Podcasts about simon bolivar

La viande est grillée, presque croustillante sur les bords, juteuse, elle est glissée dans du pain ou une galette : en sandwich ou à l'assiette, le plat a conquis le monde. Appelez le kebab, kebap, shawarma, gyros, grec ou döner, préférez-le avec ou sans oignons, piment, herbes, légumes en pickles, sauce yaourt ? Vous choisirez le vôtre, il sait s'adapter. Le kebab est un voyage en soi et une histoire du monde. Le kebab d'ailleurs est bien plus qu'un plat, c'est un concept culinaire, explique le géographe Pierre Raffard qui l'a découvert en Turquie et n'a cessé de s'intéresser à lui. Le kebab s'adapte, se diffuse, migre et se différencie ensuite par la manière dont il est servi et mangé : avec quelle viande ? Avec quelle sauce ? Quels légumes ? Pour qui ? Et avec qui ? Progressivement se dessine le plat parce qu'un plat « quand il se diffuse, ne se diffuse jamais exactement de la même manière que le plat de référence, il s'adapte toujours au système alimentaire en place. C'est ce qu'on appelle la culinarisation », explique Pierre Raffard dans un épisode du podcast Bouffons. Il ne se diffuse jamais de la même manière que le plat de référence. Il s'adapte toujours, un petit peu, beaucoup, passionnément, à la folie, se mêle aux cultures alimentaires locales jusqu'à se fondre si bien dans le pays d'adoption qu'on en oublie qu'il vient d'ailleurs. Plats de cultures et plats de migrations, reflets de l'histoire Les pastels sont de ces plats, les nems, les burgers et les pizzas, plats de cultures et plats de migrations, reflets de l'histoire. Pour notre émission, c'est sur les tables du restaurant Mersin à Paris que nous avons posé nos micros. Mersin, fondé par Noé Lazare, un passionné de cuisine et des cultures culinaires, intarissable sur ce kebab découvert en version largement transformée à Paris, puis à Berlin en Allemagne, l'une de ses premières terres en Europe. L'Allemagne l'a si bien adopté qu'elle s'est spécialisée dans la confection et l'export du matériel de confection des döner kebab, « celui qui tourne », précise Nurdane Bourcier, turque ayant grandi en France et oscillant entre Istanbul et Paris. Le kebab en Turquie est cuit sur d'immenses broches, dans des endroits qui peuvent accueillir trois cent personnes, avec pain lavash cuit au tandoor, quelques oignons au sumac, cette épice acide. La viande est pesée – ce dont on n'a pas l'habitude en France – parce que c'est une viande qui coûte cher, c'est généralement du bœuf ou du veau, et d'ailleurs le döner en Turquie coûte relativement cher par rapport au reste parce que c'est une viande de bonne qualité, servie par portion de 100-150 grammes coupée très fin, quasiment pas assaisonnée, du coup on est à des années-lumières des kebabs européens, on l'aime vraiment pour la viande. Le kebab est un voyage Notre point de départ est à l'est de la Méditerranée, mais nous sillonnerons l'Europe, ferons escale à Dakar, au Liban, en Syrie, au Japon et même au Mexique où le fameux pastor est une belle incarnation de notre kebab, l'avocat en prime. Dans cette émission, on ajoutera au kebab l'acidité d'un yaourt, salé bien sûr, même si leur association n'est pas courante, notamment pour le döner. Ils ont en commun cependant un certain goût pour le nomadisme, le sens de l'adaptation et incarnent à ce titre ce qui fait que « la cuisine est la cuisine, sans frontière, il n'y a pas de guerre en cuisine », assure Nurdane. Le yaourt est égoutté, fait maison, la fermentation se poursuit au gré des envies, et surtout lui aussi se mêle à tout et partout, jusqu'aux soupes de yaourt et de riz, la recette est partagée ici. « La découverte du yaourt à Istanbul a été un choc pour moi, raconte Noé, on peut le chauffer, le saler, en faire une soupe et cuisiner avec ! » Notamment cette fameuse soupe de yaourt, une soupe de l'estive dont il existe de nombreuses versions, précise Nurdane. Une découverte enfin, le tantuni La viande est cuite dans un ustensile aux allures de grande poêle à réceptacle pour la sauce au milieu, assaisonnée, puis versée avec sa sauce dans une galette, recouverte de yaourt et de sumac, pliée en U pour éviter que le jus ne s'échappe trop ! Les prudents choisiront de le savourer à l'assiette, les yeux aussi seront ravis. Avec : Noé Lazare, passionné de Döner Kebab et de cuisine, restaurateur et fondateur de Gemüse, pour partager l'excellent kebab berlinois découvert dans la capitale allemande, puis Mersin où sont servis des kebabs et des tantuni. Mersin, 123 rue Simon Bolivar, dans le XIXe arrondissement de Paris. Tout y est très, très bon et fait maison. Et Nurdane Bourcier, cuisinière, cheffe de Tamam Kitchen, histoires d'épices et de migrations et autrice : Le Yaourt, 10 façons de le préparer est publié aux éditions de l'Épure, l'aubergine, et la caroube sont parus dans la même collection. Le mot kebab décrit une méthode de cuisson, ce sont les légumes rôtis, des herbes, c'est la cuisson au feu. Il y a plusieurs types de kebab, on va tout appeler kebab, le döner bien connu en Europe, c'est celui qui tourne sur la broche. Le yaourt est omniprésent en Turquie comme le Kebab. Et pourquoi pas goûter à l'iskender si vous allez en Turquie ? Le pain est frit – un pide – avec de la viande arrosée de beurre noisette fondu et de yaourt acide, la tomate acide et sucrée, une odyssée du gras et de la gourmandise. La cuisine, le seul domaine qui ne connait pas de frontière : dans une assiette, on peut ne pas faire la guerre du tout. Pour aller plus loin Le monde sur la broche de Pierre Raffard, géographe spécialiste de l'alimentation, Calype éditions Le livre de la cuisine turque de Musa Dagdeviren aux éditions Phaïdon Un goût du monde tout sandwichs et déjà un tantuni Quelques adresses : dans le XIVe en écho au souvenir de Noé, dans le Ve arrondissement du côté du métro Cluny, dans le Xe arrondissement, Özlem, les adresses Gemüse et Mersin bien sûr, Anadolia à Boulogne-Billancourt, et toutes les adresses que vous voudrez partagez avec nous ! Programmation musicale : « The Wave » de Jungle  

La viande est grillée, presque croustillante sur les bords, juteuse, elle est glissée dans du pain ou une galette : en sandwich ou à l'assiette, le plat a conquis le monde. Appelez le kebab, kebap, shawarma, gyros, grec ou döner, préférez-le avec ou sans oignons, piment, herbes, légumes en pickles, sauce yaourt ? Vous choisirez le vôtre, il sait s'adapter. Le kebab est un voyage en soi et une histoire du monde. Le kebab d'ailleurs est bien plus qu'un plat, c'est un concept culinaire, explique le géographe Pierre Raffard qui l'a découvert en Turquie et n'a cessé de s'intéresser à lui. Le kebab s'adapte, se diffuse, migre et se différencie ensuite par la manière dont il est servi et mangé : avec quelle viande ? Avec quelle sauce ? Quels légumes ? Pour qui ? Et avec qui ? Progressivement se dessine le plat parce qu'un plat « quand il se diffuse, ne se diffuse jamais exactement de la même manière que le plat de référence, il s'adapte toujours au système alimentaire en place. C'est ce qu'on appelle la culinarisation », explique Pierre Raffard dans un épisode du podcast Bouffons. Il ne se diffuse jamais de la même manière que le plat de référence. Il s'adapte toujours, un petit peu, beaucoup, passionnément, à la folie, se mêle aux cultures alimentaires locales jusqu'à se fondre si bien dans le pays d'adoption qu'on en oublie qu'il vient d'ailleurs. Plats de cultures et plats de migrations, reflets de l'histoire Les pastels sont de ces plats, les nems, les burgers et les pizzas, plats de cultures et plats de migrations, reflets de l'histoire. Pour notre émission, c'est sur les tables du restaurant Mersin à Paris que nous avons posé nos micros. Mersin, fondé par Noé Lazare, un passionné de cuisine et des cultures culinaires, intarissable sur ce kebab découvert en version largement transformée à Paris, puis à Berlin en Allemagne, l'une de ses premières terres en Europe. L'Allemagne l'a si bien adopté qu'elle s'est spécialisée dans la confection et l'export du matériel de confection des döner kebab, « celui qui tourne », précise Nurdane Bourcier, turque ayant grandi en France et oscillant entre Istanbul et Paris. Le kebab en Turquie est cuit sur d'immenses broches, dans des endroits qui peuvent accueillir trois cent personnes, avec pain lavash cuit au tandoor, quelques oignons au sumac, cette épice acide. La viande est pesée – ce dont on n'a pas l'habitude en France – parce que c'est une viande qui coûte cher, c'est généralement du bœuf ou du veau, et d'ailleurs le döner en Turquie coûte relativement cher par rapport au reste parce que c'est une viande de bonne qualité, servie par portion de 100-150 grammes coupée très fin, quasiment pas assaisonnée, du coup on est à des années-lumières des kebabs européens, on l'aime vraiment pour la viande. Le kebab est un voyage Notre point de départ est à l'est de la Méditerranée, mais nous sillonnerons l'Europe, ferons escale à Dakar, au Liban, en Syrie, au Japon et même au Mexique où le fameux pastor est une belle incarnation de notre kebab, l'avocat en prime. Dans cette émission, on ajoutera au kebab l'acidité d'un yaourt, salé bien sûr, même si leur association n'est pas courante, notamment pour le döner. Ils ont en commun cependant un certain goût pour le nomadisme, le sens de l'adaptation et incarnent à ce titre ce qui fait que « la cuisine est la cuisine, sans frontière, il n'y a pas de guerre en cuisine », assure Nurdane. Le yaourt est égoutté, fait maison, la fermentation se poursuit au gré des envies, et surtout lui aussi se mêle à tout et partout, jusqu'aux soupes de yaourt et de riz, la recette est partagée ici. « La découverte du yaourt à Istanbul a été un choc pour moi, raconte Noé, on peut le chauffer, le saler, en faire une soupe et cuisiner avec ! » Notamment cette fameuse soupe de yaourt, une soupe de l'estive dont il existe de nombreuses versions, précise Nurdane. Une découverte enfin, le tantuni La viande est cuite dans un ustensile aux allures de grande poêle à réceptacle pour la sauce au milieu, assaisonnée, puis versée avec sa sauce dans une galette, recouverte de yaourt et de sumac, pliée en U pour éviter que le jus ne s'échappe trop ! Les prudents choisiront de le savourer à l'assiette, les yeux aussi seront ravis. Avec : Noé Lazare, passionné de Döner Kebab et de cuisine, restaurateur et fondateur de Gemüse, pour partager l'excellent kebab berlinois découvert dans la capitale allemande, puis Mersin où sont servis des kebabs et des tantuni. Mersin, 123 rue Simon Bolivar, dans le XIXe arrondissement de Paris. Tout y est très, très bon et fait maison. Et Nurdane Bourcier, cuisinière, cheffe de Tamam Kitchen, histoires d'épices et de migrations et autrice : Le Yaourt, 10 façons de le préparer est publié aux éditions de l'Épure, l'aubergine, et la caroube sont parus dans la même collection. Le mot kebab décrit une méthode de cuisson, ce sont les légumes rôtis, des herbes, c'est la cuisson au feu. Il y a plusieurs types de kebab, on va tout appeler kebab, le döner bien connu en Europe, c'est celui qui tourne sur la broche. Le yaourt est omniprésent en Turquie comme le Kebab. Et pourquoi pas goûter à l'iskender si vous allez en Turquie ? Le pain est frit – un pide – avec de la viande arrosée de beurre noisette fondu et de yaourt acide, la tomate acide et sucrée, une odyssée du gras et de la gourmandise. La cuisine, le seul domaine qui ne connait pas de frontière : dans une assiette, on peut ne pas faire la guerre du tout. Pour aller plus loin Le monde sur la broche de Pierre Raffard, géographe spécialiste de l'alimentation, Calype éditions Le livre de la cuisine turque de Musa Dagdeviren aux éditions Phaïdon Un goût du monde tout sandwichs et déjà un tantuni Quelques adresses : dans le XIVe en écho au souvenir de Noé, dans le Ve arrondissement du côté du métro Cluny, dans le Xe arrondissement, Özlem, les adresses Gemüse et Mersin bien sûr, Anadolia à Boulogne-Billancourt, et toutes les adresses que vous voudrez partagez avec nous ! Programmation musicale : « The Wave » de Jungle  

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. Civilization VI, released in 2016, was a further evolution of the franchise that added interesting new features. We introduce it in this episode. Civilization VI Released in 2016, Civ VI is probably still the most played version of the game. Although there has been a general gap of 5-6 years between versions, the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic slowed down many things. Since early 2025 we have had Civilization VII come out, but in my opinion it is still being tweaked and refined. In the meantime, Civilization VI is the game I play now when I play Civ. I've played all of them from the first, and put in many hours here. Since I now play Civ on Steam mostly, I have statistics! I played Civ V for a total of 769 hours, and so far I have played Civ VI for 689 hours, but since this is what I play for now I will probably exceed my Civ V hours pretty soon. BTW, I probably have well over 1000 hours on Civ II, which I think I have played the most, and certainly more than 3000 hours total over all all versions. I'm going to cover this without worrying too much about whether it is the base game or an expansion. Fact is, Firaxis have started moving to something more akin to a subscription model when they introduced the New Frontier Pass, which works very well when you are on Steam. The idea was that you bought this pass, and very few months got new content, and on Steam it would automatically be downloaded to your account. That is not to say that there weren't actual expansions, but since the last thing they released was this “pass”, i'm kind of wondering what they will do with Civ VII. In any case, let's take a look at this. Gameplay Again, you start with a tribe in 4000BC which founds your first city, and you immediately begin building units, exploring, researching, and developing your city. this is a time-tested mechanic that never changes. but there are some interesting changes that make this game fascinating. First, in the earlier versions of Civ you thought of yourself as playing a particular civ, which came with a particular leader. In different versions of Civ the name of the leader might change, like for France you might have Napoleon on some versions, or Joan of Arc in another, but in each case one civ gets one leader, so you tended to think of yourself as playing the nation. Rome might be Caesar in one version, Augustus in another, or Trajan in yet another. (Fun fact: Sid Meier says he always plays as Rome because it just feels right to him). In Civ VI this linkage is broken. One leader, Eleanor of Aquitaine, can be played as the Queen of England, or she can be played as the Queen of France. And each version has different abilities and strengths. If you want a fairly easy Culture victory, play her as Queen of France, and watch as other players' cities rebel and join your Empire because they admire you so much. Teddy Roosevelt also has two different manifestations, Rough Rider Teddy, and Big Stick Teddy, when you have all the expansions. China has two possible leaders, with different strengths: Qin Shi Huang, and Kublai Khan. And Kublai Khan can be either Chinese or Mongolian, with different strengths. So in Civ VI you don't think of what Civ you want to play, you think of which leader you want to play. Every leader comes with a Civilization Ability, a Unique Unit, and a Unique Infrastructure. These matter a lot. For example, take John Curtin, the leader of the Australian civilization. His Civilization Ability is called Land Down Under, and it gives him +3 Housing in coastalcities. Building a Pasture triggers a Culture Bomb, claiming surrounding tiles. Campus, Commercial Hub, Holy Site, and Theater Squaredistricts gain +1 to their yields in tiles with Charming Appeal, and +3 in tiles with Breathtaking Appeal. Then his Unique Unit is the Digger, a melee military unit that replaces the Infantry unit. And his Unique Infrastructure is tile improvement called the Outback Station. This gives you increased food, production, and housing, some of which varies according to what is on surrounding tiles. The point is that each leader gives you very specific advantages that you should play to. In Civ VI it is even more important to tailor your strategy to the particular leader. Leaders like Frederic Barbarossa or Simon Bolivar are very good for Domination, while Peter the Great and Saladin are very good for Religious victories. If you take a random leader be ready to adapt your play style and strategy to fit, or alternatively decide what kind of victory you want to achieve and pick a leader who is good at it. Or if you want a real challenge, pick a leader who is not suited to the victory condition you are aiming at. But keep in mind that the game may take you in places you didn't expect. One game I picked Wilfrid Laurier of Canada, who is ideal for Diplomatic and Cultural victories, and I thought I would be going for a Cultural victory. But Wilfrid's strengths come from his advantages on Tundra land tiles, and I somehow managed to spawn in the middle of the map with no Tundra tiles at all in my empire. I had work hard to manage a Science victory in that case. Districts This is a major change in Civ. In earlier versions you built buildings inside of cities, and you tended to build the same buildings in most or all cities. You were only limited by your ability to generate Production to get them done. Civ VI is different. You have to place Districts on specific tiles, and and you can then develop the district with added buildings. If you want to develop your industry, you can place an Industrial Zone, and then add a Workshop, then a Factory, then a Power plant, and so on, each one increasing your Production. For Science you place down a Campus District, then a Library, then a University, then a Research Lab. And the game mechanic means you cannot built everything in every city. You can place one district at the start, then one more when your city reaches a population of 4, then a third one when you reach 7, and so on with each added population of three allowing one more district. The point is to force you to make choices. Districts get adjacency bonuses which increase their output. The Campus (generates Science) and the Holy Site (generates Faith) both benefit from adjacent Mountains, and the effect is additive. So if you find a tile with three mountains around it, you will want to place one of these districts there. Districts also get adjacency bonuses from other districts, so the planning the layout of your cities is really important to maximize these bonuses. And they can get bonuses even with adjacent Districts that belong to a different city! Another key district is the Encampment, which let you build better, more veteran military units. Since building units requires Production, you should build build an Encampment in a city which has a lot of Production, and that probably means one with an Industrial Zone. A Harbor District would go in a city with coastal tiles, of course. All of this requires planning. Expert players will usually start out by exploring to see what the map looks like around them, what terrain features they have to work with, what resources are available, and so on. Then, around turn ten they will plan out their next cities, and figure out where they want to place districts and so on. There is a built-in “map pin” system for this, and it can be improved by installing the right mod. While you don't have to do this, it does help you to be successful. Maps and Terrain Terrain features matter a lot in this game. We already mentioned adjacency bonuses of Mountains for Holy Sites and Campuses, but there is much more. The map is divided into Continents, and it is quite normal for a contiguous land mass to contain two or more continents if it is large enough. Think of how Europe and Asia are really just one large land mass to see what I mean. This matters because certain units may defend differently depending on which continent they are on, or some civilizations may be affected from having cities on a different continent. Terrain features like Rivers are extremely important for the placement of cities because they provide fresh water. You can sometimes get around that by building an Aqueduct to bring water from a Lake or a Mountain, but that means using up one of your city tiles, and spending production to build it. If you can place your city on a river you can avoid that problem and get off to a fast start. But the downside is that rivers can flood, and that can wreck your improvements. A big idea for terrain is Appeal. Each tile has an Appeal level ranging from Disgusting to Breathtaking, and it is determined by a combination of the tile's features themselves and by adjacencies. The modifiers are added together to determine the Appeal level of the tile, and there is a lens you use to view your Appeal levels on all tiles, which are color coded. This matters particularly if you are trying for a Culture victory. Culture victories are own by generating Tourism, and while some that can come from things like Museums and Wonders, you will really want to maximize your Tourism to win this game, and two good ways to do that are building National Parks and Seaside Resorts. You can only do that if the appeal is at least Charming (or even better, Breathtaking). If you find you cannot build them in what seems like a good spot, chances are Appeal is the problem. So check that out. You can, for instance, remove marshes (which give negative appeal), and plant forests (which add appeal), and that might be all it takes to get these going. The underlying issue in managing your cities is that you only have so many tiles, and a tile that might be great for a farm might also be great for a District. You need food to grow, and you need to grow to put down Districts, so you are always making choices about this, and that is what makes this a great strategy game. Other Resources Civilization 6 Tutorial: In Game Settings Links https://www.pcgamesn.com/civilization-vii/narrative-lead-job-posting https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Kublai_Khan_(Chinese)_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Housing_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Coastal_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Pasture_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Tile_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Campus_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Commercial_Hub_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Holy_Site_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Theater_Square_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/District_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Appeal_(Civ6) https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Continent_(Civ6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkas_uiq_fk https://www.palain.com/gaming/civilization-vi/ Provide feedback on this episode.

August 6, 1824. Defeat at the Battle of Junin accelerates the collapse of Spanish power in Peru- and the rise of Simon Bolivar. Support the show! Join Into History for ad-free listening and more. History Daily is a co-production of Airship and Noiser.Go to HistoryDaily.com for more history, daily.

Send me a text!The return of the liberator and the operational art in South America  Support the showwar102podcast@gmail.comhttps://war102.buzzsprout.com

Well folks its been awhile... A long while but... Keith and Jon are back again. We've been in the gym training. And i don't feel that it is to cocky to say that we are still the heavyweight champions of podcasting. We are and will always remain your somewhat reliable source of information, for most things. And as we start this new season of SHAT, we are hitting on the history end of things. We are here in our research facility in the Scottish Highlands today as we discuss one of if not the grand Cazique of the long con, Gregor MacGregor. Army officer, General in the South American revolution under Simon Bolivar, creator of a fake country named Poyais and mass murderer. So join in, enjoy and be on the lookout as Keith and I release more beautiful podcasts to caress your earholes with all sorts of wondrous knowledge and humor. Thanks for listening.

Send me a text!The first of countless revolutions in Latin America started from a surprising source. Support the showwar102podcast@gmail.comhttps://war102.buzzsprout.com

The "Yunarmiya" or 'Youth army' is a movement that was founded in January 2016 by the Russian government. In total, more than 1.8 million children in Russia have joined the movement. As of May 2025, more than 120,000 Youth Army graduates served in the Russian army and other security forces. The Youth Army is also actively recruting Ukrainian children in occupied regions of the country. This began in parts of Ukraine even before Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, in places like Crimea and Donbas. The children are taught to sing the Russian national anthem; kiss the Russian flag; dig trenches and handle guns. Zhanna Bezpiatchuk of BBC Ukrainian has been looking into how these Youth Armies operate in occupied regions of Ukraine. Simon Bolivar was a nineteenth century soldier and statesman who led six countries - Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama - to independence from the Spanish empire and earned himself the title of ‘El Libertador', the liberator. He left a huge legacy in South America and is still considered by many as a revolutionary hero. Growing up in Venezuela, Juan Alosno of BBC Mundo was very familiar with Bolivar's mythology, because it was taught to him in school. Even as a child, there were a couple of details that just didn't stack up for him.... so he set out to investigate. At the end of January this year, 6 people were caned in public for violating Sharia law in Aceh, Indonesia. Caning is a common punishment for breaking Islamic law in religiously conservative Aceh, although the practice has drawn criticism from rights groups who say it's cruel. Aceh has a unique identity within Indonesia, and is the only part of the country to practice Sharia. Astudestra Ajengrastri of BBC Indonesian explains Aceh's history and why it chooses to be different from the rest of Indonesia. This episode of The Documentary comes to you from The Fifth Floor, the show at the heart of global storytelling, with BBC journalists from all around the world. Presented by Faranak Amidi. Produced by Laura Thomas and Caroline Ferguson(Photo: Faranak Amidi. Credit: Tricia Yourkevich.)

Simon Bolivar, né à Caracas en 1783, est considéré comme le libérateur de l'Amérique du Sud du joug espagnol. L'homme qui rêvait d'une grande Colombie unie a inspiré de nombreux chefs d'état sud-américains, mais il ne verra jamais son rêve se réaliser. Alors, Bolivar : idole politique vénézuélienne ou dictateur aux ambitions de conquête ? Découvrez le destin méconnu du Napoléon d'Amérique latine. Crédits : Lorànt Deutsch, Bruno Calvès.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Simon Bolivar, né à Caracas en 1783, est considéré comme le libérateur de l'Amérique du Sud du joug espagnol. L'homme qui rêvait d'une grande Colombie unie a inspiré de nombreux chefs d'état sud-américains, mais il ne verra jamais son rêve se réaliser. Alors, Bolivar : idole politique vénézuélienne ou dictateur aux ambitions de conquête ? Découvrez le destin méconnu du Napoléon d'Amérique latine. Crédits : Lorànt Deutsch, Bruno Calvès.Hébergé par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

In this deep and wide-ranging conversation, we sit down with John-Clark Levin — researcher, author, and thought leader at the cutting edge of artificial intelligence — to explore the hopes and hazards of the technological era we now inhabit.As research lead for Kurzweil Technologies under futurist Ray Kurzweil, Levin conducts long-term AI foresight and has spoken widely about artificial superintelligence and its implications for society, policy, and human flourishing. We begin by tracing his journey from growing up in Ojai, the book that changed everything for him (Kurzweil's "The Rise of Spiritual Machines" to some of the world's most consequential debates about AI. Along the way, Levin shares how his early interests evolved into a professional focus on the future of intelligence and human-machine symbiosis.A major thread of our discussion centers on Levin's work engaging the Vatican on artificial intelligence — part of a broader effort to ensure that leading global institutions take seriously the ethical, spiritual, and existential questions posed by AI's rapid advance. He describes organizing experts and advocates around what some have dubbed the “AI Avengers,” working to bring the possibility and risks of artificial general intelligence (AGI) into high-level ecclesiastical consideration and eventual guidance. From there we delve into pressing contemporary concerns: the rise of misinformation and disinformation in public life, the risk landscape sometimes referred to as the coming “Slop-acolypse,” and how societies might more effectively marshal truth and trust as AI reshapes information ecosystems.Alongside these serious themes, we trade stories about less expected moments — including Levin's Jeopardy! experience, and the intersecting paths of competition, curiosity, and narrative in his life. The host also reflects on his own Jeopardy! memories in light of Levin's appearance, sparking a candid exchange about learning, memory, and what it means to think like a human — or like a machine designed to mimic human cognition.We did not talk about Japanese names for salt, Simon Bolivar or Greenland annexation.This episode is an engaging, thought-provoking journey through the contours of our strange, accelerating age — from Silicon Valley to the Vatican and from the personal to the planetary. Whether you're deeply invested in AI futures or just curious about the forces reshaping our world, this discussion with John-Clark Levin offers rare insight from one of the field's most provocative voices.You can check out John-Clark's twitter account at https://x.com/JohnClarkLevin, on Instagram at https://www.instagram.com/johnclarklevin/

Quel début d'année 2026 ! Donald Trump capture le président du Venezuela, l'actualité s'embrase, et cela a provoqué de nombreuses réactions ! De mon côté, je ne vais pas vous livrer mon analyse de comptoir sur ce que j'en pense, mais j'ai quelques cartouches qui vous permettront peut-être de mieux comprendre ce qui se joue au Venezuela et de façon plus générale en Amérique du sud. Parce que si Trump est tout fier d'avoir capturé un dictateur et de libérer tout un peuple, on peut se poser une question légitime : pourquoi y a-t-il autant de dictatures en Amérique du Sud ? Et vous allez voir que les USA ne sont pas vraiment étrangers dans la réponse à cette question. Aller, aujourd'hui, on va parler d'un truc qui vous a peut-être déjà chatouillé l'oreille : la doctrine Monroe !➤ Découvrez l'épisode sur Simon Bolivar : https://youtu.be/ewVfzO5CHS0

Der österreichische Historiker Christian Cwik lehrte und forschte ua. an der Universidad Central de Venezuela, der Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela in Caracas, der Universidad La Habana und hat die meisten Länder Lateinamerikas öfter als nur einmal bereist.Ein Gespräch über Kuba und wie es seine Leidenschaft für Lateinamerika entzündete, welche Rolle China dort spielt, über das Wesen des Kapitalismus, Geopolitik und neue Ideen gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens, über Erdöl in Venezuela, Embargo Politik, den Panama Kongress und die Vision von Simon Bolivar und warum das gegenwärtige Vorgehen der USA eine eindeutige historische Entsprechung hat.Zur Folge⁠⁠Christian Cwik an der Universität KlagenfurtBuch »Kapitalismus« von Sven Beckert⁠⁠Email zur Studienreise office@konak-wien.org⁠⁠Podcast Homepage⁠Unterstützung

In 1999 Hugo Chavez was elected President of Venezuela, beginning a years-long ‘Bolivarian Revolution,' following multiple coup attempts, and time in prison. Chavez would go on to govern the country as President until his death in 2013 — passing sweeping anti-poverty programs, nationalizing oil and industry, and opposing US hegemony in the region. Just before his death, Chavez hand selected Nicolas Maduro as the person to carry forward his political program and legacy. Maduro's time in power was hamstrung between domestic mismanagement, US sanction regimes, and authoritarian crackdowns. But at the core of his time in power was the ‘Chavismo' political ideology, created in the image of his predecessor. For a better sense of Venezuela's modern political history, we have a look at its central characters: Simon Bolivar, Hugo Chavez and Nicolas Maduro. Today, we're joined by Alejandro Velasco, a professor of Latin American history at New York University, and author of ‘Barrio Rising: Urban Popular Politics and the Making of Modern Venezuela.'For transcripts of Front Burner, please visit: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/transcripts

The United States has captured Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro and his wife and launched a “large-scale” strike against the country, according to US President Donald Trump. It follows weeks of heightened tension as the US president ramped up pressure on the Venezuelan leader. We get reaction from the US and wider region.Also in the programme: the Swedish workers trialling a “friendship hour” to combat loneliness.(Photo: Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro holds Simon Bolivar's sword as he addresses members of the armed forces, Bolivarian Militia, police, and civilians during a rally against a possible escalation of US actions toward the country, at Fort Tiuna military base in Caracas, Venezuela, November 25, 2025. Credit: REUTERS/Leonardo Fernandez Viloria/File Photo)

Simon Bolivar Buckner was a Confederate general and one of the most unique figures of the Civil War. A West Point graduate from Kentucky, Buckner chose the Confederacy when the war began, even though his personal ties to Grant ran deep. In 1862, Buckner surrendered Fort Donelson to Grant after receiving the famous demand for unconditional surrender, a moment that helped launch Grant's rise to national fame. After the war, Buckner rebuilt his life in the United States. He served as Governor of Kentucky, promoted reconciliation between North and South, and later ran for Vice President in 1896.

 Chris Kolakowski on Civil War to World War: Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr. and Jr. For More Info: WWW.ChicagoCWRT.org Not many Civil War generals can claim to have had a son who was a general during World War 2. But Confederate Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner's son, of the same name, had a distinguished U.S. army career. A Kentuckian, Simon Sr. surrendered Fort Donelson to his close prewar army friend, Ulysses Grant, in 1862, and served as a corps commander in the Army of Tennessee. At war's end he surrendered the largest existing Confederate army, that of the Trans-Mississippi Department. After the war he was elected Governor of Kentucky, and ran for Vice-President in 1896. On Nov. 14th Chris Kolakowski will talk about the two Buckners, and their interesting careers. Christopher L. Kolakowski is Director of the Wisconsin Veterans Museum, a position he has held since January 6, 2020. He received his BA in History and Mass Communications from Emory and Henry College, and his MA in Public History from the State University of New York at Albany. Chris has spent his career interpreting and preserving American military history with the National Park Service, New York State government, the Rensselaer County (NY) Historical Society, the Civil War Preservation Trust, Kentucky State Parks, the U.S. Army, and the MacArthur Memorial. He has written and spoken extensively on various aspects of military history and leadership from 1775 to the present, and was the inaugural Director of the General George Patton Museum and Center of Leadership at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Chris has published three books on the Civil War and three on World War II in the Pacific. He is a reviewer and contributor to the Air Force Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs and a Senior Fellow at the Consortium of Indo-Pacific Researchers. His latest book, titled Tenth Army Commander, is about General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., who was killed in battle on Okinawa in 1945. 

GB2RS News Sunday, the 19th of October 2025 The news headlines: · Ofcom implements Phases 2 and 3 of the amateur radio licence review · Share your feedback on the RSGB's 2025 Convention · The RSGB releases a video to help members make the most of its mobile app Following the introduction of the current amateur licensing framework in February 2024, Ofcom has now implemented most of the remaining changes associated with Phases 2 and 3. Ofcom updates its online Licensing Portal to accommodate applications for new M8 and M9 Intermediate callsigns, more flexible special event callsigns, and other changes, including easier revalidation. It also starts a gradual move to single personal call signs. For example, the revocation of lower licence callsigns is automatically triggered by a new application. Both Ofcom and the RSGB have released guidance for radio amateurs about these changes. You can see both documents by going to rsgb.org/guidance-resources. Please also note that the Ofcom licensing portal now requires longer and stronger passwords, so you may need to reset yours first before you can make any changes. The RSGB's 2025 Convention took place last weekend and brought together hundreds in person, as well as many more from across the globe who watched via the livestream. The Society is already receiving an overwhelming amount of positive feedback. If you did attend the Convention and haven't yet completed the feedback form, please go to rsgb.org/feedback  and share your thoughts. If you were unable to attend in person and watched the livestream, the RSGB would also love to hear your feedback. Please visit rsgb.org/livestream-feedback  and let the team know what you thought of the online event. The feedback forms will be closed at the end of October. The livestreams for both days will remain available for everyone to watch on the Society's YouTube channel via youtube.com/thersgb. Whether you want to sit back, relax and enjoy the whole programme or use the timestamps to watch a particular topic, you'll find something to enjoy. As well as talks from the weekend, you'll find exclusive interviews and pre-recorded videos. The RSGB has released a short video explaining how to get the most out of its new mobile app. The Society has received great feedback about the new app and wants to ensure everyone enjoys the full functionality. You can find the video via rsgb.org/radcom  or on the RSGB YouTube channel. If you'd like to watch a behind-the-scenes chat with RSGB General Manager Steve Thomas, M1ACB about the lead up to the app launch, you can see that on the RSGB Convention Saturday livestream recording at 4 hours, 27 minutes and 30 seconds. The Tonight@8 webinar series continues on Monday, the 3rd of November, with Graham Somerville, owner and managing director of DSP noise cancellation specialists bhi [B-H-I] Limited. During the presentation, he will look at the types of DSP noise cancelling available for improving audio quality and which products are best suited to specific applications and setups. Join him live on the RSGB YouTube channel or special BATC channel and ask questions via the live chat. To find out more go to the RSGB website at rsgb.org/webinars Today, the 19th, is the last day of Jamboree on the Air, also known as JOTA. The event promotes friendship and global citizenship and is a brilliant celebration of amateur radio among the Scout Association. The Society has compiled a list of Scouting groups that are involved with the annual event and has shared it on its website. The list is available by going to rsgb.org/jota  and choosing the ‘JOTA Stations on the Air' link on the right-hand side of the page. If you've been involved with JOTA this year, the RSGB would love to hear from you. There will be a special JOTA report in the January edition of RadCom, so please send details and photos from your event to radcom@rsgb.org.uk by the 14th of November. RAF Air Cadets Exercise Blue Ham will be operating on the 60m band from 0700 to 1600UTC today, the 19th of October. To operate, you must be a Full Licence holder. More details can be found on the alphacharlie.org.uk  website. Schools and youth organisations interested in setting up an ARISS radio contact with an astronaut on board the International Space Station are invited to submit an application and an educational project. Applications can be submitted until the 24th of October 2025. The school selection will take place in December 2025. The space conversation will be scheduled in the period extending from July to December 2026. You can find out more at tinyurl.com/ARISS-2026 And now for details of rallies and events Carrickfergus Amateur Radio Group Rally will take place on Saturday, the 25th of October at Elim Church, North Road, Carrickfergus, BT38 8ND. The doors open at 9.30 am for traders and at 11.30 am for visitors. Disabled access and free car parking will be available. For more information, email Tim, MI0TBL, via carg@hotmail.co.uk On Sunday, the 26th of October, Galashiels Radio and Computer Rally will take place at The Volunteer Hall, St John's Street, Galashiels, TD1 3JX. The doors open at 11 am and admission costs £3. Disabled access will be available from 10.45 am. For more information, visit galaradioclub.co.uk The Thirteenth Scottish Microwave Round Table GMRT will take place at the Museum of Communication in Burntisland, Fife, Scotland, on Saturday, the 1st of November, from 10.30 am to 5 pm. An interesting programme of speakers has been arranged, and microwave test facilities will be provided. There will be an opportunity to buy components and microwave-related items. An optional dinner will be held in the evening at a local hotel. Further information and online registration are available at gmroundtable.org.uk. The event has a maximum capacity of 50 people, and there are limited places left. Book now to avoid disappointment. Advance notice now that the 79th Annual Orlando HamCation event will take place between the 13th and 15th of February 2026 at the Central Florida Fairgrounds and Expo Park. HamCation is the second-largest amateur radio convention in the world, with the inaugural event dating back to 1946. For more information, follow HamCation on social media channels or visit hamcation.com Now the Special Event news To celebrate the 75th anniversary of DARC, the national amateur radio society in Germany, four special callsigns are active until the 31st of October. For more information, including details of a certificate that is available for working the stations, visit the DC75DARC page at QRZ.com  QSL via the bureau, or directly to DL2VFR. Members of the Haiti Radio Club are active as 4V1SB until the 31st of October. The callsign is in use to commemorate Simon Bolivar, who led several South American countries to independence. Recently, the station has been worked using FT8 on the HF bands. QSL via N2OO.ow the DX news Phill, C21TS, is active on the island of Nauru, OC-031, until the 30th of November. The station is spotted regularly using FT8 on the HF bands. QSL via Logbook of the World or OQRS. See QRZ.com for more information.  Mike, VE2XB, is active as VY0ZOO from Coral Harbour on Southampton Island, NA-007, until the 18th of December. Listen for the station on the 80 to 10m bands using CW and SSB. QSL via VE2XB. Now the contest news Today, the 19th, the RSGB 50MHz Affiliated Societies Contest runs from 0900 to 1300UTC. Using all modes on the 6m band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. On Tuesday the 21st, the RSGB 1.3GHz UK Activity Contest runs from 1900 to 2130UTC. Using all modes on the 23cm band, the exchange is signal report, serial number and locator. On Wednesday the 22nd, the IRTS 80m Evening Counties Contest runs from 2000 to 2100UTC. Using CW and SSB on the 80m band, the exchange is signal report and serial number. EI and GI stations also send their county code. On Thursday the 23rd, the RSGB Autumn Series SSB Contest runs from 1900 to 2030 UTC. Using SSB on the 80m band, the exchange is signal report and serial number. The Worked All Germany Contest started at 1500 UTC yesterday, the 18th, and ends at 1500 UTC today, the 19th of October. Using CW and SSB on the 80 to 10m bands, where contests are permitted, the exchange is signal report and serial number. The CQ World Wide DX SSB Contest starts at 0000UTC on Saturday, the 25th and runs until 2359 UTC on Sunday, the 26th of October. Using SSB on the 160 to 10m bands, where contests are permitted, the exchange is signal report and CQ Zone. The UK is in Zone 14. Now the radio propagation report, compiled by G0KYA, G3YLA and G4BAO on Thursday the 16th of October Conditions over the past week have been reasonable with a relatively high solar flux and lower Kp indices. This resulted in a maximum usable frequency, or MUF, over a 3,000km path, in excess of 35MHz. This is just what October was meant to be like! But all good things come to an end and there are a few flies in the ointment coming up. On the 14th, the latest coronal mass ejection, or CME, tracking model from NOAA and the Space Weather Prediction Testbed showed three weak CMEs possibly passing Earth over the next few days.  Although none of them is expected to deliver a large impact to the Earth's geomagnetic field, a combined passage could generate minor G1 to isolated moderate G2 geomagnetic storming.  We are now well and truly into autumn and, with a daytime critical frequency of more than 9 to 10MHz, the 40m band is ideal for QSOs around the UK during the daylight hours. At night, the critical frequency is generally around 5MHz in the early part of the evening, dropping to 3.5 to 3.6MHz as the night progresses. This means that the 80m band is remaining open around the UK for longer, but it may fade out, perhaps towards midnight. October is a great month for HF with the potential for worldwide openings on the higher bands. Next week, NOAA predicts that the solar flux index will be in the 140 to 150 range. Unsettled geomagnetic conditions with reduced MUFs are forecast for the 20th of October and then again on the 25th and 26th, when the Kp index could hit 5. Incidentally, these are the same dates as the CQ Worldwide SSB contest. And now the VHF and up propagation news from G3YLA and G4BAO This next period offers a marked contrast to our recent spell of Tropo weather under high pressure. Today, the 19th, sees a change to a much more unsettled weather type with rain, areas of low pressure, strong winds and showers. This will take Tropo off the agenda for the coming week, and its replacement is likely to be rain scatter for those on the GHz bands. There is no point in trying to time each individual low and front coming through this far ahead, and there is no real scope for any significant intervening areas of high pressure between the lows. So, there is no hint of Tropo next week. The recent solar conditions have again suggested that it's worth looking at the Kp index for signs of aurora, should it go above 5. Next, a few words about meteor scatter, which is gearing up for the Orionids, peaking on Tuesday, the 21st. However, they can have a broad spread with a minor peak preceding the main event. Either way, it's worth checking up on meteor scatter techniques and frequencies before the shower, rather than wondering what to do when it happens. For EME operators, the Moon's declination is falling again and becomes negative today, the 19th, so Moon window lengths and peak elevation follow suit by falling. Path losses are still rising as we approach apogee early on the morning of the 24th.  As we move through 2026, we reach a ‘sweet spot' in June where perigee and the highest declination coincide. This means the lowest path losses occur when we have the longest Moon windows. This cyclic event last occurred in 2018 and will not occur again until 2035.  144MHz sky noise starts the week low until Tuesday, the 21st, when the Sun and Moon are close in the sky. This brings noise problems for Yagi-type antennas with their high beam width. After that, the noise rises too high again for the weekend beginning the 25th of October. And that's all from the propagation team this week.

In this episode, we delve into the historical and contemporary implications of the Monroe Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Latin America. Host Jack Eidt mixes excerpts from Rubén Darío's poetry (Nicaragua) and Gabriel García Márquez's fiction (Colombia) with an interview of Yale historian Greg Grandin by journalist Michael Fox. They explore how Simon Bolivar's legacy and the Monroe Doctrine have shaped U.S. imperialism in Central and South America. They trace the origins of Bolivar's fight for independence, the creation and evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, and its lasting effects on U.S. foreign policy. The interview originates from Michael Fox's podcast series "Under the Shadow," [https://therealnews.com/under-the-shadow] produced in collaboration with the Real News Network and NACLA, the North American Congress on Latin America [https://nacla.org/]. For an extended interview and other benefits, become an EcoJustice Radio patron at https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio Resources/Articles: Under the Shadow Podcast Episode: https://therealnews.com/he-legacy-of-monroe-under-the-shadow-bonus-episode-4 Simon Bolivar History From NBC News https://youtu.be/wxuxFg_8nkI?si=eZAH6W3FmCT6ZGYD Chilean folk music group, Inti Illimani doing the song Simon Bolivar from 1973 https://youtu.be/AObTf9yOdoQ?si=7iRpeA3u8BQqQLt- Greg Grandin is the author of his latest, America, América, A New History of the New World [https://greggrandin.com/book/america-america/]. Also Fordlandia, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. A Professor of History at Yale University, Grandin has published a number of other award-winning books, including Empire's Workshop, The Last Colonial Massacre, and The Blood of Guatemala [https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001IQW9VI]. The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books) Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006) The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago) Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan) You can find more of Greg's books, here. Jack Eidt is an urban planner, environmental journalist, and climate organizer, as well as award-winning fiction writer. He is Co-Founder of SoCal 350 Climate Action and Executive Producer of EcoJustice Radio. He has a project on PBS SoCal Artbound called High & Dry [https://www.pbssocal.org/people/high-dry]. He is also Founder and Publisher of WilderUtopia [https://wilderutopia.com], a website dedicated to the question of Earth sustainability, finding society-level solutions to environmental, community, economic, transportation and energy needs. Podcast Website: http://ecojusticeradio.org/ Podcast Blog: https://www.wilderutopia.com/category/ecojustice-radio/ Support the Podcast: Patreon https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio PayPal https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=LBGXTRM292TFC&source=url Executive Producer and Host: Jack Eidt Engineer and Original Music: Blake Quake Beats Episode 234

So what, exactly, was “The Enlightenment”? According to the Princeton historian David A. Bell, it was an intellectual movement roughly spanning the early 18th century through to the French Revolution. In his Spring 2025 Liberties Quarterly piece “The Enlightenment, Then and Now”, Bell charts the Enlightenment as a complex intellectual movement centered in Paris but with hubs across Europe and America. He highlights key figures like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Kant, and Franklin, discussing their contributions to concepts of religious tolerance, free speech, and rationality. In our conversation, Bell addresses criticisms of the Enlightenment, including its complicated relationship with colonialism and slavery, while arguing that its principles of freedom and reason remain relevant today. 5 Key Takeaways* The Enlightenment emerged in the early 18th century (around 1720s) and was characterized by intellectual inquiry, skepticism toward religion, and a growing sense among thinkers that they were living in an "enlightened century."* While Paris was the central hub, the Enlightenment had multiple centers including Scotland, Germany, and America, with thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant, Hume, and Franklin contributing to its development.* The Enlightenment introduced the concept of "society" as a sphere of human existence separate from religion and politics, forming the basis of modern social sciences.* The movement had a complex relationship with colonialism and slavery - many Enlightenment thinkers criticized slavery, but some of their ideas about human progress were later used to justify imperialism.* According to Bell, rather than trying to "return to the Enlightenment," modern society should selectively adopt and adapt its valuable principles of free speech, religious tolerance, and education to create our "own Enlightenment."David Avrom Bell is a historian of early modern and modern Europe at Princeton University. His most recent book, published in 2020 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, is Men on Horseback: The Power of Charisma in the Age of Revolution. Described in the Journal of Modern History as an "instant classic," it is available in paperback from Picador, in French translation from Fayard, and in Italian translation from Viella. A study of how new forms of political charisma arose in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the book shows that charismatic authoritarianism is as modern a political form as liberal democracy, and shares many of the same origins. Based on exhaustive research in original sources, the book includes case studies of the careers of George Washington, Napoleon Bonaparte, Toussaint Louverture and Simon Bolivar. The book's Introduction can be read here. An online conversation about the book with Annette Gordon-Reed, hosted by the Cullman Center of the New York Public Library, can be viewed here. Links to material about the book, including reviews in The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, Harper's, The New Republic, The Nation, Le Monde, The Los Angeles Review of Books and other venues can be found here. Bell is also the author of six previous books. He has published academic articles in both English and French and contributes regularly to general interest publications on a variety of subjects, ranging from modern warfare, to contemporary French politics, to the impact of digital technology on learning and scholarship, and of course French history. A list of his publications from 2023 and 2024 can be found here. His Substack newsletter can be found here. His writings have been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Hebrew, Swedish, Polish, Russian, German, Croatian, Italian, Turkish and Japanese. At the History Department at Princeton University, he holds the Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Chair in the Era of North Atlantic Revolutions, and offers courses on early modern Europe, on military history, and on the early modern French empire. Previously, he spent fourteen years at Johns Hopkins University, including three as Dean of Faculty in its School of Arts and Sciences. From 2020 to 2024 he served as Director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Bell's new project is a history of the Enlightenment. A preliminary article from the project was published in early 2022 by Modern Intellectual History. Another is now out in French History.Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting the daily KEEN ON show, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy interview series. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. FULL TRANSCRIPTAndrew Keen: Hello everybody, in these supposedly dark times, the E word comes up a lot, the Enlightenment. Are we at the end of the Enlightenment or the beginning? Was there even an Enlightenment? My guest today, David Bell, a professor of history, very distinguished professor of history at Princeton University, has an interesting piece in the spring issue of It is One of our, our favorite quarterlies here on Keen on America, Bell's piece is The Enlightenment Then and Now, and David is joining us from the home of the Enlightenment, perhaps Paris in France, where he's on sabbatical hard life. David being an academic these days, isn't it?David Bell: Very difficult. I'm having to suffer the Parisian bread and croissant. It's terrible.Andrew Keen: Yeah. Well, I won't keep you too long. Is Paris then, or France? Is it the home of the Enlightenment? I know there are many Enlightenments, the French, the Scottish, maybe even the English, perhaps even the American.David Bell: It's certainly one of the homes of the Enlightenment, and it's probably the closest that the Enlightened had to a center, absolutely. But as you say, there were Edinburgh, Glasgow, plenty of places in Germany, Philadelphia, all those places have good claims to being centers of the enlightenment as well.Andrew Keen: All the same David, is it like one of those sports games in California where everyone gets a medal?David Bell: Well, they're different metals, right, but I think certainly Paris is where everybody went. I mean, if you look at the figures from the German Enlightenment, from the Scottish Enlightenment from the American Enlightenment they all tended to congregate in Paris and the Parisians didn't tend to go anywhere else unless they were forced to. So that gives you a pretty good sense of where the most important center was.Andrew Keen: So David, before we get to specifics, map out for us, because everyone is perhaps as familiar or comfortable with the history of the Enlightenment, and certainly as you are. When did it happen? What years? And who are the leaders of this thing called the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, that's a big question. And I'm afraid, of course, that if you ask 10 historians, you'll get 10 different answers.Andrew Keen: Well, I'm only asking you, so I only want one answer.David Bell: So I would say that the Enlightenment really gets going around the first couple of decades of the 18th century. And that's when people really start to think that they are actually living in what they start to call an Enlightenment century. There are a lot of reasons for this. They are seeing what we now call the scientific revolution. They're looking at the progress that has been made with that. They are experiencing the changes in the religious sphere, including the end of religious wars, coming with a great deal of skepticism about religion. They are living in a relative period of peace where they're able to speculate much more broadly and daringly than before. But it's really in those first couple of decades that they start thinking of themselves as living in an enlightened century. They start defining themselves as something that would later be called the enlightenment. So I would say that it's, really, really there between maybe the end of the 17th century and 1720s that it really gets started.Andrew Keen: So let's have some names, David, of philosophers, I guess. I mean, if those are the right words. I know that there was a term in French. There is a term called philosoph. Were they the founders, the leaders of the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, there is a... Again, I don't want to descend into academic quibbling here, but there were lots of leaders. Let me give an example, though. So the year 1721 is a remarkable year. So in the year, 1721, two amazing events happened within a couple of months of each other. So in May, Montesquieu, one of the great philosophers by any definition, publishes his novel called Persian Letters. And this is an incredible novel. Still, I think one of greatest novels ever written, and it's very daring. It is the account, it is supposedly a an account written by two Persian travelers to Europe who are writing back to people in Isfahan about what they're seeing. And it is very critical of French society. It is very of religion. It is, as I said, very daring philosophically. It is a product in part of the increasing contact between Europe and the rest of the world that is also very central to the Enlightenment. So that novel comes out. So it's immediately, you know, the police try to suppress it. But they don't have much success because it's incredibly popular and Montesquieu doesn't suffer any particular problems because...Andrew Keen: And the French police have never been the most efficient police force in the world, have they?David Bell: Oh, they could be, but not in this case. And then two months later, after Montesquieu published this novel, there's a German philosopher much less well-known than Montesqiu, than Christian Bolz, who is a professor at the Universität Haller in Prussia, and he gives an oration in Latin, a very typical university oration for the time, about Chinese philosophy, in which he says that the Chinese have sort of proved to the world, particularly through the writings of Confucius and others, that you can have a virtuous society without religion. Obviously very controversial. Statement for the time it actually gets him fired from his job, he has to leave the Kingdom of Prussia within 48 hours on penalty of death, starts an enormous controversy. But here are two events, both of which involving non-European people, involving the way in which Europeans are starting to look out at the rest of the world and starting to imagine Europe as just one part of a larger humanity, and at the same time they are starting to speculate very daringly about whether you can have. You know, what it means to have a society, do you need to have religion in order to have morality in society? Do you need the proper, what kind of government do you need to to have virtuous conduct and a proper society? So all of these things get, you know, really crystallize, I think, around these two incidents as much as anything. So if I had to pick a single date for when the enlightenment starts, I'd probably pick that 1721.Andrew Keen: And when was, David, I thought you were going to tell me about the earthquake in Lisbon, when was that earthquake?David Bell: That earthquake comes quite a bit later. That comes, and now historians should be better with dates than I am. It's in the 1750s, I think it's the late 1750's. Again, this historian is proving he's getting a very bad grade for forgetting the exact date, but it's in 1750. So that's a different kind of event, which sparks off a great deal of commentary, because it's a terrible earthquake. It destroys most of the city of Lisbon, it destroys other cities throughout Portugal, and it leads a lot of the philosophy to philosophers at the time to be speculating very daringly again on whether there is any kind of real purpose to the universe and whether there's any kind divine purpose. Why would such a terrible thing happen? Why would God do such a thing to his followers? And certainly VoltaireAndrew Keen: Yeah, Votav, of course, comes to mind of questioning.David Bell: And Condit, Voltaire's novel Condit gives a very good description of the earthquake in Lisbon and uses that as a centerpiece. Voltair also read other things about the earthquake, a poem about Lisbon earthquake. But in Condit he gives a lasting, very scathing portrait of the Catholic Church in general and then of what happens in Portugal. And so the Lisbon Earthquake is certainly another one of the events, but it happens considerably later. Really in the middle of the end of life.Andrew Keen: So, David, you believe in this idea of the Enlightenment. I take your point that there are more than one Enlightenment in more than one center, but in broad historical terms, the 18th century could be defined at least in Western and Northern Europe as the period of the Enlightenment, would that be a fair generalization?David Bell: I think it's perfectly fair generalization. Of course, there are historians who say that it never happened. There's a conservative British historian, J.C.D. Clark, who published a book last summer, saying that the Enlightenment is a kind of myth, that there was a lot of intellectual activity in Europe, obviously, but that the idea that it formed a coherent Enlightenment was really invented in the 20th century by a bunch of progressive reformers who wanted to claim a kind of venerable and august pedigree for their own reform, liberal reform plans. I think that's an exaggeration. People in the 18th century defined very clearly what was going on, both people who were in favor of it and people who are against it. And while you can, if you look very closely at it, of course it gets a bit fuzzy. Of course it's gets, there's no single, you can't define a single enlightenment project or a single enlightened ideology. But then, I think people would be hard pressed to define any intellectual movement. You know, in perfect, incoherent terms. So the enlightenment is, you know by compared with almost any other intellectual movement certainly existed.Andrew Keen: In terms of a philosophy of the Enlightenment, the German thinker, Immanuel Kant, seems to be often, and when you describe him as the conscience or the brain or a mixture of the conscience and brain of the enlightenment, why is Kant and Kantian thinking so important in the development of the Enlightenment.David Bell: Well, that's a really interesting question. And one reason is because most of the Enlightenment was not very rigorously philosophical. A lot of the major figures of the enlightenment before Kant tended to be writing for a general public. And they often were writing with a very specific agenda. We look at Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau. Now you look at Adam Smith in Scotland. We look David Hume or Adam Ferguson. You look at Benjamin Franklin in the United States. These people wrote in all sorts of different genres. They wrote in, they wrote all sorts of different kinds of books. They have many different purposes and very few of them did a lot of what we would call rigorous academic philosophy. And Kant was different. Kant was very much an academic philosopher. Kant was nothing if not rigorous. He came at the end of the enlightenment by most people's measure. He wrote these very, very difficult, very rigorous, very brilliant works, such as The Creek of Pure Reason. And so, it's certainly been the case that people who wanted to describe the Enlightenment as a philosophy have tended to look to Kant. So for example, there's a great German philosopher and intellectual historian of the early 20th century named Ernst Kassirer, who had to leave Germany because of the Nazis. And he wrote a great book called The Philosophy of the Enlightened. And that leads directly to Immanuel Kant. And of course, Casir himself was a Kantian, identified with Kant. And so he wanted to make Kant, in a sense, the telos, the end point, the culmination, the fulfillment of the Enlightenment. But so I think that's why Kant has such a particularly important position. You're defining it both ways.Andrew Keen: I've always struggled to understand what Kant was trying to say. I'm certainly not alone there. Might it be fair to say that he was trying to transform the universe and certainly traditional Christian notions into the Enlightenment, so the entire universe, the world, God, whatever that means, that they were all somehow according to Kant enlightened.David Bell: Well, I think that I'm certainly no expert on Immanuel Kant. And I would say that he is trying to, I mean, his major philosophical works are trying to put together a system of philosophical thinking which will justify why people have to act morally, why people act rationally, without the need for Christian revelation to bolster them. That's a very, very crude and reductionist way of putting it, but that's essentially at the heart of it. At the same time, Kant was very much aware of his own place in history. So Kant didn't simply write these very difficult, thick, dense philosophical works. He also wrote things that were more like journalism or like tablets. He wrote a famous essay called What is Enlightenment? And in that, he said that the 18th century was the period in which humankind was simply beginning to. Reach a period of enlightenment. And he said, he starts the essay by saying, this is the period when humankind is being released from its self-imposed tutelage. And we are still, and he said we do not yet live in the midst of a completely enlightened century, but we are getting there. We are living in a century that is enlightening.Andrew Keen: So the seeds, the seeds of Hegel and maybe even Marx are incant in that German thinking, that historical thinking.David Bell: In some ways, in some ways of course Hegel very much reacts against Kant and so and then Marx reacts against Hegel. So it's not exactly.Andrew Keen: Well, that's the dialectic, isn't it, David?David Bell: A simple easy path from one to the other, no, but Hegel is unimaginable without Kant of course and Marx is unimagineable without Hegel.Andrew Keen: You note that Kant represents a shift in some ways into the university and the walls of the universities were going up, and that some of the other figures associated with the the Enlightenment and Scottish Enlightenment, human and Smith and the French Enlightenment Voltaire and the others, they were more generalist writers. Should we be nostalgic for the pre-university period in the Enlightenment, or? Did things start getting serious once the heavyweights, the academic heavyweighs like Emmanuel Kant got into this thing?David Bell: I think it depends on where we're talking about. I mean, Adam Smith was a professor at Glasgow in Edinburgh, so Smith, the Scottish Enlightenment was definitely at least partly in the universities. The German Enlightenment took place very heavily in universities. Christian Vodafoy I just mentioned was the most important German philosopher of the 18th century before Kant, and he had positions in university. Even the French university system, for a while, what's interesting about the French University system, particularly the Sorbonne, which was the theology faculty, It was that. Throughout the first half of the 18th century, there were very vigorous, very interesting philosophical debates going on there, in which the people there, particularly even Jesuits there, were very open to a lot of the ideas we now call enlightenment. They were reading John Locke, they were reading Mel Pench, they were read Dekalb. What happened though in the French universities was that as more daring stuff was getting published elsewhere. Church, the Catholic Church, started to say, all right, these philosophers, these philosophies, these are our enemies, these are people we have to get at. And so at that point, anybody who was in the university, who was still in dialog with these people was basically purged. And the universities became much less interesting after that. But to come back to your question, I do think that I am very nostalgic for that period. I think that the Enlightenment was an extraordinary period, because if you look between. In the 17th century, not all, but a great deal of the most interesting intellectual work is happening in the so-called Republic of Letters. It's happening in Latin language. It is happening on a very small circle of RUD, of scholars. By the 19th century following Kant and Hegel and then the birth of the research university in Germany, which is copied everywhere, philosophy and the most advanced thinking goes back into the university. And the 18th century, particularly in France, I will say, is a time when the most advanced thought is being written for a general public. It is being in the form of novels, of dialogs, of stories, of reference works, and it is very, very accessible. The most profound thought of the West has never been as accessible overall as in the 18 century.Andrew Keen: Again, excuse this question, it might seem a bit naive, but there's a lot of pre-Enlightenment work, books, thinking that we read now that's very accessible from Erasmus and Thomas More to Machiavelli. Why weren't characters like, or are characters like Erasmuus, More's Utopia, Machiavell's prints and discourses, why aren't they considered part of the Enlightenment? What's the difference between? Enlightened thinkers or the supposedly enlightened thinkers of the 18th century and thinkers and writers of the 16th and 17th centuries.David Bell: That's a good question, you know, I think you have to, you, you know, again, one has to draw a line somewhere. That's not a very good answer, of course. All these people that you just mentioned are, in one way or another, predecessors to the Enlightenment. And of course, there were lots of people. I don't mean to say that nobody wrote in an accessible way before 1700. Obviously, lots of the people you mentioned did. Although a lot of them originally wrote in Latin, Erasmus, also Thomas More. But I think what makes the Enlightened different is that you have, again, you have a sense. These people have have a sense that they are themselves engaged in a collective project, that it is a collective project of enlightenment, of enlightening the world. They believe that they live in a century of progress. And there are certain principles. They don't agree on everything by any means. The philosophy of enlightenment is like nothing more than ripping each other to shreds, like any decent group of intellectuals. But that said, they generally did believe That people needed to have freedom of speech. They believed that you needed to have toleration of different religions. They believed in education and the need for a broadly educated public that could be as broad as possible. They generally believed in keeping religion out of the public sphere as much as possible, so all those principles came together into a program that we can consider at least a kind of... You know, not that everybody read it at every moment by any means, but there is an identifiable enlightenment program there, and in this case an identifiable enlightenment mindset. One other thing, I think, which is crucial to the Enlightenment, is that it was the attention they started to pay to something that we now take almost entirely for granted, which is the idea of society. The word society is so entirely ubiquitous, we assume it's always been there, and in one sense it has, because the word societas is a Latin word. But until... The 18th century, the word society generally had a much narrower meaning. It referred to, you know, particular institution most often, like when we talk about the society of, you know, the American philosophical society or something like that. And the idea that there exists something called society, which is the general sphere of human existence that is separate from religion and is separate from the political sphere, that's actually something which only really emerged at the end of the 1600s. And it became really the focus of you know, much, if not most, of enlightenment thinking. When you look at someone like Montesquieu and you look something, somebody like Rousseau or Voltaire or Adam Smith, probably above all, they were concerned with understanding how society works, not how government works only, but how society, what social interactions are like beginning of what we would now call social science. So that's yet another thing that distinguishes the enlightened from people like Machiavelli, often people like Thomas More, and people like bonuses.Andrew Keen: You noted earlier that the idea of progress is somehow baked in, in part, and certainly when it comes to Kant, certainly the French Enlightenment, although, of course, Rousseau challenged that. I'm not sure whether Rousseaut, as always, is both in and out of the Enlightenment and he seems to be in and out of everything. How did the Enlightement, though, make sense of itself in the context of antiquity, as it was, of Terms, it was the Renaissance that supposedly discovered or rediscovered antiquity. How did many of the leading Enlightenment thinkers, writers, how did they think of their own society in the context of not just antiquity, but even the idea of a European or Western society?David Bell: Well, there was a great book, one of the great histories of the Enlightenment was written about more than 50 years ago by the Yale professor named Peter Gay, and the first part of that book was called The Modern Paganism. So it was about the, you know, it was very much about the relationship between the Enlightenment and the ancient Greek synonyms. And certainly the writers of the enlightenment felt a great deal of kinship with the ancient Greek synonymous. They felt a common bond, particularly in the posing. Christianity and opposing what they believed the Christian Church had wrought on Europe in suppressing freedom and suppressing free thought and suppassing free inquiry. And so they felt that they were both recovering but also going beyond antiquity at the same time. And of course they were all, I mean everybody at the time, every single major figure of the Enlightenment, their education consisted in large part of what we would now call classics, right? I mean, there was an educational reformer in France in the 1760s who said, you know, our educational system is great if the purpose is to train Roman centurions, if it's to train modern people who are not doing both so well. And it's true. I mean they would spend, certainly, you know in Germany, in much of Europe, in the Netherlands, even in France, I mean people were trained not simply to read Latin, but to write in Latin. In Germany, university courses took part in the Latin language. So there's an enormous, you know, so they're certainly very, very conversant with the Greek and Roman classics, and they identify with them to a very great extent. Someone like Rousseau, I mean, and many others, and what's his first reading? How did he learn to read by reading Plutarch? In translation, but he learns to read reading Plutach. He sees from the beginning by this enormous admiration for the ancients that we get from Bhutan.Andrew Keen: Was Socrates relevant here? Was the Enlightenment somehow replacing Aristotle with Socrates and making him and his spirit of Enlightenment, of asking questions rather than answering questions, the symbol of a new way of thinking?David Bell: I would say to a certain extent, so I mean, much of the Enlightenment criticizes scholasticism, medieval scholastic, very, very sharply, and medieval scholasticism is founded philosophically very heavily upon Aristotle, so to that extent. And the spirit of skepticism that Socrates embodied, the idea of taking nothing for granted and asking questions about everything, including questions of oneself, yes, absolutely. That said, while the great figures of the Red Plato, you know, Socrates was generally I mean, it was not all that present as they come. But certainly have people with people with red play-doh in the entire virus.Andrew Keen: You mentioned Benjamin Franklin earlier, David. Most of the Enlightenment, of course, seems to be centered in France and Scotland, Germany, England. But America, many Europeans went to America then as a, what some people would call a settler colonial society, or certainly an offshoot of the European world. Was the settling of America and the American Revolution Was it the quintessential Enlightenment project?David Bell: Another very good question, and again, it depends a bit on who you talk to. I just mentioned this book by Peter Gay, and the last part of his book is called The Science of Freedom, and it's all about the American Revolution. So certainly a lot of interpreters of the Enlightenment have said that, yes, the American revolution represents in a sense the best possible outcome of the American Revolution, it was the best, possible outcome of the enlightened. Certainly there you look at the founding fathers of the United States and there's a great deal that they took from me like Certainly, they took a great great number of political ideas from Obviously Madison was very much inspired and drafting the edifice of the Constitution by Montesquieu to see himself Was happy to admit in addition most of the founding Fathers of the united states were you know had kind of you know We still had we were still definitely Christians, but we're also but we were also very much influenced by deism were very much against the idea of making the United States a kind of confessional country where Christianity was dominant. They wanted to believe in the enlightenment principles of free speech, religious toleration and so on and so forth. So in all those senses and very much the gun was probably more inspired than Franklin was somebody who was very conversant with the European Enlightenment. He spent a large part of his life in London. Where he was in contact with figures of the Enlightenment. He also, during the American Revolution, of course, he was mostly in France, where he is vetted by some of the surviving fellows and were very much in contact for them as well. So yes, I would say the American revolution is certainly... And then the American revolutionary scene, of course by the Europeans, very much as a kind of offshoot of the enlightenment. So one of the great books of the late Enlightenment is by Condor Say, which he wrote while he was hiding actually in the future evolution of the chariot. It's called a historical sketch of the progress of the human spirit, or the human mind, and you know he writes about the American Revolution as being, basically owing its existence to being like...Andrew Keen: Franklin is of course an example of your pre-academic enlightenment, a generalist, inventor, scientist, entrepreneur, political thinker. What about the role of science and indeed economics in the Enlightenment? David, we're going to talk of course about the Marxist interpretation, perhaps the Marxist interpretation which sees The Enlightenment is just a euphemism, perhaps, for exploitative capitalism. How central was the growth and development of the market, of economics, and innovation, and capitalism in your reading of The Enlightened?David Bell: Well, in my reading, it was very important, but not in the way that the Marxists used to say. So Friedrich Engels once said that the Enlightenment was basically the idealized kingdom of the bourgeoisie, and there was whole strain of Marxist thinking that followed the assumption that, and then Karl Marx himself argued that the documents like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which obviously were inspired by the Enlightment, were simply kind of the near, or kind of. Way that the bourgeoisie was able to advance itself ideologically, and I don't think that holds much water, which is very little indication that any particular economic class motivated the Enlightenment or was using the Enlightment in any way. That said, I think it's very difficult to imagine the Enlightement without the social and economic changes that come in with the 18th century. To begin with globalization. If you read the great works of the Enlightenment, it's remarkable just how open they are to talking about humanity in general. So one of Voltaire's largest works, one of his most important works, is something called Essay on Customs and the Spirit of Nations, which is actually History of the World, where he talks learnedly not simply about Europe, but about the Americas, about China, about Africa, about India. Montesquieu writes Persian letters. Christian Volpe writes about Chinese philosophy. You know, Rousseau writes about... You know, the earliest days of humankind talks about Africa. All the great figures of the Enlightenment are writing about the rest of the world, and this is a period in which contacts between Europe and the rest the world are exploding along with international trade. So by the end of the 18th century, there are 4,000 to 5,000 ships a year crossing the Atlantic. It's an enormous number. And that's one context in which the enlightenment takes place. Another is what we call the consumer revolution. So in the 18th century, certainly in the major cities of Western Europe, people of a wide range of social classes, including even artisans, sort of somewhat wealthy artisians, shopkeepers, are suddenly able to buy a much larger range of products than they were before. They're able to choose how to basically furnish their own lives, if you will, how they're gonna dress, what they're going to eat, what they gonna put on the walls of their apartments and so on and so forth. And so they become accustomed to exercising a great deal more personal choice than their ancestors have done. And the Enlightenment really develops in tandem with this. Most of the great works of the Enlightment, they're not really written to, they're treatises, they're like Kant, they're written to persuade you to think in a single way. Really written to make you ask questions yourself, to force you to ponder things. They're written in the form of puzzles and riddles. Voltaire had a great line there, he wrote that the best kind of books are the books that readers write half of themselves as they read, and that's sort of the quintessence of the Enlightenment as far as I'm concerned.Andrew Keen: Yeah, Voltaire might have been comfortable on YouTube or Facebook. David, you mentioned all those ships going from Europe across the Atlantic. Of course, many of those ships were filled with African slaves. You mentioned this in your piece. I mean, this is no secret, of course. You also mentioned a couple of times Montesquieu's Persian letters. To what extent is... The enlightenment then perhaps the birth of Western power, of Western colonialism, of going to Africa, seizing people, selling them in North America, the French, the English, Dutch colonization of the rest of the world. Of course, later more sophisticated Marxist thinkers from the Frankfurt School, you mentioned these in your essay, Odorno and Horkheimer in particular, See the Enlightenment as... A project, if you like, of Western domination. I remember reading many years ago when I was in graduate school, Edward Said, his analysis of books like The Persian Letters, which is a form of cultural Western power. How much of this is simply bound up in the profound, perhaps, injustice of the Western achievement? And of course, some of the justice as well. We haven't talked about Jefferson, but perhaps in Jefferson's life and his thinking and his enlightened principles and his... Life as a slave owner, these contradictions are most self-evident.David Bell: Well, there are certainly contradictions, and there's certainly... I think what's remarkable, if you think about it, is that if you read through works of the Enlightenment, you would be hard-pressed to find a justification for slavery. You do find a lot of critiques of slavery, and I think that's something very important to keep in mind. Obviously, the chattel slavery of Africans in the Americas began well before the Enlightment, it began in 1500. The Enlightenment doesn't have the credit for being the first movement to oppose slavery. That really goes back to various religious groups, especially the Fakers. But that said, you have in France, you had in Britain, in America even, you'd have a lot of figures associated with the Enlightenment who were pretty sure of becoming very forceful opponents of slavery very early. Now, when it comes to imperialism, that's a tricky issue. What I think you'd find in these light bulbs, you'd different sorts of tendencies and different sorts of writings. So there are certainly a lot of writers of the Enlightenment who are deeply opposed to European authorities. One of the most popular works of the late Enlightenment was a collective work edited by the man named the Abbe Rinal, which is called The History of the Two Indies. And that is a book which is deeply, deeply critical of European imperialism. At the same time, at the same of the enlightenment, a lot the works of history written during the Enlightment. Tended, such as Voltaire's essay on customs, which I just mentioned, tend to give a kind of very linear version of history. They suggest that all societies follow the same path, from sort of primitive savagery, hunter-gatherers, through early agriculture, feudal stages, and on into sort of modern commercial society and civilization. And so they're basically saying, okay, we, the Europeans, are the most advanced. People like the Africans and the Native Americans are the least advanced, and so perhaps we're justified in going and quote, bringing our civilization to them, what later generations would call the civilizing missions, or possibly just, you know, going over and exploiting them because we are stronger and we are more, and again, we are the best. And then there's another thing that the Enlightenment did. The Enlightenment tended to destroy an older Christian view of humankind, which in some ways militated against modern racism. Christians believed, of course, that everyone was the same from Adam and Eve, which meant that there was an essential similarity in the world. And the Enlightenment challenged this by challenging the biblical kind of creation. The Enlightenment challenges this. Voltaire, for instance, believed that there had actually been several different human species that had different origins, and that can very easily become a justification for racism. Buffon, one of the most Figures of the French Enlightenment, one of the early naturalists, was crucial for trying to show that in fact nature is not static, that nature is always changing, that species are changing, including human beings. And so again, that allowed people to think in terms of human beings at different stages of evolution, and perhaps this would be a justification for privileging the more advanced humans over the less advanced. In the 18th century itself, most of these things remain potential, rather than really being acted upon. But in the 19th century, figures of writers who would draw upon these things certainly went much further, and these became justifications for slavery, imperialism, and other things. So again, the Enlightenment is the source of a great deal of stuff here, and you can't simply put it into one box or more.Andrew Keen: You mentioned earlier, David, that Concorda wrote one of the later classics of the... Condorcet? Sorry, Condorcets, excuse my French. Condorcès wrote one the later Classics of the Enlightenment when he was hiding from the French Revolution. In your mind, was the revolution itself the natural conclusion, climax? Perhaps anti-climax of the Enlightenment. Certainly, it seems as if a lot of the critiques of the French Revolution, particularly the more conservative ones, Burke comes to mind, suggested that perhaps the principles of in the Enlightment inevitably led to the guillotine, or is that an unfair way of thinking of it?David Bell: Well, there are a lot of people who have thought like that. Edmund Burke already, writing in 1790, in his reflections on the revolution in France, he said that everything which was great in the old regime is being dissolved and, quoting, dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason. And then he said about the French that in the groves of their academy at the end of every vista, you see nothing but the gallows. Nothing but the Gallows. So there, in 1780, he already seemed to be predicting the reign of terror and blaming it. A certain extent from the Enlightenment. That said, I think, you know, again, the French Revolution is incredibly complicated event. I mean, you certainly have, you know, an explosion of what we could call Enlightenment thinking all over the place. In France, it happened in France. What happened there was that you had a, you know, the collapse of an extraordinarily inefficient government and a very, you know, in a very antiquated, paralyzed system of government kind of collapsed, created a kind of political vacuum. Into that vacuum stepped a lot of figures who were definitely readers of the Enlightenment. Oh so um but again the Enlightment had I said I don't think you can call the Enlightement a single thing so to say that the Enlightiment inspired the French Revolution rather than the There you go.Andrew Keen: Although your essay on liberties is the Enlightenment then and now you probably didn't write is always these lazy editors who come up with inaccurate and inaccurate titles. So for you, there is no such thing as the Enlighten.David Bell: No, there is. There is. But still, it's a complex thing. It contains multitudes.Andrew Keen: So it's the Enlightenment rather than the United States.David Bell: Conflicting tendencies, it has contradictions within it. There's enough unity to refer to it as a singular noun, but it doesn't mean that it all went in one single direction.Andrew Keen: But in historical terms, did the failure of the French Revolution, its descent into Robespierre and then Bonaparte, did it mark the end in historical terms a kind of bookend of history? You began in 1720 by 1820. Was the age of the Enlightenment pretty much over?David Bell: I would say yes. I think that, again, one of the things about the French Revolution is that people who are reading these books and they're reading these ideas and they are discussing things really start to act on them in a very different way from what it did before the French revolution. You have a lot of absolute monarchs who are trying to bring certain enlightenment principles to bear in their form of government, but they're not. But it's difficult to talk about a full-fledged attempt to enact a kind of enlightenment program. Certainly a lot of the people in the French Revolution saw themselves as doing that. But as they did it, they ran into reality, I would say. I mean, now Tocqueville, when he writes his old regime in the revolution, talks about how the French philosophes were full of these abstract ideas that were divorced from reality. And while that's an exaggeration, there was a certain truth to them. And as soon as you start having the age of revolutions, as soon you start people having to devise systems of government that will actually last, and as you have people, democratic representative systems that will last, and as they start revising these systems under the pressure of actual events, then you're not simply talking about an intellectual movement anymore, you're talking about something very different. And so I would say that, well, obviously the ideas of the Enlightenment continue to inspire people, the books continue to be read, debated. They lead on to figures like Kant, and as we talked about earlier, Kant leads to Hegel, Hegel leads to Marx in a certain sense. Nonetheless, by the time you're getting into the 19th century, what you have, you know, has connections to the Enlightenment, but can we really still call it the Enlightment? I would sayAndrew Keen: And Tocqueville, of course, found democracy in America. Is democracy itself? I know it's a big question. But is it? Bound up in the Enlightenment. You've written extensively, David, both for liberties and elsewhere on liberalism. Is the promise of democracy, democratic systems, the one born in the American Revolution, promised in the French Revolution, not realized? Are they products of the Enlightment, or is the 19th century and the democratic systems that in the 19th century, is that just a separate historical track?David Bell: Again, I would say there are certain things in the Enlightenment that do lead in that direction. Certainly, I think most figures in the enlightenment in one general sense or another accepted the idea of a kind of general notion of popular sovereignty. It didn't mean that they always felt that this was going to be something that could necessarily be acted upon or implemented in their own day. And they didn't necessarily associate generalized popular sovereignty with what we would now call democracy with people being able to actually govern themselves. Would be certain figures, certainly Diderot and some of his essays, what we saw very much in the social contract, you know, were sketching out, you knows, models for possible democratic system. Condorcet, who actually lived into the French Revolution, wrote one of the most draft constitutions for France, that's one of most democratic documents ever proposed. But of course there were lots of figures in the Enlightenment, Voltaire, and others who actually believed much more in absolute monarchy, who believed that you just, you know, you should have. Freedom of speech and freedom of discussion, out of which the best ideas would emerge, but then you had to give those ideas to the prince who imposed them by poor sicknesses.Andrew Keen: And of course, Rousseau himself, his social contract, some historians have seen that as the foundations of totalitarian, modern totalitarianism. Finally, David, your wonderful essay in Liberties in the spring quarterly 2025 is The Enlightenment, Then and Now. What about now? You work at Princeton, your president has very bravely stood up to the new presidential regime in the United States, in defense of academic intellectual freedom. Does the word and the movement, does it have any relevance in the 2020s, particularly in an age of neo-authoritarianism around the world?David Bell: I think it does. I think we have to be careful about it. I always get a little nervous when people say, well, we should simply go back to the Enlightenment, because the Enlightenments is history. We don't go back the 18th century. I think what we need to do is to recover certain principles, certain ideals from the 18 century, the ones that matter to us, the ones we think are right, and make our own Enlightenment better. I don't think we need be governed by the 18 century. Thomas Paine once said that no generation should necessarily rule over every generation to come, and I think that's probably right. Unfortunately in the United States, we have a constitution which is now essentially unamendable, so we're doomed to live by a constitution largely from the 18th century. But are there many things in the Enlightenment that we should look back to, absolutely?Andrew Keen: Well, David, I am going to free you for your own French Enlightenment. You can go and have some croissant now in your local cafe in Paris. Thank you so much for a very, I excuse the pun, enlightening conversation on the Enlightenment then and now, Essential Essay in Liberties. I'd love to get you back on the show. Talk more history. Thank you. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit keenon.substack.com/subscribe

Christopher Kolakowski, director of the Wisconsin Veterans Museum and editor of Tenth Army Commander: The World War II Diary of Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., joins the show to discuss the most senior U.S. officer killed by enemy action in WWII, Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.  ▪️ Times      •      01:44 Introduction     •      02:15 In the shadows     •     03:53 Fathers and sons      •      06:28 Childhood      •      09:30 West Point Commandant of Cadets        •      16:03 Alaska '41     •      20:18 The Japanese threat      •      24:20 10th Army        •      29:03 Notes for an unwritten memoir     •      31:02 Operation Causeway     •      35:47 Okinawa     •      41:52 Attrition     •      43:50 Another Anzio?     •      50:57 Homeward bound Follow along on Instagram, X @schoolofwarpod, and YouTube @SchoolofWarPodcast Find a transcript of today's episode on our School of War Substack

Une nouvelle loi, adoptée ce jeudi (28 novembre 2024) par le Parlement du Venezuela, punit de plusieurs dizaines d'années de prison le soutien au sanctions internationales qui visent le pays. Les contrevenants risquent aussi plus d'un million de dollars d'amende, une peine de 60 ans d'inéligibilité… La « Loi libérateur Simon Bolivar » menace de 25 à 30 ans de prison ceux qui soutiennent les sanctions internationales. La presse est elle aussi visée, souligne El Periodiquito : si des médias contreviennent au nouveau texte, en plus de l'amende, ils peuvent se voir privés de circulation ou d'antenne. La loi, qualifiée de « progressiste » par le président Nicolas Maduro écrit Efecto Cocuyo, a été adoptée en une semaine et « sans consultation publique », souligne le quotidien. Il faut dire qu'elle répond à un projet de loi adopté, il y a à peine dix jours, par les États-Unis, qui interdit au gouvernement américain de signer des contrats avec des personnes faisant des affaires avec le gouvernement Maduro. Une loi a rendu furieux le président vénézuélien à double titre : déjà parce qu'elle a reçu pour nom l'acronyme BOLIVAR - « une offense historique contre la mémoire du libérateur », a estimé le président vénézuélien ; ensuite, rappelle Ultimas Noticias, journal proche du pouvoir, parce que l'opposition vénézuélienne l'a soutenue. En Haïti, l'école malgré les gangsL'éducation plutôt que la délinquance, l'école comme lieu de résistance : dans Port-au-Prince ravagée par les gangs, certains établissements scolaires privés des quartiers défavorisés restent ouverts malgré les défis et les balles qui résonnent parfois tout près. Comme dans la 3ème circonscription de Port-au-Prince, près du quartier de Gran Ravin, à l'École mixte Frère Vital, où s'est rendu le correspondant de RFI Peterson Luxama. « Beaucoup de gens considèrent les quartiers défavorisés comme des zones de non-droit », explique Frantz Mildort, professeur de chimie : « mais pour moi, c'est un honneur de jouer ma partition. Si nous ne faisons rien pour sauver ces jeunes, il sera difficile d'avoir le pays dont nous rêvons tous ».Entre les arriérés de salaires des enseignants et l'incapacité des parents à payer les frais de scolarité, les écoles fonctionnent avec les moyens du bord : « Souvent, les parents nous appellent pour nous dire qu'ils ne peuvent pas envoyer leurs enfants à l'école, faute de ressources financières », raconteSaintil Nézak, directeur du Collège mixte Frère Saintil. Malgré ces difficultés économiques, les directeurs d'école entendent bien continuer, pour épargner les enfants du banditisme et de la délinquance juvénile qui fait rage dans la zone.À écouter aussiHaïti : une rentrée des classes toujours difficile Jair Bolsonaro compte sur Donald TrumpOn le sait, l'ancien président brésilien Jair Bolsonaro a interdiction de se présenter à la présidentielle jusqu'à 2030, pour avoir critiqué le système électoral brésilien avant l'élection de 2022, qu'il a perdue – il est aussi accusé d'avoir fomenté un coup d'État. Mais dans une interview accordée au Wall Street Journal, Jair Bolsonaro affirme qu'il va se présenter de toutes façons, et il espère que le président américain élu Donald Trump va l'y aider, peut-être en utilisant des sanctions économiques contre l'actuel président brésilien Lula : « Trump est de retour, et c'est le signe que nous allons revenir nous aussi », affirme l'ancien président d'extrême-droite. Le Wall Street Journal rappelle que Jair Bolsonaro a été un des plus proches alliés de Donald Trump, lorsque leurs deux présidences ont coïncidé entre 2019 et 2020.À lire aussiTentative d'insurrection au Brésil: le rôle et l'influence des trumpistes dans l'assaut bolsonariste Des « lois incendiaires » en BolivieLa Bolivie fait face à des incendies en série : cette année 2024, plus de 10 millions d'hectares de forêts et de terres agricoles sont partis en fumée - en septembre, les autorités avaient même déclaré le pays en état de «catastrophe nationale». Mais ces feux ne sont pas que le fruit du hasard : des lois controversées, appelées lois incendiaires, encouragent indirectement l'expansion agricole aux dépens de l'Amazonie. Promulguées depuis 2013, elles permettent le défrichement - sous prétexte de soutenir l'agriculture, mais sans réelle protection écologique : elles ont donc favorisé la propagation des feux, explique la correspondante de RFI Camille Bouju.Exemple avec la loi 337 qui, en supprimant certaines amendes, a entraîné une hausse des brûlis en Amazonie. Or, avec les sécheresses prolongées liées au changement climatique, ils deviennent souvent incontrôlables.Ces destructions ont des conséquences sur la santé, l'accès à la nourriture, l'accès à l'eau et l'accès au travail. Et à long terme, les gens, ne trouvant pas de nourriture ou les moyens de subsistance qu'ils avaient traditionnellement, seront forcés de se déplacer vers les grandes villes.À lire aussiBolivie: l'urgence nationale déclarée face aux incendies qui ravagent le pays Mort de l'actrice mexicaine Silvia Pinal, muse de Luis BunuelToutes les Unes de la presse mexicaine sont consacrées à la comédienne, morte à l'âge de 93 ans : « Silvia Pinal, muse et diva éternelle » - El Universal ; « Silvia Pinal, une histoire à l'intérieur de notre histoire » - La Jornada ; « Déesse en transit » - Milenio. Silvia Pinal « est considérée comme l'une des artistes les plus importantes du monde du spectacle mexicain », souligne le quotidien : « sa beauté incomparable a fait tomber plus d'un homme à ses pieds. Et son talent lui a permis de travailler avec des réalisateurs comme Luis Buñuel et jouer dans des films comme l'emblématique Viridiana. » Silvia Pinal, qui aura joué dans 84 films et 42 pièces de théâtre, « excellait non seulement dans la comédie, mais aussi dans la conduite automobile et s'est même aventurée en politique, elle a été députée et sénatrice », rappelle Excelsior. La présidente mexicaine Claudia Sheinbaum a salué la mémoire de l'artiste, souligne La Razon : « De nombreuses générations de Mexicains et de Mexicaines ont grandi en l'admirant (…) son talent cinématographique et théâtral fait partie de la mémoire culturelle du Mexique ». Le Journal de La PremièreDirection la Martinique, pour parler de bienveillance en milieu hospitalier et de lutte contre le trafic de drogue.

He's been called "The George Washington of South America," but Simón Bolívar was so much more than that! This week on History For Weirdos, we're diving deep into the life and times of this revolutionary figure who led the fight for independence in several South American countries. From his privileged upbringing to his daring military campaigns, we'll uncover the complexities of Bolívar's character and explore the lasting impact he had on the continent. Get ready for tales of battlefield triumphs, political intrigue, and a relentless pursuit of liberty that shaped the destiny of nations. But that's not all, Weirdos! We'll also delve into some of the lesser-known aspects of Bolívar's life, including his rumored love affairs and the bizarre circumstances surrounding his death. Was he truly a visionary leader or a power-hungry dictator? Join us as we unravel the enigma of Simón Bolívar and uncover the truth behind the legend.  - Thank you for listening Weirdos! Show the podcast some love by rating & subscribing on whichever platform you use to listen to podcasts. Your support means so much to us. Let's stay in touch

Situated on the Mediterranean, just a short distance from Spain and the rest of Europe, Morocco attracts tens of millions of tourists every year. They flock to see the iconic mosques and bazaars.  But there's another, much larger structure that you won't find in any tourist guides and is seldom talked about.  It's a 2700 kilometer long barrier wall constructed of dirt and brick that runs through the heart of the Sahara Desert.  And for the people living in its shadow, it's a symbol of an ongoing occupation and decades long period of oppression.  In this episode, I speak with Jacob Mundi, professor from Colgate University, an expert on the subject of Morocco's illegal decades long occupation of Western Sahara and the refugee crisis it created that now spans generations.  Guest: Prof. Jacob Mundy Links Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution Stephen Zunes, Jacob Mundy Jacob Mundy on violence in the Middle East If you found this topic interesting I have previously covered many of the subjects we mentioned in passing. Please check out my back catalogue to learn more about Mauritania (Modern Slavery) Mali (Songhai and Hamdullahi empires), Islamic extremism (Boko Haram, Al Shabaab, Hezbollah, Guantanamo Bay), Colonialism (Dahomey, Apartheid South Africa, Boer War, Simon Bolivar, Incas, Cambodia, Australia, Goering, Ireland 1793) Cold War (Angolan civil war, Pinochet, East Germany, Ceausescu, Hungary 1956, Moscow Apartment bombings), Africa (Tutankhamen, Ghana lake people, Kush empire, Mobuto Sese Seko, Gabon, Rwandan genocide) Music: Pixabay This episode is sponsored by World History Encyclopedia, one of the top history websites on the internet. I love the fact that they're not a Wiki: Every article they publish is reviewed by their editorial team, not only for being accurate but also for being interesting to read. The website is run as a non-profit organization, so you won't be bombarded by annoying ads and it's completely free. It's a great site, and don't just take my word for it they've been recommended by many academic institutions including Oxford University. Go check them out at WorldHistory.org or follow this link: World History Encyclopedia.

In this episode, we delve into the historical and contemporary implications of the Monroe Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Latin America. Host Jack Eidt mixes excerpts from Rubén Darío's poetry (Nicaragua) and Gabriel García Márquez's fiction (Colombia) with an interview of Yale historian Greg Grandin by journalist Michael Fox. They explore how Simon Bolivar's legacy and the Monroe Doctrine have shaped U.S. imperialism in Central and South America. They trace the origins of Bolivar's fight for independence, the creation and evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, and its lasting effects on U.S. foreign policy. The interview originates from Michael Fox's podcast series "Under the Shadow," [https://therealnews.com/under-the-shadow] produced in collaboration with the Real News Network and NACLA, the North American Congress on Latin America [https://nacla.org/]. For an extended interview and other benefits, become an EcoJustice Radio patron at https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio Resources/Articles: Under the Shadow Podcast Episode: https://therealnews.com/he-legacy-of-monroe-under-the-shadow-bonus-episode-4 Simon Bolivar History From NBC News https://youtu.be/wxuxFg_8nkI?si=eZAH6W3FmCT6ZGYD Chilean folk music group, Inti Illimani doing the song Simon Bolivar from 1973 https://youtu.be/AObTf9yOdoQ?si=7iRpeA3u8BQqQLt- Greg Grandin is the author of Fordlandia, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. A Professor of History at Yale University, Grandin has published a number of other award-winning books, including Empire's Workshop, The Last Colonial Massacre, and The Blood of Guatemala [https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001IQW9VI]. Jack Eidt is an urban planner, environmental journalist, and climate organizer, as well as award-winning fiction writer. He is Co-Founder of SoCal 350 Climate Action and Executive Producer of EcoJustice Radio. He writes a column on PBS SoCal called High & Dry [https://www.pbssocal.org/people/high-dry]. He is also Founder and Publisher of WilderUtopia [https://wilderutopia.com], a website dedicated to the question of Earth sustainability, finding society-level solutions to environmental, community, economic, transportation and energy needs. Podcast Website: http://ecojusticeradio.org/ Podcast Blog: https://www.wilderutopia.com/category/ecojustice-radio/ Support the Podcast: Patreon https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio PayPal https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=LBGXTRM292TFC&source=url Executive Producer and Host: Jack Eidt Engineer and Original Music: Blake Quake Beats Episode 234

In December 1823, US president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize US intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress, but also Monroe and the legacy of US imperialism in the region until today, including US-backed death squads, the Iran Contra Scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox. This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.Additional info: You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here.Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago)Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books, here.Theme music by Monte PerdidoMonte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Help us continue producing Under the Shadow by following us and becoming a monthly sustainer.Sign up for our newsletterLike us on FacebookFollow us on TwitterDonate to support this podcast

In December 1823, U.S. president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize U.S. intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simón Bolívar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simón Bolívar's Panama Congress. But also Monroe and the legacy of U.S. imperialism in the region up until today, including U.S.-backed death squads, the Iran Contra scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox.This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here. Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago) Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books here. Theme music by Monte Perdido.Monte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Read NACLA: nacla.orgSupport NACLA: nacla.org/donateFollow NACLA on X: https://twitter.com/NACLA

In December 1823, US president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize US intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress, but also Monroe and the legacy of US imperialism in the region until today, including US-backed death squads, the Iran Contra Scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox. This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.Additional info: You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here.Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago)Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books, here.Theme music by Monte PerdidoMonte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Help us continue producing Under the Shadow by following us and becoming a monthly sustainer.Sign up for our newsletterLike us on FacebookFollow us on TwitterDonate to support this podcast

#NewWorldReport:  Caracas claims victory by 51%. Joseph Humire @JMHumire @SecureFreeSoc. Ernesto Araujo, Former Foreign Minister Republic of Brazil. #NewWorldReportHumire https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-american-leaders-react-venezuela-election-results-2024-07-29/ 1876 Simon Bolivar in Caracas

Despite being orphaned at a young age, Simon Bolivar was far from an orphan Annie character. Born into a wealthy Criollo family in 1783, his education continued before he made an extensive trip around Europe. While there, he was introduced to ideas of the enlightenment and events such as the French Revolution. Despite his ethnically Spanish roots, he returned to Venezuela determined to gain independence and establish a republic. In subsequent years he became involved in three separate Venezuelan republics whilst establishing himself as the de facto ruler of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia. The latter even named after him.  But his legacy is complicated. A proponent for the abolishment of slavery, for a time an ally of the newly independent Haiti, Bolivar while earning the moniker "The Liberator" was ultimately pushed out of power. In this episode I examine Bolivar's life with my guest, a leading expert on the subject -- his compatriot -- Prof. Tomas Helmut Straka Medina of the prestigious Andre Bello Catholic University of Caracas, Venezuela. Tomas explains the nuances of Bolivar's reign, his motivations and the context of the overall geopolitical situation. Guest:  Prof. Tomas Helmut Straka Medina Tomás Straka is a Venezuelan historian, author, and professor of history at the Andrés Bello Catholic University. He has authored various works, including "La voz de los vencidos," "Hechos y gente," "Un Reino para este mundo," "La épica del desencanto," and "La república fragmentada," among others. Straka holds a PhD in History from Andrés Bello Catholic University and has been a visiting scholar at prestigious institutions like the University of Chicago and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He is a member of the National Academy of History in Venezuela since 2016. Straka's contributions to Venezuelan history and academia are significant, reflected in his extensive bibliography covering various aspects of Venezuelan history and society. In addition to his academic endeavors, Straka is known for his involvement in preserving democratic memory in Venezuela, as highlighted in his work "Por el rescate de la memoria democrática en Venezuela." His role as a historian and essayist extends beyond academia, making him a prominent figure in discussions surrounding Venezuelan history and contemporary issues.   Twitter: @thstraka  Instagram: @ thstraka2   Music: Pixabay This episode is sponsored by World History Encyclopedia, one of the top history websites on the internet. I love the fact that they're not a Wiki: Every article they publish is reviewed by their editorial team, not only for being accurate but also for being interesting to read. The website is run as a non-profit organization, so you won't be bombarded by annoying ads and it's completely free. It's a great site, and don't just take my word for it they've been recommended by many academic institutions including Oxford University. Go check them out at WorldHistory.org or follow this link: World History Encyclopedia.

Before Simón Bolívar, before José de San Martín, there was someone else. A man who fought for independence not only in South America but in France and the United States, and whose name is the ONLY American one (North or South) to be engraved in the Arc de Triomphe.I'm talking about Francisco de Miranda, who was born around this time of the year in 1750, and who pretty much got the independence efforts going in Venezuela and South America in general.Born into a Spanish family, Miranda actually fought for the Spanish armies at one point and protected this nation... but he soon found himself disagreeing with the Spanish occupation of the Americas and commenced a campaign that would end up becoming the world's biggest struggle for independence.Today, we dedicate this episode of the Learn Spanish with Stories podcast to Francisco de Miranda and his fight for freedom in the Americas. Enjoy.Transcript of this episode is available at: https://podcast.lingomastery.com/listen/1229

What lasts forever? Does love? Does death?... Nothing lasts forever.... Not even forever Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo, that's next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast.When I discovered this story I knew I had to narrate it, and that was before I discovered that it was written by a 15 year old descendant of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of America. Bolivar led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.Homecoming appeared in If Worlds of Science Fiction magazine and they had this to say, “It's a story that might have come from one of America's more mature and experienced writers. Our assumption at first was that it did. But we were wrong. It's a “first published” story (in America) by a young man named Miguel Hidalgo who is all of 15 years old. At first we didn't believe it, but it was confirmed and we found ourselves with not only a “first” but one that was written by the youngest writer (to our knowledge) ever to break into science fiction.”Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Miguel came to the United States, in a basket, at the age of two months. Began writing poetry at the age of five and before he was ten he had published numerous short stories as well as poetry. He traveled the world with his mother, who was one of the first women diplomats from Venezuela to the United States. How's that for a bio.This story, and others like it, is the reason we created The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, to share with the world a story that has been forgotten. An undiscovered gem.From If Worlds of Science Fiction in April 1958, discover this forgotten treasure on page 59, Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo…Next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, Introducing that modest little superman, that shrinking violet of destiny, Ajax Calkins, and a world where you had to hop, in some way, to get where you wanted to go! Pogo Planet by Donald A. Wollheim☕ Buy Me a Coffee https://www.buymeacoffee.com/scottsV=========================== Merchandise

His saucer was parked in the woods, and Mr. Steariot (from Venus) was parked in the lobby.... Short Snorter by Charles Einstein, that's next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast.What does Willie Mays, Curb Your Enthusiasm, stuntman Super Dave Osborne and the 1991 movie Defending Your Life starring Albert Brooks, Meryl Streep and Rip Torn have to do with today's story? The answer coming up.Thanks for listening, sharing and commenting on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube or wherever you listen. Comments on our YouTube channel have exploded in the last few weeks. Mirzamay says “I am loving your channel! Thank you for the blast from the past and the great entertainment. Phenomenal quality podcast, one of the best!” Thank you @mirzamay! Thunderace4588 had this to say “How you narrate these stories makes the characters come to life for me. Thank you Scott Miller.” Thank you @thunderace4588! Commenting on The World That Couldn't be by Clifford D. Simak @chrisgale5634 says, “Simak was just brilliant. He is largely forgotten about these days, so it's great to honour his stories.” I agree chrisgale5634 and thanks for your comment. And harrygrimley4352 says “Narrator's voice is great. Makes me think of Casey Kasem.” Thanks harrygrimley4352 I hear that quite frequently and have heard it dating back to my days on the radio. As Casey Kasem was listened to by millions of adoring fans I accept your kind words as a huge compliment.Charles Einstein, the author of today's story was an author and sportswriter. He was born in Boston is 1926. He was a newspaperman, specifically a baseball writer and his 1979 book, “Willie's Time: Baseball's Golden Age,” telling of Mays's career and the events in American society when he starred for the Giants, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Einstein had two younger half-brothers, Bob and Albert. Bob Einstein was an actor, comedy writer and producer. He created and performed the character Super Dave Osborne and appeared on Curb Your Enthusiasm and Arrested Development. His brother and our authors half-brother was born Albert Lawrence Einstein, also known as Albert Brooks. The 1991 romantic comedy-fantasy film Defending Your Life, one of my favorite movies, was written, directed and starred Albert Brooks.There was a lot of talent in that family. Charles Einstein wrote several novels including, The Bloody Spur, on which the 1956 film While The City Sleeps, directed by Fritz Lang of Metropolis fame, was based. Charles wrote 5 short fiction stories in the late 1950s and early 60s. Look for his first short fiction story Tunnel 1971, written in 1957 in a future episode. Discover the third of Einstein's 5 stories on page 77 of If Worlds of Science Fiction in August 1958, Short Snorter by Charles Einstein…Next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, we'll hear a story written by a teenage descendant of Simon Bolivar, What lasts forever? Does love? Does death?... Nothing lasts forever.... Not even forever Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo

Welcome to The Daily Wrap Up, a concise show dedicated to bringing you the most relevant independent news, as we see it, from the last 24 hours (3/12/24). As always, take the information discussed in the video below and research it for yourself, and come to your own conclusions. Anyone telling you what the truth is, or claiming they have the answer, is likely leading you astray, for one reason or another. Stay Vigilant. !function(r,u,m,b,l,e){r._Rumble=b,r[b]||(r[b]=function(){(r[b]._=r[b]._||[]).push(arguments);if(r[b]._.length==1){l=u.createElement(m),e=u.getElementsByTagName(m)[0],l.async=1,l.src="https://rumble.com/embedJS/u2q643"+(arguments[1].video?'.'+arguments[1].video:'')+"/?url="+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+"&args="+encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify([].slice.apply(arguments))),e.parentNode.insertBefore(l,e)}})}(window, document, "script", "Rumble");   Rumble("play", {"video":"v4gauki","div":"rumble_v4gauki"}); Video Source Links (In Chronological Order): (22) Suppressed Voice. on X: "As Ramadan starts, I promise you we will NEVER forget all your lies. https://t.co/z9tVGrClgP" / X (27) Thomas Massie on X: "The so-called TikTok ban is a trojan horse. The President will be given the power to ban WEB SITES, not just Apps. The person breaking the new law is deemed to be the U.S. (or offshore) INTERNET HOSTING SERVICE or App Store, not the “foreign adversary.” https://t.co/iKtAQFGeQH https://t.co/P26hEbzQrf" / X New Tab Haiti Chaos, Israel's Blood Diamonds, The Widening Gaza Narrative Gap & Ongoing Palestinian Torture (70) The Last American Vagabond on X: "Are Haitian cannibal gangs terrorizing the country? We dug up the source and weigh the legitimacy for these claims. Is this sensationalist narrative a distraction? Watch More: https://t.co/lAHfyeCaX2 #Haiti #CannibalGangs #Propaganda #USForeignPolicy https://t.co/cALCh80raY" / X (65) Dan Cohen on X: "Why are we seeing a sudden disinformation campaign portraying Jimmy 'Barbecue' Cherizier as a cannibal? Watch how he treks through the slums of Haiti to ignite revolutionary consciousness among the masses, and you'll understand. Cherizier is trying to turn Haiti into a… https://t.co/HjqgAAlLSd" / X (20) Dan Cohen on X: "Many leftists denounce Jimmy Cherizier because his weapons, like all weapons in Haiti, come from the United States. Who else obtained their weapons in the U.S.? The Haitian revolutionaries who had been fighting alongside Simon Bolivar in Venezuela. (From Dr. Gerald Horne's… https://t.co/akFExPgOor" / X New Tab (71) Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur oPt on X: "This 10yo declaration is a stark reminder that "the war" did not start with the terrible day of 10/7. My last report (to be released soon) finds that the last Gaza assault has intensified methods of warfare used in other ISR's offensives, brining them to a new/unprecedented level" / X Joint Declaration by International Law Experts on Israel's Gaza Offensive | Global Justice in the 21st Century (35) RichPeopleWeekly on X: "@EylonALevy “they deal with the Arabs with hostility and cruelty, trespass unjustly, beat them shamefully for no sufficient reason, and even boast about their actions. There is no one to stop the flood and put an end to this despicable and dangerous tendency.” Asher Ginsberg on settlers~1900" / X (43) CHFJSTC on X: "@EylonALevy Eylon, respectfully, your Eastern European Zionist brethren invited Arab aggression in the 1920s. They arrived as immigrants and immediately demonstrated and rallied for a Jewish state - having been on the land for all of 2 minutes. The British concluded as such in their…" / X (20) ceyhun salcin on X: "@EylonALevy learn history. When the Christians killed all the Jews in Jerusalem and expelled them from Jerusalem. The second successor of Islam, Omar ibn al-Khattab, settled the Jews in Jerusalem. he protected them. So you are a liar Eylon. No one in history has treated you as well as… htt...

In conversation with Elisabeth Perez-Luna, contributor to The Philadelphia Inquirer and former Executive Producer of Audio Content at WHYY   The inaugural Literary Director of the Library of Congress, Marie Arana is the author of the National Book Award finalist American Chica, a memoir about her childhood in Peru and the United States that was praised for its ''spareness, clarity, and passion for allegory'' (The New York Times Book Review). Her other work includes the novels Cellophane and Lima Nights; a biography of Simon Bolivar that won the 2014 Los Angeles Times Book Prize; Silver, Sword, and Stone, a narrative history of Latin America; and The Writing Life, a collection of her articles for The Washington Post. In Latinoland, Arana employs hundreds of interviews, a prolific body of research, and her own experiences as a Latina to present an encompassing portrait of America's fastest-growing minority group. Because you love Author Events, please make a donation to keep our podcasts free for everyone. THANK YOU! The views expressed by the authors and moderators are strictly their own and do not represent the opinions of the Free Library of Philadelphia or its employees. (recorded 3/4/2024)

Two + hours of DramaFirst a look at this day in History.Then Dr Christian starring Gene Hersholdt, originally broadcast February 21, 1939, 85 years ago, Washington Had His Delaware. Dr. Christian takes on a group of anti-American youths in Rivers End. Followed by Escape, originally broadcast February 21, 1948, 76 years ago, Ancient Sorceries starring Paul Frees. A tale of the supernatural and witchcraft in a small Welsh town. Then The Adventures of Philip Marlowe starring Gerald Mohr, originally broadcast February 21, 1950, 74 years ago, The Ladies Night. Ladies' Night in a Turkish bath leads Marlowe to murder and blackmail. Followed by The Hallmark Hall of Fame, originally broadcast February 21, 1954, 70 years ago, Simon Bolivar, Liberator. A story of Simon Bolivar, the leader of revolutions agains Spanish rule in South America. Finally The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring John Stanley, originally broadcast February 21, 1949, 75 years ago, The Adventure of the Hangman and the Book. Thanks to Robert for supporting our podcast by using the Buy Me a Coffee function at http://classicradio.stream

This week on Royally Screwed, we're talking about Simon Bolivar. He's a man on a mission. That mission? Kick the Spanish Empire out of South America. And maybe become a dictator while he's at it.Subscribe for more episodes as they come.Twitter: @Denim_CreekInstagram: denimcreekproMusic:Intro/Outro: “Life O' the Lavish” - Jules Gaia, “Vapour” - Osoku, “Upbeat Stomp Rock” - Alexey Anisimov, “Smooth Passenger” - White Bones, “Reconcile” - Peter Sandberg, “Epic Cinematic Inspiration Piano” - ProtraxxCopyright 2023, Denim Creek Productions

Kup se książkę: zarubieza.pl/ksiazka Zapraszam na moje soszjale, gdzie wrzucam dodatkowe materiały: https://www.instagram.com/zarubieza/ https://www.facebook.com/Za-Rubie%C5%BC%C4%85-109949267414211/ I jeszcze twitter: https://twitter.com/mioszszymaski2 Jeśli chcesz wesprzeć moją twórczość, to zapraszam tutaj: https://patronite.pl/miloszszymanski buycoffee.to/miloszszymanski

Part 3! Bolívar is about to see all of his work during the admirable campaign come crashing down as the legion of hell bears down upon the republican forces. Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

Bolívar succeeds where others would surely fail and for that, his name would be added in the pantheon of great leaders of history, but at what cost?Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

As broadcast October 5, 2023 with plenty of love left over for all buskers everywhere.  Tonight we had another pair of exclusive interviews with current contestants at this year's Gwangju Busking World Cup.  First up is a very talented singer-songwriter in Daisy Chute, an American-British singer-songwriter born in Scotland now based in London.  Her playlist is a collection of artists she works with and respects highly, a collection of gorgeous organic indie folk and ambient orchestral soundscapes.  For hour 2, we welcomed an internationalist quartet based in Barcelona in S. Taki, who are led by Sergio Taki and accompanied by Nacho Padron, Diego Gonzalez, and Tommy Min.  All the members hail from different places in the world but work with one heart and mind, creating a multi-genre cumbia-centered sound in their work.  Great discussions with both of these very talented artists to watch out for at this year's Busking World Cup!#feelthegravityBusking World Cup 2023 Special #22023.10.05Tracklist (st:rt)Part 1 with Daisy Chute (00:00)Daisy Chute – Lion Eyesmidori jaeger – Breeze (Acoustic)Hannah White – Chains of OursMichele Stodart – Push & PullLady Nade – Everything Is FreeJacob Koopman – Ego  Part 2 (37:30)Daisy Chute feat Hannah Brine – Spirit of the Singers (Live)Beth Nielsen Chapman – This KissLara Eidi – SunFern Maddie – Ca' the YowesFlo Perlin – BaghdadMatt Kent feat Daisy Chute – Fly to You Part 3 with S. Taki (69:06)S. Taki – La SemilleraXavier Rudd – Follow The SunCelia Cruz – La Vida Es Un CarnavalManu Chao – Bongo BongRuben Blades – Amor y Control Part 4 (1:44:15)S. Taki – Verde RayaoLos Angeles Azules – Como Te Voy A Olvidar  Alonso Del Rio – Viejo TamborBad Religion – Sorrow 

Bolívar goes from a rich fanboy of the Enlightenment, then thrown into a divided revolution that will ultimately turn him into a general, who can't resist the masculine urge to lead forces against Spain. Join us for part 2! Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

Referred to as liberator of America, and by some as the South American George Washington, Simón Bolívar was a complicated hero. Join us for part 1, the early years of Simón's life. Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar. Editors. “Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 – Mapping Globalization.” Princeton University, The Trustees of Princeton University, commons.princeton.edu/mg/viceroyalties-in-latin-america-in-1780/. Accessed 1 Sept. 2023.

Who Was Simon Bolivar? Join us today as we learn about the man who dreamed of a free, unified South America. Sources: Varona, Frank De, and Gregory Copeland. Simón Bolívar: The Liberator. Scholastic, 2003. Send us listener mail!  Send an audio message: anchor.fm/inquisikids-daily/message  Send an email: podcast@inquisikids.com   

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire. His story is a grand one filled with tragedy, greatness, and betrayal. Join us for this deep dive. Travel to Italy With Me here Travel to Japan With Me here Bonus episodes as well as ad-free episodes on Patreon. Find us on Instagram. Join us on Discord. Submit your relatives on our website Join the Book Club on http://chirpbooks.com/history Get some delicious COFFEE Podcast Youtube Channel Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of "Out of Office: A Travel Podcast," get ready for some high-altitude exploration as Ryan takes us to Quito! Learn about Simon Bolivar's significant other (who was both a lover and a fighter) and discover what qualifies as a tree worm. For more information on the places and experiences discussed in the podcast, check out the following links: Vanishing Postcards podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vanishing-postcards/id1544610020 Historic Quito (UNESCO World Heritage Site): https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2/ Plaza de la Independencia (Plaza Granda) Basílica del Voto Nacional Basilica and Convent of San Francisco El Panecillo + Virgen de Quito Telefériqo - Quito: https://teleferico.com.ec/ Manuela Sáenz Museum: https://museo-manuela-saenz.negocio.site/ Guayasamín Museum: https://guayasamin.org.ec/ Mitad del Mundo Museo Templo del Sol Pintor Cristobal Ortega Maila Restaurants: Rincón de Francia Somos (featuring Chef Alejandra Espinoza) -Chontacuro (tree worm) dish: https://travelislife.org/chontacuro-eat-live-worms/ Urko Last Stop:  Ryan shares a study that shows the farther you wander, the happier you'll be (https://entrylevelrebel.medium.com/new-study-the-farther-you-wander-the-happier-you-will-be-7fbfafa556f), while Kiernan suggests checking out the WPA murals at United States post offices (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_post_office_murals).    

لَولا بوليفار، لما كانت أمريكا الجنوبية كما يعرفها العالم اليوم. هذه حكاية العسكري الفنزويلي سيمون دي بوليفار، الذي خاض حروبًا تاريخية ليستقلّ بقارّة كاملة عن الاستعمار الأوروبي، ورغم الهزائم المتتالية، ظلّ يستعيد إصراره ليحقّق ما حقّقه.هذه الحلقة من كتابة وتقديم بِشر النجار. من المتابعة محمود الخواجا، ومن التصميم الصوتي تيسير قباني. فريق النشر والترويج عمر خطاب وبيان حبيب.بودكاست «منبت» من إنتاج «صوت».مصادر:1- thefreelibrary.com/A+song+for+Bolivar.-a0180277641 2- britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar 3- youtu.be/arDiHSSjY0U 4- youtu.be/P2jdX5PAdjM 5- radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/concordance-des-temps/simon-bolivar-encore-et-toujours-2262033 6- archive.org/details/bolivarmanimage/page/102/mode/2up 7- Vayssière P., Simon Bolivar, le rêve américain, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris, 20088- John Lynch - Simon Bolivar (Simon Bolivar)_ A Life-Yale University Press 2007 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This is it. The episode you've been waiting for… the long-awaited What If? episode, in which we travel through realities and find out what could have happened in Latin American history. Join Anthony and Li as they make use of a time machine to move across realities and witness the greatest moments of Latin American past, present and future transformed into something very different, with quite surprising outcomes... This special edition episode of the Learn Spanish with Stories will blow your mind – all while teaching you the best in Spanish fluency! Enjoy! Transcript of this episode is available at: https://podcast.lingomastery.com/listen/1160

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #NewWorldReport: President  Petro of Bogota and Simon Bolivar's sword.  Senadora Maria Fernanda Cabal. @MariaFdaCabal (on leave) Joseph Humire @JMHumire @SecureFreeSoc https://www.securefreesociety.org https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-politics/leftist-petro-takes-office-in-colombia-amid-economic-social-challenges-idUSKBN2PD059

In this episode of Half-Arsed History, learn the life story of the Venezuelan freedom fighter and revolutionary hero, Simon Bolivar, who liberated half a continent from Spanish colonial rule.