview with Stan Lee where he talks about the creation of Iron Man: https://screenrant.com/stan-lee-iron-man-unlikable-hero-creation-marvel/ How Albert Einstein was no "lone genius": https://www.nature.com/articles/527298a The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn, 1962 How many filaments Edison tried in creating the lightbulb: http://uncommoncontent.blogspot.com/2015/05/how-many-times-did-edison-fail-in.html Talented and Gifted programs and their legacy of Eugenics: https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/the-forgotten-history-of-eugenics/ On the creation of the IQ Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2bKaw2AJxs Alfred Binet thought intellegence couldn't be reduced to a number: https://www.verywellmind.com/history-of-intelligence-testing-2795581 while Lewis Terman disagreed: https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-vexing-legacy-of-lewis-terman Terman study subjects results more about socioeconomic status than intelligence: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beautiful-minds/200909/the-truth-about-the-termites and the high performers and low performers had about the same IQ: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/07/science/75-years-later-study-still-tracking-geniuses.html The Bell Curve is based on junk, fraudulent "science": https://youtu.be/UBc7qBS1Ujo?si=UMJKOTiArp9qSnca What Intelligence Tests Miss, Keith E. Stanovich, 2009 On "Gifted Kig Syndrome": https://thehowleronline.org/6490/viewpoint/former-gifted-child-syndrome/ Local education systems are funded by property taxes: https://www.npr.org/2016/04/18/474256366/why-americas-schools-have-a-money-problem DeSantis campaign says "woke" is awareness of systemic injustice: https://www.motherjones.com/mojo-wire/2022/12/desantis-ron-woke-florida-officials/ Someone working 40 hours a week at minimum wage is still below the poverty line: https://www.cnn.com/factsfirst/politics/factcheck_7e5bc7fa-1a5a-4c29-958f-53a07ac1b9ab# Why DEI was created: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/5-reasons-support-affirmative-action-college-admissions/ Study where resumes were sent out with stereotypically black and white names and their results: https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/mar/15/jalen-ross/black-name-resume-50-percent-less-likely-get-respo/ On the long, toxic history of "Cultural Marxism": https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/opinion/cultural-marxism-anti-semitism.html Cultural Marxism and the "vast, Jewish conspiracy": https://www.dailydot.com/debug/what-is-cultural-marxism/ The "Hyperloop" is an idea that can never work: https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/elon-musk-hyperloop/ and was just a ploy to disrupt the development of trains in California: https://time.com/6203815/elon-musk-flaws-billionaire-visions/ Wired story from 2018 about Musk mistreating his employees: https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/ Some More News on Musk: https://youtu.be/5pNL7MlUpmI?si=GNFvsKQQRpyfw-MH Tesla cars fall apart in motion: https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/tesla-musk-steering-suspension/ Tesla cars suspected of turning off self-driving moments before a crash: https://futurism.com/tesla-nhtsa-autopilot-report Musk not interested in labor laws or regulations: https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-spacex-twitter-inc-technology-business-8912c2a2f282b395d3630b3589fa25bc More on Musk mistreating employees: https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-11-14/elon-musk-toxic-boss-timeline Musk spreading lies on Twitter: https://futurism.com/elon-musk-black-students-low-iqs Musk antisemitic tweets: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/nov/16/elon-musk-antisemitic-tweet-adl Musk racist tweets about asylum-seekers: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/elon-musk-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-1234941337/ Musk the eugenicist: https://disconnect.blog/why-silicon-valley-is-bringing-eugenics/

How do you stop a government from continuing to commit human rights abuses? You could take them to an international court of justice, or file a complaint at the UN. But none of those bodies have any enforcement power. Short of going to war, the only option on the table in most international situations is to name and shame. But is that strategy effective?In her new book, “The Geopolitics of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works and When It Backfires,” University of Chicago political scientist Rochelle Terman argues that there is a real dilemma to international human rights pressure: Shaming is most common in situations where it is least likely to be effective; and, most troublingly, it can often make human rights abuses worse. Link to the advertised Chicago Booth Review Podcast:  https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/podcast?source=cbr-sn-bbr-camp:podcast24-20240222

In this interview with RevDem editor Kasia Krzyżanowska, Rochelle Terman discusses her most recent book The Geopolitics of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works—and When It Backfires published with Princeton University Press (2023). Rochelle Terman -- an assistant professor of the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago. Her first book, The Geopolitics of Shaming: When Human Rights Pressure Works—and When It Backfires, was published in 2023 with Princeton University Press.

Silicon Valley emerged from work in World War II led by Stanford professor Fred Terman developing microwave and electronics for Electronic Warfare systems. In the 1950's and 1960's, spurred on by Terman, Silicon Valley was selling microwave components and systems to the Defense Department, and the first fledging chip companies (Shockley, Fairchild, National, Rheem, Signetics…) were in their infancy. But there were no computer companies. Silicon Valley wouldn't have a computer company until 1966 when Hewlett Packard shipped the HP 2116 minicomputer.

Découvrez le LIVRE Neurosapiens !  Pour apprendre à créer rapidement et à moindre coût son podcast, c'est par ici !  Production, animation, réalisation et illustration : Anaïs Roux Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/neurosapiens.podcast/ Pour m'écrire : neurosapiens.podcast@gmail.com Produit et distribué en association avec LACME Production. Audio :  Play-Doh meets Dora - Carmen María and Edu Espinal Good times - Patrick Patrikios. Sources :  Lewy AJ, Bauer VK, Cutler NL, et al. Morning vs Evening Light Treatment of Patients With Winter Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(10):890–896. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.890 Eastman CI, Young MA, Fogg LF, Liu L, Meaden PM. Bright Light Treatment of Winter Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(10):883–889. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.883 Terman, J. S., Terman, M., Schlager, D., Rafferty, B., Rosofsky, M., Link, M. J., Gallin, P. F., & Quitkin, F. M. (1990). Efficacy of brief, intense light exposure for treatment of winter depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26(1), 3–11.

Każdy sukces ojców ma wielu - ale jest jeden człowiek, który położył kamień węgielny pod stworzenie innowacyjnego serca Ameryki. Nie był ani genialnym naukowcem, ani przedsiębiorcą. Fred Terman był za to świetnym organizatorem i łącznikiem ludzi. Główne źrodło: "Fred Terman at Stanford. Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley" Stewart Gilmor Muzyka: Make Love by HoliznaCC0

How an Ashland University T-shirt made a surprise appearance on 'Ted Lasso': https://www.richlandsource.com/life_and_culture/how-an-ashland-university-t-shirt-made-a-surprise-appearance-on-ted-lasso/article_4125a9ca-c799-5a68-9a0c-abe7b048f74f.html?block_id=1098581 Today – How an Ashland University T-shirt made a surprise appearance on 'Ted Lasso'!Support the show: https://www.sourcemembers.com/See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This Episode we interview Angela Gentile, Andrew Terman, Amber Kivett about their take on being a Gym Owner. Welcome to the Gym Lords Podcast, where we talk with successful gym owners to hear what they're doing that is working RIGHT NOW, and to hear lessons and failures they've learned along the way. We would love to share your story! If you'd like to be featured on the podcast, fill out the form on the link below. https://gymlaunchsecrets.com/podcast

This Episode we interview Angela Gentile, Andrew Terman, Amber Kivett about their take on being a Gym Owner. Welcome to the Gym Lords Podcast, where we talk with successful gym owners to hear what they're doing that is working RIGHT NOW, and to hear lessons and failures they've learned along the way. We would love to share your story! If you'd like to be featured on the podcast, fill out the form on the link below. https://gymlaunchsecrets.com/podcast

Are you having issues with the Daylight Savings time changeover?  If so, check out this episode to discover some tips to help better manage.Research:Sleep disturbances: Kantermann, T., Juda, M., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2007). The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Current Biology, 17(22), 1996-2000. Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 18(1), 80-90.  Mood changes: Kantermann, T., & Roenneberg, T. (2007). Is light-at-night a health risk factor or a health risk predictor?. Chronobiology International, 24(6), 1077-1088. Terman, M., & Terman, J. S. (2001). Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects. CNS spectrums, 6(3), 223-236.  Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes:Janszky, I., & Ljung, R. (2008). Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(18), 1966-1968. Manfredini, R., Boari, B., Smolensky, M. H., Salmi, R., la Cecilia, O., Maria Malagoni, A., ... & Portaluppi, F. (2016). Daylight saving time and myocardial infarction: should we be worried? A review of the evidence. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 20(10), 2004-2012. https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/why-daylight-saving-time-could-increase-your-heart-attack-riskhttps://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/10/26/can-daylight-saving-time-hurt-the-heart-prepare-now-for-spring Decreased work performance: Barnes, C. M., Drake, C. L., & Prior, L. (2015). Daylight saving time, sleep, and work injuries. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(7), e73-e77. Barger, L. K., Wright Jr, K. P., & O'Brien, C. S. (2021). Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(4), 779-780. https://www.concentra.com/resource-center/articles/watch-out-for-work-injury-spikes-after-daylight-saving-time/#:~:text=Studies%20reveal%20a%20correlation%20between,days%20following%20daylight%20saving%20time.Increased traffic accidents: Coren, S. (1996). Daylight savings time and traffic accidents. New England Journal of Medicine, 334(14), 924-925. Lahti, T. A., & Leppämäki, S. J. (2017). Daylight saving time transitions and road traffic accidents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 54, 139-145. To learn more visit www.ShiftHealthCoach.comSchedule a free 15 session with me or purchase a full session and walk away with an actionable plan. To learn more, visit www.ShiftHealthCoach.comMusic by Alex Grohl and Pixabay click here to listen to learn more T

It's not just your imagination: the winter sads are the real deal. With less sunlight and more darkness over the winter months, you might feel slow and heavy in both body and spirit. But there are solutions -- we don't actually have to live like this. And that's why I brought Dr. Michael Terman, one of top experts in the use of light therapy, onto the podcast to teach us specifically what we need to do to overcome this particular seasonal problem. Here's his episode.   Connect with this episode: Read about the Center for Environmental Therapeutics Take the circadian rhythm assessment Follow the Center for Environmental Therapeutics on Facebook Follow Humans Outside on Instagram Follow Humans Outside on Facebook Some of the good stuff: [3:35] Dr. Michael Terman's favorite outdoor space [5:23] How he got into the study of light therapy and circadian rhythm [6:41] What his research found [10:52] What light has to do with depression [16:28] Where is it a problem? [19:15] Does this have to be a problem year after year? [26:33] What does going outside have to do with it? [34:09] What is a light box and how to find one [44:44] Dr. Terman's favorite outdoor moment

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow 1/4: The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence Hardcover – July 27, 2021 by  Marilyn Brookwood  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686/ref=sr_1_1?crid=293NWH18U2CDX&keywords=ORPHANS+OF+DAVENPORT&qid=1669244797&s=books&sprefix=orphans+of+davenport%2Cstripbooks%2C77&sr=1-1 “Doomed from birth” was how psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal. Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience.

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow 2/4: The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence Hardcover – July 27, 2021 by  Marilyn Brookwood  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686/ref=sr_1_1?crid=293NWH18U2CDX&keywords=ORPHANS+OF+DAVENPORT&qid=1669244797&s=books&sprefix=orphans+of+davenport%2Cstripbooks%2C77&sr=1-1 “Doomed from birth” was how psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal. Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience.

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow 3/4: The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence Hardcover – July 27, 2021 by  Marilyn Brookwood  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686/ref=sr_1_1?crid=293NWH18U2CDX&keywords=ORPHANS+OF+DAVENPORT&qid=1669244797&s=books&sprefix=orphans+of+davenport%2Cstripbooks%2C77&sr=1-1 “Doomed from birth” was how psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal. Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience.

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. 1944 @Batchelorshow 4/4: The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence Hardcover – July 27, 2021 by  Marilyn Brookwood  (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686/ref=sr_1_1?crid=293NWH18U2CDX&keywords=ORPHANS+OF+DAVENPORT&qid=1669244797&s=books&sprefix=orphans+of+davenport%2Cstripbooks%2C77&sr=1-1 “Doomed from birth” was how psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal. Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience.

From Prison to Professor: Education is most powerful tool to reduce recidivism: https://www.richlandsource.com/news/from-prison-to-professor-education-is-most-powerful-tool-to-reduce-recidivism/article_e7f8d5c3-8f26-5f64-ad52-490b8ce1cf45.html Today - An Ohio Professor's journey from prison to academia. Support the show: https://www.sourcemembers.com/See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Si hay un lugar en el mundo que se pueda considerar como la ‘meca de la tecnología', este está en California y recibe el nombre de Silicon Valley. Su nombre significa Valle del Silicio y hace alusión a la rápida explosión de empresas dedicadas a la electrónica y a la computación que fueron creadas allí a lo largo de la década de los 80. Esta zona está situada en la Bahía de San Francisco, es la sede de las compañías más importantes del sector y funciona como un centro de innovación en el que todas las start-ups desean instalarse. Sin embargo, lo que muy pocos saben es cómo se creó este pequeño gran imperio y quién o quiénes fueron los precursores de una región que fue creada para revolucionar el mundo de la informática. Se lo contamos. Esta historia comienza en los años 30, cuando Disney comienza a trabajar en su tercera película, una cinta que acabaría convirtiéndose en otro gran clásico de la factoría. Se trata de ‘Fantasía', largometraje musical que llegó a la gran pantalla tras los exitosos lanzamientos de ‘Blancanieves y los 7 enanitos' y ‘Pinocho'. En ‘Fantasía', la reproducción del sonido en las salas era clave y, para ello, Disney decidió comprar ocho osciladores de baja frecuencia, una máquina electrónica que permitía sincronizar los efectos de sonido de la cinta y desarrollar el sistema Fantasound, considerado el antecesor del Dolby Surround. Este oscilador del que hablamos fue inventado por dos emblemáticos ingenieros. Hablamos de Hewlett y Packard, quienes poco después acabarían fundando su propia empresa, Hewlett Packard Company, popularmente conocida como HP. Estos dos jóvenes emprendedores tenían como profesor en la Universidad de Stanford a Frederick Terman, considerado por muchos como ‘el padre de Silicon Valley'. Este fue quien animó a sus pupilos a crear su propia compañía y ambos decidieron seguir su consejo: El 1 de enero de 1939 fundaron HP en un garaje ubicado en la ciudad de Palo Alto, dentro del condado californiano de Santa Clara. Se ponía así la primera piedra de aquel ‘valle del silicio'. En la década de los 50, se produce al fin el despegue de HP y, de la mano, del propio Palo Alto, donde la población se multiplicó exponencialmente y sus huertos fueron sustituidos por carreteras, negocios y escuelas. El parque tecnológico Stanford Industrial Park, promovido por el profesor Terman, se convirtió poco a poco en foco de atracción para otras empresas que hicieron de aquel lugar el corazón de Silicon Valley.En aquella zona ubicada al sur de la Bahía de San Francisco comenzó a hervir una cultura del emprendimiento y la creatividad que han logrado mantener hasta nuestros días. Todo ello, ha sido, en parte, gracias a la gran labor social que Hewlett y Packard desarrollaron años más tarde. Por ejemplo, el primero, a través de la fundación David y Lucile Packard (su esposa), se lanzó a la caza de talentos musicales para la Sinfónica de San Francisco o creó el mejor acuario del mundo en la ciudad de Monterrey. El segundo, también junto a su mujer, impulsó con donaciones, a través de la Fundación William y Flora Hewlett, al Instituto de Tecnología de California o la Universidad de Stanford, entre otros. Casi veinte años después de la venta de aquel oscilador a Disney, la compañía empezó a diversificar su negocio y se lanzó también a crear generadores de señales microondas, aparatos médicos y calculadoras de bolsillo. Enseguida, aquel garaje comenzó a quedarse pequeño y Hewlett y Packard decidieron mudarse y trasladar su empresa a otro edificio más grande, ubicado también en Palo Alto. En esa apuesta por la innovación, la pareja de ingenieros se lanzó a entrar en 1966 en el negocio de los ordenadores. Dos años más tarde, fabricarían también la primera calculadora científica de sobremesa y programable. En 1983, revolucionan también la tecnología con el primer ordenador de pantalla táctil y, un año después, la primera impresora de inyección de tinta. HP estaba empezando a cambiar el rumbo de la electrónica e informática a nivel mundial. Otro de los asuntos en los que Hewlett y Packard fueron pioneros fue en su modelo de trabajo. Cosas que hoy suenan modernas, como la flexibilidad laboral o la presencia de salas recreativas y de descanso dentro de marcas como Google o Amazon, tienen su origen en el intento de HP de reducir el estrés de sus empleados para motivarlos y fidelizarlos. Así, tuvieron bastantes detalles con la plantilla, dando regalos a sus familias o haciéndoles partícipes de los beneficios que paulatinamente iba consiguiendo la entidad. Tanto es así, que HP fue una de las primeras compañías de Estados Unidos que fijaron un horario flexible. Sucedió en 1973 y el objetivo era que los empleados tuvieran mucho más tiempo para estar con la familia, para disfrutar del ocio o de sus negocios personales. La cosa no quedó ahí y, dos décadas después, comenzaron a fomentar de forma pionera algo que hoy en día, tras la pandemia del coronavirus, se ha instalado con mayor o menor recelo en la mayoría de las empresas: el codiciado teletrabajo. Hace ya 30 años, Hewlett y Packard entendieron que una forma sencilla y efectiva de aumentar la satisfacción laboral era implementar el trabajo a distancia. Así lo reflejó Packard en su libro: El estilo HP: Cómo Bill Hewlett y yo construimos nuestra compañía. Esta publicación ha inspirado la cultura corporativa que hoy en día se está intentando imponer en muchas sociedades. Hewlett y Packard no le tenían miedo al cambio y no dudaron nunca en tomar decisiones drásticas, en función de los desafíos que se presentaban en el mercado y siempre que fuesen por el bien de la empresa. Tras la retirada de los fundadores, ese estilo permaneció en el tiempo. Un ejemplo de ello es la absorción, en 2011, de su gran rival: la tecnológica Compaq. Aquella fusión, a pesar de suponer muchos despidos, permitió a HP sobrepasar a IBM y consolidarse como líder mundial de fabricantes de ordenadores entre 2007 y 2013. Sin embargo, el auge de los dispositivos móviles generó una crisis en el sector que obligó a la entidad a anunciar en 2014 una separación de su negocio en dos. Desde el año siguiente, HP Inc controla los ordenadores personales e impresoras, mientras que Hewlett Packard Enterprise se encarga de servicios y equipos para las empresas. Ambas tratan de competir de tú a tú con nuevos gigantes que ahora dominan el sector. Y es que HP formó e inspiró a muchos ingenieros y emprendedores que más tarde acabaron triunfando en otras compañías, como Microsoft, Amazon o Apple. El caso más evidente es el de Steve Wozniak, cofundador junto a Steve Jobs del gigante de la manzana. Wozniak diseñó el primer ordenador personal (llamado Apple I) mientras trabajaba para HP pero Hewlett Packard rechazó su idea hasta en cinco ocasiones, ya que no le interesaba el mercado doméstico. Finalmente, a pesar de su fidelidad hacia sus jefes, Wozniak dejó su trabajo y creó Apple junto a Jobs. En definitiva, un ejemplo más de que HP cambió el curso de la tecnología y fue el verdadero ‘big bang' de aquel universo informático en el que se acabaría convirtiendo Silicon Valley.

Today we talk to Samuel Terman; an epileptologist and researcher from the University of Michigan, USA, who specialises in helping people affected by seizures and epilepsy. Samuel tells us about his research into adherence to medications, polypharmacy, deprescribing, and the high rate of multiple disabilities amongst those with epilepsy. Samuel's work focuses on optimising the delivery of medical care for patients with epilepsy, through medication decisions, hospital utilisation and readmissions, and inpatient seizure monitoring quality of care.---Glossary: There are many terms used in this recording which you can find in the Epilepsy Sparks Glossary (useful for clinicians as well as patients/families): here: ww.epilepsysparks.com/glossary ---More about Samuel: www.torierobinson.com/epilepsy-sparks-insights/samuel-terman---Glossary:There are many terms used in this recording which you can find in the Epilepsy Sparks Glossary: https://www.epilepsysparks.com/glossary---Follow Torie on:Twitter: https://twitter.com/torierobinson10LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/torierobinsonInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/torierobinson10Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TorieRobinsonSpeakerCheck out the website: https://www.torierobinson.com

Photo:  Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921, depicting eugenics as a tree that unites a variety of different fields. @Batchelorshow The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood.   https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Intro: Lost Boys, Chapelle's Show, Dianne Wiest, Brian Cox, Hillary and Bill. Let Me Run This By You: I need to KNOW what your major malfunction is. Compulsive liars, mushrooms.Interview: We talk to Scott Torrence about raves, feelng famous as a club kid, and surviving Tulsa.FULL TRANSCRIPT (unedited): 1 (8s):And Jen Bosworth and I'm Gina . We went to theater school together. We survived it, but we didn't quite understand it. 20 years later, we're digging deep talking to our guests about their experiences and trying to make sense of it all. We survived theater school and you will too. Are we famous yet? And then we watched lost boys, which by the way, the lost boys is the lost boys, like from the eighties and that movie. It's hilarious. So in a real way, like there's some comedy gold in that movie that both Myles and I were like, like, look, it's a cheeseball eighties movie, but it holds up.1 (53s):There's not, there's no real. I'm trying to think of like, look the thing that Dave, there's no people of color in the movie that sucks. Yeah. But in terms of overtly racial, racist, or sexist, sexist jokes, not, and obviously it's creepy and it's a vampire flake, but it holds up, I was shocked. I thought this is going to be a piece of shit. So what is the thought, how did you arrive at watching this movie? So, okay. So that is such a great, that's a great question in that Myles and I never agree on what to watch ever, ever, ever, ever his idea of like, he wants to watch good things, right?1 (1m 35s):Like he wants to watch real stuff. I have to be in a very specific mood to watch real shit. I can't be triggered about anything in any way. I can't, it's really lame. Like I can't, so you're a delicate flower. Yeah. And I think it's also, I just am unwilling to use the brain power and the emotional wherewithal to focus on something that's like really good. So, okay. So which is why I thought lost boys. Right. Cause who cares? But it was so good, but Myles likes to watch, like he wanted me to watch the harder they fall, you know, the new sort of Western on I, I watched a little bit and it was, it was, I thought it was really, really well-written, but it was also Uber violent and Uber, like it was just too much.1 (2m 23s):So it didn't. Okay. Chappelle show. Interesting choice. We started watching the first season of Chappelle show. Wow. Wow. No, it is not a shocker that Mr. Chappelle is, is having the problems that he is having. Now, if you go back and watch the show, it's really interesting. And I, I don't know where I fall. I do think that if you kill affordable housing, I hate your guts because those were all of my former clients. And also, and just for humanity's sake. So I hate that. And we talked about that on the podcast. Right. And then, but anyway, so we stumbled upon and I was like, let's watch it pops up on my Netflix feed because why not?1 (3m 6s):And, and I was like, all right, let's watch it. And I'm expecting it to be so bad. First of all, Diane weest is a goddamn national treasure. She,2 (3m 16s):She really is. She really is. She's such a good,1 (3m 20s):Okay. So if I had to pick my, I always play this game, my new parents, my parents are going to be Brian Cox and Diane weest. Yes. I mean, it's, it's going to be very weird, but it, it, that if I quirky, I told you how I met Brian Cox and asked him to be my new dad. Excuse me. It's a lot before,2 (3m 43s):After all of the time I've spent talking to you about succession and reading Brian Cox's autobiography.1 (3m 49s):I just remembered it. I remembered it when I was talking, thinking about Diane, Diane weest lasted. It was before it was during adaptation that Nick cage made. And I like, I somehow it was, he, he was in a anyway. It doesn't matter. The point is I got to talking to him at a party and I was like, I want you to be my new dad. And at the time my dad was still alive. Right. So, oh, wow. Like, you know what his response was. I get that a lot. And he was serious. He said, people project all this shit onto me.1 (4m 30s):I believe2 (4m 31s):That makes a lot of sense. Oh, wow. Very interesting.1 (4m 35s):Yeah. This is like, before I knew anything about anything and right, right,2 (4m 39s):Right, right.1 (4m 40s):Oh my God. So we watched the lost boys, all this to say, and we just did it because it was something that we both could agree on that wasn't going to cause me weirdness because I'm weird and it wasn't going to four miles or what ends up happening because I, you know, I was watching about a Canadian cannibal the other night and he's like, I can't watch this before bed. Like, I can't under fair enough. Fair enough. But you know who, the stars of this movie are the true stars. Corey Feldman inquiry, aim pain. Yeah. And the other frog brother, they were Hulu like Cory Ames, Hames, his him, Hey right.1 (5m 25s):With age Corey Haim's delivery costumes. Oh my God. The clothing, like from the eighties and his delivery and his, his acting chops, his comedic acting chops are like fucking unparalleled. They're like on par with some deep shit. Anyway. So I that's my recommendation wash the lost boys. I wish there were people of color in it, of course, but2 (5m 53s):Maybe they'll do a remake, but that seems to be the way that they, they, you know, fix that well, not to brag, but at my dinner, my mellantine dinner last night, two other very special people were at our same restaurant. Whew. Hillary and bill Clinton. Yes. And it was so moving to see them. It was especially her, him. I'm like, I've changed my tune a little bit about him, but, and she is just as energetic and bubbly and, and kind of course, I didn't want to go up up to them.2 (6m 36s):I've never done that, but I've never gone up to a celebrity and said, can I whatever, say hello or take your picture with her. But on the way out, they were seated in such a way that you could sort of see in when, when you left. And I just didn't, you know, I just blew kisses at her and she just, you know, waved her hands and gave me a big smile. It was really, really nice. That is so awesome. We it's okay. We didn't deserve her honestly. Right. We would have, we would've ruined it in one way or another. And then juxtapose that with reading this morning. I don't know how I got on this topic. I start reading about what's happening with Kanye right now.2 (7m 19s):It's really sad.1 (7m 20s):It's2 (7m 20s):Really sad. And why are we still in this place where we, don't not enough of us to know that this is not something to joke about. This is not something to salivate over. Like this person really needs help. And the rich, the Oop, the ultra rich in some ways are in a similar position to the ultra poor when it comes to basic things like, you know, health care, we've talked about it a lot with respect to drugs and all the yes, yes. People that are in celebrities lives that ultimately I think lead to their death, but also the, this issue of mental health going, and I'm sorry, but Brittany Spears seems to be going off the rails too.2 (8m 1s):I, I'm not saying that it was right. That she was in that conservatorship, but I think she was on meds that she's not on now. And I'm sorry. I wish it weren't the case that really sick mentally ill people needed to take meds, but they do. They just do there's no, it's just the truth. There's no point in like, quibbling about it.1 (8m 29s):All this to say. I have never been in the presence of someone who literally is a compulsive liar. Like I've been around people that, cause this is LA right. Everyone is a blowhard. This person is a pathological compulsive liar. It is so, so, and the reason I bring it up is one to gossip, but to like, right, but to, to talk about this is why, like I was thinking about you, how you posted, how you saw that my name is Anna, right? Like, and how we're writing about Agnes.1 (9m 10s):Right? So Agnes, I don't think is a compulsive liar at all, but she's a con person. So there's there's and this person I was around was fascinating. And I actually, once I knew the diagnosis of a person of this person, it, it, it, it settled me. So I find, I don't know if you have this experience where, when I'm around someone and I don't know what their major malfunction is, but there is a malfunction, I am petrified. Right. I'm like, stick me in a room. And someone's like, okay, this person has narcissistic personality disorder with, you know, with, with, with psychotic tendency, whatever it is.1 (9m 57s):I'm like, okay, I know what I'm working with. Right. I know what I'm working with. The once her diagnosis, like this is a diagnosis that she's received, right. A personality. But anyway, it put, when I, so I could be in the room or outside with this person and I could say, oh, and this person is so narcissistic. They never listened to our PA, like they, they won't listen to our podcasts. She didn't even really remember who I was in a way in that way. Anyway. So they had a context or whatever. So watching a compulsive liar at work, fascinating, Gina, fascinating.1 (10m 37s):Because you can see as I'm, so I'm a kind of a gregarious gal, right? Duh. But like, I am, I like people, but I could see when I was telling a story, I was telling the story about my mushroom use. Right? And so how I tried to drive a car on mushroom, it's a Berry funny and sad and funny story. And it's a true story. Fucking happened to me with Ana Maria, who came from Vashon island and Jeffrey Brown and I, and Ana took mushrooms. You've never told me this story. It's the greatest story ever told. I mean, like you told me that you saw a family and you thought they were calling themselves the large family. That was when I was on acid. So different in solving or something different, different fake.1 (11m 18s):So, okay. Went to south America, went to Paraguay for a Migos, gave vaccinations. My partner was on a Maria Ana, Maria. She was from Vashon island off the coast of Seattle on bash on island is a hippie island on the, on the grounds of the police station. Grew hallucinogenic mushrooms. All the kids knew about it. Ana Maria decides I want to come visit you. We, we kind of made friends. I'm going to visit you in Chicago. She fucking brings tons of hallucinogens on the plane at 16 she's 16, I'm 16. But to just to disguise them, she puts them in a huge bag of popery.1 (12m 1s):So we don't know what's the mushroom and what's the popery okay. Oh, like just mixed it in. Oh yeah. So here in burping up. Well, so we didn't know Jeffrey Brown, of course. And he's fine talking about this. Cause we've talked about it. Jeffrey Brown is like, I'll do them with you. They were no measurements. There were no, we grabbed handfuls of what we thought were, oh, I was 16. Okay. Fine. It all was fun. We had a good time. It was really gross in my throat. Burned from the popery don't know how many mushroom caps I took probably a lot. Probably like, cause it doesn't take a lot, depending on the phone, it's all fun and games until they were, we, I had to drive home and I was driving my mom's Honda.1 (12m 46s):So I get in the car and we're on lake shore drive and I stopped the car and I say on lake shore drive and Ana and Jeffrey, we had dropped Jeffrey off and Jeffrey's like honest, like what are you doing? And I'm like, I have to stop the car because, and she's like, why? And I was like, I gotta be honest. I don't know how this car works. Like I couldn't figure out the mechanics of why it was. I said there's piston pistons involved. And she was like talking. Okay. So it crazy. So I'm stuck on lake shore drive. Right. And you were 16. I mean, there's so many things vulnerable about this attrition and I protein anxiety.1 (13m 29s):Right. So that's a whole, so, okay. Finally she's like, and she doesn't drive. Right? She doesn't drive. She's 16. She's never licensed yet. She doesn't know how. I barely know how so it was, she's like you have to pull back on. You have to, I think I probably managed to pull off a little bit and she's like, will you, do you know where you live? She's in a new city. She doesn't, there's no cell phones. And I'm like, I live, I know where I live. I live in Evanston. And so that was good. But then I get back in the car and I'm like, oh my God, Ana, I have bad news. And she's like, oh my God, what? And I'm like, there are people chasing us because the headlights in the bed, I was like, there are a lot of cars chasing us. What do you mean women?1 (14m 10s):Yeah. And I was like, oh my God. And so I then started to panic, of course. And I, and I go home and I'm like, my parents are having a fucking dinner party Sunday night. Here's this poor girl who brought drugs on an airplane with me who doesn't know my parents from Adam. I lived with her for two months. They don't know her. So I walk in to the dinner party and I say, I'm so sorry to interrupt, but I've just taken. Apparently I've just eaten a lot of hallucinogenic mushrooms and I'm, I'm freaking out. And my mom goes, oh my fucking God.1 (14m 52s):Like she like was pissed off. And my dad just put his head in his hands and was like, I'll talk you down. And so he was lovely. Yeah. It was great. My dad, thank God. He was a psychologist, even though he's fucked up. He had some training in this. So I sat with my dad and talked for, and then they were like, we got it. He's like, you should eat something. So like, they should have ordered it, but they're like, no, let's go to the bagel. And I'm like, okay. So we go. So we all go, my parents and this were this woman who is unknown to us other than now my parents know she's a drug dealer. Right. So we go to the bagel now.1 (15m 33s):I don't know what was happening, Gina, but we walk into the bagel and there's a clown and full clown suit behind. And I start hyperventilating and I want to leave. And my mom was like, no, you have to stay like, she's punishing me. Right. So I'm like, oh my God. Oh my God. So we say it was like a birthday party or something, but it was like Sunday night. Okay. So we sit down, the waitress comes over to the dinner party. So they all leave. Like it was a bad situation. It was like three other couples crisis teenage crisis. Okay. They leave whatever. All right. So then we go to the bagel and we see the clown or I'm like, oh my God, no, no, no.1 (16m 16s):So we set in another area and the waitress comes and literally this is what happened. My mom's like, Hey, the way they were, my mom is like a huge, super dot. And she goes, what's the soup. And the lady goes, oh, cream of mushroom. And then my mom and everybody wraps into laughter. I feel like I'm on, you know, again, tripping. So it was a bad scene. It was a bad scene. And, and I had panic attacks from that from weeks on. So I know that I need to be very careful, but okay. I tell the story for this reason. One, it's a funny story. Yeah. It was my introduction to psychedelics, but too, as I'm telling this story, I see this other person at the party livid and thinking, how can I out story this story?1 (17m 10s):Oh shoot. Oh, no, I didn't mean for that. And I thought, oh, of course not. Of course you're not living your life to injure and are looking and looking at me and thinking, you can almost see the wheels turning about like, how am I going to one up the story at this dinner party outside at 8:00 PM. Like, it it's crazy, but there's competition going. And I'm like, and then, so then this person launches into this totally unbelievable, like crazy story about hallucinogens. It was so sad. And I, I wanted to say so many things to this person.1 (17m 56s):I said nothing, cause I'm not.2 (17m 59s):Yeah. Right. That's, that's their, that's their journey. But did the person whose name we will have bleeped by the time this airs, did that person like say something to you in advance? Or you're just saying you experienced this compulsive liar.1 (18m 14s):No, no. They've known, you know, they've known this person forever and it it's the things that this person says is wild. Like we'll say I bought a house and they didn't buy a house. I am going to Greece tomorrow.2 (18m 30s):No, no. And, and the person who was having the party is just okay with it because1 (18m 36s):My husband chimes in. Cause he's, he's, he's like, why, why the fuck are you friends with this person? And they say, it's like family. It's like this weird. And the answer is, I don't know. And I don't think they know.2 (18m 50s):Yeah, right. Anyway, he was like family. I well, and you're right. What you said about when, when you know the context, I like, I have a few friends who, yeah, they, they have diagnosable personality disorders, but knowing this about them and loving them anyway, kind of gets me off the hook of like having to feel bad about it or having to feel worried about it. I mean, yeah. Those are not the people that you're necessarily going to go to with your, every intimacy. Right. But, but to just, just to like, know what brand of crazy you're dealing with can kind of make it because at the end of the day, you know, the only way, not, not that it was anybody's job to change the compulsive layer, but the only way that those people ever do eventually kind of see to a life full of more integrity is not by, I mean, sometimes I guess it's from people abandoning them, but mostly it's from people saying, you know, I love you.2 (19m 47s):And I know you're lying to me, you know, which is a hard thing for me, lying is like, is that if I'm, I don't think I've ever said before that I have a trigger, but that's, my trigger is lying. When somebody starts lying to me, I, I well up with such rage and I realize it's my own narcissism. Right? How dare you lie to me? I, you know, like as if it's something they're doing to me, instead of something that they're doing defensively for themselves in the same way that everything I do is defensively for myself. Like it's just a different brand of defense.1 (20m 25s):Yeah. It was wild2 (20m 26s):That, that recasts my own experiences with that person. Wow. Okay.1 (20m 34s):Yeah. And criminal, we've talked about this criminal things. So it's just, it's what it is for me was real reckoning with my own desire. Right. To be something that I am not like, I understand that in my bones. Okay. I guess, I guess like I practice before, like say, what would I say to this person? Cause I thought like if I was to try to quote, help this person, which I'm not going to try to do, but I'm just saying like, okay, well the urge is there to, to compat have compassion.1 (21m 16s):This is what I would say, oh, how I get it? This deep down in my bones need to be something I'm not something greater than I'm not than me. Something prettier, something thinner, something more attractive, something smarter, funnier, all the things I know that feeling. So what I grew up with that feeling it's been reinforced and I know it in my bones and I have tried every way I can think of to combat that. And nothing has worked except for the thing that I'm running the most away from, which is the truth.2 (22m 5s):Right.1 (22m 5s):It's such a fucking catch 22. It's like, so when I tell the truth, I'm so scared sometimes to tell it whether it's, I feel inadequate, I made a mistake. I, whatever it is, I'm feeling less than I feel you're mad at me. I feel all the things. If I don't say that, if I say anything, but the truth, the suffering I experience only gets multiplied.2 (22m 36s):And the person who is a compulsive liar in a way you could think about it like being a verbal tick, like if somebody had Tourette's, you know, and, and was an, every other thing they uttered was like an involuntary sound. That's almost how you could think about the compulsive liar. My, the problem that I have is I get into this thing of like, well, if I don't confront your lie, that I'm co-signing it. Which actually is not how it works. Right. I, I'm not in charge of what you say. You, you, you have lies spewing out of your mouth. I mean, that's, that's your problem.1 (23m 8s):Right. It's so interesting. And I think it, I think it, it, it, it, it just is. So it's just a fascinating part of human of human. What is it like pathology when stuff gets, and that's the way it manifests, because we just want to be so much sort of more safe and, and special. We want to be safe and special.2 (23m 39s):I think it would be like for a person who is so sick with the line, what do you, it would be like for them. I mean, what, I wonder if it's something as simple as like walking through. Okay. So what do you think is going to happen? If you tell the truth? People aren't going to like me. Okay. Well, has it ever occurred to you that people don't like you for not telling the truth? Right. Well, people aren't gonna like you. And then what, you know, because of course the thing is like, the problem is not that other people aren't gonna want you to promise that you don't like yourself. This is, this is my news. Like not pro, not profound, but profound to me, realization about life.2 (24m 20s):Is this just like really the whole thing is whether or not you love yourself. Yeah. Right. And when you're talking about relating to other people, loving other people, supporting other relationships, like pretty much RuPaul said it, if you can't love yourself, how the hell are you going to love somebody else? It's just what it is. It's like a fact, it's not even really an opinion. And, and, and I, I'm on a journey of figuring out how to love myself. And it's really scary. It's like, I have no idea how this is going to turn out. I don't know, from this. Right. But so far my furtive little steps are turning out great.2 (25m 3s):As an example, you know, I was talking to somebody about, I was talking to somebody that I'm in a, you know, that I have a closeness with about prob not even problems, but just, you know, areas of challenge and in the, in the relationship. And for the first time I didn't take this person who was telling me what they are struggling with with me. And I didn't take it personally. I took it like, oh, you're telling me what your struggle is. Okay. I get that. I didn't, I didn't have to take it on, like, as my own person, didn't have to make it about my own ego.2 (25m 48s):You know, getting feeling rejected. I could really see. And it, the only thing I can attribute it to is I have somewhat more of a better sense of myself, such that I'm not constantly looking to another person to tell me if I'm good or not. Today on the podcast, we are talking to Scott Torrance. Scott Torres is an actor. You may know him from a film that started many theater school graduates like Sean Gunn and Judy Greer and Lee curves, some called the specials.2 (26m 33s):He was also in six feet under and a film called Ray and Buffy. The vampire Slayer. Scott is currently living in his hometown of Tulsa, Oklahoma. He is running his very own hair salon and he is funny and charming and sweet and lovable. So please enjoy our conversation with Scott Torrance, Any race. Oh, okay. Good recording progress. Got it. All right. Scott Torrens. Congratulations. You survived theater school.3 (27m 7s):Thank you. By the grace of God,2 (27m 10s):Grace of God. No. Wait, did you guys graduate the same year? Right? Because you, Scott was in the class right below mine. And then1 (27m 21s):What year did you graduate? 98. Yeah. We were in the same, but listen, but listen, I was so far gone that I don't, I just couldn't even, cause I took a year off that I don't remember. Literally I remember nothing. So, so yeah, they were the same class.3 (27m 39s):Okay, awesome. Cause I was trying to rack my brain. I was like, I remember you. I remember you being a year ahead of me, both of you. And then, you know what, to be honest, if I was just gonna blame it on a whole lot of ecstasy that I did for four years, I blown out a lot of brain cells as I there's a lot of things to remember. And a lot of things that I did,2 (28m 1s):That's good into it because honestly that I think, I mean, I remember that that is what you were going through or getting into or whatever you want to call it. You were the first person I knew who was like really into rave culture, which I thought was so cool and dangerous and adventurous and exciting. Was that something you were involved in before you came to theater school?3 (28m 26s):A little bit. I am from Tulsa, Oklahoma, and I was this little gay boy raised by my mom and my aunt. And I knew from the time I knew, I knew once I knew what a big city was, I belonged in. You know, I knew that I never belonged here. And so I just started acting when I, my, my aunt Coco, my crazy aunt, Coco was an actress around town and community theater. And she took me to see Peter pan when I was six. And I fell in love with it because they flew.3 (29m 7s):And three years later at the same theater company held auditions. And I was like, I want to play Michael because I want to fly. And I practice and practice audition for it and got called back. And I got that part and the bug bit. And from that point on laser focused, and one of the things that I have, that's a blessing and a curse, I think is I have the ability to get laser focused on something and not stop until I get it. But I usually get laser focused on the wrong things. Be it the rave culture and the club, the club kids. I mean, it was fun, but I, should've probably been focused a little bit more on class.1 (29m 48s):Well, I have a question. I think that for me, I don't think there's, I mean, look, I'm not gonna de eh, say your experience. Wasn't valid because it sounds like it, but at least you had fun, right. While the rest of us were like slick. I mean, like tell us what that was like, how did you get into that culture? Because I remember being like, oh my God, these kids are so cool and they're having a fucking blast. Was it fun? First of all,3 (30m 16s):It was so much fun. It was too much fun, you know, and coming into the theater school, I knew I wasn't going to be, I knew I was going to be surrounded by people that were better than me. You know, we were all kind of like, I felt like the best of where we came from, you know? So I was prepared to not be the golden child. But what was interesting was I was very curious and I was, you know, dropped into Chicago from Tulsa, Oklahoma. And so I had no fear when I was 18. I mean, I feared the professors, but not Chicago nightlife. And so I just, I went to pro bar one night by myself. I took a class, I waited in line, freezing my ass off for like an hour.3 (31m 1s):And then I saw these magical people, like just walk through with these huge platform shoes and this crazy makeup. And I was like, oh my God, I want to beat them. And finally got in and like bought my way to the back of the club where all of these fantastic people were. And I had the nerve to just ask one of them. I'm like, where'd she get those shoes? And I'm like, oh, I have a maid. I was like, where, okay. I like a cobbler or something like that. So I got my dad's combat boots that he gave me. Cause he really wanted me to be a tough guy. And I said, I'll keep these boots. And I took them in and I got six inches of like platform attached, dressed up in these, like these like striped overalls.3 (31m 49s):And I had this like matching hat and I wore those shoes and I walked up to the club the next time. And they were like, right, this way you don't have to pay. Like, and from that point on, I felt like I felt famous.2 (32m 4s):Never occurred to me until just now that raves or theater. I don't know why that current, till, till you just said it, you made your entrance and with your correct costume on, and then you got the part. Yeah.1 (32m 18s):Great. And you were also famous. Yeah. I mean, I think that's the other thing that I've learned from talking to people like you and another guest ed we had on kind of talked about this, that like that and watching documentaries that the club kid thing was a tr a mix of like fashion show meets theater meets like calendula, like D like, so what debauchery, but it's, it's a theater. It was like theater of it meets the fashion shows. It was fantastic.3 (32m 51s):I agree. And I also on the, on the touching on the famous part, feeling famous, not having to pay $20 at the time, which was pretty hardcore. I thought to get into anywhere. I was like hobnobbing with like a Dennis Rodman in the VIP lounge was totally, he was totally hot now. He's not anymore. Billy Corgan. I mean, I was hanging with these like stars. So I felt famous. I remember talking to Billy Gorgon. I was as tall as he was, because it was six inches on this five, seven foot body we were face to face and he like, where'd you get those shoes? They're pretty cool. And I'm like, oh my God, I love you so much.3 (33m 33s):Like, it was just, it was magical. But I was also like, I was so wrapped up that it got me into some like, kinda like bad situations. And do you mean like dangerous situations? Yeah. Yeah. Well, yeah. Okay. So did you guys remember the seven minute rule? Like if you were late seven minutes, the door would close and then if the door closed three times you were completely kicked out of school. It didn't matter if it was like last semester, senior year, three times you're out. And from what I remember, our credits wouldn't transfer.3 (34m 14s):So they put the fear of God in us to like, make it on time, which I agree with. Like, I think, you know, time is money. I've never really had a problem with being prompt, but there was one night that, okay. So I had bill Burnett for voice and speech. I think it was our second year. And I just could not with him. I would just say1 (34m 40s):I got in a fight with him in class where I stormed out, because he's told me I had, I was a chicken necking and that I did this too much. And then I looked like a chicken and I couldn't take it because, and I just stormed out that motherfucker. I never liked him. Well,3 (34m 55s):He just put me to sleep and granted, I probably wasn't on any sleep, you know, going into that class. But I risk, I risked it, that biscuit and I just skipped twice. I was like, I can't, I can't, but I won't miss the third time. Now this is kind of a dark sword, but I went to so Tuesdays and Wednesdays in Chicago where like the nights that like weren't ethic and back then, and I remember just going to this gay bar and boys town just to have some drinks. And I remember all of a sudden waking up in the emergency room with restraints on my arms and legs and a catheter.3 (35m 37s):And I was like, I had no idea how he got there. I was like, what happened? And finally the doctors came in and said, you know, you were fighting us. We were trying to have, and I, I don't remember. I don't, I'm total blackout. And you guys, I've never laid a singer on anyone in my life, but they said it was a possible GHB overdose or roofie overdose. So someone bought me a drink the one night that I just went out to just have like a couple of drinks, not like eat a bunch of eggs to see, and like, you know, dance still done anyway that morning. If I hadn't gotten out of that and gotten to build Burnett's class, I would have been kicked out.3 (36m 22s):So after they removed the catheter, sorry, this is Jolene. It was, it was very, very painful. And they took the restraints off. I was like, I have to get to Bill's class or I'm going to get kicked out. And I gained my Ivy out of my arm. I like dress as fast as I could. I ran. Cause I feel like it was really close to the theater school that ER, I ran to his class and I got in there in time. I was mortified, but I was like, I can't miss this class. Like I can't or I'll be kicked out. So yeah. Does2 (36m 59s):That mean you don't know what happens to you that night?3 (37m 2s):I don't. I, I don't think because the guy that I went with supposedly like just like dropped me off. But anyway, I don't believe that anything happened to me. I think that I was trying to fight maybe because I was like in a blackout that I felt like people were like trying to undo my clothing, but it was probably like the nurses and the doctors and stuff, you know?2 (37m 30s):Right. Oh my3 (37m 31s):Dad, it was nuts. And I think about it now and I'm like, oh my God, that really was fucked up. But you know what? I made it to Bill's class. And I been,2 (37m 40s):How old were you? Eight? Was that our second year? So 193 (37m 44s):Funnier, 1920.2 (37m 47s):Oh my God. Well, I'm really sorry that happened to you. I'm really glad that nothing, nothing terrible happened to you. But I wanted to jump just back to the thing that you said in the beginning about feeling famous, because that is what my, I wouldn't have occurred to me until you said it, but that is my impression of you like that. You not in a jerky way, but that you were, it seems, you seem very self-possessed to me. Well, and for sure you had a life outside of school, which many of us didn't, so that was sort of like intriguing, but overall it does seem like you have a lot of grit as a person.2 (38m 28s):Would you say that's true?3 (38m 30s):I definitely did. Back then. I had kind of had no fee, well, I had all the fear in the theater, but, but yeah, there was, I don't know. I, you know, I think it's that like invincibility thing when you're younger, you know, the older you get, the more, or for me, the older I get, the more I'm I cherish, you know, I, I think about what I have. Like, I don't just, I don't ride brides on rollercoasters anymore. Like the last time, I mean, I went to Hawaii a few years ago with my family and my mom, like I kept being told, like take the helicopter tour is magical. It's it is a religious religious experience. I was like, so looking forward to, well, my mom booked for whatever reason, book the helicopter with the doors off you guys, it was like an hour long panic attack.3 (39m 17s):Like my nails dug it into my mom was like, I was like, make it stop. This is horrible. And then when it was over, I was like, when did I become a web? Like when did I? But I think it comes with age, right.2 (39m 28s):It totally does. I was just talking to somebody about this the other day. Oh, it was about skiing. I was talking about, about skiing. I'm saying like, I just can't ring this bell of knowing people die from skiing, like from kind of minor, sort of you make one false move and you're just dead. And just seems like not a, not a way to, it's not worth it in terms of a way to go. If you're going to take a danger, take a risk, it should be like really, really worth it. But you, so is it right to say that the thing you sort of regret or feel badly about with the partying and school, is that you, that you might've almost gotten kicked out or did you, was it, was there more to it than that?3 (40m 16s):I don't think I regret it. I mean, I'm not trying to toot my own horn, but like I had to be somewhat talented to like roll into like Shakespeare class, no pun intended roll into Shakespeare class and do some Shakespearians on it after coming straight from after hours, like on no sleep, like, I don't know how I did it, but somehow I did it and I also came out, you know, alive that God, I had a girl in my class that something really horrible happened to. And I don't know if we, I don't know if we can bleak names.3 (40m 57s):Do you guys remember like names, like, remember who I'm talking to? So that could have happened to me. You know what I mean? Like I put myself not to say that she did anything wrong at all, but you know, that could've happened to me, you know? And2 (41m 13s):For the grace of God3 (41m 14s):There, before the grace of God out,1 (41m 16s):Did you make, were there a bunch of kids at, in our class, in our school that, that you went with? I remember some, but like, did you, or did you have two totally separate groups of friends?3 (41m 28s):So starting out, I remember listening to Noel's podcasts with guys and I heard her say I was sitting around at a friend's place and I'm like, let's go to a club. But I think she was talking about me because Noel was hot and I is beautiful. She's gorgeous. And I was like, well, that'll help me get into this club. And we were friends, you know? And so she was like happy, like hanging out in the VIP room. Whereas I was ex to see did something to my body. It made me dance all night long without stopping. And so I started dropping all this baby weight. And so there was another part of it, which was body image.3 (42m 9s):You know, I was as chunky monkey my whole life. And then I just started dropping weight, like crazy because I was dancing literally all night long.1 (42m 19s):Yeah. You literally were doing cardio for 12 hours at a time, right?3 (42m 24s):Yeah. Well, yes, yes, totally. I could ring my jeans out, my big old raver jeans that I got in a lot of trouble out of theater school for wearing. Cause they said that, you know, we can't see your full movement. I could ring those with. So, I mean, it was, it was like hot yoga for 12 hours, but like, or Zumba.1 (42m 45s):So what, w w why and when, and how did the party at,3 (42m 50s):So not till later on? Not till, honestly, not till after, so, okay. So I never felt like the golden child at the theater school. I don't know if any of us said, although listening to these podcasts, like some of the people that I thought were golden, they didn't, they didn't, you know, we all have this similar experience where it's like, oh, you were scared too. Oh, wow. I had no like, Hey, you guys are scared. I thought everybody loved them. Yale. The, the only real feedback like that I had that was positive from any teachers were John Jenkins and Jane Jane alderman.3 (43m 36s):And I know that's not, I haven't heard a lot of that on this podcast, but, and I almost had kind of like imposter syndrome in her class because I was like, well, she hasn't seen my work all four years. So like I, and I felt like that was kind of competitive, like pretty competitive, but grade.1 (43m 56s):It was very weird, very3 (43m 58s):Weird. Especially the girls. Like I didn't get, you know, like I didn't get a lot of, I don't, I didn't feel the same heat from the guys as I did from some of the girls. But anyway, so I had a really amazing, it's weird. Like I had the most amazing showcase experience ever. I think I was blown away. I couldn't believe it.1 (44m 25s):This is a great story because I'm obsessed with showcase stories and they've all been horrific. It pretty. So can you tell us your experience? I'm so excited.3 (44m 35s):I would love to. Okay. So I was like freaking out about a monologue. Didn't know what to do, but Jane, you know, Jane was just, she was just kind of, you know, she didn't favor me. I didn't believe she was just kind. And she was like, just ask Zack helm to write your monologue. So I reached out to Zach who I'd never, I mean, we weren't really friends. I mean, I knew who he was, but I got his number. I called him and he said, okay, I want you to make me a mix tape and send it to me. And I'm like, okay. He's like, don't think about it. Just make me a mix tape, send it to me. And so I did, and he wrote me this monologue and it wasn't, I think this is important for actors that are about to graduate.3 (45m 24s):It wasn't a character. It wasn't, I wasn't playing anybody else. It was me ranting on stage. I walked out and I just was going off about what really pisses me off in the world. And, and so I lucked out with that Chicago showcase. I was one of those, I walked off stage and I was like, I have no idea what that was. You know, that was an out-of-body experience. I don't know if that went well, then we go to LA and it was like, all the stars aligned you guys. Like, I cannot even tell you, I got out there. I like started into this laughter started happening. And I was like, okay, I've got these people in my pocket.3 (46m 6s):So I just go on and on and rant and rave. And I got a fucking standing ovation shut. I'm not kidding you. I could not believe it. I was like, is this real? This can't be real. Like it did that. Did I imagine that? And then I remember afterwards,1 (46m 21s):Oh my God, this is the greatest thing I've ever heard.3 (46m 25s):It was one of the best moments of my entire life. Rick Murphy walks up to me and he's like, well, someone did well this evening. And I was like, oh my God. And then Jane called me into her hotel room and she sat me down and she goes, okay, look, listen, I want you to know that you have more interest than Judy Leonard or Mike Moody combined. And I was like, are you fucking kidding me? She's like, no. So I need you to go home and get some, or go to your hotel room, go night night, because you are booked like this entire time. So I don't know what everybody else did. But I took meeting after meeting, after meeting, after meeting, then one of the1 (47m 7s):Interrupt, can I interrupt you? Because I just have a question. What was that I have where you like, my whole life is about to ch like I am now a star. Cause I would be like, Hey mom, I'm never coming home. Like I'm now fucking a star.3 (47m 22s):I couldn't, I couldn't believe it. I honestly felt like I was dreaming the whole time. I was like, oh, just my dreams are coming true. And I of all people me, like, because I just felt really not, I don't know. I just, I was never, I felt like I was never really liked by most teachers, you know? And I don't think they knew what to do with me casting what? I didn't, I couldn't picture me in a lot of things. Like I couldn't see a clear picture of where I belonged in the business.1 (47m 50s):It's so interesting. I think you hit LA and LA hit you at a time where you said the stars aligned, but they were looking for something and that something was you like, that is the clear thing of like perfect match and perfect time for that. Anyway. It's just so it's such, I'm so intrigued. Keep going, keep going.3 (48m 14s):No, I agree with you. So then I, then every, so I think people were there for two days. Maybe I didn't see anybody. Cause I was just, it was one meeting after the other. And then I was told I needed to stay a day later because there was this audition for this movie called rave. And I was like, okay. So everybody else flew back to Chicago. And I had to stay in the hotel room by myself and I got the sides to the script and I was like, oh my God, I'm going to audition for a movie in Hollywood tomorrow. And by the way, all the meetings that I took, they were like, go back to Chicago, get your sad card and then move out here. That was like, basically what everyone said, go back to Chicago, get your sad card, move back here.3 (48m 59s):So I go to this audition by myself. First of all, it's hard as fuck to find a cab in LA coming from Chicago. I was like, how the hell am I going to get there? But I figured it out. I went, I auditioned for it. I didn't really know how I did flew back to Chicago. And then I found out that I booked, I booked it and I was like, wow,1 (49m 22s):Are you fucking kidding?3 (49m 26s):Not totally true. And I wasn't sag. And so they did something called a Taft-Hartley, which I don't know. I think that I should probably look that up, but it's like waves of magic wand and now you're. Yeah. So I graduated and then two weeks later flew to Los Angeles. I moved in with so Zack helm, Kate McKinnon, Kat Phillips, Ellen, Mel's Jeff you'll Terman. We're all living in this huge house in Korea town. And they're like, we would love to have you as a roommate. And I'm like, that's great because I have no idea where the hell I'm going or what I'm doing.3 (50m 9s):I flew in $5 to my name. Oh, in saffron. Don't let me forget. Saffron also lived at that house, went to sleep, woke up and I think it was Kate or Zach that drove me to set the first day. Cause mean, I didn't know directions. I didn't have a car. And I started shooting this movie and it was just totally unbelievable.1 (50m 31s):I have to just say this whole thing is unbelievable, but like, can I ask you, like when you're sitting in these meetings, because you were like, what, how old were3 (50m 39s):You? I was 21.1 (50m 42s):So you're sitting in these meetings with people. Were you able to like, do you think here's what I'm making up? Okay. And I could be wrong. Like all your stuff with like the club scene where you have to pretend and dress up and like you, and you're already famous, kind of, do you think that helped prepare you for these meetings in terms of feeling like you deserved to be there?3 (51m 4s):I don't know if, no, but you know what it did teach me like hanging out with all those club kids. When I got the, the sides to that movie, I was like, I know this guy. I argued with this guy. I mean, I, it just felt like I could totally do this. And there weren't a lot of parts. I did bomb and Gilliad with John Jenkins, my second year as an intro where I got to wear my stacks in that, in that thing. And I got to be this like over the top, flaming, like hooker boy, not to say that, you know, but I, I had something to base that off of, you know what I mean?3 (51m 45s):So that was really fun. Rave kind of just like fell. Right? I mean, it was, again, it was luck. It was like winning the lottery stars aligned. I party with this character before, so I know how to play him. And, but, but they a lot. So the agency that I liked the most, they still wouldn't sign me. They were like, this doesn't happen. So, but we still like use, so we're going to hit pocket you and we're going to send you out on auditions. And I was like, okay. And they're like, and get ready to not work. And I was like, okay. And I didn't feel entitled. I mean, I felt like I was just lucky, like right place, right.3 (52m 26s):Time stars aligned. And they started sending me out on auditions. And then I remember going to an audition that they said, you know what go, you just need to go meet this casting director because she just want to award for buggy nights. And I was like, cool. Okay. And I went in and Sean Gunn was in the room and his brother was in the room. And I, it was like a two liner for this movie called the specials and Judy was in it and, and Sean was in it. And so I walk in and I do the two lines. They're like, did you Goodman? And I said, yes, I shared it. And they're like, thanks. And then I get a phone call for me. You booked it, come in and sign the papers.3 (53m 8s):Like you're signed, let's do this. And I was like, yes. So that paid off because connections. Right. Like knowing people, right? Like the theater school was a connection for me in that room. Little did I know then? But the gum brothers, how like amazing. Right. But, but1 (53m 25s):Yeah, you, you hit the ground clearly running like clearly. So you just, could, we never talked to anybody that literally has had this experience where you, your showcase went so well, that you basically just stayed, you, you, you, you moved to LA and you had an agent and everything, but I want to say, how was it shooting the rave movie? Just not knowing how to make movies? Like how did you do that?3 (53m 56s):Well, I learned very quickly that you know, the camera's right in your face. So I got, you know, I first day they were like tone it way down, dude. Like, camera's right here, you know, don't act for the back of the house. And I also was getting cues from my fellow actors. We were, I think the first scene, we were all like laying in bed after like this raid goes terribly wrong. And one of our friends Odis, and we're talking about like, is she going to be okay? And I'm like, she'll be fine. And they'll know like, listen, and the other two actors were like whispering and, and we were whispering in bed. I was like, oh right. Yeah, the camera is like right here.3 (54m 38s):Okay. I got, I got clocked by a couple of directors for just being too big. I did an episode about the, the vampire Slayer. And I, I was this half, this kid that blows himself up with a bomb and he's half zombie, half burned victim and comes back to wreak havoc on the high school. And I, all this makeup, it took like four hours to get into this makeup. And I would practice in my trailer and I'm like, and I did these nervous ticks and stuff for this job. I mean, I got called in like five times for this part, which was just like one episode. But I had, it was this nerdy guy with these ticks. So I was like, you can't really see what I'm doing in this makeup again.3 (55m 18s):I was just told you, bring it down, like stop being so extra. Like, we'll see you. And I'm like, got it. Okay. Gotcha. But yeah. Well, Scott,2 (55m 29s):At the risk of sounding like a terrible television movie, and then what happen because you got all this, what happens?3 (55m 38s):So the thing is I got really close to a lot of pilots. I would go in tests for network and it would always need it to me. And one other person, another person, and every single time it didn't work out. I would cry. Like I would, I would be devastated. And then, then I would go to work with like the swollen red face. Like I get red and splotchy anyway, I would get red and slushy walking into auditions that was before I knew anything about beta blockers, but Hey guys, if you're out there auditioning and you turn red as a beet, if you feel any sort of beta blockers can be a big help, but I was tired of crying. I was tired of having my heart broken.3 (56m 18s):I mean, and I feel like Larry Bates said on this podcast, confidence is everything. And I can, I cannot agree more when I would book a job, then I would be confident and that would lead to three more jobs. And then I wouldn't, and I wouldn't work for a year or more, you know, and then I would get so close. So close every single time. Nope. Nope. And my I'm S I'm a sensitive guy. Like I think I was like born with like an extra like dose of emotions and I was just tired of crying and having my heart broken. And I had had my, my laser focused on being a movie star from the time I was nine years, six years old, honestly.3 (57m 2s):And there was no plan B. It's so funny when my mom dropped me off at DePaul, she was like, you know, you could go to beat beauty school and like, learn how to do that. So you can cut hair in the dorms to make money. I'm like, there's no plan B. Like I'm going to be a movie star. That's all there is to it. Well, that's what I do now. I own my own hair salon. So she, you know, but it all worked out the way it was supposed to, but basically I stopped because I was like, is there anything else in this world that will make me happy because I am miserable right now. I'm tired of crying every day. You know, you're selling yourself, they're telling you, you know, there's only so much rejection that I could take at that time.3 (57m 45s):So1 (57m 46s):Where you, where you still did you feel like you had a community out here in LA or no? Like, did you, or, and also where did the raving continue in LA? Yeah.3 (57m 56s):Prior to that? Yeah. So I was also suffering from like, I don't know if this is stage fright or a mixture of stage fright and drugs, but anytime I would get, you know, like I would go out for something that I got really excited for. I remember they were casting this gate character on Dawson's Creek. And I was like, oh my God. Oh my God. Oh my God. I couldn't remember the lines you guys. And it was, it wasn't, you know, pages and pages, but I just, I was psyching myself out. I did better at auditions on things that I didn't know really a whole lot about. But yeah, I, so I, I think it was a mixture of partying and also just kind of like being set up and I couldn't remember the lines and there's nothing more humiliating than, you know, that's like the bait, you know, you guys know when they're like, listen, remember those lanes,1 (58m 53s):I have the same thing. And so I was diagnosed. It's like, my therapist literally thinks that what happens is that it is, it's obviously anxiety, but it's also, there is some kind of shame, fear of shame that happens that becomes so large shame of not remembering shame of not doing well enough. This is for me. I don't know if this resonates with you, but like, and she was like, it is. And then the brain literally shuts down and, and goes into, I will protect you at all costs, which means all of my resources have to go into like, basically keeping you in your body and who gives a shit about copy written by some dude in a room like you now are in survival mode.1 (59m 43s):So that's, it's panic, it's, it's panic and it's fear of humiliation and it it's real. And it, and it has really debilitated me as an actor and I'm still working through it.3 (59m 56s):Yeah. Can I just tell you both, I'm so obsessed with you, both, like, are you, did you both become therapists at some point? Because this, I, I, I, I so wanted to, I'm a huge, huge fan of therapy, huge and endorsed it, love it will go for the rest of my life. And there's a part of me that wishes, gosh, you know, if there weren't so much school and if I wasn't 46, like I would love because it's fascinating to me. And I think you're absolutely right, Jen. I think that, you know, it was like, I remember, okay, there's really, really bad, bad show on MTV TV.3 (1h 0m 37s):It was called undressed. And it was this really bad soap opera. And I, and it was really bad acting. But then when I got on, on set, I was like, oh, it's really bad acting because they're giving everybody line readings. Like, they're telling you to say it just like this and I forgot my lines. I kept forgetting my lines. They were getting so frustrated with me. And I was like, I didn't know that I could never ask questions. Like, I was always scared to ask for what I wanted. Like I just was like, I don't know, just, oh, sorry. I'm bouncing all over the place. But Christine Goodman said something so amazing. And in her podcast about how the whole MFA's, they looked at it as like, I'm paying you to learn that blew my mind.3 (1h 1m 26s):Like if I went in with that, just, just with a notion of that, like, oh my God, I, I taught, I mean, she just, I love her so much, but I wish that I had thought that a little bit more. And I mean, that's not the case when you're working on set, but you know, in Hollywood they're paying you to do a job, but like what Lee paid those, those professors to teach us. And I feel like some of the things that I don't know, th their behavior, I think sometimes we wouldn't fly today. I'll tell you that1 (1h 1m 57s):Right now. Well, no, it wouldn't.2 (1h 2m 0s):Well, you probably know boss and I are kind of big into this idea that like, when success doesn't happen to people or it doesn't happen in the timeline that they want or whatever, it's often for the best, because you know, like I've said to her, if she hadn't made all of these terrible choices, basically turning down opportunities that were coming her way left and right. She might have found herself fit successful and not able to handle and kind of blow it up. And like, you know, I mean, I'm using her your words positive. They use I'm like, I probably would have ended up dead.2 (1h 2m 40s):Oh, I would have been dead. Yeah. So Scott, do you think that that's kind of, there were some, yeah, that's what I thought. That's what I thought3 (1h 2m 50s):I would've pulled a Lindsey Lohan. I would've, I would've ended up dumpster. Yeah, no. I mean, so I, I truly believe that, like, I, I I'm so happy that I did it, you know, I it's, I don't, I think you'll only regret the things you don't try, the things you don't do, but then there's also this part of me, I'm not gonna lie that, you know, the love never goes away that I, I don't wanna say it's an empty hole that, you know, I do hear now, it's very creative. I own my own salon. It's just me and my clients. And, you know, we all, I think everybody puts on their work face or, you know, whatever, but it's nice to be able to be adaptable and, and entertain while you're doing, you know, whatever.3 (1h 3m 38s):But you guys have been such an inspiration. This podcast has been such an inspiration for me because you guys got my creative juices flowing. That, that part that I have, not that hasn't been full in 24 years, you know, like I'm, I am like, I'm like, I'm going to do a podcast. I, you guys2 (1h 3m 58s):Do it, do it.1 (1h 4m 1s):We're doing a documentary. Or we're planning to do a documentary on the theater school times. And you will be in that documentary. So2 (1h 4m 11s):Road trip, road, trip to Tulsa, you're in Tulsa, right?3 (1h 4m 15s):Buckle on the Bible belt.2 (1h 4m 16s):Okay. Now, yeah. That's what I was going to ask you about. Like, what's it like to live in Oklahoma when you're not the most traditional person?3 (1h 4m 24s):Right. So, I mean, if you told me, you know, you're going to move back to Tulsa one day and you're going to find your husband and you're going to be content. I would have been like, you're smoking crack. Like there's no way in hell. You couldn't pay me enough money. What, what, what, what person, what, what, what any sort of minority, why would you choose to live in this horrible red state? Right. But, you know, I really lucked out there's good people and bad people, wherever you go. And the pandemic, I actually had a silver lining with the pandemic. I was working at a competitive salon, kind of like the theater school.3 (1h 5m 5s):I don't know why I'm drawn to those kinds of things, but pandemic happened. And I have, my mom has a heart patient. She had triple bypass at 42. So she's immune compromised. My husband is immune compromised. And then there's me that just tends to catch every cold that's out there. And I was trying to rack my brain during lockdown. Like, how do I do my job? Six feet away from someone like, I have to be like, I have to touch you. Like I have to cut your bangs and basically in your mouth, what I'm kind of like, how am I going to do this? And I, I, I took this, this pandemic very seriously because I, I have so many loved ones that it wouldn't be good if they got it.3 (1h 5m 48s):So I just decided to take a chance and open my own salon where it's, COVID, it's basically, COVID free and people have to be like fully vaccinated and show me their card. And I have air purifiers. We wear masks. It's just a single room with me and my client one at a time. And what's so wild is I thought I was going to shoot myself in the foot. When I said, you have to be vaccinated or else I can't take you, but there are all these unicorns, all over Tulsa, Oklahoma, they come to me and honestly, business is booming. It's never been better. And it's wonderful because it's just me and it's, it's very private.3 (1h 6m 29s):We don't have to worry about, we can talk politics as loud as we want, because there's nobody sitting next to us. Like, you know, looking at us up and down or telling us we're wrong. Or so there are good people here and they're all my clients.2 (1h 6m 45s):And by establishing those boundaries, you created the unicorn club where everybody can, is drawn to you because you've established from the outset, what your thing is. And that makes people understand what is, and isn't tolerated by you. And then that makes, that draws all the right people to you.3 (1h 7m 3s):And I will say, I will tell you, I don't think I'll ever work for anyone ever again. Like, I don't think I'll ever have a boss ever again. I mean, I I'll work with someone at least in the hair world, but oh my God. Being your own boss, you guys is the best. I highly recommend it.1 (1h 7m 21s):So, Scott, how did you end up? So what was the transition like leaving LA? Like, did you, did you go out in a fi like me in a fiery blaze of driving drunk into a swimming pool? Or like, did you,3 (1h 7m 34s):I, you know, again, like, I'm very lucky that I, I moved to New York. So when I quit, I was so I decided, I was like, okay, I'm done with, with acting for a while. I'm going to take some time off. And then I was like, well, why am I living in Hollywood? I've always wanted to live in New York. So I moved to New York partied and worked retail for four years. It was kind of tired of being like a broke college student. And I'm like, well, let's go back to LA where at least it's a little bit easier. And the weather's nice. And I went back to LA this whole time, by the way, never sucked partying. Right. And I got to the point where I was like, you know, I don't think that I can be here. It's too triggering for me to go out and dance.3 (1h 8m 15s):And it graduated from ecstasy to speed. And I was a functioning addict, but I was like the only way I'm going to be able to not get fired from work. And I, I really just wanted like two months to sleep, to catch up. So I went to rehab, which was one of the best things I ever did. And I learned that I am a drug addict, but I'm not an alcoholic because drinking was never my thing. It's still really kind of, not my thing through lockdown. I will say. I mean, I was guilty of maybe pouring a martini at like 10:00 AM, because I felt like we were all living in Vegas and nobody had any idea what day or time it was.3 (1h 8m 58s):But, but yeah, no, so I can socially drink and that's fine. But I just was like, I'm going to die if I stay here. And my mom got divorced from my stepdad and I wanted to come back to Tulsa to check on her. It was, I was like three months. That's it? And then it was weird. Like growing up here, there was nothing happening. And coming back here, I think I changed, but also to also change a little bit for the better. So like the best nightclubs, like the best shopping. No, not here, but that's not the most important to me. And like the traffic's not bad here. The cost of living is real cute here. And I met my husband here on grinder, by the way, Gina,2 (1h 9m 44s):I love that. That's beautiful. I mean, you guys, what would it take? I'm just thinking about your experience there. Like they built you all the way up the first day you got to LA it couldn't go any higher than that. You got to stay an extra day. You gotta to your meeting after meeting. Well, you know, P people like me and boss are like going to the beach and whatever is she wasting her time in LA because we were getting any minis. So everybody loved, you got a standing ovation, you got Rick Murphy to say you did great. And then it was a process after, you know, some sex successes of getting jobs. Then it was a process of like tearing you down. When if there could have been a way for you to tolerate or survive the rejection, you might've stayed and had like a sane career.2 (1h 10m 33s):I think that's the problem is like, there's no sane career. It seems like, and you like either go balls to the wall and, and burn, you know, crash and burn, right? Like, so what would it take to have an environment that was even just 10% more psychologically minded? I mean, I'm interested to pause to what you have to say about that.1 (1h 10m 58s):Well, I think it would take each so interesting. It's such a business for me anyway, that thrives on youth. Right? And, and, and when we're young, our brains aren't fully formed. So you've got weird ass people running around doing weird ass shit and their brains aren't formed. So I think it would have to, for me with literally have to take us embracing the knowledge and wherewithal of people as they get older and not so much capitalizing on youth because you don't know shit and we can't know anything. So when you're youth centric industry, it's, it's a mess.1 (1h 11m 39s):So what, what, what I would say is like D what would it, what it's going to take is people to say, oh, wait, people of all ages of all races of all can have careers. And I think then it becomes less of a, like, I have to capitalize on what is hot right now, right now, because later is not going to be so hot. It would take a more holistic view of like the human experience. And I there's so much money involved. I'm not sure. And I think coming back at 46 and doing this, and I'm not really trying to be an actor, but as a writer, I'm seeing that, like, you kind of have to go away from like 25 to 40 and come back to LA, if you're going to do it,2 (1h 12m 22s):Dude, that I just had this image, like it's, it's LA has kind of run like, like porn. Like, it's all about, like, what's going to get you off, like in five seconds, instead of anything beyond what's going to happen in five seconds. And there's a, there's like a short term memory problem. There's a 'cause I think you described by the way about being the, you know, the thing of the moment, whatever Sean said, the same thing Shawn said, I think that I was able to do what I was able to do, because I just had a particular look at a particular time when they were just looking for my look, you know?2 (1h 13m 2s):And that's important for, to, to say again to people out there, like, if you don't succeed, you can't necessarily say it's because of your talent. It really could be like, it's just not the, it's just not your moment. Your Hollywood is not having the you moment right now. It might have had it 10 years ago. It might have it in 10 years. It's just not right now.3 (1h 13m 26s):Amen to that. I, I fully agree with you on that. And, and what I love now is that, you know, everyone's writing, it's like, I remember my agency said, you know, you're just not like anybody else. So we're just going t

75 years ago, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) helped kickstart innovation in Silicon Valley with a series of grants to Fred Terman, Dean of Stanford's Engineering school. Terman used the money to set up the Stanford Electronics Research Lab. He staffed it with his lab managers who built the first electronic warfare and electronic intelligence systems in WWII. This lab pushed the envelope of basic and applied research in microwave devices and electronics and within a few short years made Stanford a leader in these fields. The lab became ground zero for the wave of Stanford's entrepreneurship and innovation in the 1950's and 60's and helped form what would later be called Silicon Valley. 75 years later, ONR just laid down a bet again, one we believe will be equally transformative. They're the first sponsors of the new Gordian Knot Center for National Security Innovation at Stanford that Joe Felter, Raj Shah, and I have started.

Photo:  Eugenics supporters hold signs criticizing various "genetically inferior" groups. Wall Street, New York, c. 1915. @Batchelorshow The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood.   https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

This week on Getting To Know Jew, we talk with Jeremy Terman. Terman is a tech guru who works for Lunchbox, a company that helps restaurants manage the digital experience for customers, and he is an owner of the Kansas City Pioneers, an esports team.

Photo:   Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921, depicting eugenics as a tree which unites a variety of different fields @Batchelorshow The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood.   https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Many of the recent experts featured on this program have been very skeptical of today's richly-valued markets and have been urging investors to take caution. To avoid the echo chamber effect, many of you have contacted me wisely asking for an interview focused on the other side of the story. What do the bulls think? How do those who are actively long this market rationalize their optimism? What are the bears misunderstanding? To find out, we sat down with Nadine Terman. Nadine is CEO of Solstein Capital and a regular commentator on CNBC's popular trading show Fast Money. See the YouTube Video for the charts and graphics: https://youtu.be/G0aNZORqdbY

Many of the recent experts featured on this program have been very skeptical of today's richly-valued markets and have been urging investors to take caution. To avoid the echo chamber effect, many of you have contacted me wisely asking for an interview focused on the other side of the story. What do the bulls think? How do those who are actively long this market rationalize their optimism? What are the bears misunderstanding? To find out, we sat down with Nadine Terman. Nadine is CEO of Solstein Capital and a regular commentator on CNBC's popular trading show Fast Money. See the YouTube Video for the charts and graphics: https://youtu.be/G0aNZORqdbY

It's a familiar feeling for many of us over the winter months: the light fades, the darker days settle in and your mood dips. It can feel hard to get outside and hard to do really anything. Motivating yourself off the couch becomes an even bigger challenge than normal. But there's steps you can take to counter those feelings. In this episode Dr. Michael Terman, an expert in treating seasonal depression with light therapy, shares his best tips and findings for getting through the winter months with your mood and sanity intact. Connect with this episode: Read about the Center for Environmental Therapeutics: https://cet.org/ Take the circadian rhythm assessment: https://cet.org/assessments/ Follow the Center for Environmental Therapeutics on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mychronotherapy Follow Humans Outside on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/humansoutside Follow Humans Outside on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/humansoutside

Photo:   U.S. eugenics poster advocating the removal of genetic "defectives" such as the insane, "feeble-minded" and criminals, and supporting the selective breeding of "high-grade" individuals, c. 1926 CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor CBS Audio Network @Batchelorshow The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood.   https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Photo:  Anthropometry* demonstrated in an exhibit from a 1921 eugenics conference. * Scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.   CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor CBS Audio Network @Batchelorshow The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood.   https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Photo:  Small children in France 2/4  The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood  @MarilynBrookwo1    @wwnorton.  Hardcover – July 27, 2021 https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Photo:  In the decades after World War II, the term "eugenics" had taken on a negative connotation and became increasingly unpopular within academic science. Many organizations and journals that had their origins in the eugenics movement began to distance themselves from the philosophy, such as Planned Parenthood, and as when Eugenics Quarterly became Social Biology in 1969. 4/4  The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood  @MarilynBrookwo1    @wwnorton.  Hardcover – July 27, 2021 https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Photo: A Lebensborn birth house in Nazi Germany. Created with the intention of raising the birth rate of "Aryan" children from the extramarital relations of "racially pure and healthy" parents. 3/4     The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood  @MarilynBrookwo1    @wwnorton.  Hardcover – July 27, 2021 https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Photo:  Logo from the Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921, depicting eugenics as a tree that unites a variety of different fields 1/4  The Orphans of Davenport: Eugenics, the Great Depression, and the War over Children's Intelligence, by Marilyn Brookwood  @MarilynBrookwo1    @wwnorton.  Hardcover – July 27, 2021 https://www.amazon.com/Orphans-Davenport-Depression-Childrens-Intelligence/dp/1631494686 The fascinating―and eerily timely―tale of the forgotten, Depression-era psychologists who launched the modern science of childhood development. “Doomed from birth” was how the psychologist Harold Skeels described two toddler girls at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in Davenport, Iowa, in 1934. Their IQ scores, added together, totaled just 81. Following prevailing eugenic beliefs of the times, Skeels and his colleague Marie Skodak assumed that the girls had inherited their parents' low intelligence and were therefore unfit for adoption. The girls were sent to an institution for the “feebleminded” to be cared for by “moron” women. To Skeels and Skodak's astonishment, under the women's care, the children's IQ scores became normal.  Now considered one of the most important scientific findings of the twentieth century, the discovery that environment shapes children's intelligence was also one of the most fiercely contested―and its origin story has never been told. In The Orphans of Davenport, the psychologist and esteemed historian Marilyn Brookwood chronicles how a band of young psychologists in 1930s Iowa shattered the nature-versus-nurture debate and overthrew long-accepted racist and classist views of childhood development. Transporting readers to a rural Iowa devastated by dust storms and economic collapse, Brookwood reveals just how profoundly unlikely it was for this breakthrough to come from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. Funded by the University of Iowa and the Rockefeller Foundation, and modeled on America's experimental agricultural stations, the Iowa Station was virtually unknown, a backwater compared to the renowned psychology faculties of Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton. Despite the challenges they faced, the Iowa psychologists replicated increased intelligence in thirteen more “retarded” children. When Skeels published their incredible work, America's leading psychologists―eugenicists all―attacked and condemned his conclusions. The loudest critic was Lewis M. Terman, who advocated for forced sterilization of low-intelligence women and whose own widely accepted IQ test was threatened by the Iowa research. Terman and his opponents insisted that intelligence was hereditary, and their prestige ensured that the research would be ignored for decades. Remarkably, it was not until the 1960s that a new generation of psychologists accepted environment's role in intelligence and helped launch the modern field of developmental neuroscience. Drawing on prodigious archival research, Brookwood reclaims the Iowa researchers as intrepid heroes, and movingly recounts the stories of the orphans themselves, many of whom later credited the psychologists with giving them the opportunity to forge successful lives. A radiant story of the power and promise of science to better the lives of us all, The Orphans of Davenport unearths an essential history at a moment when race science is dangerously resurgent. 16-page black-and-white insert

Temna terbaik ialah teman yg membantu menemukam sifat2 buruk kita. Saat mengenal sifat buruk dlm diri tentu kita berkeinginan memperbaiki. Memperbaiki dengan standar yg disukaiNya, sehingga scara tdk langsung teman seperti itu yg mengamtarkan kita lebih dekat dengan pencipta diri... Terman terbaikku ialah salah satu nama buah hehe. Kalian juga teman terbaikku, minta nasihatnya yaaa bit.ly/SifatBurukRIY

Mary Patrick is CEO and Managing Partner at Jasculca Terman (JT) Strategic Communications, a 40-year-old public affairs firm that provides issue education and crisis management and builds support for its clients' controversial legislative, regulatory, and public policy issues.  Over the past few years, crisis management has been close to 50% of the firm's business. “Topping the list” over this past year were Covid and social issues, but the agency's scope is broad: workforce and labor issues, leadership misconduct, immigration, environment, non-Covid healthcare, protest and rally management, and contentious leadership changes . . . anything where there is controversy or two or more sides to a story. Organizations might engage JT at any time – when they want to plan ahead to avert potential problems, when they know something is coming and want to put the key pieces in place to manage it, or . . . when the news chopper is overhead and news media are banging on the door. Mary believes storytelling is the most important tool in JT's arsenal. She advises organizations to be the first to tell their stories. Even if news is “bad,” being first to talk about it provides the opportunity to better define your narrative, bring forth your mission, present your position, and paint the picture, making it “resonant and memorable.” Story “examples” showing the human-interest side of an issue are most compelling. “People remember how an issue impacts a person or a family, or I guess even the world,” she says. JT comes with a full toolbox and creates for its clients a lot of videos (some even award-winning), infographics, animations, social posts on all platforms, vignettes, testimonials. and talking points. Stories are also communicated directly in person, through Zoom, and in written material.  The firm's major events division brings people together with turnkey, end-to-end solutions – from booking venues and speakers, planning breakout sessions, and providing all levels of seamless, onsite technical support. Covid and “going virtual” meant the firm had to add an additional technological layer. Does the client need their event to be interactive? How will people raise a hand, ask a question, put things in the chat? What needs to be done to keep “zoomed out” audiences interested and engaged? The most challenging PR question? What can an organization do when things have gone catastrophically bad and the story has gotten really big? Who should the organization contact directly to help people understand its perspective, its point of view, the scope of the issue, and what the organization is doing about it? When is “strategic silence” appropriate?  Handling this kind of crisis is where JT excels. Mary says there are times when mistakes have been made or things have gone bad for an individual or organization, and the entity (or JT on its behalf) has to own the responsibility, apologize, and tell people what will be done to correct the situation. . . if it wants to rebuild trust and credibility. “You can never say that it'll never happen again,” Mary warns. Mary can be reached on the Jasculca Terman website at JTPR.com. Transcript Follows: ROB: Welcome to the Marketing Agency Leadership Podcast. I'm your host, Rob Kischuk, and I am joined today by Mary Patrick, who is the CEO and Managing Partner at Jasculca Terman Strategic Communications based in Chicago, Illinois. Welcome to the podcast, Mary. MARY: Thanks, Rob. ROB: It's good to have you here. Why don't you start off with a little bit of an introduction of Jasculca Terman and the focus of the firm? Where do you all excel?  MARY: Sure. Jasculca Terman Strategic Communications – and we'll make it easy for everybody; we typically call ourselves JT – JT was founded by Rick Jasculca and Jim Terman 40 years ago this year. We're a public affairs firm, which means we focus on issues like legislative, regulatory, public policy, areas where there might be controversy or two sides. We do a lot of educating around issues, and we do a lot of crisis management work. I would say over the last few years, crisis management has been at least 50%, maybe more, of our business. ROB: Wow. MARY: Big picture, to describe us, I would say what our superpower is, what we're great at, is storytelling. That's how we look at the world. Storytelling in all its forms and all its situations. You can imagine, for instance, over the last year, if we are doing a lot of crisis management work, we've been working on COVID in all its iterations. We've had a lot of social justice issues that our clients are managing and trying to communicate around. Those currently top the list, but we have several crisis projects that don't touch either of those issues – things like workforce and labor issues, maybe misconduct by a leader. We've done a lot of work in the immigration space, in the environment, in other aspects of healthcare besides COVID. We've helped people handle protests and rallies and controversial leadership changes and a whole lot more. But storytelling is really where we excel, and we look at it, honestly, as defining the narrative on your terms. It's about bringing your mission, your position to life and really painting a picture, making it resonant and memorable. And we think examples really make a difference, especially the human interest side of an issue or what you're trying to do. Those are the most compelling. Those are the most connecting. Those are the things people remember: how an issue impacts a person or a family, or I guess even the world. And we tell those stories through a variety of vehicles. We have an in-house creative director and video producer, so we produce a lot of videos – some even award-winning. We use infographics and animations. We do social posts on all different platforms. We create vignettes and testimonials and talking points. We have a major events division, and we see that as a really important companion in terms of our public affairs work bringing people together. And of course, that has pivoted to also doing actually quite a few virtual events in the last year and a half. The other way we tell stories is directly in person or through Zoom, and of course, with the written word. We obviously put a lot of stock in what we write and those kinds of materials. ROB: Dig in a little bit on – during normal times, and maybe coming up, what does an event that you're involved in, that JT puts on, look like? What's an example or a big picture, at least, of who it's for, who comes to it, that kind of thing? MARY: We're working on a major event right now for a major not-for-profit that focuses on women's issues. They've done this for years in person, and it draws 2,000 people. The issues around missing that level of networking and how we bring that back through a virtual lens – they have a major speaker who I can't share yet, but they have a major speaker who we will bring in via satellite. There will be breakout rooms so people can have a little bit of that experience of networking with each other. We helped them produce some video vignettes around the women who have received grants through this organization for the amazing work they're doing in a variety of spaces. We'll package that all – our team works with a variety of platforms, depending on a client's needs. Do we need an event to be interactive? Are there places where people will be able to raise a hand, ask a question, put things in the chat? All those aspects are considered as we pull these things together. And what we've discovered in the many events that we've been doing over the last 16 months during COVID is that interaction is important. Visuals are important. Getting a lot of variety, so you've got some live components and then you also have some prerecorded components. Making it as interesting as possible for people who are experiencing Zoom fatigue at best. ROB: Got it. It really is turnkey, end-to-end. In normal times you're talking about everything from booking a venue, booking speakers, planning for breakout sessions in reality. It sounds like a turnkey, end-to-end, and very complicated situation. And then to also have to turn around and evolve that online while you're at it. MARY: Exactly. I think it's all about asking the right questions and really thinking about what it is our client is trying to accomplish with an event and managing all the logistics that go into pulling that together seamlessly, smoothly, and mainly, if we do our job right, then you're just troubleshooting the live aspects. And putting the technology into the middle of it in the last 16 months, there's an extra level of holding our breath a little bit. [laughs] But we've got some terrific people in-house who have really pivoted very well, and our event business is as strong as it's ever been, which has been in some respects a surprise to me. ROB: I'm sure when we dig into the crisis side a little bit, that seems like every day could be a fresh and new surprise and an opportunity to jump in. What does the life cycle of a crisis look like for you? MARY: Everyone is different, and people bring you in at different times. We have actually worked with clients who want to plan ahead, which we think is a great idea. That's even before the beginning of a crisis, when a client is thinking about their potential vulnerabilities and what they want to put in place so that they wouldn't have to scramble at the last minute. We've come in at that time. We've come in when someone knows something is coming and they're anticipating it and they want to plan for the real event and put all the key pieces in place. We've been called when the news chopper is overhead or the media is already knocking on the online door, asking the client for comment or pointing out the tough issues. And we've also been called when a client had thought or hoped that they could manage it internally, and a couple days into it they realize that they really could use some outside expertise. There are some wonderful, wonderful organizations, corporations, that have terrific communications staff, but a lot of the communications staff doesn't have crisis experience. So we often work hand in hand with an in-house communications team, helping them manage the crisis with the expertise that we can bring to the table. And it starts with asking all the right questions and thinking about scope and scale and audiences and who we can try to get to, to share your story before things get really big in the media. If things have already gotten big in the media, who do we need to reach out to directly to help make sure people understand your perspective, your point of view, the actual scope of the issue, and especially what you're doing about it. There are absolutely times when things have gone bad for someone, or mistakes are made, and you have to step up and own them. You have to step up and apologize for them. If you want to build back trust and credibility, you have to tell people what you're going to do. You can never say that it'll never happen again. ROB: [laughs] Can we highlight that and tell people that? Because some people want you to guarantee it will never happen again. MARY: Right. We're very careful about how we talk about that. But we do help a client put as many things in place to hopefully avoid it happening again. ROB: I think in any firm, there's a potential for conflicts between individual people on the team and the clients. You can imagine a marketing firm where someone's an ethical vegetarian; they have to market for a hamburger chain. These things happen. But here in your world, where you're talking about things where, as you say, stuff is out in the media, it seems to an extent unavoidable that your team and you – bringing your whole self to work – will have feelings about a topic that might be in tension with a client. How do you think about that / handle that? Does it impact who gets work on what client? MARY: Generally, I think everyone who works at JT believes in this idea that everyone should have a chance to tell their story. JT is 40 years old; I've been there for 36 of those 40 years, and in those 36 years, I've only been part of probably two experiences – and it wasn't even me – where we were working on issues that people either had a strong feeling that they could not represent a client as well, or they'd had a personal experience that made them feel they could not tell the story for the client just based on what the client was dealing with. But that's two experiences in 36 years. ROB: It resonates with the similar role of – not to say that someone's charged with a crime, but the defense attorney and the public defender. There is a right to being represented fairly and accurately. You did reference – I think it's interesting – that you've been with the firm 36 out of the 40 years. It's notable that you are not Jasculca or Terman, but you are the CEO and managing partner. How did you come to be involved? And how did you end up in charge? MARY: When I got out of college – I studied PR and communications at Miami University, and I thought as I was studying it that what I really wanted to do is agency work. I sort of thought that was the only path. Literally maybe a month before I got out of school, I went to some presentation or lecture where someone was talking about not-for-profit PR. It opened my eyes. I started to realize that agencies aren't the only place to practice; there are people who do PR for hospitals, for universities, for not-for-profits. I decided that what really interested me was the not-for-profit side. So when I moved to Chicago – and this will tell you how very, very old I am – I literally went to the library to look up all the not-for-profits that had headquarters in Chicago. I sent them my letters and I pitched them and called them, and my first job was with the American Red Cross in their Midwest chapter downtown. In my first year of being there as the Public Affairs Blood Services Specialist, the AIDS crisis hit. You can imagine what sort of baptism by fire that was for a 23-year-old fresh out of college, dealing suddenly with the safety and sanctity of the volunteer blood supply as it related to AIDS. I ended up doing lots of interviews and essentially learning, by being in it, how a crisis works. Our job was to keep people continuing to voluntarily donate their blood, because it very, very, very much matters in terms of the health of the world. And people were afraid. AIDS was so linked to needles and so linked to blood. So that was my first taste of this issues management piece, and I really found that I liked it a lot. So when I was thinking about a next step, I looked at agencies that were smaller and that might have some sort of political or cause-related path. I honestly, truly lucked into JT in its – I guess it wouldn't be infancy. In its toddlership. It was four years old. It was smaller then. I really got the ability to grow and then eventually help shape the agency over the years. And I think what keeps people there – I'm not the only one with such longevity. We have a number of people at our firm that have been there for 20 years or more. And its' honestly because of two major things. One is the people at JT, who are incredible and brilliant and strategic and passionate and compassionate. I think that's what really makes the firm. And secondly the variety of issues. As you said, sometimes you don't know what you're doing day to day. That's been 36 years for me. I mean, I think I know some days, but there's going to be a twist or a turn, or there's going to be something that comes up, a new issue to manage or a new way that someone has impacted what you're working on, and you need to address it. That variety, that adrenaline, and the people are what keeps us there. ROB: What did that transition look like from the original partners to – it seems like they're probably less involved now than they were initially. How did that manifest itself? MARY: Interestingly, that's not true. Most people assume that, and in fact, when my announcement went out when I became the CEO, we made sure that front and center, people knew that Rick and Jim weren't going anywhere, not even partially. They remain heavily, integrally involved. I've had a lot of people outside of the firm say, “Oh my God, don't you wish you could get those guys out of there?” And I don't wish that at all. They're fantastic and smart and supportive, and have been very, very good to me in terms of letting me lead and stepping back from those issues, but still with a great passion and drive to do the work. It's been a really wonderful experience for me. I've worked at every level of the firm, and as – the partners would probably kill me for saying this, but once they turned 70, they really felt like they needed to take a look at what was next and how the firm should be led going forward. So I've been the CEO and managing partner for a little over three years. ROB: That is excellent. Thank you for clarifying. Congratulations. It reminds me, actually, in some ways of an agency I know of in Atlanta called Nebo. These two guys started it together, and they had someone who came up through the business, and they put this awesome woman in charge as their president even though she didn't start the thing. I think they have benefitted from it, probably much as you have. And not for nothing, I think it has also really helped their entire organization to feel like they have a little bit more balanced leadership and it's not just two guys running the show. There's a woman in power all the way up to the top. MARY: I think that's true, and I think both J and T have always been very supportive of growing people internally. And again, that's why people stay as long as they have. I can't honestly think of a time in the recent past where we brought someone in at a high level. Our high level people are homegrown. And even when we're hiring an AE, it usually comes from our intern pool. When we're adding to the team, it's usually folks that have done some work with us. In the past, one of our more recent hires was an intern with us, went off and did something else for a couple years, and came back. We didn't have a job for her at the time when her internship was completed, but when we did, there she was. It's that training and that passion and, again, working with a group of people that really support each other and have the clients' best interest at heart. ROB: Got it. Mary, as you reflect on that journey, your past few years particularly in charge, but certainly all along the way, I'm sure it's been a journey of growth. What are some things you have learned in leading JT – some lessons you might've done differently if you were starting over today? MARY: I've given that a little bit of thought. There's so many things I've learned over the years – mainly, again, from my wonderful colleagues at JT, and often from clients and the issues that they entrust to us. Frankly, I say this all the time, but I actually mean it. It's true and authentic that I'm still learning every day, because the issues we manage and the crises we work on really test our skill, can often surprise you and can certainly stretch those strategic muscles. Obviously, over the years, social media has really changed the practice, often for the better but sometimes not so much. We're dealing with lots of issues right now that start in social media, and it's misinformation. In the past, you didn't have that as much because news was supposed to be vetted. People had a news cycle to confirm or test information. Those are newer and different challenges. The shrinking traditional newsrooms play a big role in how we approach media. The whole “it bleeds, it leads” mentality and “the first to get the scandal out there” has made our jobs different and more difficult. I guess one very key learning which is fundamental – I hope I grasped it from the beginning, but I may not have – is this idea of telling your story first. Even if it's bad. Your ability to shape and control the narrative is very important. So whenever you can, as much as you can, playing offense rather than defense is important. Another tried and true colloquialism around the office is that trouble fills a vacuum. We've learned and we've seen with our clients that if they put their head down and pretend something's not there, then someone else is going to define the story for them, and it's not going to be, generally, the way you want it to be. So again, getting out there first and defining things. And then a mistake that I feel like I made that I learned a lot from, and I thus far have not made it again – I worked on a project once where I never met the CEO, who was ultimately going to be the main speaker at a press conference that we were pulling together. Then the press conference that we had planned got overrun by protestors. It was a fairly controversial issue that was going to be shared. The mayor of Chicago at the time was going to be part of our press conference, and these protestors really took over at our venue. When that happened, I had no credibility with the leader because honestly, I'd never met her. So in a time of great turmoil and when there was a need for a lot of debate and conversation and decisions, she didn't trust me because she didn't know me. I mean, how could she, right? And so I vowed that I would never let that happen again, and it hasn't. ROB: That's such a good point, too: the value of relationship with clients, the value of investing, the value of having that connection. You do highlight something that plays very much also into the future of PR and marketing as well. I think it used to be, to an extent – and you know better than I do – most controversies that got any legs had some degree of substance to them. It almost seems like now, there are secret rooms on the internet where people just make up stuff for fun and see what sticks. Do you feel like that's an actual trend? Is that something you think is growing or shrinking, or is maybe overblown? MARY: Oh, absolutely. I don't know how to judge these back room making-up-things, but I will say that we have managed a number of issues that started with literally completely false information. Just completely false. And because it struck a chord or because people wanted to believe it or something, or God help you, goes viral, it puts a company or an organization or a person in a very, very difficult place. We're often balancing issues of you don't want to give something credibility by having your organization enter into the social media fray, but how far does it go before you have to do something? We actually call it strategic silence. Often, we're going back and forth with boards of an organization, for instance, who are like, “Oh my gosh, why are we not fixing this? Why are we not correcting this?” But you can actually elevate an issue by engaging. So we have to make sure that people understand, no, we're not ignoring it. No, it's not that we don't see it. We're actually making a decision to be strategically silent – to a point. A lot of times in those instances, we try to really think about, who are the audiences that matter most to you? Let's make sure they know the real story. ROB: What a tricky, tricky balance. Mary, when people want to get in touch with you and with JT PR, where should they find you? MARY: Well, you practically almost said it. JTPR.com is our website, and that's where you can learn more about JT and you can see case studies and clients and videos that we've produced and meet the team that makes up Jasculca Terman. ROB: Wonderful. Thank you so much for coming on the podcast, Mary, for sharing your expertise, sharing your journey. You have really been a long hauler in building this firm up, and I congratulate you on everything that you've accomplished together. MARY: Thanks so much, Rob. I appreciate it. ROB: All right. Be well. Thanks, Mary. Thank you for listening. The Marketing Agency Leadership Podcast is presented by Converge. Converge helps digital marketing agencies and brands automate their reporting so they can be more profitable, accurate, and responsive. To learn more about how Converge can automate your marketing reporting, email info@convergehq.com, or visit us on the web at convergehq.com.

Philip Terman is the author of eight books of poetry, most recently, Our Portion: New and Selected Poems. A selection of his poems, My Dear Friend Kafka was translated into Arabic and published in Damascus, Syria. His poems have appeared in Poetry Magazine, The Kenyon Review, The Georgia Review, The Sun Magazine, and been included in a mural by James Simon, “The Singing Musicians” at the Squirrel Hill Food Pantry. He's a professor of English at Clarion University, and the coordinator of The Bridge Literary and Arts Center in Franklin, Pennsylvania. More information can be found at www.philipterman.com.

Nadine Terman is the Founder, CEO and CIO of Solstein Capital, LLC. Nadine oversees both investment and operations functions and leads the firm as a Managing Member. With over twenty-five years of experience, Nadine manages tactical, global portfolios for institutional, family office and high net worth clients.Visit the Women in Finance website for the show notes and to register to the WiF newsletter.

Matt Bean only started curling about five years ago, but in that short time, he (a) won a silver medal in Quebec's "Colts" competition, (b) earned his competition coach certification and (c) created the "Curling Class" Web site. In this episode, we have a wide-ranging discussion about his discovery and love of the sport, what he learned from being coached and playing competitively, and his goals as a curling coach and online content creator.Some of the topics we discuss include:How Matt discovered the sport of curling and his first time getting a rock in the house! (5:10)His experience being coached by Coach Martin Cavanagh at the Royal Montreal CC (8:00)Why he strongly believes that new curlers should play in "Colts" tournaments (5 years experience and less) and the benefits of those competitions (16:19)His goal of growing more competitive curlers and teams in the province of Quebec (22:40)Why he created the "Curling Class" Web site (25:00) and wanting to expand the junior section of the site (27:28) to document their development process over the long termAn instructional sweeping video he made with his Cool Curling table (30:38)"Daily Curling Puzzle" Facebook Group (34:02)Feedback about "Curling Class" from other countries (35:22)"Imposter syndrome" for online content creators (35:38)How to qualify as a Canadian citizen (36:54)Links to the resources mentioned in this episode:Royal Montreal CC Web siteTown of Mount-Royal (TMR) Curling Club Web site"What's On My Coaching Bookshelf" (Nov 15/20 episode of CKC)Curling Class Web siteCool Curling Table Web siteCurling Class "Sweeping Zones" Video (Jan 18/21) featuring Cool Curling tableCurling Stream Live Web site"Daily Curling Puzzle" Facebook Group"Curl Up With Jamie" YouTube video channelMatt's e-mail address: info@curlingclass.comTwitter handle: @CurlingClassCurling Class Facebook PageGlenn Gabriel is an NCCP-certified curling coach who lives in Pickering, Ontario, Canada. He has been the coordinator of the Little Rocks (U12) program at East York Curling Club in Toronto since 2011. If you have a question or feedback on the podcast, send us an e-mail at coachingkidscurling@gmail.comThe intro and outro music is "Golden Sunrise (Instrumental Version)" by Josh Woodward. Licensed under CC BY 3.0

Let's say you have 10 employees and do a million a year in revenue. You sell high ticket B2B, so maybe you have less than 100 customers, and a handful that make up a lionshare of your business. If you came into work one day to find that your biggest client that accounts for 25% of your revenue is pulling all of his company's business, you are out $250K overnight. Quite a hit.It would still seem customers would be the most valuable. Maybe so in the short term and in the financial sense short term. Contrast that with the same day, coming in to find out that your top sales rep or manager has jumped ship to your competitor. It's not uncommon for companies to try to poach their competitors' people by enticing them with a better deal (at least on the surface). If it's an employee that has relationships with your customers, they are likely to bring those customers with them.What if it is an operations person or an employee who doesn't have direct interaction with clients so there is no risk of that? You may have NDAs, Non-compete agreements in place, but it is extremely hard and expensive to enforce these in real terms. That person takes all the internal knowledge of your company, your intellectual property consisting of things like your processes or systems. Suddenly your competitors realize, oh, that's a good idea, let's do what they are doing internally. How much has that cost you and how much damage has that done? Potentially, a lot.What I am getting at here, is that I kind of view assets in terms of the value they have if you lose them. It's just like sometimes in relationships, “don't know what you've got until they're gone” or however the song goes. An asset should be viewed not in what it brings to the table as that is speculative, but what it will cost you if you lose it.Key Talking Points of the Episode:The most important asset a small business owner has is the team you put together, whether it's your employees, contactors, or a combination of the twoIt would still seem customers would be the most valuable. Maybe so in the short term and in the financial sense short termAn asset should be viewed not in what it brings to the table as that is speculative, but what it will cost you if you lose itPlease subscribe and rate the show on iTunes and give me your honest feedback and what future subjects would help you out the most.Resources Mentioned: Grab the FREE eBook “Top 10 Secrets for B2B Small Business Owners” at http://www.growyourb2bcompany.com.Website: https://www.salesdouble.comFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/YourSalesDouble 

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.358200v1?rss=1 Authors: Kiyoshi, C. M., Aten, S., Arzola, E. P., Patterson, J. A., Taylor, A. T., Du, Y., Guiher, A. M., Philip, M., Camacho, E. G., Mediratta, D., Collins, K., Benson, E., Kidd, G., Terman, D., Zhou, M. Abstract: Astrocytes branch out and make contact at their interfaces. However, the ultrastructural interactions of astrocytes and astrocytes with their surroundings, including the spatial-location selectivity of astrocyte-synapse contacts, remain unknown. Here, the branching architecture of three neighboring astrocytes, their contact interfaces, and their surrounding neurites and synapses have been traced and 3D reconstructed using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). Our reconstructions reveal extensive reflexive, loop-like processes that serve as scaffolds to neurites and give rise to spongiform astrocytic morphology. At the astrocyte-astrocyte interface, a cluster of process-process contacts were identified, which biophysically explains the existence of low inter-astrocytic electrical resistance. Additionally, we found that synapses uniformly made contact with the entire astrocyte, from soma to terminal processes, and can be ensheathed by two neighboring astrocytes. Lastly, in contrast to densely packed vesicles at the synaptic boutons, vesicle-like structures were scant within astrocytes. Together, these ultrastructural details should expand our understanding of functional astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron interactions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Reference- Terman, M., & Terman, J. (2005). Light Therapy for Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression: Efficacy, Protocol, Safety, and Side Effects. CNS Spectrums, 10(8), 647-663. doi:10.1017/S1092852900019611 W.K. Koehler, P. Fey, K.P. Schmidt, G. Fleissner, B. Pflug (1993) Feedback loops in the circadian system: Experiences with physical exercise in the treatment of SAD Biological Rhythm Research, 24 pp. 298-299 MichaelBerkKerrie M.SandersJulie A.PascoFelice N.JackaLana J.WilliamsAmanda L.HaylesSeetalDodd (2007) Vitamin D deficiency may play a role in depression The University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.001 C. J. Harmer, M. Charles, S. McTavish, E. Favaron and P. J. Cowen (2012). Negative ion treatment increases positive emotional processing in seasonal affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 42, pp 1605­1612 doi:10.1017/ S0033291711002820 1998-2020 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER).

Jeremy Terman is the top seller at DoorDash, a technology company that connects customers with their favorite local and national businesses in over 4,000 cities and all 50 states across the United States and Canada. Jeremy works primarily on enterprise partnerships and has spent the past year focusing on net new DoorDash partnerships as well as franchise engagement and adoption strategies. With purposefulness, intention, and a ‘rhino’ mentality, Jeremy has been able to cultivate massive success in his role and industry.

“Creativity is finding unity in what appears to be diversity,” says Dr. Kenneth Heilman. Author of Creativity and the Brain, Heilman, a distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida, explains where creativity may reside in the brain, how it differs from raw intelligence, and how creative people actually think. Heilman has been fascinated by creativity since childhood. Almost killed by meningitis as an infant in 1938, he was saved by a doctor who had heard of a new treatment and tried it on Heilman. “Creativity has reduced a huge amount of suffering,” Heilman says. TRANSCRIPT: Intro: 0:01 Inventors and their inventions. Welcome to Radio Cade the podcast from the Cade Museum for Creativity and Invention in Gainesville, Florida. The museum is named after James Robert Cade, who invented Gatorade in 1965. My name is Richard Miles, we’ll introduce you to inventors and the things that motivate them, we’ll learn about their personal stories, how their inventions work and how their ideas get from the laboratory to the marketplace. Richard Miles: 0:38 Creativity in the brain, where can it be found? How does it differ from intelligence? And what are creative people like? I’m your host Richard Miles, today, My guest is Dr. Kenneth Heilman, distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Florida and author of surprise, a book called “Creativity and the Brain”. Welcome to Radio Cade Ken. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 0:56 Thank you for inviting me. Richard Miles: 0:58 So Ken, like many of our guests on this show, you spent your career in Florida, but you were born in Brooklyn. So, the first thing I gotta ask is, Dodgers or Yankees? Let’s get that out of the way first. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 1:09 Brooklyn Dodgers. But when they moved to LA, I stopped being a professional sports fan. Richard Miles: 1:16 So you didn’t switch to another team? You just gave up entirely on sports? Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 1:19 Well, you know, here was a team that was tremendously supportive and actually started integration with Jackie Robinson and what happened because they offered him a free stadium in the park and Patriot, the hell with the fans that have been watching him for all these years, we’re going to LA and I said, look, I don’t move for businesses.The hell with this I’m not watching this anymore. Richard Miles: 1:42 And that was a precursor of things, the calmest teams to abandon their cities, to go to other markets and so on during the expansion years. Okay. Well, now that we’ve got that most important question out of the way, let’s sort of dive straight into our topic. As you know, Phoebe and I, have always been interested in the neuroscience of creativity and I think the first time we met, probably about 2010, it was to get your ideas and some other folks at the University of Florida, we’re planning a big exhibit on the neuroscience of creativity. And so we needed to get smart, and we knew that you were one of the folks to talk to. So creativity is one of those terms that gets thrown around a lot and sometimes it’s defined in different ways. So why don’t I start by asking you to define creativity from your point of view, and then how does it differ from intelligence? But let’s start with that. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 2:25 Okay. First of all, when I was in high school, I took a public speaking course, I got to seen it, but your teachings are remember, is thought by definitions and tell people how important it is. So we’ll start with the definitions. It depends where you look up creativity for different definitions. If you go to websites, for example, it says productive and mall by originality. So according to them, if I sat down in front of a word processor and randomly hit keys for days and days and days, it would be creative because it would be original. Nobody probably would hit the same keys and if I did it long enough, it would be productive, but you wouldn’t feel this would be creative. I think the best definition, but the same complete by Banowsky who said, creativity is fine in unity in what appears to be diversity. The only problem with this definition it is no mention of originality or productivity. So I think in the book and during lectures, when I define creativity is the ability to discover, understand, develop and express in a systematic fashion, novel, orderly relationships said , in other words, finding the thread that unites. Now, a lot of people in other definitions state, it must have value, and I never understood why they put it in and sure, great artists, and you never sell your painting and it burns or something. It doesn’t mean that it wasn’t creative. Even now. It has no value. So value, I’m not sure really defines it . It defines it and far as business people, but not as far as people who produced creative products. Now let me tell you about the second part. If you look at my yearbook at high school, all the way back then he says Ken Heilman wants to do medical research. And what happened when I was a little boy, I looked down at my arm and I noticed I had a scar right near the front on the top and I asked my mother, what is that mom? She said, oh, when you were an infant, you came down with meningococcal meningitis. And this was 1938 or 1939, and the doctor said we have no cure for it. He’s going to die. It turns out this doctor actually had an appointment that Columbia University and you were working on a new drug called sulfur drugs . And he actually lifted some out of the laboratory poets and my house did a cut down. That’s what the scar was for, gave it to me, and here it’s 79, 80 years later and I’m still here. And that really brought to mind how important creativity is. You inclined have suffered with diseases and so many other problems and when you think about all the wonderful things that we’ve done, when used appropriately, creativity has reduced a huge amount of suffering . So that’s why it’s always been a very important topic to me. Richard Miles: 5:31 So can you write it? Creativity is closely linked to raw intelligence, but it’s not quite the same thing? Is that correct? Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 5:38 Well, let me talk about intelligence and creativity. Okay. First of all, let me start by saying in general, when I’ve written about this, I talk about three major steps in the creative process. The first one is preparation, and that’s learning all the skills and knowledge that you need to be creative. The second one, I call creative innovation and that’s coming up with the creative ideas. And the third stage of course is production. Now I’m not going to discuss that at all, because that depends upon the domain of creativity. But what about IQ Willem , as you probably know, okay. With IQ, when initially it was early on used people call people who have IQ over 130, 140 geniuses. And genius implies that you’re tremendously creative. And it turns out there was a psychologist, I think at Stanford, whose name was Terman . And what Termin did was gave all the students and around San Francisco and all that area an IQ test that he developed called the Stanford Benet. And then he followed all these people along and it turns out some were very successful, some or just usual, but there were no Nobel prize winners that was in his genius class, but it turns out that there was two Nobel prize winners whose IQs were too low to be in term as geniuses that reached and got the Nobel prize. So one was Shockley who invented the transistor and you know what that’s meant to our world . And another one was Alvarez who helped develop the radar. They both won Nobel prizes, but they didn’t have IQs high enough to be included in terms of geniuses. So in general, people found out that later on, there was not a direct relationship between intelligence and creativity. And in general, a lot of people who’ve written about this say, you just need to be intelligent enough to learn the skills and knowledge in the creative domain that you’re doing. People have a cutoff of about 110 or 120 , but there is no direct relationship. Richard Miles: 7:53 So it’s more of a threshold factor, right? That once you reach that threshold of somewhere between 110 and 120, there’s not a correlation that the smarter you are, the more creative you are. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 8:02 No Relationship. Now, it turns out that special talents are important. They’re very, very important. But of course, the IQ test doesn’t test special talents. So way back in the 1700s, there was a philosopher, Gall, who was actually the founder of phrenology, but Gall had two very important postulates. One postulate was that different parts of the brain perform different actions. And the second postulate was the better developed this module was, or this specific form better develop better at work. Now, what happened was Gall, was aware that our skull grew depends upon brain growth, so we said, oh, if we measured the skull, maybe we can tell about people and what they are capable of doing. The problem with that is it became a pseudoscience and all these people were making all these crazy suggestions, but it turns out a neurologist in France in the mid- 1800s, Paul Roca, heard a student of Gall’s talking about the importance for the frontal lobes and speech and he had a patient in the hospital who had a stroke sometime before was actually dying of, I think, tetanus and the patient had trouble speaking. He could understand, but he couldn’t get out the speech. The patient died and sure enough, he had a lesion in his frontal lobe. And then, in the second paper, Paul Broca examined eight people who had problems with speech from strokes, all eight of them, they were right-handed and all eight of them had left hemisphere strokes. So that provided a positive finding that really in some way, supported Gall’s, hypothesis. And we know that the left hemisphere understands speech. One of my mentors or Norman, Geschwind looked at a huge amount of people’s brains at the auditory cortex in the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. And he found that the auditory cortex was actually bigger in most people in the left hemisphere, but even with great geniuses, sometimes their brains are different, but this hasn’t really been evaluated today. Richard Miles: 10:16 I just wanted to interject or ask a question about the role of the left hemisphere and at least the theory and how that contributes to creativity. Cause I remember in your book, which came out in 2010, it came out. I remember you described a number of what to me were surprising associations with higher creativity, including, for instance, being lefthanded, epilepsy, having dyslexia, being slow, and learning to speak, mental illness. And if I understood correctly, the general theory sort of connecting those was a suppression of, or damage to the left hemisphere actually allowed the right hemisphere of the brain more license, I guess and that may contribute to creativity. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 10:57 You’re jumping ahead a little bit. Okay. There have been studies for example, by Miller who’s out in San Francisco, he looked at some people who had a degenerative disease, which mainly occurred in her left hemisphere and their artistic skills actually became enhanced and what was interesting, there hasn’t been a lot of research looking at the true geniuses, but one of the interesting stories about Einstein’s brain, it turns out that Einstein said it would be okay if they took his brain out and they examined it. And he was in Princeton, New Jersey, and there was a pathologist whose name was Thomas Harvey. So Harvey took the brain out and after it was fixated, he took a knife and he cut it into small blocks, 240 little blocks, and sent it all around the world to different people. And he said, well, tell me why he was a genius. People said, wait a minute, you gave me this little block of brain, how can I do anything? Well, the only thing that Harvey did was good was he actually photographed Einstein’s brain after he took it out. And what was really interesting is that on the left hemisphere, there’s a big, big, Valley called Sylvian fissure . It’s a big Fissure and it separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe. And what was really interesting about Einstein’s brain is that his Sylvian fissure can go all the way back and it didn’t actually go into the prior lobe . On the left side, it stopped really, really early. And after seeing that people said, oh, that’s why he was a genius because he didn’t have these big a soul . So I go into his prior lobe and dividing up his neural networks. Well, it turns out that one of the things we know about evolution is that the more GRI and salsa you have, it means the more cortex you have, okay. And that’s not a sign of superiority, it’s a sign that something is wrong. And if you look at his history, that part of the brain is very important for language I’m his parents for them to the pediatrician when he was about three years old, because he was not talking. And the other thing that was really interesting about Einstein’s brain, if you look at it, is that his right pro lobe was huge. Now, in addition, Arnstein was also probably dyslexic again, that parietal lobes’ important. So the question comes up that his less evolved left temporal low , allow his right to actually be superior. And it turns out when you read all the Weinstein’s works about himself, he said he always used spatial reasoning. And could it be that he was such a genius because again, his left hemisphere did not develop, but his right hemisphere really alone . Now, what’s really important. Also, as we’re going to talk about the frontal lobes are very important for divergent thinking. And it turns out, as I mentioned, Einstein had a huge, huge right frontal lobe. Richard Miles: 14:20 Ken, when we talk about divergent and convergent thinking for listeners who aren’t exactly sure what we mean by that, convergent thinking is when there’s one or a couple of right answers and you’re honing in on that right answer to a given problem and divergent thinking is when there could be a range of different types of solutions to a problem. One sort of looking in the other one sorta looking out. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 14:41 Let me talk a little bit about that because the very first step in innovation to creative process is disengagement. What do I mean by disengagement? You have say, hey, this doesn’t explain your work, this is not the truth. And maybe one of the best examples of this is Copernicus who said , hey, wait a minute, this doesn’t make sense that will all revolving around the earth. Okay, It has to be other possibilities. Could it be that we’re revolving around Mars? or the sun? And then after he disengaged from that, he went ahead and used divergent thinking other possibilities, and he came up with a concept, hey, it’s the sun. We’re revolving around the sun. So the first step in creativity is first of all, disengagement, I don’t believe that’s the way done. Maybe as a better explanation. No one’s ever painted this one. No one’s ever written music. Hey, here’s a good novel no one’s ever written about. So you disengage from what has been done and then from there, you do divergent thinking saying, hey, what are the alternatives? What are the possibilities? Now it turns out from the neurological perspective, one of my mentors, Derek Denny Brown, brain neurologist said that all animals can do two things. They can approach or they can avoid and he said, this is even true of humans. He said it turns out that the frontal lobes are the disengage void organ and the temporal and parietal lobes and several or more for approach. And we know that when people damage their frontal lobes , what they do is they separate. In other words, they can’t disengage. So if we give them a test where they have to organize cards in a certain way called the Wisconsin card sorting , once they get one successful one, that’s it they’ll keep on repeating it, repeating it, repeating it, something we call the separation. And one of the things that we use to look at divergent thinking is something we call the alternative uses test. What you say to the person, okay, I’m going to give you an object and what I want you to do is give me the different things that you can do with this object. But the more different it is, the more points you get. So for example, I give somebody a word, the brick, if they say, Oh, you use it to build houses, to build fireplaces, you get maybe a point for each of those. If you say, Oh, you know, you’ve been using it as a doorstop or a bookend you get two points. If you say, Oh, you know, what you can do is take it in the bathtub with you and after your bath, you can use it to rub off your calluses you get three points. So your idea is that’s a test of divergent thinking, but creativity. So a lot of tests of creativity are one that’s used a lot is called a Torrance test. Where they have both verbal and visual-spatial test of divergent thinking. But as I said, this is only the first sub-stage of innovation. Now, a very important thing about innovation and creativity is curiosity and risk-taking. And that’s very, very, very important. And the reason why so many people get into creative occupations is because to them, it’s very rewarding. So you go back and you go through history and you look at artists , composers, whenever even scientists and what happened was financially, they did terribly, but they wanted to create because it gave them great joy. And the best example is Galileo, who proved Copernicus thing. You know, what the Pope did to him? Prisoner the rest of his life. Richard Miles: 18:36 Yeah. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 18:36 And it turns out they finally forgave him about 40 years ago because he showed that the sun was in the center of the universe. Now it turns out that there’s a place deep in brain called the ventral striatum. And in animals, if you stimulate that, the animal will keep on doing whatever it was doing. It’s very rewarding. And that whole system is reward system. And it’s also hooked up to the frontal lobe. And it turns out that excitability of that system is very important for the drive and motivation. It turns out that, that system was also abnormal in people who use drugs. And that’s why actually, you see your very high rate of drug abuse in people who do creative. So let me go to the third part of innovation. So we have to disengage and say, hey, it has to be better answer to divergent thinking in saying , hey, what is the possibilities create ? The next one, and the critical element is finding the thread that unites and William James was really one of the founders of current psychology and said the thread that unites unheard of, combinations of elements and subtle associations and spearmint, another famous person who said creative ideas result from the combination of ideas that have been previously isolated. And perhaps the best example is Einstein’s E equals MC squared. Prior to that time, they were isolated. So it’s very important in the creative mode that the neurons in the brain and these modules that we’re talking about, that they communicate with each other. And there’s some evidence that that’s true. So one of the great experiments showing about this communication was done by a neurosurgeon, Joe Bogan. And we talked about that the right hemisphere is important for visual-spatial and the left for verbal and we had an epileptic’s whose seizures can be controlled, so they spread from one hemisphere to the other. So they were going to cut the connection between the two hemispheres, the corpus callosum. So the seizures couldn’t go from one side to the other side, but Bogan was curious whether or not this would interfere with creativity. So they gave people the inkblot test and the inkblot tests , as you know, just has inkblots and you tell people, hey, what does this look like? And then you could judge the creativity. People like me say that looks like a moth that looks like a bat and a lot of people come up with very creative ideas. So he tested these people and then after the collosum was cut, they retested them. And the creativity was actually gone. Why? Because the visual system could not communicate with the verbal system makes sense? Richard Miles: 21:31 These various parts of the brain have to be constantly swapping information with each other. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 21:35 And in fact, when you record from the brain, the brain waves, when people are in a creative mode, their brainwaves actually go ahead and have a certain type of coherence, like they’re all communicating with each other. So in general, one of the things we ask is how do we increase our networks? Well, one of the great stories about chemistry is about tequila. They knew benzene had six carbons, but they didn’t know how it was organized. So he was drowsy and off to sleep. When you imagine or dream about a snake, biting its own tail in gear , Hey, it’s a ring, but it turns out if you look at almost all great creative ideas, people were almost always in a state of relaxation. Isaac Newton, when he came up with calculus and he came up with the laws of gravity, there was an epidemic almost like ours , but I think it was a little bit worse and they closed up Cambridge university. It was a plague, and so, he went up to his mother’s farm and now we have plenty of time and he sat under the apple tree and thought about these problems and came up with these ideas. When he went back to Cambridge, after it was over, they gave all kinds of administrative jobs because she was so successful with the ideas, he didn’t come up with much after that. Einstein came up with most of his theories late at night, in the patent office, when it was very, very quiet. Even when you think about when you get a great idea, you yell Eureka! Well, it was Archimedes who came up with that idea, the concept of buoyancy and what was he doing? He was taking a bath, another relaxing thing. The person who actually improves the nerves theory of the brain was a spanish physician, Raymond Ecohall, and he wrote a book actually, about creativity, which is an interesting book. In the book he says, if a solution fails to appear yet, we feel success is around the corner, just try resting for awhile . Now, another thing that we know about creativity is actually that one of the most creative types of people are people who have depression and bipolar disorder tend to be very, very creative. And so we thought what’s going on here about sleep, relaxation, depression, all those kinds of things. Well, it turns out they’re all similar in that in our brain, we have a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. And when you get norepinephrine what happens is your attention goes externally rather than internally. So for example, if you were a child and you were sitting in the back of your class, just dreaming, daydreaming all the time the teacher you would say, hey, take your son or daughter to the doctor and get em some medicine. They give medicines like Dexedrine. They increase no norepinephrine. What do people do then? They attend to the teacher, they don’t go into their own mind . If you’re going to be creative, guess what you have to do. What do depressant people do almost all day long? Go into their own mind . So we actually wanted to test that theory. I did this with a fellow David B. We gave normal participants, anagram tests . You take words and you mix up the letters and you see how long it takes them to get the word. And some of them, we gave a medication called Propranolol, it blocks norepinephrine . One of the bad side effects, it turns out, if people take it too long, is depression. And it turns out when we gave these people Propranolol, this beta blocker of norepinephrine, guess what? They performed much better. Then with another fellow George Gotcebing. We know that when we treated epileptics, we found that one of the ways of doing it is by simulating one of the cranial nerves called the Vegas nerve. And what the Vegas nerve does is actually increase the output of norepinephrine in the brain. And it’s interesting because now they also use it to treat depression and we gave creativity tests while we’re stimulating. And we weren’t stimulating and low and behold, what do we find out? That when we are stimulating him your creativity went down. So in general, it’s important to go ahead and be in a very relaxed state. Richard Miles: 26:07 It sounds like in general, there’s this obviously complex interplay between left and right hemisphere and various areas of the brain. But if I had to sum it up, it seems to me in your book, a part of what you do is say that these various conditions in left hemisphere, whether they’re through an accident of birth, or an injury, or a certain mental state, we’re in the inclination to search for that conversion type of thinking and free up, the more divergent type of thinking that may occur elsewhere in the brain. Who , for instance, like I’d signed that the example you gave of him being delayed in his speaking clearly didn’t make him not a creative person. It may been just the opposite. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 26:44 This is important that when people get head injuries, the place that they injure most likely is the, frontal lobes and the connections. And the frontal lobes are the critical thing, both for divergent thinking and for motivation to continue working and to actually produce the creative object or thought or whatever it might be. So, no , that’s not generally true. There have been cases where people did get injured. Strokes, dementia that didn’t enhance the creativity, but remember in those people, they paid a price, they were disabled. So yes, in certain unusual cases, brain damage can enhance it. But in most people interferes with every stage, the first stage, the preparation it interferes with that, it interferes with divergent thinking and it also interferes with convergent thinking. Richard Miles: 27:36 Ken, if we could come back to the question earlier, how much of this is hardwired? And you’re basically born with this ability to do that creative type of thinking at a high level and how much of it could be taught in schools or taught in workplaces and people could sort of make themselves be more creative in general? Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 27:53 No, you’re asking a very, very important question that’s going on for centuries and centuries. In general, both are important. Nature is important. Brain development is important and nurture is important. And those two things have to go together. So for example, there’s the famous story in Romania. The leader during communist times wanted to increase the population. So we encouraged people to have more and more children and they couldn’t afford the children, so they put them into these units. They fed them, but they didn’t play with them, and they didn’t hug them. Guess what’s happened to these kids. They were all mentally impaired because they need that stimulation to have the brain growth. And this is true throughout life. So it’s not purely nature because nurture helps develop the brain. And that’s been shown, you need a combination of both, but I think it is very, very important growing up to be a stimulator as possible and to do as many new and novel things that possibly you can. One of the things that really troubles me about our educational system is that in general, they downplay the opportunity for children to be creative. So who are the first teachers they fire when you have economic problems? Richard Miles: 29:12 The music teacher and those folks, right? Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 29:14 The music teacher and the art teacher, And in general, how do they gauge how well somebody does, they gauge it by their knowledge. There’s no tests that they give em that really looks at their creativity. And none of the teachers in school talk about even how do we enhance this creativity? And it’s really a shame because it turns out there was a book written by Richard Florida, and in his book, he says something very, very, important which is coming to be true in the future. The success of different nations, societies is not going to be based on people’s labor, like labor in factories, and so forth. It’s going to be primarily based on creativity. America has been very, very fortunate because it was a country of immigration. And the people who came here said, Hey, wait, I don’t like what things are going on here, there must be a better way. And therefore, America has been a very creative country. My grandmother, who was a Jewish grew up in Belarus, was pregnant with my mother and she told her husband, I don’t want to bring my kids up here. It can be spiteful and treated badly, I want to go to America. And it turns out that America allows people to become very creative. But we need to really force that in our school systems and we’re not doing it. And we’re doing everything the opposite way. So for example, in medicine now, how did they decide how valuable you are? By how many relative value units. So I’ll just tell you the story about me very briefly. I see patients with cognitive disorders and usually, in my afternoon clinic, I would see about four patients, but I was teaching medical students. And most of these patients were sent by other neurologists because they couldn’t figure out what was going on with these patients. And if you go into pub med and type my name, you’ll see how many reports there are about unusual patients. I got a letter from an administrator at The University of Florida that said, you come to clinic at 12:30, you don’t leave clinic until past six o’clock, and you’ll only see four new patients. It wasn’t really his fault, that is the mentality now. So even medicine, if you see something interesting, something that’s different that you want to really look at and examine you can’t do it. So, and so many domains were interfering in the schools and medical schools were interfering with really the growth of creativity. Which takes time, rest and patience. Richard Miles: 31:56 We’ll Ken, thank you very much. We’re about out of time, but that’s been a fascinating discussion about the relationship of creativity and the brain. And I’m thankful that somebody invented the internet and zoom and laptops, those creative folks made this conversation possible. So thank you to that wider community who makes these conversations as possible, but thank you very much for joining us today on Radio Cade. Dr. Kenneth Heilman: 32:17 Thank you for inviting me and for all the wonderful work you all are doing in enhancing creativity to Bob Cade is so wonderful. Finding out about the museum is something that’s looking at attempting to enhance creativity. Thank you so much. Richard Miles: 32:32 Well, thanks for coming on Ken, appreciate it. Outro: 32:34 Radio Cade is produced by the Cade museum for Creativity and Invention in Gainesville, Florida . Richard Miles is the podcast host and Ellie Thom coordinates, inventor interviews. Podcasts are recorded at Hardwood Soundstage, and edited and mixed by Bob McPeak . The Radio Cade theme song is produced and performed by Tracy Collins and features violinist, Jacob Lawson.

You might imagine that fluency is an inherently good thing in teaching. But Dr. Christopher Terman, Senior Lecturer Emeritus at MIT’s Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab, explains that breaks in the flow of the classroom can actually make the learning experience more memorable. This is just one of the insights Dr. Terman has gained in twenty years of teaching the course 6.004 Computation Structures. “If you’re going to spend 40% of your time in the classroom,” he says, “you might as well teach well.” He and the rest of the teaching team for 6.004 are always seeking to optimize their students’ learning experience, adapting the course through repeated iterations to include as much as possible of what they’ve found works best. Among the details Dr. Terman shares in this episode are how the course engages students from different backgrounds by offering a “buffet” of learning materials through the use of the MITx learning platform, how creating hands-on browser-based digital design lab experiences help students internalize the material, and how online forums reduce student frustration by offering quicker answers to questions that arise outside of class.Relevant ResourcesMIT OpenCourseWareThe OCW Educator Portal6.004 on OCWDr. Terman’s Faculty PageEnhance your teaching at MIT with the MITx Residential PlatformMusic in this episode by Blue Dot SessionsConnect with UsIf you have a suggestion for a new episode or have used OCW to change your life or those of others, tell us your story. We’d love to hear from you! On our siteOn FacebookOn TwitterOn InstagramStay CurrentSubscribe to the free monthly "MIT OpenCourseWare Update" e-newsletter.

***This interview originally aired live on Hedgeye.com on April 14, 2020***This is an exclusive "Hedgeye Investing Summit" interview between Nadine Terman, CEO and CIO of Solstein Capital and Hedgeye CEO Keith McCullough.

Dehanın felsefedeki kökenlerinden girip, Sokrates'in cinlerine şöyle bir değindikten sonra bir gün herkesin dahi sayılacağı tezinden çıktığımız bu bölümde kimler yok ki? Kant, Schopenhauer, Einstein, Napolyon, Lewis Terman, Francis Galton, cinler, periler, iyi saatte olsunlar...

¡Gracias por escuchar! Los medicamentos antimaláricos, hidroxicloroquina y cloroquina, son fármacos moduladores de las enfermedades reumáticas introducidos por serendipia y empíricamente para el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades reumáticas. Ni la cloroquina ni la hidroxicloroquina se sometieron al proceso de desarrollo de fármacos convencional, pero su uso se ha convertido en parte importante de los tratamiento actuales para la artritis reumatoide, lupus eritematoso sistémico, síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolípido y síndrome de Sjögren primario. En este episodio exploraremos sus principales características desde la perspectiva farmacológica.Les pido amablemente dejen sus comentarios en tukua.podbean.com y la calificación a este y otros episodios en iTunes.Estas son algunas referencias de utilidad:Ruiz-Irastorza, G. et al. Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 20–28 (2010).Ostensen, M. et al. 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Arthritis Care Res. 70, 1320–1325 (2018).Rempenault, C. et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 98–103 (2018).Ruiz-Irastorza, G. et al. Predictors of major infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res. Ther. 11, R109 (2009).Flannery, E. L., Chatterjee, A. K. & Winzeler, E. A. Antimalarial drug discovery – approaches and progress towards new medicines. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11, 849–862 (2013).Ridley, R. G. Medical need, scientific opportunity and the drive for antimalarial drugs. Nature 415, 686–693 (2002).Minie, M. et al. CANDO and the infinite drug discovery frontier. Drug Discov. Today 19, 1353–1363 (2014).Paddon, C. J. et al. High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin. Nature 496, 528–532 (2013).Hale, V. et al. Microbially derived artemisinin: a biotechnology solution to the global problem of access to affordable antimalarial drugs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 198–202 (2007).Somer, M. et al. Influence of hydroxychloroquine on the bioavailability of oral metoprolol. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49, 549–554 (2000).Kormelink, T. G. et al. Decrease in immunoglobulin free light chains in patients with rheumatoid arthritis upon rituximab (anti-CD20) treatment correlates with decrease in disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 2137–2144 (2010).Toimela, T., Tahti, H. & Salminen, L. Retinal pigment epithelium cell culture as a model for evaluation of the toxicity of tamoxifen and chloroquine. Ophthalmic Res. 27, 150–153 (1995).Bannwarth, B. et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of low-dose pulse methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 30, 194–210 (1996).Carmichael, S. J. et al. Combination therapy with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis increases exposure to methotrexate. J. Rheumatol. 29, 2077–2083 (2002).van den Borne, B. E. et al. Combination therapy in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized double blind trial of the addition of low dose cyclosporine to patients treated with low dose chloroquine. J. Rheumatol. 25, 1493–1498 (1998).Namazi, M. R. The potential negative impact of proton pump inhibitors on the immunopharmacologic effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Lupus 18, 104–105 (2009).Jallouli, M. et al. Determinants of hydroxychloroquine blood concentration variations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 67, 2176–2184 (2015).Ezra, N. & Jorizzo, J. Hydroxychloroquine and smoking in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 37, 327–334 (2012).Yeon Lee, J. et al. Factors related to blood hydroxychloroquine concentration in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 69, 536–542 (2017).Borden, M. B. & Parke, A. L. Antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus: use in pregnancy. Drug Saf. 24, 1055–1063 (2001).Costedoat-Chalumeau, N. et al. Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases. Review of the literature. Autoimmun. Rev. 4, 111–115 (2005).Teng, Y. K. O. et al. An evidence-based approach to pre-pregnancy counselling for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 57, 1707–1720 (2017).Andreoli, L. et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 476–485 (2017).Gotestam Skorpen, C. et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 795–810 (2016).Izmirly, P. M. et al. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Circulation 126, 76–82 (2012).Saxena, A. et al. Prevention and treatment in utero of autoimmune-associated congenital heart block. Cardiol. Rev. 22, 263–267 (2014).Friedman, D. et al. No histologic evidence of foetal cardiotoxicity following exposure to maternal hydroxychloroquine. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 35, 857–859 (2017).Sammaritano, L. R. & Bermas, B. L. Rheumatoid arthritis medications and lactation. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 26, 354–360 (2014).An, J. et al. Antimalarial drugs as immune modulators: new mechanisms for old drugs. Annu. Rev. Med. 68, 317–330 (2017).An, J. et al. Cutting edge: antimalarial drugs inhibit IFN-β production through blockade of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-DNA interaction. J. Immunol. 194, 4089–4093 (2015).van den Borne, B. E. et al. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine equally affect tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cellFasano, S. et al. Longterm hydroxychloroquine therapy and low-dose aspirin may have an additive effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 44, 1032–1038 (2017).Towers, C. G. & Thorburn, A. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy. EBioMedicine 14, 15–23 (2016).Rand, J. H. et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibodyβ2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood 112, 1687–1695 (2008).Jancinova, V., Nosal, R. & Petrikova, M. On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation. Thromb. Res. 74, 495–504 (1994).Bertrand, E. et al. Antiaggregation action of chloroquine. Med. Trop. 50, 143–146 (1990).Nosal, R., Jancinova, V. & Petrikova, M. Chloroquine inhibits stimulated platelets at the arachidonic acid pathway. Thromb. Res. 77, 531–542 (1995).Lazarus, M. N. et al. Incidence of cancer in a cohort of patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Rheumatology 45, 1012–1015 (2006). J. Rheumatol. 21, 375–376 (1994).Wallace, D. J. et al. The relevance of antimalarial therapy with regard to thrombosis, hypercholesterolemia and cytokines in SLE. Lupus 2, S13–S15 (1993).Hjorton, K. et al. Cytokine production by activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and natural killer cells is suppressed by an IRAK4 inhibitor. Arthritis Res. Ther. 20, 238 (2018).Willis, R. et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease activity in SLE patients: data from LUMINA (LXXV), a multiethnic US cohort. Lupus 21, 830–835 (2012).Wu, S. F. et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits CD154 expression in CD4(+) T lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus through NFAT, but not STAT5, signaling. Arthritis Res. Ther. 19, 183 (2017).Qushmaq, N. A. & Al-Emadi, S. A. Review on effectiveness of primary prophylaxis in aPLs with and without risk factors for thrombosis: efficacy and safety. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014, 348726 (2014).Nuri, E. et al. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine reduces antiphospholipid antibodies levels in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunol. Res. 65, 17–24 (2017).Dadoun, S. et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis over the last fifty years: systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine 80, 29–33 (2013).van den Hoek, J. et al. Mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 15-year prospective cohort study. Rheumatol. Int. 37, 487–493 (2017).Avina-Zubieta, J. A. et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus: a general population-based study. Arthritis Care Res. 69, 849–856. (2017).Srinivasa, A., Tosounidou, S. & Gordon, C. Increased incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in patients taking hydroxychloroquine: a brand-related issue? J. Rheumatol. 44, 398 (2017).Abdel-Hamid, H., Oddis, C. V. & Lacomis, D. Severe hydroxychloroquine myopathy. Muscle Nerve 38, 1206–1210 (2008).Jafri, K. et al. Antimalarial myopathy in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with quadriparesis and seizures: a case-based review. Clin. Rheumatol. 36, 1437–1444 (2017).Khosa, S. et al. Hydroxychloroquine-induced autophagic vacuolar myopathy with mitochondrial abnormalities. Neuropathology 38, 646–652 (2018).Stein, M., Bell, M. J. & Ang, L. C. Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity. J. Rheumatol. 27, 2927–2931 (2000). Int. J. Cardiol. 157, 117–119 (2012).Sundelin, S. P. & Terman, A. Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. APMIS 110, 481–489 (2002).Jorge, A. et al. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy implications of research advances for rheumatology care. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 14, 693–703 (2018).Marmor, M. F. et al. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 Revision). Ophthalmology 123, 1386–1394 (2016).Yusuf, I. H. et al. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists recommendations on screening for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine users in the United Kingdom: executive summary. Eye 32, 1168–1173 (2018). J. Rheumatol. 44 1841–1849 (2017).Padol, I. T. & Hunt, R. H. Association of myocardial infarctions with COX-2 inhibition may be related to immunomodulation towards a Th1 response resulting in atheromatous plaque instability: an evidencebased interpretation. Rheumatology 49, 837–843 (2010).Hage, M. P., Al-Badri, M. R. & Azar, S. T. A favorable effect of hydroxychloroquine on glucose and lipid metabolism beyond its anti-inflammatory role. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 5, 77–85 (2014).Costedoat-Chalumeau, N. et al. Low blood concentration of hydroxychloroquine is a marker for and predictor of disease exacerbations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3284–3290 (2006).Costedoat-Chalumeau, N. et al. A prospective international study on adherence to treatment in 305 patients with flaring SLE: assessment by drug levels and self-administered questionnaires. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 103, 1074–1082 (2018).Bethel, M. et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with end-stage renal disease. J. Investig. Med. 64, 908–910 (2016).Sperati, C. J. & Rosenberg, A. Z. Hydroxychloroquineinduced mimic of renal Fabry disease. Kidney Int. 94, 634 (2018).Yusuf, I. H., Lotery, A. J. & Ardern-Jones, M. R. Joint recommendations for retinal screening in longterm users of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the United Kingdom, 2018. Br. J. Dermatol. 179, 995–996 (2018).Melles, R. B. & Marmor, M. F. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 132, 1453–1460 (2014).Costedoat-Chalumeau, N., Isenberg, D. & Petri, M. Letter in response to the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus by Fanouriakis et al. Ann. Rheum. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019215573 (2019).

(2:30) D. Terman: an author whose day job is nuking the earth and owning an island; (11:00) Mandatory discussion of Epcot Center; (13:16) Greenpeace for runaway pirate children; (17:53) Ride the whale; (19:40) The lovechild of Dick Wolf and Enya; (22:00) Arabian Nights and Alien Days; (31:28) The ennui of shark-death and Napoleon’s hot air balloon; (38:10) Nietzsche 2: The Lion King Is Dead, Little Boy God Has Killed Him

1. Rio De Janeiro / Ugly Duckling 3,23 2. Rico suave bossa nova featuring Phat Kat /... 1,26 3. Tres delinquentes (Cubano remix Spanish) /... 5,05 4. Canto De Ossanha / Jurassic 5 4,20 5. Wild Puerto Ricans (f. Tony Touch, Terman... 3,21 6. Scuba Groupie / Apathy 1,04 7. Berimbau / Bodikhuu 1,54 8. Por Amor / Son Doobie 3,36 9. MAMBO KING / BOBO MEETS RHETTMATIC 0,51 10. Daddy Sweet Feat. Pat Ka / Guts 6,19 11. Samba Internacional / DJ Alibi 2,41 12. Papi Chulo (Spanish) / Funkdoobiest 5,31 13. Bossa Soundcheck / Kero One 4,08 14. Se Acabo (Remix) / The Beatnuts 3,28 15. Buscandote / SUPERSAN 3,35 16. Play That Song / Tony Touch Feat. Nina Sky... 3,18 17. Tropicalifornia (feat. Quantic) / DJ Nu-Mark 4,14 18. Spanish Fly / Bound By Honor 3,11 19. Work That Pole (Featuring Tony Touch) / Th... 4,00

Do highly intelligent people actually take better decisions in their daily lives than everyone else? And if not, what’s missing from our picture of what it means to be ‘smart’? Can you be highly intelligent, yet flunk a rationality test? And rather than noise to be ignored, might our emotions help us make decisions that are actually more rational? David Robson joins Igor and Charles to discuss intelligence traps, Terman’s Termites, the Monte Carlo fallacy, Damasio’s Somatic Marker hypothesis, the competitive humility of the start-up culture, and the ‘brutal pessimism’ baked in to the dark history of the Intelligence test. Igor wrangles with the challenge of convincing leaders of the merits of intellectual humility in a culture obsessed with certainty, David advocates for widespread cognitive inoculations, and Charles learns that butterflies in the stomach after a date may mean love, but also may mean gastric flu. Welcome to Episode 16. Special Guest: David Robson.

In this episode we begin the very long story of the pseudo-scientific conflation of race and intelligence over the last several hundred years. Much more to come on this topic in future podcasts. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_intelligence_part_1.pdf Some episode resources: Jensen, Arthur. "How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?" Harvard educational review 39, no. 1 (1969): 1-123. Spearman, Charles. "" General Intelligence," objectively determined and measured." The American Journal of Psychology 15, no. 2 (1904): 201-292. Goddard, Henry Herbert. The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (New York: Macmillan Company, 1912). Terman, Lewis Madison. The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Brigham, Carl Campbell. A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923), 197. Brigham, Carl Campbell. "Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups," Psychological Review 37, no. 2 (1930): 165.

The Flyers are in Columbus tonight to face a well-rested Blue Jackets that is coming off of an 8-2 walloping at the hands of the Tampa Bay Lightning. The BJs will likely coming out with a ton of energy as they look to get back in the win column, so here’s hoping the Flyers avoid the notorious slow start. We were joined by Alison Lukan of The Athletic Columbus to preview tonight’s game. Topics include:If the Anthony Duclair gamble will pay offIs the up-in-the-air contract status of two of their most important players, Sergei Bobrovsky and Artemi Panarin, affecting the club?Why John Tortorella works as a coach in Columbus long-termAn exciting Finnish defenseman in the vein of Shayne Gostisbehere who might give the Flyers fits tonightPuck drops at 7PM tonight on NBC Sports Philly and, as always, 97.5 on your radios. Let’s go Flyers! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Why Calgary (or your home town) will not be the next Silicon Valley. In the Eighties I had an inflection point in my career—clear only in retrospect—where I had a choice. I could have set out for Silicon Valley not all that long after it started to be called that. I had family in the area who I like to believe would have... *     *     * Listen, above, or read the essay instead (http://www.ntyessays.com/articles/004-who-will-be-our-fred-terman).

This penetrating book sheds light on the psychology of fundamentalism, with a particular focus on those who become extremists and fanatics. What accounts for the violence that emerges among some fundamentalist groups? The contributors to this book identify several factors: a radical dualism, in which all aspects of life are bluntly categorized as either good or evil; a destructive inclination to interpret authoritative texts, laws, and teachings in the most literal of terms; an extreme and totalized conversion experience; paranoid thinking; and an apocalyptic world view. After examining each of these concepts in detail, and showing the ways in which they lead to violence among widely disparate groups, these engrossing essays explore such areas as fundamentalism in the American experience and among jihadists, and they illuminate aspects of the same psychology that contributed to such historical crises as the French Revolution, the Nazi movement, and post-Partition Hindu religious practice. ReviewCharles B. Strozier is Professor of History and Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, John Jay College, and a practicing psychoanalyst. David M. Terman is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and Director of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis. James W. Jones is Professor of Religion and adjunct Professor of Clinical Psychology at Rutgers University. Katharine A. Boyd is a doctoral student at John Jay College, City University of New York.

Welcome Medicare Nation!  I have to tell you that today’s show is packed with tons of great information.  The topic of today's show is making end of life decisions and having an advanced care plan for yourself.   Today’s guest is Dr. Stanley Terman (founder of Caring Advocates for Advanced Care Planning),a board certified Psychiatrist in Carlsbad, CA, and a published author on today’s topic.  Dr. Terman has spent the last 15 years focused on reducing the pain of terminally ill patients.   People’s greatest fear is losing control and it means that other people have to make decisions for you.  It becomes difficult for people to be in a situation where they have to make decisions about your life, based on your wishes, not on your finances.  This instills much fear within all of us as we are aging.   Advanced care planning has been painted as “death panels”in the media and has fostered the idea that decisions about your care will be made with bias.  If you learn what your choices are now, you can plan and then not have to worry about it later in life.  There is a freedom that comes when you have made these decisions for yourself, and it allows you to continue enjoying your life.     The majority of people in certain groups do not prepare enough for advance care directives: Religious people  African Americans   Living Wills tend to be more controversial, we understand that some are reluctant to adopt them.  Doctor Terman created a Natural Dying Living Will, which is an extremely flexible document.   You are required to fill out a form of this nature in order to document your wishes.  You don’t need to consult an attorney and you don’t need to spend any money.  You can fill out a living will for free.  The Natural Dying Living Will isn’t free, but it gives you  many options and it is flexible.  The document needs to be strong enough to compel Physicians to follow your specific wishes.  The Natural Dying Living Will accomplishes  this with several layers of protections built in, and it has proven effective to get the attention of the physician.  Once you have filled out all of the paper work,  Dr. Terman recommends making a video where you summarize your wishes in a video directive.   **You need a Durable Power of Attorney in order to give someone the authority to make the Physicians follow your Living Will.   This will ensure you have the 4 P’s   1.  Peaceful 2.  Prompt 3.  Private 4.  Passing   Caring Advocates provides a laminated business card with a scannable bar code.  When scanned, it immediately pops up the video of your final wishes, and the necessary documents for your living will.  There’s concern about finding documents or getting documents out of safe keeping, in order to submit them to the Doctor   When attending a counseling appointment with a Doctor, bring your end of life documents with you to the session. Then your session becomes getting your Doctor’s opinion on the decisions you have made.  Some services like Palliative Sedation are choices you may make, but a Doctor might not support it.  Better to find this out ahead of time.  Having a discussion about this type of treatment and even Respite Sedation are beneficial.  You need to give your Doctor the tools to help sustain life, and these tools can accomplish that.   Once you have this paperwork taken care of, including the Durable Power of Attorney, there are clauses that would allow for the changing of Physicians and even for changing the treatment plan.  So this way of handling your paperwork is comprehensive and it can last through the ages, and the changes that can occur.     Plan now, to die later, to live longer.     You don’t want to miss Doctor Terman’s offer to assess your existing Living Will for the 3 main scenarios that will likely cause your death.  It’s an unbeatable offer!  Listen to the show for all the details!     Resources Mentioned in the show:   www.caringadvocates.org   The Natural Dying Living Will   Doctor Terman’s Books:   A Lethal Choice - The Best Way To Say Goodbye Peaceful Transitions - An Ironclad Strategy to Die When and How You Want Peaceful Transitions - Plan Now, Die Later My Way Cards - Natural Dying Living Will Cards     Thank you for listening! If you enjoyed this podcast, please subscribe and leave a 5 star rating and review in iTunes! (Click here)      Find out more information about Medicare on Diane Daniel’s website!   www.CallSamm.com       

Joe Cordaro is a principle member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore. He is a research chemist who received his PhD in chemistry from UC Berkeley. He talks with us about his work in concentrated solar power systems.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l [00:00:30] x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news [inaudible]. Speaker 3: Good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift. I'm joined today by spectrum contributors. Rick Karnofsky and Lisa [inaudible]. Rick and I interviewed Joe Carderock, a principal member of the technical staff at Sandia national laboratories in Livermore. He is a research chemist. [00:01:00] Joe received his phd in chemistry from UC Berkeley. He talks with us about his work in concentrated solar power systems. Joe, welcome to spectrum. Thank you. Rick. Can you explain to us a little bit about concerted solar power? Sure. I'd be happy to. People have looked at using mirrors to focus light to do exactly what we are now doing in the 21st century since the mid 17 and 18 hundreds. There's a few reports that people using mirrors to focus [00:01:30] sunlight to heat up water in a boiler to generate steam for creating a pump for irrigation. And there's also been a report of a printing press that was powered off of steam that was generated using mirrors to focus light to once again heat up a boiler. Speaker 3: Um, that all happened in the 19th early 20th century. But from about the early 1920s until the 1970s not a lot of work went into looking at concentrated solar power to make electricity. Primarily that was because at the same [00:02:00] time that research to make solar electricity from sunlight was taking off, oil was discovered and that became much cheaper and economical than it was to invest in technology to look at concentrated solar power. So concentrated solar power is a method by using in mirrors to focus the sun's rays onto a type of central receiver in order to boil water, to turn a turbine to generate electricity. So it's really a complicated way to boil water just to make electricity, but it works [00:02:30] and it only uses the sun. Is this sort of input for energy? Yeah, it's actually pretty amazing that we, that we don't use this more often because there is no emission from it. Speaker 3: There's no greenhouse gases, there's no radioactive material and it's mostly made using commodity parts that can almost 70% be made in the United States. So there's three main architectures for concentrated solar power. There's the sterling engine, there's parabolic trough systems and then a central receiver tower [00:03:00] vista. Then engines are maybe the most efficient type of concentrated solar power, but they also have the most moving parts and a reliability is somewhat low right now. Their module, so you can add one and then another and another and another and increase your field side to base on demand. You can also just stick one in your backyard if you had the money to buy it and uh, didn't mind the thumping noise at the sterling pump makes so they're a little loud. The most employed type of concentrated solar [00:03:30] power facility right now is a parabolic trough system. And in a parabolic trough system you have a field of mirrors that are focused on a central tube that runs through the parabolic trough. Speaker 3: And this tube is about three inches in diameter. And inside the tube is a working fluid and it's usually a silicon based oil. And the silicon based oil is used because the uh, operating temperature for that is around zero degrees Celsius up to 450. If you're in the desert, you typically have cold winter nights, [00:04:00] so you need to have a flu that doesn't solidify at nighttime in the wintertime. And so zeros are pretty good, that lower limit, but the a heat transfer fluid and based on silicon is slightly expensive. And how does that upper limit established? How hot can these things really go? So the upper limit would be the thermal stability of working fluid and the upper stability is just dependent on the chemical nature of the fluid. So the bond strengths of the actual carbon oxygen and silicon bonds within the heat transfer fluid. Speaker 3: But as far as the amount [00:04:30] of heat energy that can be sort of harvested, that's going to be dependent on the thermal heat capacity of the fluid times the actual density times the uh, flow rate. So the more heat you can store per volume per time will give you a more energy out at the end of the day. But all of that is gonna be dependent on factors like your thermal conductivity between the two betters holding the heat transfer fluid, and then also the heat exchangers that are down the line when you convert from a silicon [00:05:00] oil heat to steam heat. So there's a lot of limiting factors that control your efficiency of these things and a lot of losses. Also third type of concentrated solar power facility called the central receiver tower. And in those systems you have one tower that could maybe be 50 to a a hundred meters above the ground and that tower surrounded by field of mirrors and those mirrors are flat. Speaker 3: I also call them heliostats and those mirrors track the sun and then reflect the sun's rays onto the central receiver tower. And [00:05:30] the essential receiver tower has a molten salt inside of it and the temperature that usually goes up to about 550 degrees Celsius. And the reason why we're using molten salt is because you can get a higher operating temperature. Then you count the silicon fluid and this molten salt heats up to its operating temperature, which has been pumped only a short distance to a heat exchanger, which then boils water to turn a turbine to make electricity. Speaker 2: This is spectrum on k a l x [00:06:00] Berkeley. We are talking with Joe Cordaro of Sandia national laboratories about concentrated solar power. Speaker 3: And Are we limited at all about where we would deploy a concentrated solar power plants or are these all going to end up in the deserts of Arizona or so one of the main limitations for concentrated solar powers that you need to have good sunlight, you need to do need to have many, many days of sunlight [00:06:30] per year with a high intensity. So putting a concentrated solar power field up in northern Europe or the northeast of the United States doesn't always make sense economically. It's a much better to put it in the desert in California or Arizona or New Mexico or Utah or in Africa. So the key being cloud free, cloud free with a lower latitudes. And how prevalent are concentrated solar power plants right now? Well, [00:07:00] they're building them pretty rapidly, but I think the total percentage of the electricity we get in the United States, it's probably less than 1%, but they're building these plants in California and Arizona, especially essential receiver towers. Speaker 3: There's a big plant being built in Ivanpah, which is outside of Barstow. There's a couple of being built outside Las Vegas and Phoenix. They're building them in Morocco. They're building them in Italy. There's quite a few in Spain and there's some in France. Israel is building them. The amount of electricity [00:07:30] coming from these plants is uh, increasing, but it's still nothing compared to coal or natural gas. So essentially receiver towers are being explored a lot more because they have the potential for higher efficiency because you can go to higher temperature. So the carnow efficiency basically says that the higher difference in temperature between your hot and cold for doing work gives you the higher efficiency. So if you can increase your high operating temperature to five, six, seven, 800 degrees Celsius, but keep [00:08:00] your low operating temperature is still above the boiling point of water, you'll have a much more efficient cycle. Speaker 3: So if you're limited by our heat transfer fluid, thermal stability of 450 degrees, then you're uh, overall fishing in the plant will be limited. So a lot of the work that the Department of energy is doing to try to improve the efficiencies of these systems is to look at higher operating temperatures. But with higher operating temperatures comes also a materials compatibility issues. And then also higher losses. So as you go to higher temperature, you not only get better [00:08:30] efficiency for your carnow efficiency, but you also get higher radiative losses. So you actually start to lose more heat throughout your whole system. And your materials become more difficult to match. And Costco, Costco really high. And why is that? Well, materials are becoming a big issue. There's not a lot of industries that currently use high temperature materials that except the nuclear industry. So if you want to do large scale industrial power plants, you really [00:09:00] want to stick with commodity items that can be purchased cheaply. Speaker 3: Otherwise the costs are too expensive. So there's a lot of analysis that goes into try to decide if I increase my temperature by just 200 degrees or even a hundred degrees, is the efficiency gain worth the cost? So one of the big issues with these costs and material selection are the corrosion issues with your heat transfer fluid. So if you have a fluid that's operating at 700 or 800 degrees Celsius, you start to have incompatible [00:09:30] materials between your heat transfer fluid and the actual material of the pipe is made out of, I don't know, most of these salt baths, very simple sort of two ion component systems like this. Well the only actual molten salt used in the fields now are based off of sodium, potassium nitrate and nitrite mixture. So there are four components, two to four components, and they're pretty simple. But they do have reactive properties with a lot of alloys. Speaker 3: So there are still some [00:10:00] corrosion issues, especially when you get above 550 degrees. So there's the longterm stability of the molten salt bath or the molten salt storage tank, or the molten salt pipes that have to be considered because it's a 30 year plant that leave expected design. So most power plants are built with the idea that it's going to have a 30 year lifetime. So you have to figure out what's gonna happen over 30 years. And the rate of a simple chemical reaction usually doubles with every 10 degrees increase in temperature. So if you have a simple first order [00:10:30] reaction, like the decomposition of a Moan Salt, and you increase the temperature by 10 degrees, you can expect your rate to double. And so that starts to really matter. If you're looking at something that's going to be a 30 year lifetime, Speaker 2: you were listening to spectrum on k a l x Berkeley. Brad swift and Rick Karnofsky are talking with Joe Cordura about concentrated solar power and [inaudible]. Speaker 3: [00:11:00] So how intense is the beam once all these mirrors reflected into the molten salts? The central receiver tower like I described, has a large receiving window that maybe 10 by 10 meters and it's a target area that's painted black in order to absorb as much sunlight as possible from maybe a hundred, maybe 200 or maybe a thousand mirrors in the field, and they're focusing the sun's energy onto the central target in order to [00:11:30] get a really, really high temperature so that you can heat up some working heat transfer fluid. There's a way that a lot of the engineer's describe the intensity is it by the number of sons that are being focused onto that area and you're focusing all of those mirrors on a central spot, but you can get up to 3000 suns mean focused onto a single spot. 3000 suns is quite a high amount of energy and also very high temperature and there have been reports of birds that have flown [00:12:00] in the path of the sun. It's hot enough that they've burst into a little ball of fire and then fallen down into a fiery death below. Fortunately, it's only a few birds every once in a while, but that's how hot it does get in front of those receivers. You get nowhere that high of intensity and a parabolic trough system because you only have one large curved, mere focusing the sunlight onto a tube rather than hundreds of mirrors all focusing onto a central receiver. Speaker 3: [00:12:30] Can you explain more about how you store the, is it the heat you're storing? Are you, what are you storing actually, so one of the biggest advantage of concentrated solar power is the ability to store thermal heat. When you use the sun to generate electricity, you're depending on the sun's sunlight to be consistent on the race to be consistent. And if a cloud goes in front of the sun and you're generate electricity using photovoltaics, your power drops to zero until the cloud moves [00:13:00] out of the sky. At nighttime, you can't generate any electricity either cause you don't have any sun. If you look at the peak demand time for electricity in the United States, it tracks with the date, time sun, which is good. But then it also continues into the evening until six seven eight o'clock at night when everyone comes home at night and turns on their washer and dryer turns on their television and it turns on their dishwasher. Speaker 3: If you don't have any electricity on the grid available, then you're going to have a big problem. Coal and nuclear power plants can just generate electricity 24 hours a day without any problem. So [00:13:30] concentrated solar power offers the ability to do that as well through what we call thermal storage. So if you have a huge field of parabolic troughs that are heating up a heat transfer fluid to a high temperature, you can then take this fluid and store it into a large tank. And this hot fluid is going to stay hot for eight 1220 hours to pay on how big you build that tank. So now if you have a hot tank that's storing all of this heat, you can draw heat from that tank rather than drawing it from the field. [00:14:00] So you can decouple the power generation cycle from the actual solar sunlight. Speaker 3: So the tank is kept at a high temperature and constantly being recharged by the sun. But if the sun disappears, you have a reserve of fluid that's still hot that you can use to generate electricity by boiling water. And the size of that tank is dependent on how many hours of storage you want. So people will make these tanks based off of an eight hour storage cycle or a 10 hour or 12 hour [00:14:30] storage time. So typically they're made up of an eight hour storage time because no one needs a lot of electricity at four, five in the morning, and then the sun comes back up again and you can start your whole plant back up. And that makes it much easier to tie into the grid and much easier to distribute electricity to the population. So what we call a dispatchable electricity generation. That's a big advantage for concentrated solar power compared to wind or photovoltaics and what [00:15:00] happens to the system if the outage is longer so you don't just have to worry about nights they have to worry about clouds or dust storms or, so there's a lot of potential backups that can be engineered into a system. Speaker 3: One of them being gas powered burners just put in line to boil water to power the system in reverse basically. So if there was a really big problem where you had no sunlight for a week, could potentially use natural [00:15:30] gas burners to boil water but cycle it in reverse and so then the water goes and operates as a heat transfer fluid actually warm up the salt again. Fortunately historical data I think shows that that just is not a big risk. I mean you wouldn't build a plant in the northeast where you actually could have a week of cloud cover and cold rainy weather. You'd build a plant in the desert and a week of no sun doesn't happen. There's been plants that have been in operation for 30 years [00:16:00] in the desert in California, and there's historical data that is available to kind of map out where in the world you would build these plants. Speaker 3: That goes back many, many, many years and the Department of Energy has collected this data, specifically the national renewable energy lab. Our enrol in Colorado has a lot of this data and industry and the national labs work strongly together to try to figure out where the best places to build these plants that have not only the highest solar [00:16:30] radiation, but also the lowest environmental impact when you build a plant because despite it being a zero emitter of greenhouse gases, there are environmental issues related to water usage and also endangered species and the Atlantan usage. Pretty big. Yeah, they can be quite large. So there are some land issues that are associated with building a system in the middle of the desert. There's also issues about how do you get the electricity to where consumers actually [00:17:00] live. If you build a power plant in the middle of the desert but everyone lives a couple hundred miles away or thousands of miles away, how do you actually get the electricity to more populated areas? And this is an issue Europe is dealing with because they want to build power plant in North Africa and then have electricity ship to continental Europe somehow. So it's another topic, but they're looking at ways to make high voltage DC transmission lines from northern Europe down into Africa. So you can actually distribute the electricity from where it's generated. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 3: [00:17:30] Joe Cornaro is our guest. The show is spectrum. The station is k a l x Berkeley. The topic is concentrated solar power. Speaker 3: And what are some of the other open research questions that are out there besides the materials compatibility issues that you, some of the other areas are looking at. How do you actually set up a field of mirrors that maybe [00:18:00] 50 acres big and then get everyone in those mirrors to actually align properly without making it an incredibly expensive task. So all of these mirrors have to track the sun at the same angle and you have to figure out how can you put all these mirrors on some type of mechanical platform that moves to track the sun and then direct the sunlight efficiently. Cause just a small error in one of the mirrors can really change your beam and decrease your efficiency quite significantly. [00:18:30] You also have to think about what happens when a big wind storm comes around in the desert and you have 70 mile an hour winds. Speaker 3: Now all the mirrors have to be stowed, turned pretty much horizontal so that they don't get blown away. Then you have to worry about the sand that comes by and and polishes. The mirrors are unpolished as them heres so there's a lot of technology goes into the coatings figuring out new pumps, valves and fittings when you're running at 800 degrees. So you can pump a fluid at 500 degrees. We have commercial equipment to do [00:19:00] that, but using that equipment at 700 or 800 degrees hasn't been tested. So manufacturers will make things that they say possibly will work at 800 but it's not actually been tested at 800 and then we don't even have sensors to measure things that 800 on a large scale like this to measure what kinds of things? A viscosity is a big one. So we want to know how fast a fluid is flowing through a pipe so we can calculate how much heat is coming out. Speaker 3: So we know how much steam we're going to generate and try [00:19:30] to measure viscosity at 800 degrees hasn't been done either. So we have active programs to look at making new sensors for viscosity. Some of the other issues, I'm trying to get more efficient steam cycles. Actually there are commercially available turbines to make steam for the uh, colon, natural gas industry that have been around for 50 75 years and they work really well up to a certain temperature. But if you can go higher with your heat transfer fluid, then you want to go higher with your turbine as well. And then [00:20:00] using steam no longer as efficient. And so people are looking at other types of cycles that don't use water anymore to make steam, but they're using super critical CO2 or helium or some other type of gas for what we call air brain cycles. Speaker 3: And those could operate up to 1200 degrees and Japan has actually looked at those for quite awhile, but America has been pretty scared of looking at a 1200 degree high pressure systems. As far as the risk. Yeah, as far as the risk goes, it is a little bit more dangerous [00:20:30] when you have 1200 degrees and high high pressure systems, but the efficiency could be a lot higher. So all of this is still open for optimization. All of it requires inputs from systems engineers to finance people to determine the cost, whether it's worth it down to scientists, to the Terman stability and compatibility of parts to the last thing you want to do is build a big field and then have to replace a huge [00:21:00] portion of it in three years because you have something break that'll make the entire project economically a nonstarter. So the risks have to be reduced to save as much as possible. Speaker 4: Joe, how was it? Did you became involved in concentrated solar power? Speaker 3: After I got to Sandia national labs, I began working in the concentrated solar power research project because I was a chemist in looking at materials, compatibility issues and also stability issues of heat transfer fluids and while it doesn't sound like the most sexy [00:21:30] area of chemistry to be in formulating new salts and looking at high temperature materials, I really, really enjoy it because it is actually being built is actually real science being turned into engineering projects that is actually being deployed throughout the world to solve our problems and to make us energy independent. So unlike a lot of academic research that I did in school, concentrated solar power is real. It's been done and it's been put to use and that makes me incredibly [00:22:00] excited about being part of that project. Joe Codero, thanks for joining us. Thank you for having me. Speaker 2: Regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening in the bay area over the next few weeks. Rick and Lisa, join me for the calendar. Speaker 5: UC Berkeley's Institute of East Asian Studies [00:22:30] will hold a symposium titled Towards Longterm Sustainability in response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster. It takes place today and tomorrow and it starts soon, one 30 to five 30 today, so you better hurry up and get over there, but if you can't make it today, tomorrow will feature three Speakers, all of whom have been actively involved in analyzing the Fukushima nuclear plant accident, its historical context, and the sociopolitical actions taken by the various stakeholders. The symposium [00:23:00] will situate the causes and the consequences of the disaster in the context of a longterm sustainable future. For more information, go to the website, I. E. A s@berkeley.edu Speaker 4: cal day is tomorrow, Saturday, April 21st the Berkeley campus, the museums, the botanical garden are open to the public. There are a wide variety of presentations and facilities you can tour for details, go to the website, cal day.berkeley.edu Speaker 5: [00:23:30] on June 5th, 2012 Venus will transit or pass directly in front of the sun. A transit like this is so rare. No human alive today. We'll witness it again. The next one will not be until 2117 get ready. This event by going to the transit of Venus Planetarium program at the Lawrence Hall of science this Saturday on cow day at 3:00 PM learn why transits are so rare, how studying transits taught us exactly how big our solar system is [00:24:00] and how they may be the key to discovering other earths and other star systems. Then come back on June 5th and observed the actual transit of Venus at the Lawrence Hall of Science. The hall will have several solar telescopes for viewing the eclipse safely on the main plaza. Most of us are aware of the obesity epidemic facing the United States, but is it simply a matter of calories in, calories out on Thursday, May 3rd from 1210 to 1:00 PM in the auditorium of the Berkeley Art Museum, [00:24:30] you CSF neuroendocrinologist Robert Lustig will present the lecture health, Darwin Diet disease and dollars. He will examine some of the more controversial dietary factors contributing to the obesity epidemic, the role that these obesogens potentially play in our evolution toward an unhealthy nation. And possible solutions for turning this trend around. You must register for this event. Go to u h S. Dot. berkeley.edu Speaker 6: [00:25:00] on Saturday April 28th at 1:30 PM the Commonwealth Club and the Youth Science Initiative. Host the research group lead for Pixar and our guest on spectrum two weeks from today, Tony rose. Senator, the admission is $20 Commonwealth Club members get in for 12 Speaker 6: and is $7 for students 18 and under. The talk will be at the Los Altos High School Eagle Theater, two zero one almond avenue in Los Altos. Tony will discuss how math [00:25:30] is central to Pixar film production process and also the young makers program. That's the topic of our interview. In the next episode of spectrum, students are teamed up with adult mentors to design and build ambitious projects for the maker fair for tickets and more information, visit www.commonwealthclub.org another feature is spectrum guest Maggie Court. Baker will also be giving a lecture soon. Maggie is the science editor of Boeing, boeing.net and we'll be discussing her recent book before the lights go [00:26:00] out, conquering the energy crisis before it conquers us. She'll put the fun back in the infrastructure and described the surprising ways our electric system evolved, what we can and can't do about the energy crisis now and what the future might hold. This is the spring seminar for the Berkeley Science Review and will take place in the lead caching building room. Three four five on Wednesday May 2nd at 6:00 PM yeah, RSVP At B e r c. Dot. berkeley.edu [00:26:30] pseudo room, a newly forming East Bay hackerspace is having a free kickoff and fundraiser on Friday May 4th at 7:00 PM at Tech Liminal two six eight 14th street in downtown Oakland. Okay. Pseudo room is a collaborative community of tech developers, citizen scientists, activists and artists. Mitch Altman, cofounder of Noisebridge. We'll discuss hackerspaces for more information, visit s u d o room.org [00:27:00] now the news Speaker 5: significant declines are expected in the number of emperor penguins over the next century due to earlier spring warming around Antarctica. A new study in the April 13th edition of Science Daily reports that an international team of scientists using satellite mapping technology reveals there are twice as many emperor penguins in Antarctica than previously thought. Using a technique known as pan sharpening to increase the resolution of the satellite imagery. They were able to differentiate between birds, [00:27:30] eye shadow and Penguin Guano. In the first comprehensive census of a species taken from space 595,000 birds were counted almost double the previous estimates. Speaker 6: The origin of cosmic grays has long been and remains a mystery. The ice cube collaboration in which Berkeley lab is a crucial contributor published in an article in the April 18th issue of nature on their exhaustive search for a high energy neutrinos that would likely be produced if the violent extra galactic [00:28:00] explosions known as Gamma Ray bursts are a source of ultra high energy cosmic rays. They I know events they have correspondents to these bursts when they would predict to see at least 8.4 events that correspond to some of the 215 gamma ray bursts detected from two periods in 2008 and 2009 there are other popular models for the origin of cosmic rays including active galactic nuclei. The Ice Cube Neutrino telescope encompasses a cubic kilometer of ice under [00:28:30] the South Pole and has over 5,000 digital optical modules that track the direction and energy of speeding yuan's which are created when you Trina is collide with Adam's in the ice. On a later episode of spectrum, you'll hear from Spencer Klein and Thorsten Settle Berger about this experiment. Visit ice cube dot [inaudible] w I s c.edu for more information, Speaker 2: thanks to Rick Kaneski [00:29:00] and Lisa cabbage for help producing show music heard during the show is by Lasagna David from his album, folk and acoustic made available through creative Commons attribution license 3.0 spectrum shows are now available online at iTunes university. Go to itunes.berkeley.edu thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send [inaudible] [00:29:30] email address is spectrum dot [inaudible] dot com join us in two weeks. Same time. [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Joe Cordaro is a principle member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore. He is a research chemist who received his PhD in chemistry from UC Berkeley. He talks with us about his work in concentrated solar power systems.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l [00:00:30] x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news [inaudible]. Speaker 3: Good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift. I'm joined today by spectrum contributors. Rick Karnofsky and Lisa [inaudible]. Rick and I interviewed Joe Carderock, a principal member of the technical staff at Sandia national laboratories in Livermore. He is a research chemist. [00:01:00] Joe received his phd in chemistry from UC Berkeley. He talks with us about his work in concentrated solar power systems. Joe, welcome to spectrum. Thank you. Rick. Can you explain to us a little bit about concerted solar power? Sure. I'd be happy to. People have looked at using mirrors to focus light to do exactly what we are now doing in the 21st century since the mid 17 and 18 hundreds. There's a few reports that people using mirrors to focus [00:01:30] sunlight to heat up water in a boiler to generate steam for creating a pump for irrigation. And there's also been a report of a printing press that was powered off of steam that was generated using mirrors to focus light to once again heat up a boiler. Speaker 3: Um, that all happened in the 19th early 20th century. But from about the early 1920s until the 1970s not a lot of work went into looking at concentrated solar power to make electricity. Primarily that was because at the same [00:02:00] time that research to make solar electricity from sunlight was taking off, oil was discovered and that became much cheaper and economical than it was to invest in technology to look at concentrated solar power. So concentrated solar power is a method by using in mirrors to focus the sun's rays onto a type of central receiver in order to boil water, to turn a turbine to generate electricity. So it's really a complicated way to boil water just to make electricity, but it works [00:02:30] and it only uses the sun. Is this sort of input for energy? Yeah, it's actually pretty amazing that we, that we don't use this more often because there is no emission from it. Speaker 3: There's no greenhouse gases, there's no radioactive material and it's mostly made using commodity parts that can almost 70% be made in the United States. So there's three main architectures for concentrated solar power. There's the sterling engine, there's parabolic trough systems and then a central receiver tower [00:03:00] vista. Then engines are maybe the most efficient type of concentrated solar power, but they also have the most moving parts and a reliability is somewhat low right now. Their module, so you can add one and then another and another and another and increase your field side to base on demand. You can also just stick one in your backyard if you had the money to buy it and uh, didn't mind the thumping noise at the sterling pump makes so they're a little loud. The most employed type of concentrated solar [00:03:30] power facility right now is a parabolic trough system. And in a parabolic trough system you have a field of mirrors that are focused on a central tube that runs through the parabolic trough. Speaker 3: And this tube is about three inches in diameter. And inside the tube is a working fluid and it's usually a silicon based oil. And the silicon based oil is used because the uh, operating temperature for that is around zero degrees Celsius up to 450. If you're in the desert, you typically have cold winter nights, [00:04:00] so you need to have a flu that doesn't solidify at nighttime in the wintertime. And so zeros are pretty good, that lower limit, but the a heat transfer fluid and based on silicon is slightly expensive. And how does that upper limit established? How hot can these things really go? So the upper limit would be the thermal stability of working fluid and the upper stability is just dependent on the chemical nature of the fluid. So the bond strengths of the actual carbon oxygen and silicon bonds within the heat transfer fluid. Speaker 3: But as far as the amount [00:04:30] of heat energy that can be sort of harvested, that's going to be dependent on the thermal heat capacity of the fluid times the actual density times the uh, flow rate. So the more heat you can store per volume per time will give you a more energy out at the end of the day. But all of that is gonna be dependent on factors like your thermal conductivity between the two betters holding the heat transfer fluid, and then also the heat exchangers that are down the line when you convert from a silicon [00:05:00] oil heat to steam heat. So there's a lot of limiting factors that control your efficiency of these things and a lot of losses. Also third type of concentrated solar power facility called the central receiver tower. And in those systems you have one tower that could maybe be 50 to a a hundred meters above the ground and that tower surrounded by field of mirrors and those mirrors are flat. Speaker 3: I also call them heliostats and those mirrors track the sun and then reflect the sun's rays onto the central receiver tower. And [00:05:30] the essential receiver tower has a molten salt inside of it and the temperature that usually goes up to about 550 degrees Celsius. And the reason why we're using molten salt is because you can get a higher operating temperature. Then you count the silicon fluid and this molten salt heats up to its operating temperature, which has been pumped only a short distance to a heat exchanger, which then boils water to turn a turbine to make electricity. Speaker 2: This is spectrum on k a l x [00:06:00] Berkeley. We are talking with Joe Cordaro of Sandia national laboratories about concentrated solar power. Speaker 3: And Are we limited at all about where we would deploy a concentrated solar power plants or are these all going to end up in the deserts of Arizona or so one of the main limitations for concentrated solar powers that you need to have good sunlight, you need to do need to have many, many days of sunlight [00:06:30] per year with a high intensity. So putting a concentrated solar power field up in northern Europe or the northeast of the United States doesn't always make sense economically. It's a much better to put it in the desert in California or Arizona or New Mexico or Utah or in Africa. So the key being cloud free, cloud free with a lower latitudes. And how prevalent are concentrated solar power plants right now? Well, [00:07:00] they're building them pretty rapidly, but I think the total percentage of the electricity we get in the United States, it's probably less than 1%, but they're building these plants in California and Arizona, especially essential receiver towers. Speaker 3: There's a big plant being built in Ivanpah, which is outside of Barstow. There's a couple of being built outside Las Vegas and Phoenix. They're building them in Morocco. They're building them in Italy. There's quite a few in Spain and there's some in France. Israel is building them. The amount of electricity [00:07:30] coming from these plants is uh, increasing, but it's still nothing compared to coal or natural gas. So essentially receiver towers are being explored a lot more because they have the potential for higher efficiency because you can go to higher temperature. So the carnow efficiency basically says that the higher difference in temperature between your hot and cold for doing work gives you the higher efficiency. So if you can increase your high operating temperature to five, six, seven, 800 degrees Celsius, but keep [00:08:00] your low operating temperature is still above the boiling point of water, you'll have a much more efficient cycle. Speaker 3: So if you're limited by our heat transfer fluid, thermal stability of 450 degrees, then you're uh, overall fishing in the plant will be limited. So a lot of the work that the Department of energy is doing to try to improve the efficiencies of these systems is to look at higher operating temperatures. But with higher operating temperatures comes also a materials compatibility issues. And then also higher losses. So as you go to higher temperature, you not only get better [00:08:30] efficiency for your carnow efficiency, but you also get higher radiative losses. So you actually start to lose more heat throughout your whole system. And your materials become more difficult to match. And Costco, Costco really high. And why is that? Well, materials are becoming a big issue. There's not a lot of industries that currently use high temperature materials that except the nuclear industry. So if you want to do large scale industrial power plants, you really [00:09:00] want to stick with commodity items that can be purchased cheaply. Speaker 3: Otherwise the costs are too expensive. So there's a lot of analysis that goes into try to decide if I increase my temperature by just 200 degrees or even a hundred degrees, is the efficiency gain worth the cost? So one of the big issues with these costs and material selection are the corrosion issues with your heat transfer fluid. So if you have a fluid that's operating at 700 or 800 degrees Celsius, you start to have incompatible [00:09:30] materials between your heat transfer fluid and the actual material of the pipe is made out of, I don't know, most of these salt baths, very simple sort of two ion component systems like this. Well the only actual molten salt used in the fields now are based off of sodium, potassium nitrate and nitrite mixture. So there are four components, two to four components, and they're pretty simple. But they do have reactive properties with a lot of alloys. Speaker 3: So there are still some [00:10:00] corrosion issues, especially when you get above 550 degrees. So there's the longterm stability of the molten salt bath or the molten salt storage tank, or the molten salt pipes that have to be considered because it's a 30 year plant that leave expected design. So most power plants are built with the idea that it's going to have a 30 year lifetime. So you have to figure out what's gonna happen over 30 years. And the rate of a simple chemical reaction usually doubles with every 10 degrees increase in temperature. So if you have a simple first order [00:10:30] reaction, like the decomposition of a Moan Salt, and you increase the temperature by 10 degrees, you can expect your rate to double. And so that starts to really matter. If you're looking at something that's going to be a 30 year lifetime, Speaker 2: you were listening to spectrum on k a l x Berkeley. Brad swift and Rick Karnofsky are talking with Joe Cordura about concentrated solar power and [inaudible]. Speaker 3: [00:11:00] So how intense is the beam once all these mirrors reflected into the molten salts? The central receiver tower like I described, has a large receiving window that maybe 10 by 10 meters and it's a target area that's painted black in order to absorb as much sunlight as possible from maybe a hundred, maybe 200 or maybe a thousand mirrors in the field, and they're focusing the sun's energy onto the central target in order to [00:11:30] get a really, really high temperature so that you can heat up some working heat transfer fluid. There's a way that a lot of the engineer's describe the intensity is it by the number of sons that are being focused onto that area and you're focusing all of those mirrors on a central spot, but you can get up to 3000 suns mean focused onto a single spot. 3000 suns is quite a high amount of energy and also very high temperature and there have been reports of birds that have flown [00:12:00] in the path of the sun. It's hot enough that they've burst into a little ball of fire and then fallen down into a fiery death below. Fortunately, it's only a few birds every once in a while, but that's how hot it does get in front of those receivers. You get nowhere that high of intensity and a parabolic trough system because you only have one large curved, mere focusing the sunlight onto a tube rather than hundreds of mirrors all focusing onto a central receiver. Speaker 3: [00:12:30] Can you explain more about how you store the, is it the heat you're storing? Are you, what are you storing actually, so one of the biggest advantage of concentrated solar power is the ability to store thermal heat. When you use the sun to generate electricity, you're depending on the sun's sunlight to be consistent on the race to be consistent. And if a cloud goes in front of the sun and you're generate electricity using photovoltaics, your power drops to zero until the cloud moves [00:13:00] out of the sky. At nighttime, you can't generate any electricity either cause you don't have any sun. If you look at the peak demand time for electricity in the United States, it tracks with the date, time sun, which is good. But then it also continues into the evening until six seven eight o'clock at night when everyone comes home at night and turns on their washer and dryer turns on their television and it turns on their dishwasher. Speaker 3: If you don't have any electricity on the grid available, then you're going to have a big problem. Coal and nuclear power plants can just generate electricity 24 hours a day without any problem. So [00:13:30] concentrated solar power offers the ability to do that as well through what we call thermal storage. So if you have a huge field of parabolic troughs that are heating up a heat transfer fluid to a high temperature, you can then take this fluid and store it into a large tank. And this hot fluid is going to stay hot for eight 1220 hours to pay on how big you build that tank. So now if you have a hot tank that's storing all of this heat, you can draw heat from that tank rather than drawing it from the field. [00:14:00] So you can decouple the power generation cycle from the actual solar sunlight. Speaker 3: So the tank is kept at a high temperature and constantly being recharged by the sun. But if the sun disappears, you have a reserve of fluid that's still hot that you can use to generate electricity by boiling water. And the size of that tank is dependent on how many hours of storage you want. So people will make these tanks based off of an eight hour storage cycle or a 10 hour or 12 hour [00:14:30] storage time. So typically they're made up of an eight hour storage time because no one needs a lot of electricity at four, five in the morning, and then the sun comes back up again and you can start your whole plant back up. And that makes it much easier to tie into the grid and much easier to distribute electricity to the population. So what we call a dispatchable electricity generation. That's a big advantage for concentrated solar power compared to wind or photovoltaics and what [00:15:00] happens to the system if the outage is longer so you don't just have to worry about nights they have to worry about clouds or dust storms or, so there's a lot of potential backups that can be engineered into a system. Speaker 3: One of them being gas powered burners just put in line to boil water to power the system in reverse basically. So if there was a really big problem where you had no sunlight for a week, could potentially use natural [00:15:30] gas burners to boil water but cycle it in reverse and so then the water goes and operates as a heat transfer fluid actually warm up the salt again. Fortunately historical data I think shows that that just is not a big risk. I mean you wouldn't build a plant in the northeast where you actually could have a week of cloud cover and cold rainy weather. You'd build a plant in the desert and a week of no sun doesn't happen. There's been plants that have been in operation for 30 years [00:16:00] in the desert in California, and there's historical data that is available to kind of map out where in the world you would build these plants. Speaker 3: That goes back many, many, many years and the Department of Energy has collected this data, specifically the national renewable energy lab. Our enrol in Colorado has a lot of this data and industry and the national labs work strongly together to try to figure out where the best places to build these plants that have not only the highest solar [00:16:30] radiation, but also the lowest environmental impact when you build a plant because despite it being a zero emitter of greenhouse gases, there are environmental issues related to water usage and also endangered species and the Atlantan usage. Pretty big. Yeah, they can be quite large. So there are some land issues that are associated with building a system in the middle of the desert. There's also issues about how do you get the electricity to where consumers actually [00:17:00] live. If you build a power plant in the middle of the desert but everyone lives a couple hundred miles away or thousands of miles away, how do you actually get the electricity to more populated areas? And this is an issue Europe is dealing with because they want to build power plant in North Africa and then have electricity ship to continental Europe somehow. So it's another topic, but they're looking at ways to make high voltage DC transmission lines from northern Europe down into Africa. So you can actually distribute the electricity from where it's generated. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 3: [00:17:30] Joe Cornaro is our guest. The show is spectrum. The station is k a l x Berkeley. The topic is concentrated solar power. Speaker 3: And what are some of the other open research questions that are out there besides the materials compatibility issues that you, some of the other areas are looking at. How do you actually set up a field of mirrors that maybe [00:18:00] 50 acres big and then get everyone in those mirrors to actually align properly without making it an incredibly expensive task. So all of these mirrors have to track the sun at the same angle and you have to figure out how can you put all these mirrors on some type of mechanical platform that moves to track the sun and then direct the sunlight efficiently. Cause just a small error in one of the mirrors can really change your beam and decrease your efficiency quite significantly. [00:18:30] You also have to think about what happens when a big wind storm comes around in the desert and you have 70 mile an hour winds. Speaker 3: Now all the mirrors have to be stowed, turned pretty much horizontal so that they don't get blown away. Then you have to worry about the sand that comes by and and polishes. The mirrors are unpolished as them heres so there's a lot of technology goes into the coatings figuring out new pumps, valves and fittings when you're running at 800 degrees. So you can pump a fluid at 500 degrees. We have commercial equipment to do [00:19:00] that, but using that equipment at 700 or 800 degrees hasn't been tested. So manufacturers will make things that they say possibly will work at 800 but it's not actually been tested at 800 and then we don't even have sensors to measure things that 800 on a large scale like this to measure what kinds of things? A viscosity is a big one. So we want to know how fast a fluid is flowing through a pipe so we can calculate how much heat is coming out. Speaker 3: So we know how much steam we're going to generate and try [00:19:30] to measure viscosity at 800 degrees hasn't been done either. So we have active programs to look at making new sensors for viscosity. Some of the other issues, I'm trying to get more efficient steam cycles. Actually there are commercially available turbines to make steam for the uh, colon, natural gas industry that have been around for 50 75 years and they work really well up to a certain temperature. But if you can go higher with your heat transfer fluid, then you want to go higher with your turbine as well. And then [00:20:00] using steam no longer as efficient. And so people are looking at other types of cycles that don't use water anymore to make steam, but they're using super critical CO2 or helium or some other type of gas for what we call air brain cycles. Speaker 3: And those could operate up to 1200 degrees and Japan has actually looked at those for quite awhile, but America has been pretty scared of looking at a 1200 degree high pressure systems. As far as the risk. Yeah, as far as the risk goes, it is a little bit more dangerous [00:20:30] when you have 1200 degrees and high high pressure systems, but the efficiency could be a lot higher. So all of this is still open for optimization. All of it requires inputs from systems engineers to finance people to determine the cost, whether it's worth it down to scientists, to the Terman stability and compatibility of parts to the last thing you want to do is build a big field and then have to replace a huge [00:21:00] portion of it in three years because you have something break that'll make the entire project economically a nonstarter. So the risks have to be reduced to save as much as possible. Speaker 4: Joe, how was it? Did you became involved in concentrated solar power? Speaker 3: After I got to Sandia national labs, I began working in the concentrated solar power research project because I was a chemist in looking at materials, compatibility issues and also stability issues of heat transfer fluids and while it doesn't sound like the most sexy [00:21:30] area of chemistry to be in formulating new salts and looking at high temperature materials, I really, really enjoy it because it is actually being built is actually real science being turned into engineering projects that is actually being deployed throughout the world to solve our problems and to make us energy independent. So unlike a lot of academic research that I did in school, concentrated solar power is real. It's been done and it's been put to use and that makes me incredibly [00:22:00] excited about being part of that project. Joe Codero, thanks for joining us. Thank you for having me. Speaker 2: Regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening in the bay area over the next few weeks. Rick and Lisa, join me for the calendar. Speaker 5: UC Berkeley's Institute of East Asian Studies [00:22:30] will hold a symposium titled Towards Longterm Sustainability in response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster. It takes place today and tomorrow and it starts soon, one 30 to five 30 today, so you better hurry up and get over there, but if you can't make it today, tomorrow will feature three Speakers, all of whom have been actively involved in analyzing the Fukushima nuclear plant accident, its historical context, and the sociopolitical actions taken by the various stakeholders. The symposium [00:23:00] will situate the causes and the consequences of the disaster in the context of a longterm sustainable future. For more information, go to the website, I. E. A s@berkeley.edu Speaker 4: cal day is tomorrow, Saturday, April 21st the Berkeley campus, the museums, the botanical garden are open to the public. There are a wide variety of presentations and facilities you can tour for details, go to the website, cal day.berkeley.edu Speaker 5: [00:23:30] on June 5th, 2012 Venus will transit or pass directly in front of the sun. A transit like this is so rare. No human alive today. We'll witness it again. The next one will not be until 2117 get ready. This event by going to the transit of Venus Planetarium program at the Lawrence Hall of science this Saturday on cow day at 3:00 PM learn why transits are so rare, how studying transits taught us exactly how big our solar system is [00:24:00] and how they may be the key to discovering other earths and other star systems. Then come back on June 5th and observed the actual transit of Venus at the Lawrence Hall of Science. The hall will have several solar telescopes for viewing the eclipse safely on the main plaza. Most of us are aware of the obesity epidemic facing the United States, but is it simply a matter of calories in, calories out on Thursday, May 3rd from 1210 to 1:00 PM in the auditorium of the Berkeley Art Museum, [00:24:30] you CSF neuroendocrinologist Robert Lustig will present the lecture health, Darwin Diet disease and dollars. He will examine some of the more controversial dietary factors contributing to the obesity epidemic, the role that these obesogens potentially play in our evolution toward an unhealthy nation. And possible solutions for turning this trend around. You must register for this event. Go to u h S. Dot. berkeley.edu Speaker 6: [00:25:00] on Saturday April 28th at 1:30 PM the Commonwealth Club and the Youth Science Initiative. Host the research group lead for Pixar and our guest on spectrum two weeks from today, Tony rose. Senator, the admission is $20 Commonwealth Club members get in for 12 Speaker 6: and is $7 for students 18 and under. The talk will be at the Los Altos High School Eagle Theater, two zero one almond avenue in Los Altos. Tony will discuss how math [00:25:30] is central to Pixar film production process and also the young makers program. That's the topic of our interview. In the next episode of spectrum, students are teamed up with adult mentors to design and build ambitious projects for the maker fair for tickets and more information, visit www.commonwealthclub.org another feature is spectrum guest Maggie Court. Baker will also be giving a lecture soon. Maggie is the science editor of Boeing, boeing.net and we'll be discussing her recent book before the lights go [00:26:00] out, conquering the energy crisis before it conquers us. She'll put the fun back in the infrastructure and described the surprising ways our electric system evolved, what we can and can't do about the energy crisis now and what the future might hold. This is the spring seminar for the Berkeley Science Review and will take place in the lead caching building room. Three four five on Wednesday May 2nd at 6:00 PM yeah, RSVP At B e r c. Dot. berkeley.edu [00:26:30] pseudo room, a newly forming East Bay hackerspace is having a free kickoff and fundraiser on Friday May 4th at 7:00 PM at Tech Liminal two six eight 14th street in downtown Oakland. Okay. Pseudo room is a collaborative community of tech developers, citizen scientists, activists and artists. Mitch Altman, cofounder of Noisebridge. We'll discuss hackerspaces for more information, visit s u d o room.org [00:27:00] now the news Speaker 5: significant declines are expected in the number of emperor penguins over the next century due to earlier spring warming around Antarctica. A new study in the April 13th edition of Science Daily reports that an international team of scientists using satellite mapping technology reveals there are twice as many emperor penguins in Antarctica than previously thought. Using a technique known as pan sharpening to increase the resolution of the satellite imagery. They were able to differentiate between birds, [00:27:30] eye shadow and Penguin Guano. In the first comprehensive census of a species taken from space 595,000 birds were counted almost double the previous estimates. Speaker 6: The origin of cosmic grays has long been and remains a mystery. The ice cube collaboration in which Berkeley lab is a crucial contributor published in an article in the April 18th issue of nature on their exhaustive search for a high energy neutrinos that would likely be produced if the violent extra galactic [00:28:00] explosions known as Gamma Ray bursts are a source of ultra high energy cosmic rays. They I know events they have correspondents to these bursts when they would predict to see at least 8.4 events that correspond to some of the 215 gamma ray bursts detected from two periods in 2008 and 2009 there are other popular models for the origin of cosmic rays including active galactic nuclei. The Ice Cube Neutrino telescope encompasses a cubic kilometer of ice under [00:28:30] the South Pole and has over 5,000 digital optical modules that track the direction and energy of speeding yuan's which are created when you Trina is collide with Adam's in the ice. On a later episode of spectrum, you'll hear from Spencer Klein and Thorsten Settle Berger about this experiment. Visit ice cube dot [inaudible] w I s c.edu for more information, Speaker 2: thanks to Rick Kaneski [00:29:00] and Lisa cabbage for help producing show music heard during the show is by Lasagna David from his album, folk and acoustic made available through creative Commons attribution license 3.0 spectrum shows are now available online at iTunes university. Go to itunes.berkeley.edu thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send [inaudible] [00:29:30] email address is spectrum dot [inaudible] dot com join us in two weeks. Same time. [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Host: Anti-Aging Psychologist Dr. Michael Brickey Guest: Dr. Leslie Martin Broadcast and podcast on webtalkradio.net. The podcast is also on the links below (to download, right click download and select "save target as.") Dr. Howard Friedman and Dr. Leslie Martin are the current custodians of the study Lewis Terman started in the 1920s. That study followed 1500 bright boys and girls. Dr. Friedman and Dr. Martin's book, The Longevity Project reports the latest findings from the Terman study and discusses how it compares with other studies.

Guest: David Terman, MD Host: Larry Kaskel, MD Dr. Larry Kaskel welcomes Dr. David M. Terman, Director of the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis. Dr. Terman takes us into the mind of a suicide bomber and the role that fundamentalism plays in that mind.

Intelligence -- basic concepts. Genetic theories of intelligence; Goddard; Kallikak family; Contemporary studies of heredity; Binet; Terman; IQ