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So what, exactly, was “The Enlightenment”? According to the Princeton historian David A. Bell, it was an intellectual movement roughly spanning the early 18th century through to the French Revolution. In his Spring 2025 Liberties Quarterly piece “The Enlightenment, Then and Now”, Bell charts the Enlightenment as a complex intellectual movement centered in Paris but with hubs across Europe and America. He highlights key figures like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Kant, and Franklin, discussing their contributions to concepts of religious tolerance, free speech, and rationality. In our conversation, Bell addresses criticisms of the Enlightenment, including its complicated relationship with colonialism and slavery, while arguing that its principles of freedom and reason remain relevant today. 5 Key Takeaways* The Enlightenment emerged in the early 18th century (around 1720s) and was characterized by intellectual inquiry, skepticism toward religion, and a growing sense among thinkers that they were living in an "enlightened century."* While Paris was the central hub, the Enlightenment had multiple centers including Scotland, Germany, and America, with thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant, Hume, and Franklin contributing to its development.* The Enlightenment introduced the concept of "society" as a sphere of human existence separate from religion and politics, forming the basis of modern social sciences.* The movement had a complex relationship with colonialism and slavery - many Enlightenment thinkers criticized slavery, but some of their ideas about human progress were later used to justify imperialism.* According to Bell, rather than trying to "return to the Enlightenment," modern society should selectively adopt and adapt its valuable principles of free speech, religious tolerance, and education to create our "own Enlightenment."David Avrom Bell is a historian of early modern and modern Europe at Princeton University. His most recent book, published in 2020 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, is Men on Horseback: The Power of Charisma in the Age of Revolution. Described in the Journal of Modern History as an "instant classic," it is available in paperback from Picador, in French translation from Fayard, and in Italian translation from Viella. A study of how new forms of political charisma arose in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the book shows that charismatic authoritarianism is as modern a political form as liberal democracy, and shares many of the same origins. Based on exhaustive research in original sources, the book includes case studies of the careers of George Washington, Napoleon Bonaparte, Toussaint Louverture and Simon Bolivar. The book's Introduction can be read here. An online conversation about the book with Annette Gordon-Reed, hosted by the Cullman Center of the New York Public Library, can be viewed here. Links to material about the book, including reviews in The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, Harper's, The New Republic, The Nation, Le Monde, The Los Angeles Review of Books and other venues can be found here. Bell is also the author of six previous books. He has published academic articles in both English and French and contributes regularly to general interest publications on a variety of subjects, ranging from modern warfare, to contemporary French politics, to the impact of digital technology on learning and scholarship, and of course French history. A list of his publications from 2023 and 2024 can be found here. His Substack newsletter can be found here. His writings have been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Hebrew, Swedish, Polish, Russian, German, Croatian, Italian, Turkish and Japanese. At the History Department at Princeton University, he holds the Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Chair in the Era of North Atlantic Revolutions, and offers courses on early modern Europe, on military history, and on the early modern French empire. Previously, he spent fourteen years at Johns Hopkins University, including three as Dean of Faculty in its School of Arts and Sciences. From 2020 to 2024 he served as Director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Bell's new project is a history of the Enlightenment. A preliminary article from the project was published in early 2022 by Modern Intellectual History. Another is now out in French History.Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting the daily KEEN ON show, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy interview series. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. FULL TRANSCRIPTAndrew Keen: Hello everybody, in these supposedly dark times, the E word comes up a lot, the Enlightenment. Are we at the end of the Enlightenment or the beginning? Was there even an Enlightenment? My guest today, David Bell, a professor of history, very distinguished professor of history at Princeton University, has an interesting piece in the spring issue of It is One of our, our favorite quarterlies here on Keen on America, Bell's piece is The Enlightenment Then and Now, and David is joining us from the home of the Enlightenment, perhaps Paris in France, where he's on sabbatical hard life. David being an academic these days, isn't it?David Bell: Very difficult. I'm having to suffer the Parisian bread and croissant. It's terrible.Andrew Keen: Yeah. Well, I won't keep you too long. Is Paris then, or France? Is it the home of the Enlightenment? I know there are many Enlightenments, the French, the Scottish, maybe even the English, perhaps even the American.David Bell: It's certainly one of the homes of the Enlightenment, and it's probably the closest that the Enlightened had to a center, absolutely. But as you say, there were Edinburgh, Glasgow, plenty of places in Germany, Philadelphia, all those places have good claims to being centers of the enlightenment as well.Andrew Keen: All the same David, is it like one of those sports games in California where everyone gets a medal?David Bell: Well, they're different metals, right, but I think certainly Paris is where everybody went. I mean, if you look at the figures from the German Enlightenment, from the Scottish Enlightenment from the American Enlightenment they all tended to congregate in Paris and the Parisians didn't tend to go anywhere else unless they were forced to. So that gives you a pretty good sense of where the most important center was.Andrew Keen: So David, before we get to specifics, map out for us, because everyone is perhaps as familiar or comfortable with the history of the Enlightenment, and certainly as you are. When did it happen? What years? And who are the leaders of this thing called the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, that's a big question. And I'm afraid, of course, that if you ask 10 historians, you'll get 10 different answers.Andrew Keen: Well, I'm only asking you, so I only want one answer.David Bell: So I would say that the Enlightenment really gets going around the first couple of decades of the 18th century. And that's when people really start to think that they are actually living in what they start to call an Enlightenment century. There are a lot of reasons for this. They are seeing what we now call the scientific revolution. They're looking at the progress that has been made with that. They are experiencing the changes in the religious sphere, including the end of religious wars, coming with a great deal of skepticism about religion. They are living in a relative period of peace where they're able to speculate much more broadly and daringly than before. But it's really in those first couple of decades that they start thinking of themselves as living in an enlightened century. They start defining themselves as something that would later be called the enlightenment. So I would say that it's, really, really there between maybe the end of the 17th century and 1720s that it really gets started.Andrew Keen: So let's have some names, David, of philosophers, I guess. I mean, if those are the right words. I know that there was a term in French. There is a term called philosoph. Were they the founders, the leaders of the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, there is a... Again, I don't want to descend into academic quibbling here, but there were lots of leaders. Let me give an example, though. So the year 1721 is a remarkable year. So in the year, 1721, two amazing events happened within a couple of months of each other. So in May, Montesquieu, one of the great philosophers by any definition, publishes his novel called Persian Letters. And this is an incredible novel. Still, I think one of greatest novels ever written, and it's very daring. It is the account, it is supposedly a an account written by two Persian travelers to Europe who are writing back to people in Isfahan about what they're seeing. And it is very critical of French society. It is very of religion. It is, as I said, very daring philosophically. It is a product in part of the increasing contact between Europe and the rest of the world that is also very central to the Enlightenment. So that novel comes out. So it's immediately, you know, the police try to suppress it. But they don't have much success because it's incredibly popular and Montesquieu doesn't suffer any particular problems because...Andrew Keen: And the French police have never been the most efficient police force in the world, have they?David Bell: Oh, they could be, but not in this case. And then two months later, after Montesquieu published this novel, there's a German philosopher much less well-known than Montesqiu, than Christian Bolz, who is a professor at the Universität Haller in Prussia, and he gives an oration in Latin, a very typical university oration for the time, about Chinese philosophy, in which he says that the Chinese have sort of proved to the world, particularly through the writings of Confucius and others, that you can have a virtuous society without religion. Obviously very controversial. Statement for the time it actually gets him fired from his job, he has to leave the Kingdom of Prussia within 48 hours on penalty of death, starts an enormous controversy. But here are two events, both of which involving non-European people, involving the way in which Europeans are starting to look out at the rest of the world and starting to imagine Europe as just one part of a larger humanity, and at the same time they are starting to speculate very daringly about whether you can have. You know, what it means to have a society, do you need to have religion in order to have morality in society? Do you need the proper, what kind of government do you need to to have virtuous conduct and a proper society? So all of these things get, you know, really crystallize, I think, around these two incidents as much as anything. So if I had to pick a single date for when the enlightenment starts, I'd probably pick that 1721.Andrew Keen: And when was, David, I thought you were going to tell me about the earthquake in Lisbon, when was that earthquake?David Bell: That earthquake comes quite a bit later. That comes, and now historians should be better with dates than I am. It's in the 1750s, I think it's the late 1750's. Again, this historian is proving he's getting a very bad grade for forgetting the exact date, but it's in 1750. So that's a different kind of event, which sparks off a great deal of commentary, because it's a terrible earthquake. It destroys most of the city of Lisbon, it destroys other cities throughout Portugal, and it leads a lot of the philosophy to philosophers at the time to be speculating very daringly again on whether there is any kind of real purpose to the universe and whether there's any kind divine purpose. Why would such a terrible thing happen? Why would God do such a thing to his followers? And certainly VoltaireAndrew Keen: Yeah, Votav, of course, comes to mind of questioning.David Bell: And Condit, Voltaire's novel Condit gives a very good description of the earthquake in Lisbon and uses that as a centerpiece. Voltair also read other things about the earthquake, a poem about Lisbon earthquake. But in Condit he gives a lasting, very scathing portrait of the Catholic Church in general and then of what happens in Portugal. And so the Lisbon Earthquake is certainly another one of the events, but it happens considerably later. Really in the middle of the end of life.Andrew Keen: So, David, you believe in this idea of the Enlightenment. I take your point that there are more than one Enlightenment in more than one center, but in broad historical terms, the 18th century could be defined at least in Western and Northern Europe as the period of the Enlightenment, would that be a fair generalization?David Bell: I think it's perfectly fair generalization. Of course, there are historians who say that it never happened. There's a conservative British historian, J.C.D. Clark, who published a book last summer, saying that the Enlightenment is a kind of myth, that there was a lot of intellectual activity in Europe, obviously, but that the idea that it formed a coherent Enlightenment was really invented in the 20th century by a bunch of progressive reformers who wanted to claim a kind of venerable and august pedigree for their own reform, liberal reform plans. I think that's an exaggeration. People in the 18th century defined very clearly what was going on, both people who were in favor of it and people who are against it. And while you can, if you look very closely at it, of course it gets a bit fuzzy. Of course it's gets, there's no single, you can't define a single enlightenment project or a single enlightened ideology. But then, I think people would be hard pressed to define any intellectual movement. You know, in perfect, incoherent terms. So the enlightenment is, you know by compared with almost any other intellectual movement certainly existed.Andrew Keen: In terms of a philosophy of the Enlightenment, the German thinker, Immanuel Kant, seems to be often, and when you describe him as the conscience or the brain or a mixture of the conscience and brain of the enlightenment, why is Kant and Kantian thinking so important in the development of the Enlightenment.David Bell: Well, that's a really interesting question. And one reason is because most of the Enlightenment was not very rigorously philosophical. A lot of the major figures of the enlightenment before Kant tended to be writing for a general public. And they often were writing with a very specific agenda. We look at Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau. Now you look at Adam Smith in Scotland. We look David Hume or Adam Ferguson. You look at Benjamin Franklin in the United States. These people wrote in all sorts of different genres. They wrote in, they wrote all sorts of different kinds of books. They have many different purposes and very few of them did a lot of what we would call rigorous academic philosophy. And Kant was different. Kant was very much an academic philosopher. Kant was nothing if not rigorous. He came at the end of the enlightenment by most people's measure. He wrote these very, very difficult, very rigorous, very brilliant works, such as The Creek of Pure Reason. And so, it's certainly been the case that people who wanted to describe the Enlightenment as a philosophy have tended to look to Kant. So for example, there's a great German philosopher and intellectual historian of the early 20th century named Ernst Kassirer, who had to leave Germany because of the Nazis. And he wrote a great book called The Philosophy of the Enlightened. And that leads directly to Immanuel Kant. And of course, Casir himself was a Kantian, identified with Kant. And so he wanted to make Kant, in a sense, the telos, the end point, the culmination, the fulfillment of the Enlightenment. But so I think that's why Kant has such a particularly important position. You're defining it both ways.Andrew Keen: I've always struggled to understand what Kant was trying to say. I'm certainly not alone there. Might it be fair to say that he was trying to transform the universe and certainly traditional Christian notions into the Enlightenment, so the entire universe, the world, God, whatever that means, that they were all somehow according to Kant enlightened.David Bell: Well, I think that I'm certainly no expert on Immanuel Kant. And I would say that he is trying to, I mean, his major philosophical works are trying to put together a system of philosophical thinking which will justify why people have to act morally, why people act rationally, without the need for Christian revelation to bolster them. That's a very, very crude and reductionist way of putting it, but that's essentially at the heart of it. At the same time, Kant was very much aware of his own place in history. So Kant didn't simply write these very difficult, thick, dense philosophical works. He also wrote things that were more like journalism or like tablets. He wrote a famous essay called What is Enlightenment? And in that, he said that the 18th century was the period in which humankind was simply beginning to. Reach a period of enlightenment. And he said, he starts the essay by saying, this is the period when humankind is being released from its self-imposed tutelage. And we are still, and he said we do not yet live in the midst of a completely enlightened century, but we are getting there. We are living in a century that is enlightening.Andrew Keen: So the seeds, the seeds of Hegel and maybe even Marx are incant in that German thinking, that historical thinking.David Bell: In some ways, in some ways of course Hegel very much reacts against Kant and so and then Marx reacts against Hegel. So it's not exactly.Andrew Keen: Well, that's the dialectic, isn't it, David?David Bell: A simple easy path from one to the other, no, but Hegel is unimaginable without Kant of course and Marx is unimagineable without Hegel.Andrew Keen: You note that Kant represents a shift in some ways into the university and the walls of the universities were going up, and that some of the other figures associated with the the Enlightenment and Scottish Enlightenment, human and Smith and the French Enlightenment Voltaire and the others, they were more generalist writers. Should we be nostalgic for the pre-university period in the Enlightenment, or? Did things start getting serious once the heavyweights, the academic heavyweighs like Emmanuel Kant got into this thing?David Bell: I think it depends on where we're talking about. I mean, Adam Smith was a professor at Glasgow in Edinburgh, so Smith, the Scottish Enlightenment was definitely at least partly in the universities. The German Enlightenment took place very heavily in universities. Christian Vodafoy I just mentioned was the most important German philosopher of the 18th century before Kant, and he had positions in university. Even the French university system, for a while, what's interesting about the French University system, particularly the Sorbonne, which was the theology faculty, It was that. Throughout the first half of the 18th century, there were very vigorous, very interesting philosophical debates going on there, in which the people there, particularly even Jesuits there, were very open to a lot of the ideas we now call enlightenment. They were reading John Locke, they were reading Mel Pench, they were read Dekalb. What happened though in the French universities was that as more daring stuff was getting published elsewhere. Church, the Catholic Church, started to say, all right, these philosophers, these philosophies, these are our enemies, these are people we have to get at. And so at that point, anybody who was in the university, who was still in dialog with these people was basically purged. And the universities became much less interesting after that. But to come back to your question, I do think that I am very nostalgic for that period. I think that the Enlightenment was an extraordinary period, because if you look between. In the 17th century, not all, but a great deal of the most interesting intellectual work is happening in the so-called Republic of Letters. It's happening in Latin language. It is happening on a very small circle of RUD, of scholars. By the 19th century following Kant and Hegel and then the birth of the research university in Germany, which is copied everywhere, philosophy and the most advanced thinking goes back into the university. And the 18th century, particularly in France, I will say, is a time when the most advanced thought is being written for a general public. It is being in the form of novels, of dialogs, of stories, of reference works, and it is very, very accessible. The most profound thought of the West has never been as accessible overall as in the 18 century.Andrew Keen: Again, excuse this question, it might seem a bit naive, but there's a lot of pre-Enlightenment work, books, thinking that we read now that's very accessible from Erasmus and Thomas More to Machiavelli. Why weren't characters like, or are characters like Erasmuus, More's Utopia, Machiavell's prints and discourses, why aren't they considered part of the Enlightenment? What's the difference between? Enlightened thinkers or the supposedly enlightened thinkers of the 18th century and thinkers and writers of the 16th and 17th centuries.David Bell: That's a good question, you know, I think you have to, you, you know, again, one has to draw a line somewhere. That's not a very good answer, of course. All these people that you just mentioned are, in one way or another, predecessors to the Enlightenment. And of course, there were lots of people. I don't mean to say that nobody wrote in an accessible way before 1700. Obviously, lots of the people you mentioned did. Although a lot of them originally wrote in Latin, Erasmus, also Thomas More. But I think what makes the Enlightened different is that you have, again, you have a sense. These people have have a sense that they are themselves engaged in a collective project, that it is a collective project of enlightenment, of enlightening the world. They believe that they live in a century of progress. And there are certain principles. They don't agree on everything by any means. The philosophy of enlightenment is like nothing more than ripping each other to shreds, like any decent group of intellectuals. But that said, they generally did believe That people needed to have freedom of speech. They believed that you needed to have toleration of different religions. They believed in education and the need for a broadly educated public that could be as broad as possible. They generally believed in keeping religion out of the public sphere as much as possible, so all those principles came together into a program that we can consider at least a kind of... You know, not that everybody read it at every moment by any means, but there is an identifiable enlightenment program there, and in this case an identifiable enlightenment mindset. One other thing, I think, which is crucial to the Enlightenment, is that it was the attention they started to pay to something that we now take almost entirely for granted, which is the idea of society. The word society is so entirely ubiquitous, we assume it's always been there, and in one sense it has, because the word societas is a Latin word. But until... The 18th century, the word society generally had a much narrower meaning. It referred to, you know, particular institution most often, like when we talk about the society of, you know, the American philosophical society or something like that. And the idea that there exists something called society, which is the general sphere of human existence that is separate from religion and is separate from the political sphere, that's actually something which only really emerged at the end of the 1600s. And it became really the focus of you know, much, if not most, of enlightenment thinking. When you look at someone like Montesquieu and you look something, somebody like Rousseau or Voltaire or Adam Smith, probably above all, they were concerned with understanding how society works, not how government works only, but how society, what social interactions are like beginning of what we would now call social science. So that's yet another thing that distinguishes the enlightened from people like Machiavelli, often people like Thomas More, and people like bonuses.Andrew Keen: You noted earlier that the idea of progress is somehow baked in, in part, and certainly when it comes to Kant, certainly the French Enlightenment, although, of course, Rousseau challenged that. I'm not sure whether Rousseaut, as always, is both in and out of the Enlightenment and he seems to be in and out of everything. How did the Enlightement, though, make sense of itself in the context of antiquity, as it was, of Terms, it was the Renaissance that supposedly discovered or rediscovered antiquity. How did many of the leading Enlightenment thinkers, writers, how did they think of their own society in the context of not just antiquity, but even the idea of a European or Western society?David Bell: Well, there was a great book, one of the great histories of the Enlightenment was written about more than 50 years ago by the Yale professor named Peter Gay, and the first part of that book was called The Modern Paganism. So it was about the, you know, it was very much about the relationship between the Enlightenment and the ancient Greek synonyms. And certainly the writers of the enlightenment felt a great deal of kinship with the ancient Greek synonymous. They felt a common bond, particularly in the posing. Christianity and opposing what they believed the Christian Church had wrought on Europe in suppressing freedom and suppressing free thought and suppassing free inquiry. And so they felt that they were both recovering but also going beyond antiquity at the same time. And of course they were all, I mean everybody at the time, every single major figure of the Enlightenment, their education consisted in large part of what we would now call classics, right? I mean, there was an educational reformer in France in the 1760s who said, you know, our educational system is great if the purpose is to train Roman centurions, if it's to train modern people who are not doing both so well. And it's true. I mean they would spend, certainly, you know in Germany, in much of Europe, in the Netherlands, even in France, I mean people were trained not simply to read Latin, but to write in Latin. In Germany, university courses took part in the Latin language. So there's an enormous, you know, so they're certainly very, very conversant with the Greek and Roman classics, and they identify with them to a very great extent. Someone like Rousseau, I mean, and many others, and what's his first reading? How did he learn to read by reading Plutarch? In translation, but he learns to read reading Plutach. He sees from the beginning by this enormous admiration for the ancients that we get from Bhutan.Andrew Keen: Was Socrates relevant here? Was the Enlightenment somehow replacing Aristotle with Socrates and making him and his spirit of Enlightenment, of asking questions rather than answering questions, the symbol of a new way of thinking?David Bell: I would say to a certain extent, so I mean, much of the Enlightenment criticizes scholasticism, medieval scholastic, very, very sharply, and medieval scholasticism is founded philosophically very heavily upon Aristotle, so to that extent. And the spirit of skepticism that Socrates embodied, the idea of taking nothing for granted and asking questions about everything, including questions of oneself, yes, absolutely. That said, while the great figures of the Red Plato, you know, Socrates was generally I mean, it was not all that present as they come. But certainly have people with people with red play-doh in the entire virus.Andrew Keen: You mentioned Benjamin Franklin earlier, David. Most of the Enlightenment, of course, seems to be centered in France and Scotland, Germany, England. But America, many Europeans went to America then as a, what some people would call a settler colonial society, or certainly an offshoot of the European world. Was the settling of America and the American Revolution Was it the quintessential Enlightenment project?David Bell: Another very good question, and again, it depends a bit on who you talk to. I just mentioned this book by Peter Gay, and the last part of his book is called The Science of Freedom, and it's all about the American Revolution. So certainly a lot of interpreters of the Enlightenment have said that, yes, the American revolution represents in a sense the best possible outcome of the American Revolution, it was the best, possible outcome of the enlightened. Certainly there you look at the founding fathers of the United States and there's a great deal that they took from me like Certainly, they took a great great number of political ideas from Obviously Madison was very much inspired and drafting the edifice of the Constitution by Montesquieu to see himself Was happy to admit in addition most of the founding Fathers of the united states were you know had kind of you know We still had we were still definitely Christians, but we're also but we were also very much influenced by deism were very much against the idea of making the United States a kind of confessional country where Christianity was dominant. They wanted to believe in the enlightenment principles of free speech, religious toleration and so on and so forth. So in all those senses and very much the gun was probably more inspired than Franklin was somebody who was very conversant with the European Enlightenment. He spent a large part of his life in London. Where he was in contact with figures of the Enlightenment. He also, during the American Revolution, of course, he was mostly in France, where he is vetted by some of the surviving fellows and were very much in contact for them as well. So yes, I would say the American revolution is certainly... And then the American revolutionary scene, of course by the Europeans, very much as a kind of offshoot of the enlightenment. So one of the great books of the late Enlightenment is by Condor Say, which he wrote while he was hiding actually in the future evolution of the chariot. It's called a historical sketch of the progress of the human spirit, or the human mind, and you know he writes about the American Revolution as being, basically owing its existence to being like...Andrew Keen: Franklin is of course an example of your pre-academic enlightenment, a generalist, inventor, scientist, entrepreneur, political thinker. What about the role of science and indeed economics in the Enlightenment? David, we're going to talk of course about the Marxist interpretation, perhaps the Marxist interpretation which sees The Enlightenment is just a euphemism, perhaps, for exploitative capitalism. How central was the growth and development of the market, of economics, and innovation, and capitalism in your reading of The Enlightened?David Bell: Well, in my reading, it was very important, but not in the way that the Marxists used to say. So Friedrich Engels once said that the Enlightenment was basically the idealized kingdom of the bourgeoisie, and there was whole strain of Marxist thinking that followed the assumption that, and then Karl Marx himself argued that the documents like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which obviously were inspired by the Enlightment, were simply kind of the near, or kind of. Way that the bourgeoisie was able to advance itself ideologically, and I don't think that holds much water, which is very little indication that any particular economic class motivated the Enlightenment or was using the Enlightment in any way. That said, I think it's very difficult to imagine the Enlightement without the social and economic changes that come in with the 18th century. To begin with globalization. If you read the great works of the Enlightenment, it's remarkable just how open they are to talking about humanity in general. So one of Voltaire's largest works, one of his most important works, is something called Essay on Customs and the Spirit of Nations, which is actually History of the World, where he talks learnedly not simply about Europe, but about the Americas, about China, about Africa, about India. Montesquieu writes Persian letters. Christian Volpe writes about Chinese philosophy. You know, Rousseau writes about... You know, the earliest days of humankind talks about Africa. All the great figures of the Enlightenment are writing about the rest of the world, and this is a period in which contacts between Europe and the rest the world are exploding along with international trade. So by the end of the 18th century, there are 4,000 to 5,000 ships a year crossing the Atlantic. It's an enormous number. And that's one context in which the enlightenment takes place. Another is what we call the consumer revolution. So in the 18th century, certainly in the major cities of Western Europe, people of a wide range of social classes, including even artisans, sort of somewhat wealthy artisians, shopkeepers, are suddenly able to buy a much larger range of products than they were before. They're able to choose how to basically furnish their own lives, if you will, how they're gonna dress, what they're going to eat, what they gonna put on the walls of their apartments and so on and so forth. And so they become accustomed to exercising a great deal more personal choice than their ancestors have done. And the Enlightenment really develops in tandem with this. Most of the great works of the Enlightment, they're not really written to, they're treatises, they're like Kant, they're written to persuade you to think in a single way. Really written to make you ask questions yourself, to force you to ponder things. They're written in the form of puzzles and riddles. Voltaire had a great line there, he wrote that the best kind of books are the books that readers write half of themselves as they read, and that's sort of the quintessence of the Enlightenment as far as I'm concerned.Andrew Keen: Yeah, Voltaire might have been comfortable on YouTube or Facebook. David, you mentioned all those ships going from Europe across the Atlantic. Of course, many of those ships were filled with African slaves. You mentioned this in your piece. I mean, this is no secret, of course. You also mentioned a couple of times Montesquieu's Persian letters. To what extent is... The enlightenment then perhaps the birth of Western power, of Western colonialism, of going to Africa, seizing people, selling them in North America, the French, the English, Dutch colonization of the rest of the world. Of course, later more sophisticated Marxist thinkers from the Frankfurt School, you mentioned these in your essay, Odorno and Horkheimer in particular, See the Enlightenment as... A project, if you like, of Western domination. I remember reading many years ago when I was in graduate school, Edward Said, his analysis of books like The Persian Letters, which is a form of cultural Western power. How much of this is simply bound up in the profound, perhaps, injustice of the Western achievement? And of course, some of the justice as well. We haven't talked about Jefferson, but perhaps in Jefferson's life and his thinking and his enlightened principles and his... Life as a slave owner, these contradictions are most self-evident.David Bell: Well, there are certainly contradictions, and there's certainly... I think what's remarkable, if you think about it, is that if you read through works of the Enlightenment, you would be hard-pressed to find a justification for slavery. You do find a lot of critiques of slavery, and I think that's something very important to keep in mind. Obviously, the chattel slavery of Africans in the Americas began well before the Enlightment, it began in 1500. The Enlightenment doesn't have the credit for being the first movement to oppose slavery. That really goes back to various religious groups, especially the Fakers. But that said, you have in France, you had in Britain, in America even, you'd have a lot of figures associated with the Enlightenment who were pretty sure of becoming very forceful opponents of slavery very early. Now, when it comes to imperialism, that's a tricky issue. What I think you'd find in these light bulbs, you'd different sorts of tendencies and different sorts of writings. So there are certainly a lot of writers of the Enlightenment who are deeply opposed to European authorities. One of the most popular works of the late Enlightenment was a collective work edited by the man named the Abbe Rinal, which is called The History of the Two Indies. And that is a book which is deeply, deeply critical of European imperialism. At the same time, at the same of the enlightenment, a lot the works of history written during the Enlightment. Tended, such as Voltaire's essay on customs, which I just mentioned, tend to give a kind of very linear version of history. They suggest that all societies follow the same path, from sort of primitive savagery, hunter-gatherers, through early agriculture, feudal stages, and on into sort of modern commercial society and civilization. And so they're basically saying, okay, we, the Europeans, are the most advanced. People like the Africans and the Native Americans are the least advanced, and so perhaps we're justified in going and quote, bringing our civilization to them, what later generations would call the civilizing missions, or possibly just, you know, going over and exploiting them because we are stronger and we are more, and again, we are the best. And then there's another thing that the Enlightenment did. The Enlightenment tended to destroy an older Christian view of humankind, which in some ways militated against modern racism. Christians believed, of course, that everyone was the same from Adam and Eve, which meant that there was an essential similarity in the world. And the Enlightenment challenged this by challenging the biblical kind of creation. The Enlightenment challenges this. Voltaire, for instance, believed that there had actually been several different human species that had different origins, and that can very easily become a justification for racism. Buffon, one of the most Figures of the French Enlightenment, one of the early naturalists, was crucial for trying to show that in fact nature is not static, that nature is always changing, that species are changing, including human beings. And so again, that allowed people to think in terms of human beings at different stages of evolution, and perhaps this would be a justification for privileging the more advanced humans over the less advanced. In the 18th century itself, most of these things remain potential, rather than really being acted upon. But in the 19th century, figures of writers who would draw upon these things certainly went much further, and these became justifications for slavery, imperialism, and other things. So again, the Enlightenment is the source of a great deal of stuff here, and you can't simply put it into one box or more.Andrew Keen: You mentioned earlier, David, that Concorda wrote one of the later classics of the... Condorcet? Sorry, Condorcets, excuse my French. Condorcès wrote one the later Classics of the Enlightenment when he was hiding from the French Revolution. In your mind, was the revolution itself the natural conclusion, climax? Perhaps anti-climax of the Enlightenment. Certainly, it seems as if a lot of the critiques of the French Revolution, particularly the more conservative ones, Burke comes to mind, suggested that perhaps the principles of in the Enlightment inevitably led to the guillotine, or is that an unfair way of thinking of it?David Bell: Well, there are a lot of people who have thought like that. Edmund Burke already, writing in 1790, in his reflections on the revolution in France, he said that everything which was great in the old regime is being dissolved and, quoting, dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason. And then he said about the French that in the groves of their academy at the end of every vista, you see nothing but the gallows. Nothing but the Gallows. So there, in 1780, he already seemed to be predicting the reign of terror and blaming it. A certain extent from the Enlightenment. That said, I think, you know, again, the French Revolution is incredibly complicated event. I mean, you certainly have, you know, an explosion of what we could call Enlightenment thinking all over the place. In France, it happened in France. What happened there was that you had a, you know, the collapse of an extraordinarily inefficient government and a very, you know, in a very antiquated, paralyzed system of government kind of collapsed, created a kind of political vacuum. Into that vacuum stepped a lot of figures who were definitely readers of the Enlightenment. Oh so um but again the Enlightment had I said I don't think you can call the Enlightement a single thing so to say that the Enlightiment inspired the French Revolution rather than the There you go.Andrew Keen: Although your essay on liberties is the Enlightenment then and now you probably didn't write is always these lazy editors who come up with inaccurate and inaccurate titles. So for you, there is no such thing as the Enlighten.David Bell: No, there is. There is. But still, it's a complex thing. It contains multitudes.Andrew Keen: So it's the Enlightenment rather than the United States.David Bell: Conflicting tendencies, it has contradictions within it. There's enough unity to refer to it as a singular noun, but it doesn't mean that it all went in one single direction.Andrew Keen: But in historical terms, did the failure of the French Revolution, its descent into Robespierre and then Bonaparte, did it mark the end in historical terms a kind of bookend of history? You began in 1720 by 1820. Was the age of the Enlightenment pretty much over?David Bell: I would say yes. I think that, again, one of the things about the French Revolution is that people who are reading these books and they're reading these ideas and they are discussing things really start to act on them in a very different way from what it did before the French revolution. You have a lot of absolute monarchs who are trying to bring certain enlightenment principles to bear in their form of government, but they're not. But it's difficult to talk about a full-fledged attempt to enact a kind of enlightenment program. Certainly a lot of the people in the French Revolution saw themselves as doing that. But as they did it, they ran into reality, I would say. I mean, now Tocqueville, when he writes his old regime in the revolution, talks about how the French philosophes were full of these abstract ideas that were divorced from reality. And while that's an exaggeration, there was a certain truth to them. And as soon as you start having the age of revolutions, as soon you start people having to devise systems of government that will actually last, and as you have people, democratic representative systems that will last, and as they start revising these systems under the pressure of actual events, then you're not simply talking about an intellectual movement anymore, you're talking about something very different. And so I would say that, well, obviously the ideas of the Enlightenment continue to inspire people, the books continue to be read, debated. They lead on to figures like Kant, and as we talked about earlier, Kant leads to Hegel, Hegel leads to Marx in a certain sense. Nonetheless, by the time you're getting into the 19th century, what you have, you know, has connections to the Enlightenment, but can we really still call it the Enlightment? I would sayAndrew Keen: And Tocqueville, of course, found democracy in America. Is democracy itself? I know it's a big question. But is it? Bound up in the Enlightenment. You've written extensively, David, both for liberties and elsewhere on liberalism. Is the promise of democracy, democratic systems, the one born in the American Revolution, promised in the French Revolution, not realized? Are they products of the Enlightment, or is the 19th century and the democratic systems that in the 19th century, is that just a separate historical track?David Bell: Again, I would say there are certain things in the Enlightenment that do lead in that direction. Certainly, I think most figures in the enlightenment in one general sense or another accepted the idea of a kind of general notion of popular sovereignty. It didn't mean that they always felt that this was going to be something that could necessarily be acted upon or implemented in their own day. And they didn't necessarily associate generalized popular sovereignty with what we would now call democracy with people being able to actually govern themselves. Would be certain figures, certainly Diderot and some of his essays, what we saw very much in the social contract, you know, were sketching out, you knows, models for possible democratic system. Condorcet, who actually lived into the French Revolution, wrote one of the most draft constitutions for France, that's one of most democratic documents ever proposed. But of course there were lots of figures in the Enlightenment, Voltaire, and others who actually believed much more in absolute monarchy, who believed that you just, you know, you should have. Freedom of speech and freedom of discussion, out of which the best ideas would emerge, but then you had to give those ideas to the prince who imposed them by poor sicknesses.Andrew Keen: And of course, Rousseau himself, his social contract, some historians have seen that as the foundations of totalitarian, modern totalitarianism. Finally, David, your wonderful essay in Liberties in the spring quarterly 2025 is The Enlightenment, Then and Now. What about now? You work at Princeton, your president has very bravely stood up to the new presidential regime in the United States, in defense of academic intellectual freedom. Does the word and the movement, does it have any relevance in the 2020s, particularly in an age of neo-authoritarianism around the world?David Bell: I think it does. I think we have to be careful about it. I always get a little nervous when people say, well, we should simply go back to the Enlightenment, because the Enlightenments is history. We don't go back the 18th century. I think what we need to do is to recover certain principles, certain ideals from the 18 century, the ones that matter to us, the ones we think are right, and make our own Enlightenment better. I don't think we need be governed by the 18 century. Thomas Paine once said that no generation should necessarily rule over every generation to come, and I think that's probably right. Unfortunately in the United States, we have a constitution which is now essentially unamendable, so we're doomed to live by a constitution largely from the 18th century. But are there many things in the Enlightenment that we should look back to, absolutely?Andrew Keen: Well, David, I am going to free you for your own French Enlightenment. You can go and have some croissant now in your local cafe in Paris. Thank you so much for a very, I excuse the pun, enlightening conversation on the Enlightenment then and now, Essential Essay in Liberties. I'd love to get you back on the show. Talk more history. Thank you. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit keenon.substack.com/subscribe

URBONUS' Donatas Urbonas and Augustas Suliauskas respond to questions from BN+ members and BasketNews fans, covering transfer rumors, top EuroLeague players with expiring contracts, NBA plans in Europe, and much more.   Become a BN+ member & watch the FULL Q&A at https://basketnews.com/plus   BN+ Topics: Is there any more room for Chima Moneke in PAO?; Ranking top EuroLeague players on expiring contracts; Are Maledon and Real rumors are true?; BasketNews' plans and trips for 2025; Is Paris, Zalgiris & Bayern still making the playoffs?; Which Top 4 teams won't make the Final Four?; Is Saras overrated?; Is NBA and EuroLeague in a Cold War?; Why or wouldn't Zeljko Obradovic succeed in the NBA?; Three things NBA could bring to the EuroLeague; Which EuroLeague team we would take over?; Would Bartzokas accept the assistant coach role under Ataman?; Worst EuroLeague legends and underrated scorers; What's the best EuroLeague center lineup now?; How can fans help referees to be better?; How would we run an average budget EuroLeague team?; Is Giannis, Jokic, KD & Luka going to retire in Europe?; Our favorite team outside Lithuania.

Recording from SUNNY Saint Tropez.... OUI just went to Paris together (4 children and 4 adults) and this episode we are chatting about it all.... We laughed until we cried and possibly just cried. Is Paris best as just a daydream? Let us know your take on it!Next episode we will be chatting about the rest of the trip and Saint Tropez.

In this episode Michelle & Gregg with Travis discuss: Biden's speech handing the nomination over to Kamala Harris. Is Paris ready for the Olympics?  There are a lot of issues, including the poop protest and rats.  How far must the athletes travel for surfing? Detroit has bid for the Olympics 4 times. Gregg is a bachelor this week.  He's thrilled with the quiet. How is Ben Affleck dealing with his break up with J-Lo??

The summer has not been blockbusting like we want it to. Noel couldn't make it so we complain about the summer movie scene with our good friend Craig. In the news we cover Anime bros hating on Meg Essencefest 2024 Is Paris ready for the Olympics because Craig is ready

As thousands of athletes and millions of spectators descend on Paris, we're now just days away from the Olympics Opening Ceremony. The city has had the better part of a decade to prepare for this moment, but with recent political instability, rising temperatures, security concerns, over-tourism and even E. coli in the Seine... Is Paris ready to host the Olympics?Subscribe to TDA's sport newsletter Hosts: Emma Gillespie and Zara SeidlerProducer: Orla MaherSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

I read an article about Paris' preparations for the 2024 Olympic Games, discuss the issues, summarise the article and explain plenty of vocabulary. Is Paris ready for the games? What are the attitudes, complaints, expectations and fears ahead of this potentially controversial event.

Good Morning BT with Bo Thompson and Beth Troutman entire Monday, April 22nd, 2024 show.   6:05 Beth's song of the day; Roman Gabriel passes away at 83 6:20 Remembering Roman Gabriel 6:35 Kevin Bacon visits 'Footloose' High School Prom in Utah 6:50 RAM Biz Update; Star Wars Inspires Blue Milk   7:05 Rock and Roll HOF inductees for 2024 7:20 Trump trial starts today in NYC 7:35 Tommy is getting married! 7:50 Guest: Brett Winterble - Trump Trial and House passes Ukraine Aid Package   8:05 Michael Jordan gets first racing win and more on Roman Gabriel passing at 83 8:20 Remembering Roman Gabriel 8:35 Laugh tracks becoming extinct in modern sitcoms 8:50 Is Paris ready for the Olympics?   9:05 Guest: Mick Mulvaney in studio 9:20 House Speaker Mike Johnson and aid package 9:35 Donald Trump Comments Ahead of NY Criminal Trial 9:50 Monday Mulvaney Music TriviaSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Here's our take on the Parisian subway: Le métro. Is Paris métro really the best in the world? We discuss its history, the unspoken metro rules, controversy around the ticket prices, our top five peeves and much more! 18 Fun Facts About the Paris Metro Concorde Metro Words Paris Metro 28 Fun Facts The Story of the Paris Metro Fulgence Bienvenue Secrets of the Paris Metro Immigrant workers in Paris Metro Paris Metro Hector Guimard Metro cleaners strike William Russel's Global Transportation Index Metro ticket prices during the Olympics   Today's quote is from Franz Kafka.   We recorded this episode on 17 March 2024. The publication date of this episode is 19 March 2024..   If you'd like to reach out to us, with your feedback on what topics to cover next, send us an email at pppodcastcontact@gmail.com or hit us up on Instagram    The music track used on our podcast is titled Into the Night and created by Praz Khanal.  

Is Paris a safe city? The truth is, it's probably about as safe as any other big city.  In other words, you need to be smart when you're here. And this week on the podcast, American content creator in Paris Amanda Rollins shares her tips and tricks for being street smart in the City of Light.  Amanda has made a name for herself on her wildly popular social media accounts as American Fille, where she shares how to stay out of trouble in Paris (and many, many other things).  Find her on TikTok here (over a million followers!) and Instagram here.  The chat spans lot of other topics too! This episode was brought to you by Cook'n With Class, click here to book a class with them. I did the sauce-making class and LOVED it. Their English-speaking cooking classes are a delightful blend of fun, education, and gastronomy. Designed for culinary enthusiasts of all levels, they offer a unique opportunity to explore French cuisine through hands-on experiences in a welcoming atmosphere.  *********** The Earful Tower exists thanks to support from its Patreon members. From $10 a month you can unlock almost endless extras including bonus podcast episodes, live video replays, special event invites, and our annually updated PDF guide to Paris.  Membership takes only a minute to set up. Thank you for keeping this channel independent.  For more from the Earful Tower, here are some handy links: Website  Weekly newsletter 

Toby's neighbor reported him to the leasing office...and now he's worried he may get evicted. 2 out of 3 workers attend Zoom meetings without pants. One of us is guilty of it. Chilli's son got a human-sized dog bed. Her pup is not happy about it and let everyone know. Is Paris truly the most romantic city in the world? Callers weigh in. Plus we talk to Robert in Alexandria about his Crazy First Date, and get the answer to our Nearly Impossible Question!

Air Date 12/23/2023 The housing crisis is at a worse point than at any time in recent history. Solutions are available and require political will to bring into reality but because the problem is now so widespread, we may actually be able to take action that would have been untenable before. Be part of the show! Leave us a message or text at 202-999-3991 or email Jay@BestOfTheLeft.com Transcript WINTER SALE! 20% Off Memberships (including Gifts) in December! Join our Discord community! Related Episodes: #1496 Home Is Where The Hardship Is #1565 Co-Housing Builds Community and Fights Loneliness OUR AFFILIATE LINKS: ExpressVPN.com/BestOfTheLeft GET INTERNET PRIVACY WITH EXPRESS VPN! BestOfTheLeft.com/Libro SUPPORT INDIE BOOKSHOPS, GET YOUR AUDIOBOOK FROM LIBRO! BestOfTheLeft.com/Bookshop BotL BOOKSTORE BestOfTheLeft.com/Store BotL MERCHANDISE! SHOW NOTES Ch. 1: Housing is a Moral Issue w Shaun Donovan - Future Hindsight - Air Date 12-7-23 Shaun Donovan is the CEO and President of Enterprise Community Partners. We discuss how the deeply entrenched housing crisis has become worse in recent years and the multiple strategies to make home and community places of pride, power, and belonging. Ch. 2: Why NYCs Move to Privatize Public Housing Could Impact the Rest of the Country - Notes to America - Air Date 12-18-23 On this week's show, Fanta — a reporter for WNYC's Radio Rookies — speaks with residents, organizers and officials as she tries to find out what this program means for families like hers. Ch. 3: Biden In Trouble With Voters Over Inequality And Housing - The Majority Report - Air Date 11-28-23 President Joe Biden's approval ratings surrounding the economy are not good! What, if anything, can Biden and the Democrat do to improve on those poll numbers (maybe…run on something? Anything?) Ch. 4: Housing is a Moral Issue w Shaun Donovan Part 2 - Future Hindsight - Air Date 12-7-23 Ch. 5: Why NYCs Move to Privatize Public Housing Could Impact the Rest of the Country Part 2 - Notes to America - Air Date 12-18-23 Ch. 6: Why The US Is Failing At Housing And How To Fix It - The Majority Report - Air Date 7-9-23 Rachel Cohen describes how the US housing crisis came to be and how it can be solved. Ch. 7: Housing is a Moral Issue w Shaun Donovan Part 3 - Future Hindsight - Air Date 12-7-23 Ch. 8: Can the French Plan For Social Housing Save America From Hyper-Gentrification w Cole Stangler - Thom Hartmann Program - Air Date 11-9-23 Is Paris more gentrified than New York? Gentrification is the process where beloved cities & towns price out residents with rents ‘too damn high' to pay & failing infrastructure. MEMBERS-ONLY BONUS CLIP(S) Ch. 9: Why NYCs Move to Privatize Public Housing Could Impact the Rest of the Country Part 3 - Notes to America - Air Date 12-18-23 Ch. 10: How to build beautiful social housing in a crisis - Channel 4 News - 9-7-23 The architect Peter Barber has been winning awards for turning tiny patches of land into innovative estates and houses, designed not just to be beautiful – but to foster a sense of community too. FINAL COMMENTS Ch. 11: Final comments on why North America Can't Build Nice Apartments Bonus: Why North America Can't Build Nice Apartments (because of one rule) MUSIC (Blue Dot Sessions) SHOW IMAGE:  Description: Photograph of newly built, colorful single-family row houses. Credit: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development archive, License: Public Domain   Produced by Jay! Tomlinson Visit us at BestOfTheLeft.com Listen Anywhere! BestOfTheLeft.com/Listen Listen Anywhere! Follow at Twitter.com/BestOfTheLeft Like at Facebook.com/BestOfTheLeft Contact me directly at Jay@BestOfTheLeft.com

On this week's episode we explore whether Paris is a safe city to visit right now, what exactly are France's notorious banlieues and whether they deserve their bad reputation and we'll also look at some of the biggest cliches about the French to see whether there's any truth in them. Are the women all skinny and the men all adulterers?We've got the lowdown on France's latest cheese battle, and if you are spending Christmas or New Year in France we'll explore how the French do the festive season.Ben McPartland your host is joined by the team at The Local, Emma Pearson, Gen Mansfield and politics expert John Lichfield.Further reading:Is Paris a safe city to visit?French cheesemakers win battle against EU over Camembert boxesWhy do French women suffer from 'heavy legs'?Do the French still eat frogs legs?Do the French do Christmas better than anglo countries?Busting the biggest cliches about the French and do France's banlieues deserve the bad reputation?How safe is Paris to visit and busting the biggest cliches about the FrenchWhat cliches about the French are true and are France's banlieues all that bad? Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The guys convene again to start discussing a classic of ancient literature. The topics of conversation include: in what ways does Agamemnon stink as a leader? (Hint: in all of them. All the ways) Does Achilles overreact to the dishonor done to him with his pity-party? What's going on with the gods' pettiness? Is Paris...? Does he...? Well, you'll see.FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRRAM:@bookinitpodCHECK OUT OUR COOL NEW WEBSITE AND SIGN UP FOR OUR AWESOME MONTHLY NEWSLETTER HERE:https://pondkid16.wixsite.com/412podcastingSUPPORT US HERE:https://patreon.com/bookinit

#125: Travel journalist, Lindsey Tramuta shares insider tips to help you discover the magic of the world's most popular tourist destination: France. She discusses how to navigate Paris like a pro and reveals the country's must-visit regions. Chris also covers the best ways to utilize your miles and points to get there. Lindsey Tramuta (@lindseytramuta) is a journalist who's lived in Paris since 2006. She's written for The New York Times, Eater, Food & Wine and Conde Nast Traveler and is the author of The New Paris, The New Parisienne, and The New Paris Restaurant Guide. Link to Full Show Notes: https://allthehacks.com/france-travel-guide Partner Deals Long Angle: Join a free private community for high net worth investors Athletic Greens: Free 1 year supply of Vitamin D and 5 free travel packs Pacaso: Free early access to listings and $2,500+ in closing credits Shopify: $1/month trial for the easiest e-commerce platform Notion: Try Notion AI free to automate tedious tasks and streamline your work Awayz: The best cash and points search tool for hotel stays Resources Mentioned Lindsey Tramuta: Website | Newsletter | Podcast | Instagram | Twitter The New Paris The New Parisienne The New Paris Restaurant Guide ATH Travel Episodes: #101: Planning the Best Japan Trip Ever #107: Italy Unlocked: Insider Tips, Must-See Destinations and Booking Flights/Hotels on Points #115: Iceland: Planning an Epic Adventure Must-Visit Regions Centre-Val de Loire Burgundy Alsace: Strasbourg Normandy Cote d'Azur: Marseille | Saint-Tropez Basque Country: Biarritz Brittany French Alps Provence Paris Deep Dive: Neighborhoods: Charonne | Belleville | Luxembourg Gardens Museums: Musée de Montmartre | Gustave Moreau Museum | Musée Carnavalet Museums (Kids): Cité Des Sciences | Museum of Hunting and Nature | National Museum of Natural History Contemporary Art: Pinault Collection Unique Things To Do: Catacombs | Women of Paris Tour Wine Tastings: Caves du Louvre | Cavewoman Wines Day Trips: Versailles | Fontainebleau | Bouldering in Fontainebleau Restaurants: Paris: L'Ami Jean | Marché des Enfants Rouges | Les Enfants Du Marché | Septime Baked Goods: Pierre Hermé | Boulangerie Utopie | Mamiche Bars: Bar Hemingway At The Ritz | Bar Les Ambassadeurs At The Hôtel de Crillon Chris's Recommendations: Fromagerie Laurent Dubois Philharmonie de Paris Flash Invadors Puy du Fou Online Sources For Recommendations: Food: Le Fooding | Eater.com | The New Paris Restaurant Guide Experiences & Tours: Context Travel Tours | Paris by Mouth Bars: 52 Martinis - Forest Collins Rolf Potts's book: Vagabonding Air Canada: 20-30% Transfer Bonus Flying Blue: 20% Transfer Bonus Air France/KLM: Promo Rewards Full Show Notes (02:37) Why France Is The Most Popular Tourist Destination (04:32) Experiencing France Like A Local (07:05) What Sets France Apart (09:33) French Culture (11:34) Ideal Itinerary For A Short Trip To France (15:29) Must-Visit Regions (19:00) Is Paris a Must See? (24:05) Highlights For A First Trip To France (26:39) Overhyped and Underrated Spots (28:02) Common Trip Planning Mistakes (30:39) The People And The Culture In France (34:02) Personal Interactions To Expect In France (36:08) Taboo Conversation Starters To Avoid In France (40:01) Traveling To France With Kids (42:17) Must-Have Culinary Experiences In France (46:01) Logistical Guidelines For Dining In France (48:52) Tips For Planning A Trip In Paris (53:26) Underrated Spots In Paris (55:26) Kid Friendly Museums In Paris (56:23) Unique Spots Off The Beaten Path In Paris (58:59) Lindsey's Paris Restaurant Recommendations (1:02:20) Recommendations For Baked Goods (1:03:24) Transportation In Paris (1:04:42) The Nightlife In Paris (1:06:19) Planning A Picnic At The Park (1:07:28) Chris's Recommendations (1:09:15) Day Trips From Paris (1:11:30) The Right Modes Of Transport (1:13:41) Parting Advice (1:14:15) Using Miles & Points

In 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered his army to torch Paris rather than let the city be liberated intact. As it became clear he was being disobeyed, the Nazi dictator frantically demanded to know, “Is Paris burning?”  Thankfully, it wasn't then. But the capital of France is burning today, at the hands of adherents to another totalitarian ideology – best described as Sharia-supremacism – who now occupy hundreds of “no-go” zones across the country.  And it is not just Paris that is in flames. In recent days, jihadists have taken to the streets in city after city, ostensibly to protest the killing of a Muslim youth by police during a traffic stop.  The uprisings may prove, however, to be the start of a civil war that unassimilable Islamist immigrants' have long aspired to launch in France  and far beyond. Think “Summer of Love” on steroids. This is Frank Gaffney.  

Remember to subscribe to all of our feeds across all platforms - Subscribe to our Youtube Page: Click the all notifications bell, like our videos, and comment on our videos - Subscribe to our podcast network on the platform of your choice: Rate our channel and our content high - Follow our Facebook page and Join our Facebook Community: Share, like, and comment on our posts - Follow us on Twitter: retweet, like, and comment on our posts - Follow us on Instagram: share, like, and comment on our posts Remember to tell the members of Buckeye Nation in your circle all about our sports bar check out https://linktr.ee/buckeyebartalk to find our content across all of our links On this Episode: - Jake Seibert, Caleb Burton, and Ben Christman all enter the transfer portal. Will they be the last? - The Good, Bad and Ugly of the Spring game - We finish up on Buckeye Draft talk. Will Stroud fall significantly? Is Paris the first Buckeye off the board? Can Dawand get in the first round? Remember https://linktr.ee/buckeyebartalk for our content --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/buckeye-bar-talk/support

Paris: The Memoir Part 3 -- she is risen! Comedians Molly Mulshine & Sara Armour resurrect their coverage of Paris Hilton's memoir. For Part 4 and a deep dive of Paris Hilton's chart and relationships, Join the Patreon!1:35 Paris blackmails father, Rick Hilton into removing her from Provo before her 18th birthday.2:11 Catholic guilt, secrets and sin4:03 Paris is too traumatized to sleep at night but uses insomnia for buiz dev. By day she continues to get kicked out of every private school she can.5:50 Models eat garbage!8:00 Burner phones & w accidentally dodging Kim K on TV9:45 Cater & Courtney Reun's key questions for entrepreneurs11:05 Steps to self-reinvention & how to be your own manager 11:55 Harvey Weinstein creepy bathroom story13:13 Pathological fear of embarrassment?17:17 Enter first boyfriend after Provo, SCUM, aka Rick Salomon aka cameraman, co-star, and seller of coerced sex tape “1 Night in Paris." Don't date older men. 19:25 Is Paris asexual? Frigid? Sapiosexual? Venus in Aquarius. Mars in Pisces.21:17 Molly parties with Paris party in “VIP” at NYFW event22:50 Saving yourself for marriage. “Playing hard to get” and the dance of the masculine and feminine. Quaaludes. Pisces Intensity. Capricorn Mommy supremacy. 26:55 Nancy Jo Sales profiles Paris for Vanity Fair32:07 Molly interviews Paris in her NYC apt / portrait gallery. US vs UK hustle culture. Star-studded NYC events. 36:26 Conrad Hilton is supportive! 36:47 The Simple Life era 38:35 Paris gets an abortion & a right to privacy40:13 Sex tape released right before The Simple Life premieres. Simple Life is a hit. Infamy works. 44:09 Paris has talents!45:40 The rise of selfie culture.46:25 Paris works hard, you guys! Hires Elliot Mintz as publicist. 48:40 Non-consensual Playboy cover ... like Marilyn Monroe... 50:14 “Sorry, not sorry” and "no shame" for bullying. South Park bullies Paris, wishes death upon Selena Gomez54:57 Paris says she voted for Trump which was not true, she didn't even vote. Barely mentions boyfriends. Many mentions of Demi Lovato / Taco Bell.57:36 Scammer Karma. Being with Kim K.58:37 DUI. Probation. Second Arrest. 1:02:11 Sarah Silverman apologizes for mean jokes. Like people, comedy evolves!1:03:39 The importance of punching up. Zooming in on husband, Carter Reun.1:04:49 Paris faces solitary confinement in Provo and later jail. Breaking karmic patterns. Saturn & doing work. 1:09:08 The Paris Hilton character people love to hate. Trauma, nudity, and controlled embarrassment.Oh-- and it was LA Reid not Lou Reed...Join the Patreon! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Welcome back to Paris: The Memoir Book Club! Molly Mulshine & Sara Armour discuss Part 2.01:08 What if Paris had been diagnosed earlier in her life? The Impact of ADHD diagnosis (or not) for Molly & Sara respectively. The CEDU organization and how Boomer parents and daytime talk show hosts Maury Povich, Sally Jesse Raphael, and later Dr. Phil helped to legitimize these organizations. Mass brainwashing and financial support of police departments makes it impossible for kids in these programs to come forward about the abuse they're suffering.10:30 CEDU organization started when Saturn was in Pisces in the 60's as an off-shoot of AA. Also, is Maury hot?14:30 15-year anniversary of Paris Hilton, Britney Spears, and Lindsay Lohan's infamous "Bimbo Summit" headline & photos. 18:00 Britney Spears friendship referenced throughout memoir. Parallels with Britney's conservatorship.23:30 Can high-status celebrities actually claim they've been "bullied" by the media? Paris Hilton's expert media manipulation.28:10 Illustrious list of 90's besties turned family: P. Diddy, Nicole Richie, Kim Kardashian, Britney Spears, Snoop Dogg, Nicky Hilton, Farah Brooke, & random civilians Alison, and Jen. Is Paris covertly reminding them she has dirt on them?29:35 Paris is arrested by a bicycle cop in the Bay Area after one of her attempted getaways from CEDU and is forced to run handcuffed behind his bike to the police station. Paris reclaims her inner stats. Story where she abandon's a fellow CEDU after running away, without word.32:40 Paris is sent to Provo and SA'd multiple times. Left nude in solitary confinement, repeatedly. Paris reaches into her inner reserves to survive and reminds herself that life is hers to create from the inside out. Importance of self-talk.36:00 In a genius move, Paris blackmails her father by threatening to tell her story to the Wall Street Journal the minute she turns 18. It works. What does this mean about what Rick and Kathy Hilton actually thought was going on? If they didn't believe her claims of abuse -- what did they have to be afraid of her reporting?39:00 Image is everything. Affirmations don't work, visualization does. Paris claims her independence. "Paris In Love" shows the real controlling Kathy Hilton. Which daughter would Big Kathy be most proud of now?43:27 Paris plays both sids of the Leo / Aquarius axis brilliantly! Paris credits her parents for raising a strong child but in reality, did Rick and Kathy raise her? Did she raise herself?47:00 Despite all the violent and emotional abuse, at the end of Part 2 Paris remembers she's a Hilton, and for that reason she is going to be ok.Follow @MollyMulshine & @SaraArmourLeave a 5-star review on Apple PodcastsJoin The Patreon to join the book club! Patreon.com/spacetrashpodcastClick to book your astrology reading with Sara - use code POD for 25% off! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The super-bingeworthy reality competition "The Circle" wrapped its fifth season last week, so Jon invited Cassandra Klatzkow on to talk about it. They break down their favorite and least favorite players, storylines and love triangles. They both feel the show is not really that strong of a show, but something about it makes you have to watch each and every episode. They delve into questions like: Is Marvin the least-effective fuckboy ever? Did the right person win? Is Paris really only an interpreter, or did he have influence on Raven? Is Brian/Brittney the worst player ever? Get your popcorn ready for this Circle recap. Meanwhile... Jon will send in his application to the show. He really thinks he could win it. Stötta oss på Patreon för regelbundna bonusavsnitt + mer! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week, Paul Feig, the always witty film director, writer, and man of style behind Bridesmaids and Freaks and Geeks, stops by to discuss his other passion—mixology. Then Max Berlinger joins us from Los Angeles for a story we might call ”New Year, New Hair.” Specifically, how men are traveling in droves to Turkey to get hair transplants. Why Turkey? Max has the answers. Next, we ask: Is Paris shivering? Alexandra Marshall reports from France on what life is like there now that major energy cuts loom. All this and more make this week's show one you won't want to miss.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

How do you know when it is time to seek the prosperity of America and when it is time to stand up against the culture for your Biblical convictions? What does the Bible say about this? Listen in as Pastor Michael discusses this and more in TruthCurrents. Rod Dreher, “Babylon's Furnace: Truth, Suffering & the Hard Road Ahead,” Touchstone, May/June 2022. Andree Seu Peterson, “Is Paris well worth a Mass?” World Magazine, July 30, 2022. Rod Dreher, Live Not by Lies: A Manual for Christian Dissidents, Sentinel, 2020

Paris is going one on one with clairvoyant medium Tyler Henry.  Is Paris ready for what Tyler is about to tell her??!!  Is Paris a believer?!  ....we'll see.  Tyler reveals his most profound celebrity reading.  Plus, who knew Tyler was a fan of The Simple Life!? See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In todays episode Erin tells us all about her speaking engagement in NYC! Is Paris overrated? Mike talks about his plans to travel to Paris and the rumors he's heard about France. There is a group of people that play Google Maps competitively and it is absolutely wild. How many marathons is too many marathons? A woman completes her 1,000th marathon and becomes the first in the USA to do it. Would you swallow a magnetic robot if it could save your life??? #1 Internet Audio Show Consider leaving us a 5 star review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify! Follow us on social! https://www.instagram.com/nonmembersonly/ https://www.tiktok.com/@nonmembersonly https://twitter.com/NonMembersOnly https://www.tiktok.com/@scraptownusa Erin Azar : https://www.tiktok.com/@mrs.space.cadet Intro song: https://soundcloud.com/pdwubs Erin Azar Podcast, mrsspacecadet podcast

Ever thought of filling your house with plants? How much do you know about tea? What's Swedish Fit? Is Paris really full of snobs? We're all over the map - in the most intriguing of ways - with Alain Nguyen.

What's the one thing you've always dreamed of doing before you die? Hosts Logan Miller, Marie Smurthwaite, and new arrival Camrynn Clark talk about just that! What cool places do they want to visit? What unique things do they want to do? Is Paris really worth it? All that and more is answered in this episode! Remember to leave a like and comment to tell us what we should talk about next!

To recline or no? Is Paris or Rome really overrated? Are child-free flights a good idea? We're talking about all the unpopular travel opinions from listeners in this episode! Shownotes at https://worldwidehoneymoon.com/unpopular-travel-opinions/ Be sure to subscribe to our Instagram @worldwidehoneymoon for updates on the podcast and future opportunities to participate!

For the first time since our Valentine's Day mini-episode, 'Passport People is heading back to the French capital to record a main show spectacular with resident expat Clarence. How does somebody from New Jersey end up settling in Paris? Is Paris the "city of light" or the "city of love" or both? What the heck is going on in the suburbs around Paris?Find out more about Clarence's work by visiting his company's Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/thebigfunkcompany/Find out more about Island Life Productions and our work by:- liking our Facebook page at facebook.com/islandlifeproductions/- checking out our website at islandlifeproductions.com- visiting our Patreon at patreon.com/islandlifeproductions

How do we find meaning in life? Is Paris actually that nice? Is Monster Prom the greatest game of all time? All this and more on this very Woody Wednesday. Next week: Mulholland Drive & Frank. (Note: Frank replaced Oldboy because it isn't streaming).

Apa iya Paris romantis? Apa iya kotanya cantik banget? Is Paris overrated? Yah, memang subjektif sih. Tapi di sini kita ngobrol dengan seorang arsitek yang juga sketcher tentang Paris, terutama arsitekturnya. Ada rekomendasi bangunan-bangunan istimewa dan penggambaran Kota Cinta ini yang puitis. Follow IG @setoparama dan @take_off_to_paris

This week the guys cover some speculation on the Vancouver Titans' woes but not without running down Week 11's matches. Is Paris just washed up? Do you think Chengdu is the second best team in China at the moment? Episode 94 has got those answers and more! Get Tactical Crouch merch at http://bit.ly/tcpshop Follow us on Twitter: KickedTripod - @kickedtripod Volamel - @Volamel Yiska - @YiskaOut Tactical Crouch is a competitive Overwatch podcast that discuss a wide array of topics from roster discussions and recent results to balance changes and upcoming tournaments. Join your veteran hosts Yiska, Volamel, and KickedTripod and get your weekly fill of competitive Overwatch discussion! Have questions or comments for the show? Tweet us @tactical_crouch or email us at overwatchleaguedaily@gmail.com. Like the show so much that you want to support? Check out our Patreon: http://patreon.com/tacticalcrouch.

During World War II, many ancient and picturesque cities were reduced to piles of ruins under a "scorched-earth policy." "Is Paris burning?" was a question that Hitler bitterly put to his Chief of the General Staff on the day of the liberation of Paris in 1944. Facing the great danger that the city’s glorious architecture and art treasures might be burnt to the ground, how did resistance groups and the Allies react? This book will give you a real and vivid description of the history of Paris's fight for liberation.

Is Paris calmer than New York? Is our subway confusing? What’s the big deal with French romance and how does one venture into a career in cinema? Parisian NYIT Student at the Manhattan campus Anne-Sophie Ducloux joined me in chatting about all of this and more. Major plot twist, she hopes to make it eventually to Korea for an internship, why? Join us, take a listen and find out.

Is Paris really what you think it is? This week, host Josiah Sinanan shares a special episode live from Paris, France with a local as they talk about cultural perceptions, racism, the church, and more. It's part one of a two-part series on the city of Paris.

Is Paris burning? James Holland and Al Murray discuss the liberation of Paris and the final days of the Normandy campaign. Plus, what role did the mafia play in the invasion of Sicily? Were the Allies made an offer they couldn’t refuse? See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Is Daredevil really blind? Can he be defeated by the Laminator? Should Gary and Eric still be singing on this show? Is Paris the only sensible and intelligent co-host left on this podcast? None of these questions are really answered in this episode but we sure debated them in one way or another.  Savage Worlds for Beginners by The GM Table   Zadmar Games Fantasy Archetypes  Be sure to stay in contact with us- thewilddie@gmail.com, twitter @thewilddie and look for us on Facebook, and MeWe. Also, help support the show and get early access to the podcast through our Patreon! © The Wild Die is not affiliated with or endorsed by Pinnacle Entertainment Group or Official Pinnacle Licensees. Any of the products mentioned on our show or appear on our website are the property and copyright of their respected owners. All Music and Art Work is used with Permission of Pinnacle Entertainment Group. All items are used under fair use and educational and review purposes, All other Items are the Intellectual Property of The Wild Die Copyright 2015-2019. All rights reserved.

Is Paris or Belgium on your travel bucket list? Today we have Erin Phillips back on the show for part 2 of our interview where we are talking about Paris and Belgium.  As we mentioned in our first interview, Erin lives in London and has been taking advantage of traveling to different places while she is living there.  She shares with us some fun things to do with little ones in Paris and how she even found a photographer to capture her memories there with her family. Erin also chat with us about planning a trip to Brugge, Belgium and how amazing that city was and how she can't wait to go back. From the delicious food to beautiful architecture.  She shares with us her experience on the Eurostar and how affordable it is to get from one country to the next. Hear what she says about this topic and more on podcast. If you liked this episode I bet you will love the episode I did with Kelly Bowser where we talk about Italy, click here to listen: Bucket List Travel: Italy vacation with Adventures by Disney : Kelly Bowser: 106 or check out Part 1 here: Bucket List Travel: Morocco and London Part 1: Erin Phillips:121 Resources mentioned in this show: Are you wanting to plan a big birthday or anniversary in the near future but feel stuck? Let me come alongside of you and help you plan that amazing vacation! If you want your husband to surprise you with a bucket list trip and he needs help, send him my way and I would love to help him and plan a memorable trip for you! You can set up a free consultation on my website mominpsiredshow.com/travelagent  if that time slot doesn't work you can always message me on FB at Amber Sandberg or on Instagram @ambersandberg Here are the links from Erin for Paris and Belgium. If you find that you are overwhelmed and wanting help, feel free to reach out to me and I would be happy to help you! Here are the items she mentioned in the show that she loves traveling with: Yoyo stroller that can fit in luggage compartment: Yoyo Stroller Sticker Books for traveling:Sticker book   Paris Eurostar tickets: https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/? Paris restaurant: http://www.relaisentrecote.fr/ Paris photographer (tell her Erin sent you!): https://www.instagram.com/camyduongphoto/ Belguim Brugge blog post: https://www.attentiontodarling.com/2018/05/a-weekend-in-brugge-belgium-our-top-10-list.html Brugge video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qapPl3BM_mA&t=7s   Guest Info: Erin Phillips Blog: https://www.attentiontodarling.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/attentiontodarlingblog/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/attentiontodarling/  

Explore Europe Paris Podcast Episode Show Notes Here are the notes for this episode of Explore Europe brought to you by Used Car Guys. Paris, the capital of France, is a global hub for art, architecture, fashion, gastronomy and culture. Its 19th-century cityscape is crisscrossed by wide boulevards and the River Seine. As well as landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and the 12th-century, Gothic Notre-Dame cathedral, the city is known for its cafe culture and designer boutiques. Paris is just a 2.5 hour train journey from Kaiserslautern or London. So the only question is really, why wouldn’t you visit? Here are the links from our Explore Europe Paris episode:  Deutsche Bahn: https://www.bahn.com/en/view/index.shtml The apartment where John stayed in the heart of Paris: here  The Hop-on and Hop-off boss: https://www.hop-on-hop-off-bus.com/paris-hop-on-hop-off-bus-tours The Louvre Museum: https://www.louvre.fr/en Musée d’Orsay: http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/home.html The Eiffel Tower: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en The boats in Paris: https://www.bateaux-mouches.fr/en Notre Dame Cathedral: http://www.notredamedeparis.fr/en/ Moulin Rouge: http://www.moulinrouge.fr/?lang=en Sacré-Cœur Basilica: http://www.sacre-coeur-montmartre.com/english/ Discover more of Jen Gale's easy to implement sustainable living tips here: www.asustainablelife.co.uk Podcast Conversation Timeline 00:01 - Michelle and John tell us where we will be exploring 00:54 - Why did John go to Paris and who did he take with him? 1:18 - Find out what mode of transport John, Chloe and Joe took from different parts of the world to get to Paris? 4:45 - Would you drive to Paris? 5:45 - John’s unexpected accommodation booking 7:32 - It would be Explore Europe without hearing all about John’s adventures on the hop-on and hop-off sightseeing bus 9:53 - John gives us a great tip for buying your bus tickets 10:39 -  John divulges all the info of what you will see on the sightseeing tour bus 13:32 - The Eiffel Tower 14:31 - Notre Dame - including Michelle’s most expensive round of drinks and John’s expensive ice-cream purchase 15:34 - Louvre Museum - the architecture and artwork. Plus, tips on getting tickets so you don’t get stuck in the queues. 20:27 - Michelle talks about her must-see stop in Paris - Musee D’Orsay 21:27 - Boat tours, walking tours, guided tours of Paris 22:01 - Hold your horses… John’s talking about nooks and crannies… a favourite of ours 23:06 - The Moulin Rouge experience 25:21 - A little tip about food and drink 25:47 - John tells all about the most expensive street in Paris 26:43 - Anything else that John would recommend for a weekend in Paris? 27:29 - The Palace of Versailles 29:37 - Bateaux Mouche 30:10 - Do you need a Visa to visit Paris? 30:35 - What currency do they use? 31:11 - Is Paris child-friendly? 32:16 - What about safety? Is Paris safe? 33:25 - Food and drink - Michelle gets to grips with the idea that John didn’t really go to any restaurant and instead gives us her favourite french dish 34:51 - The overview of Paris and Michelle’s round up of this weeks episode 37:10 - This week’s Sustainable Travel Tip with Jen Gale - think twice about flying!   A Massive Thank You For Listening! Are you planning to visit Paris? We would love to hear all about your trip and any tips you have for fellow explorers. Leave a comment below or tweet us at @explore_europe and use the hashtag #ExploreEurope   Please leave a comment/subscribe/tell a friend  

Manny and John explore this action packed sequel from 2007. Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker re team with director Bret Ratner, but is this movie just a rehash of the originals? Is Paris infiltrated by the Yakuza? Are there trope like, new locations, fancy effects', etc. that sequels fall into? e talk about that and more in this episode!

Join Us in France Travel Podcast Every big sports event has to start somewhere. The Paris Marathon got its start in 1896 and it was tiny then! It had 191 participants, none of them women. Things have changed so much since then. Today's Paris Marathon takes as many as 50,000 runners, many of them women, including today's guest, Calee Spinney who ran the 2017 edition and comes on the show to tell us some of the things she wishes she knew before she ran it. If you're thinking about running the Paris marathon in 2018, you've come to the right place! Advice about the event, and all of the other things you can do while in Paris! What You Will Learn About in this Episode The transcript for this episode is available by clicking here 1'38 Congratulations on running the Paris marathon! 2'30 When did you sign up? What did it involve? 4'31 Why do you need a medical form? 6' Do you run through gorgeous parts of Paris? 7'52 Was it well organized? 8'30 How do it work on the ground? 9' Various extras you can buy at the Expo 11' Is the commercial activity surrounding the Paris marathon good value or rip off? 12'30 Running on cobblestone is hard on the body 12'50 What do you wish you knew before you went? 15' Food/water you can get along the route 17' The finishing shirt 18' What did you do besides running the Paris marathon? 19' Is Paris food good for marathon runners? 21' Was it your first time in Paris? Where did you stay? 23' How about safety surrounding the Paris marathon? 24'30 Any recommendations you can share? 26' Meeting a super-friendly Parisien 30' Thanks and personal update To learn about Join Us in France Tours, visit Addicted to France If you enjoy the show, subscribe to the Join Us in France Newsletter Click here for show notes and full transcript for this episode. Click here to review the show on iTunes. Join Us in France Book Group on Goodreads Click here to leave us a voice mail question or comment. Send email feedback: annie@joinusinfrance.com Follow the show on Facebook

Is Paris simply a spoiled brat? the result of a fame-starved mom living vicariously through her daughter? a victim of Los Angeles politics? a scofflaw? the by-product of a star-struck psychiatrist? a misunderstood out of control young woman having a meltdown? Or all of the above? Dr. Carole analyzes this complex case which has become a nightmare for everyone... and explains why we care.