Podcasts about simon bolivar

In this episode, we delve into the historical and contemporary implications of the Monroe Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Latin America. Host Jack Eidt mixes excerpts from Rubén Darío's poetry (Nicaragua) and Gabriel García Márquez's fiction (Colombia) with an interview of Yale historian Greg Grandin by journalist Michael Fox. They explore how Simon Bolivar's legacy and the Monroe Doctrine have shaped U.S. imperialism in Central and South America. They trace the origins of Bolivar's fight for independence, the creation and evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, and its lasting effects on U.S. foreign policy. The interview originates from Michael Fox's podcast series "Under the Shadow," [https://therealnews.com/under-the-shadow] produced in collaboration with the Real News Network and NACLA, the North American Congress on Latin America [https://nacla.org/]. For an extended interview and other benefits, become an EcoJustice Radio patron at https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio Resources/Articles: Under the Shadow Podcast Episode: https://therealnews.com/he-legacy-of-monroe-under-the-shadow-bonus-episode-4 Simon Bolivar History From NBC News https://youtu.be/wxuxFg_8nkI?si=eZAH6W3FmCT6ZGYD Chilean folk music group, Inti Illimani doing the song Simon Bolivar from 1973 https://youtu.be/AObTf9yOdoQ?si=7iRpeA3u8BQqQLt- Greg Grandin is the author of his latest, America, América, A New History of the New World [https://greggrandin.com/book/america-america/]. Also Fordlandia, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. A Professor of History at Yale University, Grandin has published a number of other award-winning books, including Empire's Workshop, The Last Colonial Massacre, and The Blood of Guatemala [https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001IQW9VI]. The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books) Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006) The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago) Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan) You can find more of Greg's books, here. Jack Eidt is an urban planner, environmental journalist, and climate organizer, as well as award-winning fiction writer. He is Co-Founder of SoCal 350 Climate Action and Executive Producer of EcoJustice Radio. He has a project on PBS SoCal Artbound called High & Dry [https://www.pbssocal.org/people/high-dry]. He is also Founder and Publisher of WilderUtopia [https://wilderutopia.com], a website dedicated to the question of Earth sustainability, finding society-level solutions to environmental, community, economic, transportation and energy needs. Podcast Website: http://ecojusticeradio.org/ Podcast Blog: https://www.wilderutopia.com/category/ecojustice-radio/ Support the Podcast: Patreon https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio PayPal https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=LBGXTRM292TFC&source=url Executive Producer and Host: Jack Eidt Engineer and Original Music: Blake Quake Beats Episode 234

So what, exactly, was “The Enlightenment”? According to the Princeton historian David A. Bell, it was an intellectual movement roughly spanning the early 18th century through to the French Revolution. In his Spring 2025 Liberties Quarterly piece “The Enlightenment, Then and Now”, Bell charts the Enlightenment as a complex intellectual movement centered in Paris but with hubs across Europe and America. He highlights key figures like Montesquieu, Voltaire, Kant, and Franklin, discussing their contributions to concepts of religious tolerance, free speech, and rationality. In our conversation, Bell addresses criticisms of the Enlightenment, including its complicated relationship with colonialism and slavery, while arguing that its principles of freedom and reason remain relevant today. 5 Key Takeaways* The Enlightenment emerged in the early 18th century (around 1720s) and was characterized by intellectual inquiry, skepticism toward religion, and a growing sense among thinkers that they were living in an "enlightened century."* While Paris was the central hub, the Enlightenment had multiple centers including Scotland, Germany, and America, with thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant, Hume, and Franklin contributing to its development.* The Enlightenment introduced the concept of "society" as a sphere of human existence separate from religion and politics, forming the basis of modern social sciences.* The movement had a complex relationship with colonialism and slavery - many Enlightenment thinkers criticized slavery, but some of their ideas about human progress were later used to justify imperialism.* According to Bell, rather than trying to "return to the Enlightenment," modern society should selectively adopt and adapt its valuable principles of free speech, religious tolerance, and education to create our "own Enlightenment."David Avrom Bell is a historian of early modern and modern Europe at Princeton University. His most recent book, published in 2020 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, is Men on Horseback: The Power of Charisma in the Age of Revolution. Described in the Journal of Modern History as an "instant classic," it is available in paperback from Picador, in French translation from Fayard, and in Italian translation from Viella. A study of how new forms of political charisma arose in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the book shows that charismatic authoritarianism is as modern a political form as liberal democracy, and shares many of the same origins. Based on exhaustive research in original sources, the book includes case studies of the careers of George Washington, Napoleon Bonaparte, Toussaint Louverture and Simon Bolivar. The book's Introduction can be read here. An online conversation about the book with Annette Gordon-Reed, hosted by the Cullman Center of the New York Public Library, can be viewed here. Links to material about the book, including reviews in The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, Harper's, The New Republic, The Nation, Le Monde, The Los Angeles Review of Books and other venues can be found here. Bell is also the author of six previous books. He has published academic articles in both English and French and contributes regularly to general interest publications on a variety of subjects, ranging from modern warfare, to contemporary French politics, to the impact of digital technology on learning and scholarship, and of course French history. A list of his publications from 2023 and 2024 can be found here. His Substack newsletter can be found here. His writings have been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Hebrew, Swedish, Polish, Russian, German, Croatian, Italian, Turkish and Japanese. At the History Department at Princeton University, he holds the Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Chair in the Era of North Atlantic Revolutions, and offers courses on early modern Europe, on military history, and on the early modern French empire. Previously, he spent fourteen years at Johns Hopkins University, including three as Dean of Faculty in its School of Arts and Sciences. From 2020 to 2024 he served as Director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Bell's new project is a history of the Enlightenment. A preliminary article from the project was published in early 2022 by Modern Intellectual History. Another is now out in French History.Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting the daily KEEN ON show, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy interview series. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. FULL TRANSCRIPTAndrew Keen: Hello everybody, in these supposedly dark times, the E word comes up a lot, the Enlightenment. Are we at the end of the Enlightenment or the beginning? Was there even an Enlightenment? My guest today, David Bell, a professor of history, very distinguished professor of history at Princeton University, has an interesting piece in the spring issue of It is One of our, our favorite quarterlies here on Keen on America, Bell's piece is The Enlightenment Then and Now, and David is joining us from the home of the Enlightenment, perhaps Paris in France, where he's on sabbatical hard life. David being an academic these days, isn't it?David Bell: Very difficult. I'm having to suffer the Parisian bread and croissant. It's terrible.Andrew Keen: Yeah. Well, I won't keep you too long. Is Paris then, or France? Is it the home of the Enlightenment? I know there are many Enlightenments, the French, the Scottish, maybe even the English, perhaps even the American.David Bell: It's certainly one of the homes of the Enlightenment, and it's probably the closest that the Enlightened had to a center, absolutely. But as you say, there were Edinburgh, Glasgow, plenty of places in Germany, Philadelphia, all those places have good claims to being centers of the enlightenment as well.Andrew Keen: All the same David, is it like one of those sports games in California where everyone gets a medal?David Bell: Well, they're different metals, right, but I think certainly Paris is where everybody went. I mean, if you look at the figures from the German Enlightenment, from the Scottish Enlightenment from the American Enlightenment they all tended to congregate in Paris and the Parisians didn't tend to go anywhere else unless they were forced to. So that gives you a pretty good sense of where the most important center was.Andrew Keen: So David, before we get to specifics, map out for us, because everyone is perhaps as familiar or comfortable with the history of the Enlightenment, and certainly as you are. When did it happen? What years? And who are the leaders of this thing called the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, that's a big question. And I'm afraid, of course, that if you ask 10 historians, you'll get 10 different answers.Andrew Keen: Well, I'm only asking you, so I only want one answer.David Bell: So I would say that the Enlightenment really gets going around the first couple of decades of the 18th century. And that's when people really start to think that they are actually living in what they start to call an Enlightenment century. There are a lot of reasons for this. They are seeing what we now call the scientific revolution. They're looking at the progress that has been made with that. They are experiencing the changes in the religious sphere, including the end of religious wars, coming with a great deal of skepticism about religion. They are living in a relative period of peace where they're able to speculate much more broadly and daringly than before. But it's really in those first couple of decades that they start thinking of themselves as living in an enlightened century. They start defining themselves as something that would later be called the enlightenment. So I would say that it's, really, really there between maybe the end of the 17th century and 1720s that it really gets started.Andrew Keen: So let's have some names, David, of philosophers, I guess. I mean, if those are the right words. I know that there was a term in French. There is a term called philosoph. Were they the founders, the leaders of the Enlightenment?David Bell: Well, there is a... Again, I don't want to descend into academic quibbling here, but there were lots of leaders. Let me give an example, though. So the year 1721 is a remarkable year. So in the year, 1721, two amazing events happened within a couple of months of each other. So in May, Montesquieu, one of the great philosophers by any definition, publishes his novel called Persian Letters. And this is an incredible novel. Still, I think one of greatest novels ever written, and it's very daring. It is the account, it is supposedly a an account written by two Persian travelers to Europe who are writing back to people in Isfahan about what they're seeing. And it is very critical of French society. It is very of religion. It is, as I said, very daring philosophically. It is a product in part of the increasing contact between Europe and the rest of the world that is also very central to the Enlightenment. So that novel comes out. So it's immediately, you know, the police try to suppress it. But they don't have much success because it's incredibly popular and Montesquieu doesn't suffer any particular problems because...Andrew Keen: And the French police have never been the most efficient police force in the world, have they?David Bell: Oh, they could be, but not in this case. And then two months later, after Montesquieu published this novel, there's a German philosopher much less well-known than Montesqiu, than Christian Bolz, who is a professor at the Universität Haller in Prussia, and he gives an oration in Latin, a very typical university oration for the time, about Chinese philosophy, in which he says that the Chinese have sort of proved to the world, particularly through the writings of Confucius and others, that you can have a virtuous society without religion. Obviously very controversial. Statement for the time it actually gets him fired from his job, he has to leave the Kingdom of Prussia within 48 hours on penalty of death, starts an enormous controversy. But here are two events, both of which involving non-European people, involving the way in which Europeans are starting to look out at the rest of the world and starting to imagine Europe as just one part of a larger humanity, and at the same time they are starting to speculate very daringly about whether you can have. You know, what it means to have a society, do you need to have religion in order to have morality in society? Do you need the proper, what kind of government do you need to to have virtuous conduct and a proper society? So all of these things get, you know, really crystallize, I think, around these two incidents as much as anything. So if I had to pick a single date for when the enlightenment starts, I'd probably pick that 1721.Andrew Keen: And when was, David, I thought you were going to tell me about the earthquake in Lisbon, when was that earthquake?David Bell: That earthquake comes quite a bit later. That comes, and now historians should be better with dates than I am. It's in the 1750s, I think it's the late 1750's. Again, this historian is proving he's getting a very bad grade for forgetting the exact date, but it's in 1750. So that's a different kind of event, which sparks off a great deal of commentary, because it's a terrible earthquake. It destroys most of the city of Lisbon, it destroys other cities throughout Portugal, and it leads a lot of the philosophy to philosophers at the time to be speculating very daringly again on whether there is any kind of real purpose to the universe and whether there's any kind divine purpose. Why would such a terrible thing happen? Why would God do such a thing to his followers? And certainly VoltaireAndrew Keen: Yeah, Votav, of course, comes to mind of questioning.David Bell: And Condit, Voltaire's novel Condit gives a very good description of the earthquake in Lisbon and uses that as a centerpiece. Voltair also read other things about the earthquake, a poem about Lisbon earthquake. But in Condit he gives a lasting, very scathing portrait of the Catholic Church in general and then of what happens in Portugal. And so the Lisbon Earthquake is certainly another one of the events, but it happens considerably later. Really in the middle of the end of life.Andrew Keen: So, David, you believe in this idea of the Enlightenment. I take your point that there are more than one Enlightenment in more than one center, but in broad historical terms, the 18th century could be defined at least in Western and Northern Europe as the period of the Enlightenment, would that be a fair generalization?David Bell: I think it's perfectly fair generalization. Of course, there are historians who say that it never happened. There's a conservative British historian, J.C.D. Clark, who published a book last summer, saying that the Enlightenment is a kind of myth, that there was a lot of intellectual activity in Europe, obviously, but that the idea that it formed a coherent Enlightenment was really invented in the 20th century by a bunch of progressive reformers who wanted to claim a kind of venerable and august pedigree for their own reform, liberal reform plans. I think that's an exaggeration. People in the 18th century defined very clearly what was going on, both people who were in favor of it and people who are against it. And while you can, if you look very closely at it, of course it gets a bit fuzzy. Of course it's gets, there's no single, you can't define a single enlightenment project or a single enlightened ideology. But then, I think people would be hard pressed to define any intellectual movement. You know, in perfect, incoherent terms. So the enlightenment is, you know by compared with almost any other intellectual movement certainly existed.Andrew Keen: In terms of a philosophy of the Enlightenment, the German thinker, Immanuel Kant, seems to be often, and when you describe him as the conscience or the brain or a mixture of the conscience and brain of the enlightenment, why is Kant and Kantian thinking so important in the development of the Enlightenment.David Bell: Well, that's a really interesting question. And one reason is because most of the Enlightenment was not very rigorously philosophical. A lot of the major figures of the enlightenment before Kant tended to be writing for a general public. And they often were writing with a very specific agenda. We look at Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau. Now you look at Adam Smith in Scotland. We look David Hume or Adam Ferguson. You look at Benjamin Franklin in the United States. These people wrote in all sorts of different genres. They wrote in, they wrote all sorts of different kinds of books. They have many different purposes and very few of them did a lot of what we would call rigorous academic philosophy. And Kant was different. Kant was very much an academic philosopher. Kant was nothing if not rigorous. He came at the end of the enlightenment by most people's measure. He wrote these very, very difficult, very rigorous, very brilliant works, such as The Creek of Pure Reason. And so, it's certainly been the case that people who wanted to describe the Enlightenment as a philosophy have tended to look to Kant. So for example, there's a great German philosopher and intellectual historian of the early 20th century named Ernst Kassirer, who had to leave Germany because of the Nazis. And he wrote a great book called The Philosophy of the Enlightened. And that leads directly to Immanuel Kant. And of course, Casir himself was a Kantian, identified with Kant. And so he wanted to make Kant, in a sense, the telos, the end point, the culmination, the fulfillment of the Enlightenment. But so I think that's why Kant has such a particularly important position. You're defining it both ways.Andrew Keen: I've always struggled to understand what Kant was trying to say. I'm certainly not alone there. Might it be fair to say that he was trying to transform the universe and certainly traditional Christian notions into the Enlightenment, so the entire universe, the world, God, whatever that means, that they were all somehow according to Kant enlightened.David Bell: Well, I think that I'm certainly no expert on Immanuel Kant. And I would say that he is trying to, I mean, his major philosophical works are trying to put together a system of philosophical thinking which will justify why people have to act morally, why people act rationally, without the need for Christian revelation to bolster them. That's a very, very crude and reductionist way of putting it, but that's essentially at the heart of it. At the same time, Kant was very much aware of his own place in history. So Kant didn't simply write these very difficult, thick, dense philosophical works. He also wrote things that were more like journalism or like tablets. He wrote a famous essay called What is Enlightenment? And in that, he said that the 18th century was the period in which humankind was simply beginning to. Reach a period of enlightenment. And he said, he starts the essay by saying, this is the period when humankind is being released from its self-imposed tutelage. And we are still, and he said we do not yet live in the midst of a completely enlightened century, but we are getting there. We are living in a century that is enlightening.Andrew Keen: So the seeds, the seeds of Hegel and maybe even Marx are incant in that German thinking, that historical thinking.David Bell: In some ways, in some ways of course Hegel very much reacts against Kant and so and then Marx reacts against Hegel. So it's not exactly.Andrew Keen: Well, that's the dialectic, isn't it, David?David Bell: A simple easy path from one to the other, no, but Hegel is unimaginable without Kant of course and Marx is unimagineable without Hegel.Andrew Keen: You note that Kant represents a shift in some ways into the university and the walls of the universities were going up, and that some of the other figures associated with the the Enlightenment and Scottish Enlightenment, human and Smith and the French Enlightenment Voltaire and the others, they were more generalist writers. Should we be nostalgic for the pre-university period in the Enlightenment, or? Did things start getting serious once the heavyweights, the academic heavyweighs like Emmanuel Kant got into this thing?David Bell: I think it depends on where we're talking about. I mean, Adam Smith was a professor at Glasgow in Edinburgh, so Smith, the Scottish Enlightenment was definitely at least partly in the universities. The German Enlightenment took place very heavily in universities. Christian Vodafoy I just mentioned was the most important German philosopher of the 18th century before Kant, and he had positions in university. Even the French university system, for a while, what's interesting about the French University system, particularly the Sorbonne, which was the theology faculty, It was that. Throughout the first half of the 18th century, there were very vigorous, very interesting philosophical debates going on there, in which the people there, particularly even Jesuits there, were very open to a lot of the ideas we now call enlightenment. They were reading John Locke, they were reading Mel Pench, they were read Dekalb. What happened though in the French universities was that as more daring stuff was getting published elsewhere. Church, the Catholic Church, started to say, all right, these philosophers, these philosophies, these are our enemies, these are people we have to get at. And so at that point, anybody who was in the university, who was still in dialog with these people was basically purged. And the universities became much less interesting after that. But to come back to your question, I do think that I am very nostalgic for that period. I think that the Enlightenment was an extraordinary period, because if you look between. In the 17th century, not all, but a great deal of the most interesting intellectual work is happening in the so-called Republic of Letters. It's happening in Latin language. It is happening on a very small circle of RUD, of scholars. By the 19th century following Kant and Hegel and then the birth of the research university in Germany, which is copied everywhere, philosophy and the most advanced thinking goes back into the university. And the 18th century, particularly in France, I will say, is a time when the most advanced thought is being written for a general public. It is being in the form of novels, of dialogs, of stories, of reference works, and it is very, very accessible. The most profound thought of the West has never been as accessible overall as in the 18 century.Andrew Keen: Again, excuse this question, it might seem a bit naive, but there's a lot of pre-Enlightenment work, books, thinking that we read now that's very accessible from Erasmus and Thomas More to Machiavelli. Why weren't characters like, or are characters like Erasmuus, More's Utopia, Machiavell's prints and discourses, why aren't they considered part of the Enlightenment? What's the difference between? Enlightened thinkers or the supposedly enlightened thinkers of the 18th century and thinkers and writers of the 16th and 17th centuries.David Bell: That's a good question, you know, I think you have to, you, you know, again, one has to draw a line somewhere. That's not a very good answer, of course. All these people that you just mentioned are, in one way or another, predecessors to the Enlightenment. And of course, there were lots of people. I don't mean to say that nobody wrote in an accessible way before 1700. Obviously, lots of the people you mentioned did. Although a lot of them originally wrote in Latin, Erasmus, also Thomas More. But I think what makes the Enlightened different is that you have, again, you have a sense. These people have have a sense that they are themselves engaged in a collective project, that it is a collective project of enlightenment, of enlightening the world. They believe that they live in a century of progress. And there are certain principles. They don't agree on everything by any means. The philosophy of enlightenment is like nothing more than ripping each other to shreds, like any decent group of intellectuals. But that said, they generally did believe That people needed to have freedom of speech. They believed that you needed to have toleration of different religions. They believed in education and the need for a broadly educated public that could be as broad as possible. They generally believed in keeping religion out of the public sphere as much as possible, so all those principles came together into a program that we can consider at least a kind of... You know, not that everybody read it at every moment by any means, but there is an identifiable enlightenment program there, and in this case an identifiable enlightenment mindset. One other thing, I think, which is crucial to the Enlightenment, is that it was the attention they started to pay to something that we now take almost entirely for granted, which is the idea of society. The word society is so entirely ubiquitous, we assume it's always been there, and in one sense it has, because the word societas is a Latin word. But until... The 18th century, the word society generally had a much narrower meaning. It referred to, you know, particular institution most often, like when we talk about the society of, you know, the American philosophical society or something like that. And the idea that there exists something called society, which is the general sphere of human existence that is separate from religion and is separate from the political sphere, that's actually something which only really emerged at the end of the 1600s. And it became really the focus of you know, much, if not most, of enlightenment thinking. When you look at someone like Montesquieu and you look something, somebody like Rousseau or Voltaire or Adam Smith, probably above all, they were concerned with understanding how society works, not how government works only, but how society, what social interactions are like beginning of what we would now call social science. So that's yet another thing that distinguishes the enlightened from people like Machiavelli, often people like Thomas More, and people like bonuses.Andrew Keen: You noted earlier that the idea of progress is somehow baked in, in part, and certainly when it comes to Kant, certainly the French Enlightenment, although, of course, Rousseau challenged that. I'm not sure whether Rousseaut, as always, is both in and out of the Enlightenment and he seems to be in and out of everything. How did the Enlightement, though, make sense of itself in the context of antiquity, as it was, of Terms, it was the Renaissance that supposedly discovered or rediscovered antiquity. How did many of the leading Enlightenment thinkers, writers, how did they think of their own society in the context of not just antiquity, but even the idea of a European or Western society?David Bell: Well, there was a great book, one of the great histories of the Enlightenment was written about more than 50 years ago by the Yale professor named Peter Gay, and the first part of that book was called The Modern Paganism. So it was about the, you know, it was very much about the relationship between the Enlightenment and the ancient Greek synonyms. And certainly the writers of the enlightenment felt a great deal of kinship with the ancient Greek synonymous. They felt a common bond, particularly in the posing. Christianity and opposing what they believed the Christian Church had wrought on Europe in suppressing freedom and suppressing free thought and suppassing free inquiry. And so they felt that they were both recovering but also going beyond antiquity at the same time. And of course they were all, I mean everybody at the time, every single major figure of the Enlightenment, their education consisted in large part of what we would now call classics, right? I mean, there was an educational reformer in France in the 1760s who said, you know, our educational system is great if the purpose is to train Roman centurions, if it's to train modern people who are not doing both so well. And it's true. I mean they would spend, certainly, you know in Germany, in much of Europe, in the Netherlands, even in France, I mean people were trained not simply to read Latin, but to write in Latin. In Germany, university courses took part in the Latin language. So there's an enormous, you know, so they're certainly very, very conversant with the Greek and Roman classics, and they identify with them to a very great extent. Someone like Rousseau, I mean, and many others, and what's his first reading? How did he learn to read by reading Plutarch? In translation, but he learns to read reading Plutach. He sees from the beginning by this enormous admiration for the ancients that we get from Bhutan.Andrew Keen: Was Socrates relevant here? Was the Enlightenment somehow replacing Aristotle with Socrates and making him and his spirit of Enlightenment, of asking questions rather than answering questions, the symbol of a new way of thinking?David Bell: I would say to a certain extent, so I mean, much of the Enlightenment criticizes scholasticism, medieval scholastic, very, very sharply, and medieval scholasticism is founded philosophically very heavily upon Aristotle, so to that extent. And the spirit of skepticism that Socrates embodied, the idea of taking nothing for granted and asking questions about everything, including questions of oneself, yes, absolutely. That said, while the great figures of the Red Plato, you know, Socrates was generally I mean, it was not all that present as they come. But certainly have people with people with red play-doh in the entire virus.Andrew Keen: You mentioned Benjamin Franklin earlier, David. Most of the Enlightenment, of course, seems to be centered in France and Scotland, Germany, England. But America, many Europeans went to America then as a, what some people would call a settler colonial society, or certainly an offshoot of the European world. Was the settling of America and the American Revolution Was it the quintessential Enlightenment project?David Bell: Another very good question, and again, it depends a bit on who you talk to. I just mentioned this book by Peter Gay, and the last part of his book is called The Science of Freedom, and it's all about the American Revolution. So certainly a lot of interpreters of the Enlightenment have said that, yes, the American revolution represents in a sense the best possible outcome of the American Revolution, it was the best, possible outcome of the enlightened. Certainly there you look at the founding fathers of the United States and there's a great deal that they took from me like Certainly, they took a great great number of political ideas from Obviously Madison was very much inspired and drafting the edifice of the Constitution by Montesquieu to see himself Was happy to admit in addition most of the founding Fathers of the united states were you know had kind of you know We still had we were still definitely Christians, but we're also but we were also very much influenced by deism were very much against the idea of making the United States a kind of confessional country where Christianity was dominant. They wanted to believe in the enlightenment principles of free speech, religious toleration and so on and so forth. So in all those senses and very much the gun was probably more inspired than Franklin was somebody who was very conversant with the European Enlightenment. He spent a large part of his life in London. Where he was in contact with figures of the Enlightenment. He also, during the American Revolution, of course, he was mostly in France, where he is vetted by some of the surviving fellows and were very much in contact for them as well. So yes, I would say the American revolution is certainly... And then the American revolutionary scene, of course by the Europeans, very much as a kind of offshoot of the enlightenment. So one of the great books of the late Enlightenment is by Condor Say, which he wrote while he was hiding actually in the future evolution of the chariot. It's called a historical sketch of the progress of the human spirit, or the human mind, and you know he writes about the American Revolution as being, basically owing its existence to being like...Andrew Keen: Franklin is of course an example of your pre-academic enlightenment, a generalist, inventor, scientist, entrepreneur, political thinker. What about the role of science and indeed economics in the Enlightenment? David, we're going to talk of course about the Marxist interpretation, perhaps the Marxist interpretation which sees The Enlightenment is just a euphemism, perhaps, for exploitative capitalism. How central was the growth and development of the market, of economics, and innovation, and capitalism in your reading of The Enlightened?David Bell: Well, in my reading, it was very important, but not in the way that the Marxists used to say. So Friedrich Engels once said that the Enlightenment was basically the idealized kingdom of the bourgeoisie, and there was whole strain of Marxist thinking that followed the assumption that, and then Karl Marx himself argued that the documents like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which obviously were inspired by the Enlightment, were simply kind of the near, or kind of. Way that the bourgeoisie was able to advance itself ideologically, and I don't think that holds much water, which is very little indication that any particular economic class motivated the Enlightenment or was using the Enlightment in any way. That said, I think it's very difficult to imagine the Enlightement without the social and economic changes that come in with the 18th century. To begin with globalization. If you read the great works of the Enlightenment, it's remarkable just how open they are to talking about humanity in general. So one of Voltaire's largest works, one of his most important works, is something called Essay on Customs and the Spirit of Nations, which is actually History of the World, where he talks learnedly not simply about Europe, but about the Americas, about China, about Africa, about India. Montesquieu writes Persian letters. Christian Volpe writes about Chinese philosophy. You know, Rousseau writes about... You know, the earliest days of humankind talks about Africa. All the great figures of the Enlightenment are writing about the rest of the world, and this is a period in which contacts between Europe and the rest the world are exploding along with international trade. So by the end of the 18th century, there are 4,000 to 5,000 ships a year crossing the Atlantic. It's an enormous number. And that's one context in which the enlightenment takes place. Another is what we call the consumer revolution. So in the 18th century, certainly in the major cities of Western Europe, people of a wide range of social classes, including even artisans, sort of somewhat wealthy artisians, shopkeepers, are suddenly able to buy a much larger range of products than they were before. They're able to choose how to basically furnish their own lives, if you will, how they're gonna dress, what they're going to eat, what they gonna put on the walls of their apartments and so on and so forth. And so they become accustomed to exercising a great deal more personal choice than their ancestors have done. And the Enlightenment really develops in tandem with this. Most of the great works of the Enlightment, they're not really written to, they're treatises, they're like Kant, they're written to persuade you to think in a single way. Really written to make you ask questions yourself, to force you to ponder things. They're written in the form of puzzles and riddles. Voltaire had a great line there, he wrote that the best kind of books are the books that readers write half of themselves as they read, and that's sort of the quintessence of the Enlightenment as far as I'm concerned.Andrew Keen: Yeah, Voltaire might have been comfortable on YouTube or Facebook. David, you mentioned all those ships going from Europe across the Atlantic. Of course, many of those ships were filled with African slaves. You mentioned this in your piece. I mean, this is no secret, of course. You also mentioned a couple of times Montesquieu's Persian letters. To what extent is... The enlightenment then perhaps the birth of Western power, of Western colonialism, of going to Africa, seizing people, selling them in North America, the French, the English, Dutch colonization of the rest of the world. Of course, later more sophisticated Marxist thinkers from the Frankfurt School, you mentioned these in your essay, Odorno and Horkheimer in particular, See the Enlightenment as... A project, if you like, of Western domination. I remember reading many years ago when I was in graduate school, Edward Said, his analysis of books like The Persian Letters, which is a form of cultural Western power. How much of this is simply bound up in the profound, perhaps, injustice of the Western achievement? And of course, some of the justice as well. We haven't talked about Jefferson, but perhaps in Jefferson's life and his thinking and his enlightened principles and his... Life as a slave owner, these contradictions are most self-evident.David Bell: Well, there are certainly contradictions, and there's certainly... I think what's remarkable, if you think about it, is that if you read through works of the Enlightenment, you would be hard-pressed to find a justification for slavery. You do find a lot of critiques of slavery, and I think that's something very important to keep in mind. Obviously, the chattel slavery of Africans in the Americas began well before the Enlightment, it began in 1500. The Enlightenment doesn't have the credit for being the first movement to oppose slavery. That really goes back to various religious groups, especially the Fakers. But that said, you have in France, you had in Britain, in America even, you'd have a lot of figures associated with the Enlightenment who were pretty sure of becoming very forceful opponents of slavery very early. Now, when it comes to imperialism, that's a tricky issue. What I think you'd find in these light bulbs, you'd different sorts of tendencies and different sorts of writings. So there are certainly a lot of writers of the Enlightenment who are deeply opposed to European authorities. One of the most popular works of the late Enlightenment was a collective work edited by the man named the Abbe Rinal, which is called The History of the Two Indies. And that is a book which is deeply, deeply critical of European imperialism. At the same time, at the same of the enlightenment, a lot the works of history written during the Enlightment. Tended, such as Voltaire's essay on customs, which I just mentioned, tend to give a kind of very linear version of history. They suggest that all societies follow the same path, from sort of primitive savagery, hunter-gatherers, through early agriculture, feudal stages, and on into sort of modern commercial society and civilization. And so they're basically saying, okay, we, the Europeans, are the most advanced. People like the Africans and the Native Americans are the least advanced, and so perhaps we're justified in going and quote, bringing our civilization to them, what later generations would call the civilizing missions, or possibly just, you know, going over and exploiting them because we are stronger and we are more, and again, we are the best. And then there's another thing that the Enlightenment did. The Enlightenment tended to destroy an older Christian view of humankind, which in some ways militated against modern racism. Christians believed, of course, that everyone was the same from Adam and Eve, which meant that there was an essential similarity in the world. And the Enlightenment challenged this by challenging the biblical kind of creation. The Enlightenment challenges this. Voltaire, for instance, believed that there had actually been several different human species that had different origins, and that can very easily become a justification for racism. Buffon, one of the most Figures of the French Enlightenment, one of the early naturalists, was crucial for trying to show that in fact nature is not static, that nature is always changing, that species are changing, including human beings. And so again, that allowed people to think in terms of human beings at different stages of evolution, and perhaps this would be a justification for privileging the more advanced humans over the less advanced. In the 18th century itself, most of these things remain potential, rather than really being acted upon. But in the 19th century, figures of writers who would draw upon these things certainly went much further, and these became justifications for slavery, imperialism, and other things. So again, the Enlightenment is the source of a great deal of stuff here, and you can't simply put it into one box or more.Andrew Keen: You mentioned earlier, David, that Concorda wrote one of the later classics of the... Condorcet? Sorry, Condorcets, excuse my French. Condorcès wrote one the later Classics of the Enlightenment when he was hiding from the French Revolution. In your mind, was the revolution itself the natural conclusion, climax? Perhaps anti-climax of the Enlightenment. Certainly, it seems as if a lot of the critiques of the French Revolution, particularly the more conservative ones, Burke comes to mind, suggested that perhaps the principles of in the Enlightment inevitably led to the guillotine, or is that an unfair way of thinking of it?David Bell: Well, there are a lot of people who have thought like that. Edmund Burke already, writing in 1790, in his reflections on the revolution in France, he said that everything which was great in the old regime is being dissolved and, quoting, dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason. And then he said about the French that in the groves of their academy at the end of every vista, you see nothing but the gallows. Nothing but the Gallows. So there, in 1780, he already seemed to be predicting the reign of terror and blaming it. A certain extent from the Enlightenment. That said, I think, you know, again, the French Revolution is incredibly complicated event. I mean, you certainly have, you know, an explosion of what we could call Enlightenment thinking all over the place. In France, it happened in France. What happened there was that you had a, you know, the collapse of an extraordinarily inefficient government and a very, you know, in a very antiquated, paralyzed system of government kind of collapsed, created a kind of political vacuum. Into that vacuum stepped a lot of figures who were definitely readers of the Enlightenment. Oh so um but again the Enlightment had I said I don't think you can call the Enlightement a single thing so to say that the Enlightiment inspired the French Revolution rather than the There you go.Andrew Keen: Although your essay on liberties is the Enlightenment then and now you probably didn't write is always these lazy editors who come up with inaccurate and inaccurate titles. So for you, there is no such thing as the Enlighten.David Bell: No, there is. There is. But still, it's a complex thing. It contains multitudes.Andrew Keen: So it's the Enlightenment rather than the United States.David Bell: Conflicting tendencies, it has contradictions within it. There's enough unity to refer to it as a singular noun, but it doesn't mean that it all went in one single direction.Andrew Keen: But in historical terms, did the failure of the French Revolution, its descent into Robespierre and then Bonaparte, did it mark the end in historical terms a kind of bookend of history? You began in 1720 by 1820. Was the age of the Enlightenment pretty much over?David Bell: I would say yes. I think that, again, one of the things about the French Revolution is that people who are reading these books and they're reading these ideas and they are discussing things really start to act on them in a very different way from what it did before the French revolution. You have a lot of absolute monarchs who are trying to bring certain enlightenment principles to bear in their form of government, but they're not. But it's difficult to talk about a full-fledged attempt to enact a kind of enlightenment program. Certainly a lot of the people in the French Revolution saw themselves as doing that. But as they did it, they ran into reality, I would say. I mean, now Tocqueville, when he writes his old regime in the revolution, talks about how the French philosophes were full of these abstract ideas that were divorced from reality. And while that's an exaggeration, there was a certain truth to them. And as soon as you start having the age of revolutions, as soon you start people having to devise systems of government that will actually last, and as you have people, democratic representative systems that will last, and as they start revising these systems under the pressure of actual events, then you're not simply talking about an intellectual movement anymore, you're talking about something very different. And so I would say that, well, obviously the ideas of the Enlightenment continue to inspire people, the books continue to be read, debated. They lead on to figures like Kant, and as we talked about earlier, Kant leads to Hegel, Hegel leads to Marx in a certain sense. Nonetheless, by the time you're getting into the 19th century, what you have, you know, has connections to the Enlightenment, but can we really still call it the Enlightment? I would sayAndrew Keen: And Tocqueville, of course, found democracy in America. Is democracy itself? I know it's a big question. But is it? Bound up in the Enlightenment. You've written extensively, David, both for liberties and elsewhere on liberalism. Is the promise of democracy, democratic systems, the one born in the American Revolution, promised in the French Revolution, not realized? Are they products of the Enlightment, or is the 19th century and the democratic systems that in the 19th century, is that just a separate historical track?David Bell: Again, I would say there are certain things in the Enlightenment that do lead in that direction. Certainly, I think most figures in the enlightenment in one general sense or another accepted the idea of a kind of general notion of popular sovereignty. It didn't mean that they always felt that this was going to be something that could necessarily be acted upon or implemented in their own day. And they didn't necessarily associate generalized popular sovereignty with what we would now call democracy with people being able to actually govern themselves. Would be certain figures, certainly Diderot and some of his essays, what we saw very much in the social contract, you know, were sketching out, you knows, models for possible democratic system. Condorcet, who actually lived into the French Revolution, wrote one of the most draft constitutions for France, that's one of most democratic documents ever proposed. But of course there were lots of figures in the Enlightenment, Voltaire, and others who actually believed much more in absolute monarchy, who believed that you just, you know, you should have. Freedom of speech and freedom of discussion, out of which the best ideas would emerge, but then you had to give those ideas to the prince who imposed them by poor sicknesses.Andrew Keen: And of course, Rousseau himself, his social contract, some historians have seen that as the foundations of totalitarian, modern totalitarianism. Finally, David, your wonderful essay in Liberties in the spring quarterly 2025 is The Enlightenment, Then and Now. What about now? You work at Princeton, your president has very bravely stood up to the new presidential regime in the United States, in defense of academic intellectual freedom. Does the word and the movement, does it have any relevance in the 2020s, particularly in an age of neo-authoritarianism around the world?David Bell: I think it does. I think we have to be careful about it. I always get a little nervous when people say, well, we should simply go back to the Enlightenment, because the Enlightenments is history. We don't go back the 18th century. I think what we need to do is to recover certain principles, certain ideals from the 18 century, the ones that matter to us, the ones we think are right, and make our own Enlightenment better. I don't think we need be governed by the 18 century. Thomas Paine once said that no generation should necessarily rule over every generation to come, and I think that's probably right. Unfortunately in the United States, we have a constitution which is now essentially unamendable, so we're doomed to live by a constitution largely from the 18th century. But are there many things in the Enlightenment that we should look back to, absolutely?Andrew Keen: Well, David, I am going to free you for your own French Enlightenment. You can go and have some croissant now in your local cafe in Paris. Thank you so much for a very, I excuse the pun, enlightening conversation on the Enlightenment then and now, Essential Essay in Liberties. I'd love to get you back on the show. Talk more history. Thank you. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit keenon.substack.com/subscribe

Christopher Kolakowski, director of the Wisconsin Veterans Museum and editor of Tenth Army Commander: The World War II Diary of Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., joins the show to discuss the most senior U.S. officer killed by enemy action in WWII, Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.  ▪️ Times      •      01:44 Introduction     •      02:15 In the shadows     •     03:53 Fathers and sons      •      06:28 Childhood      •      09:30 West Point Commandant of Cadets        •      16:03 Alaska '41     •      20:18 The Japanese threat      •      24:20 10th Army        •      29:03 Notes for an unwritten memoir     •      31:02 Operation Causeway     •      35:47 Okinawa     •      41:52 Attrition     •      43:50 Another Anzio?     •      50:57 Homeward bound Follow along on Instagram, X @schoolofwarpod, and YouTube @SchoolofWarPodcast Find a transcript of today's episode on our School of War Substack

Une nouvelle loi, adoptée ce jeudi (28 novembre 2024) par le Parlement du Venezuela, punit de plusieurs dizaines d'années de prison le soutien au sanctions internationales qui visent le pays. Les contrevenants risquent aussi plus d'un million de dollars d'amende, une peine de 60 ans d'inéligibilité… La « Loi libérateur Simon Bolivar » menace de 25 à 30 ans de prison ceux qui soutiennent les sanctions internationales. La presse est elle aussi visée, souligne El Periodiquito : si des médias contreviennent au nouveau texte, en plus de l'amende, ils peuvent se voir privés de circulation ou d'antenne. La loi, qualifiée de « progressiste » par le président Nicolas Maduro écrit Efecto Cocuyo, a été adoptée en une semaine et « sans consultation publique », souligne le quotidien. Il faut dire qu'elle répond à un projet de loi adopté, il y a à peine dix jours, par les États-Unis, qui interdit au gouvernement américain de signer des contrats avec des personnes faisant des affaires avec le gouvernement Maduro. Une loi a rendu furieux le président vénézuélien à double titre : déjà parce qu'elle a reçu pour nom l'acronyme BOLIVAR - « une offense historique contre la mémoire du libérateur », a estimé le président vénézuélien ; ensuite, rappelle Ultimas Noticias, journal proche du pouvoir, parce que l'opposition vénézuélienne l'a soutenue. En Haïti, l'école malgré les gangsL'éducation plutôt que la délinquance, l'école comme lieu de résistance : dans Port-au-Prince ravagée par les gangs, certains établissements scolaires privés des quartiers défavorisés restent ouverts malgré les défis et les balles qui résonnent parfois tout près. Comme dans la 3ème circonscription de Port-au-Prince, près du quartier de Gran Ravin, à l'École mixte Frère Vital, où s'est rendu le correspondant de RFI Peterson Luxama. « Beaucoup de gens considèrent les quartiers défavorisés comme des zones de non-droit », explique Frantz Mildort, professeur de chimie : « mais pour moi, c'est un honneur de jouer ma partition. Si nous ne faisons rien pour sauver ces jeunes, il sera difficile d'avoir le pays dont nous rêvons tous ».Entre les arriérés de salaires des enseignants et l'incapacité des parents à payer les frais de scolarité, les écoles fonctionnent avec les moyens du bord : « Souvent, les parents nous appellent pour nous dire qu'ils ne peuvent pas envoyer leurs enfants à l'école, faute de ressources financières », raconteSaintil Nézak, directeur du Collège mixte Frère Saintil. Malgré ces difficultés économiques, les directeurs d'école entendent bien continuer, pour épargner les enfants du banditisme et de la délinquance juvénile qui fait rage dans la zone.À écouter aussiHaïti : une rentrée des classes toujours difficile Jair Bolsonaro compte sur Donald TrumpOn le sait, l'ancien président brésilien Jair Bolsonaro a interdiction de se présenter à la présidentielle jusqu'à 2030, pour avoir critiqué le système électoral brésilien avant l'élection de 2022, qu'il a perdue – il est aussi accusé d'avoir fomenté un coup d'État. Mais dans une interview accordée au Wall Street Journal, Jair Bolsonaro affirme qu'il va se présenter de toutes façons, et il espère que le président américain élu Donald Trump va l'y aider, peut-être en utilisant des sanctions économiques contre l'actuel président brésilien Lula : « Trump est de retour, et c'est le signe que nous allons revenir nous aussi », affirme l'ancien président d'extrême-droite. Le Wall Street Journal rappelle que Jair Bolsonaro a été un des plus proches alliés de Donald Trump, lorsque leurs deux présidences ont coïncidé entre 2019 et 2020.À lire aussiTentative d'insurrection au Brésil: le rôle et l'influence des trumpistes dans l'assaut bolsonariste Des « lois incendiaires » en BolivieLa Bolivie fait face à des incendies en série : cette année 2024, plus de 10 millions d'hectares de forêts et de terres agricoles sont partis en fumée - en septembre, les autorités avaient même déclaré le pays en état de «catastrophe nationale». Mais ces feux ne sont pas que le fruit du hasard : des lois controversées, appelées lois incendiaires, encouragent indirectement l'expansion agricole aux dépens de l'Amazonie. Promulguées depuis 2013, elles permettent le défrichement - sous prétexte de soutenir l'agriculture, mais sans réelle protection écologique : elles ont donc favorisé la propagation des feux, explique la correspondante de RFI Camille Bouju.Exemple avec la loi 337 qui, en supprimant certaines amendes, a entraîné une hausse des brûlis en Amazonie. Or, avec les sécheresses prolongées liées au changement climatique, ils deviennent souvent incontrôlables.Ces destructions ont des conséquences sur la santé, l'accès à la nourriture, l'accès à l'eau et l'accès au travail. Et à long terme, les gens, ne trouvant pas de nourriture ou les moyens de subsistance qu'ils avaient traditionnellement, seront forcés de se déplacer vers les grandes villes.À lire aussiBolivie: l'urgence nationale déclarée face aux incendies qui ravagent le pays Mort de l'actrice mexicaine Silvia Pinal, muse de Luis BunuelToutes les Unes de la presse mexicaine sont consacrées à la comédienne, morte à l'âge de 93 ans : « Silvia Pinal, muse et diva éternelle » - El Universal ; « Silvia Pinal, une histoire à l'intérieur de notre histoire » - La Jornada ; « Déesse en transit » - Milenio. Silvia Pinal « est considérée comme l'une des artistes les plus importantes du monde du spectacle mexicain », souligne le quotidien : « sa beauté incomparable a fait tomber plus d'un homme à ses pieds. Et son talent lui a permis de travailler avec des réalisateurs comme Luis Buñuel et jouer dans des films comme l'emblématique Viridiana. » Silvia Pinal, qui aura joué dans 84 films et 42 pièces de théâtre, « excellait non seulement dans la comédie, mais aussi dans la conduite automobile et s'est même aventurée en politique, elle a été députée et sénatrice », rappelle Excelsior. La présidente mexicaine Claudia Sheinbaum a salué la mémoire de l'artiste, souligne La Razon : « De nombreuses générations de Mexicains et de Mexicaines ont grandi en l'admirant (…) son talent cinématographique et théâtral fait partie de la mémoire culturelle du Mexique ». Le Journal de La PremièreDirection la Martinique, pour parler de bienveillance en milieu hospitalier et de lutte contre le trafic de drogue.

He's been called "The George Washington of South America," but Simón Bolívar was so much more than that! This week on History For Weirdos, we're diving deep into the life and times of this revolutionary figure who led the fight for independence in several South American countries. From his privileged upbringing to his daring military campaigns, we'll uncover the complexities of Bolívar's character and explore the lasting impact he had on the continent. Get ready for tales of battlefield triumphs, political intrigue, and a relentless pursuit of liberty that shaped the destiny of nations. But that's not all, Weirdos! We'll also delve into some of the lesser-known aspects of Bolívar's life, including his rumored love affairs and the bizarre circumstances surrounding his death. Was he truly a visionary leader or a power-hungry dictator? Join us as we unravel the enigma of Simón Bolívar and uncover the truth behind the legend.  - Thank you for listening Weirdos! Show the podcast some love by rating & subscribing on whichever platform you use to listen to podcasts. Your support means so much to us. Let's stay in touch

Situated on the Mediterranean, just a short distance from Spain and the rest of Europe, Morocco attracts tens of millions of tourists every year. They flock to see the iconic mosques and bazaars.  But there's another, much larger structure that you won't find in any tourist guides and is seldom talked about.  It's a 2700 kilometer long barrier wall constructed of dirt and brick that runs through the heart of the Sahara Desert.  And for the people living in its shadow, it's a symbol of an ongoing occupation and decades long period of oppression.  In this episode, I speak with Jacob Mundi, professor from Colgate University, an expert on the subject of Morocco's illegal decades long occupation of Western Sahara and the refugee crisis it created that now spans generations.  Guest: Prof. Jacob Mundy Links Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution Stephen Zunes, Jacob Mundy Jacob Mundy on violence in the Middle East If you found this topic interesting I have previously covered many of the subjects we mentioned in passing. Please check out my back catalogue to learn more about Mauritania (Modern Slavery) Mali (Songhai and Hamdullahi empires), Islamic extremism (Boko Haram, Al Shabaab, Hezbollah, Guantanamo Bay), Colonialism (Dahomey, Apartheid South Africa, Boer War, Simon Bolivar, Incas, Cambodia, Australia, Goering, Ireland 1793) Cold War (Angolan civil war, Pinochet, East Germany, Ceausescu, Hungary 1956, Moscow Apartment bombings), Africa (Tutankhamen, Ghana lake people, Kush empire, Mobuto Sese Seko, Gabon, Rwandan genocide) Music: Pixabay This episode is sponsored by World History Encyclopedia, one of the top history websites on the internet. I love the fact that they're not a Wiki: Every article they publish is reviewed by their editorial team, not only for being accurate but also for being interesting to read. The website is run as a non-profit organization, so you won't be bombarded by annoying ads and it's completely free. It's a great site, and don't just take my word for it they've been recommended by many academic institutions including Oxford University. Go check them out at WorldHistory.org or follow this link: World History Encyclopedia.

In this episode, we delve into the historical and contemporary implications of the Monroe Doctrine and U.S. intervention in Latin America. Host Jack Eidt mixes excerpts from Rubén Darío's poetry (Nicaragua) and Gabriel García Márquez's fiction (Colombia) with an interview of Yale historian Greg Grandin by journalist Michael Fox. They explore how Simon Bolivar's legacy and the Monroe Doctrine have shaped U.S. imperialism in Central and South America. They trace the origins of Bolivar's fight for independence, the creation and evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, and its lasting effects on U.S. foreign policy. The interview originates from Michael Fox's podcast series "Under the Shadow," [https://therealnews.com/under-the-shadow] produced in collaboration with the Real News Network and NACLA, the North American Congress on Latin America [https://nacla.org/]. For an extended interview and other benefits, become an EcoJustice Radio patron at https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio Resources/Articles: Under the Shadow Podcast Episode: https://therealnews.com/he-legacy-of-monroe-under-the-shadow-bonus-episode-4 Simon Bolivar History From NBC News https://youtu.be/wxuxFg_8nkI?si=eZAH6W3FmCT6ZGYD Chilean folk music group, Inti Illimani doing the song Simon Bolivar from 1973 https://youtu.be/AObTf9yOdoQ?si=7iRpeA3u8BQqQLt- Greg Grandin is the author of Fordlandia, a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. A Professor of History at Yale University, Grandin has published a number of other award-winning books, including Empire's Workshop, The Last Colonial Massacre, and The Blood of Guatemala [https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001IQW9VI]. Jack Eidt is an urban planner, environmental journalist, and climate organizer, as well as award-winning fiction writer. He is Co-Founder of SoCal 350 Climate Action and Executive Producer of EcoJustice Radio. He writes a column on PBS SoCal called High & Dry [https://www.pbssocal.org/people/high-dry]. He is also Founder and Publisher of WilderUtopia [https://wilderutopia.com], a website dedicated to the question of Earth sustainability, finding society-level solutions to environmental, community, economic, transportation and energy needs. Podcast Website: http://ecojusticeradio.org/ Podcast Blog: https://www.wilderutopia.com/category/ecojustice-radio/ Support the Podcast: Patreon https://www.patreon.com/ecojusticeradio PayPal https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=LBGXTRM292TFC&source=url Executive Producer and Host: Jack Eidt Engineer and Original Music: Blake Quake Beats Episode 234

In December 1823, US president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize US intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress, but also Monroe and the legacy of US imperialism in the region until today, including US-backed death squads, the Iran Contra Scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox. This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.Additional info: You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here.Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago)Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books, here.Theme music by Monte PerdidoMonte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Help us continue producing Under the Shadow by following us and becoming a monthly sustainer.Sign up for our newsletterLike us on FacebookFollow us on TwitterDonate to support this podcast

In December 1823, U.S. president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize U.S. intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simón Bolívar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simón Bolívar's Panama Congress. But also Monroe and the legacy of U.S. imperialism in the region up until today, including U.S.-backed death squads, the Iran Contra scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox.This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here. Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago) Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books here. Theme music by Monte Perdido.Monte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Read NACLA: nacla.orgSupport NACLA: nacla.org/donateFollow NACLA on X: https://twitter.com/NACLA

In December 1823, US president James Monroe delivered his State of the Union address in which he coined what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a framework that would later be used to legitimize US intervention up and down the hemisphere. But in those early days, Monroe's statements were applauded by Latin American leaders as supporting their independence struggles. They were even embraced at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress of 1826.In this episode, host Michael Fox travels to see what's left of the former site of the Panama Congress, and then dives in to the past and present with Yale historian Greg Grandin.They look at Simon Bolivar's Panama Congress, but also Monroe and the legacy of US imperialism in the region until today, including US-backed death squads, the Iran Contra Scandal, Manifest Destiny, and so much more.Under the Shadow is an investigative narrative podcast series that walks back in time, telling the story of the past by visiting momentous places in the present. In each episode, host Michael Fox takes us to a location where something historic happened—a landmark of revolutionary struggle or foreign intervention. Today, it might look like a random street corner, a church, a mall, a monument, or a museum. But every place he takes us was once the site of history-making events that shook countries, impacted lives, and left deep marks on the world.Hosted by Latin America-based journalist Michael Fox. This podcast is produced in partnership between The Real News Network and NACLA.Additional info: You can see pictures of the Simon Bolivar monument, in Panama City, here.Follow and support Michael Fox and Under the Shadow at https://www.patreon.com/mfoxYou can follow historian Greg Grandin, on Twitter, here.Below are links to Greg Grandin's books mentioned in the episode:The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (2000, Duke University Press Books)Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Making of an Imperial Republic (Holt, 2006)The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (2011, The University of Chicago)Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman (2016, MacMillan)You can find more of Greg's books, here.Theme music by Monte PerdidoMonte Perdido's new album Ofrenda is out now. You can listen to the full album on Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, YouTube, or wherever you listen to music.Other music from Blue Dot Sessions.Help us continue producing Under the Shadow by following us and becoming a monthly sustainer.Sign up for our newsletterLike us on FacebookFollow us on TwitterDonate to support this podcast

#NewWorldReport:  Caracas claims victory by 51%. Joseph Humire @JMHumire @SecureFreeSoc. Ernesto Araujo, Former Foreign Minister Republic of Brazil. #NewWorldReportHumire https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-american-leaders-react-venezuela-election-results-2024-07-29/ 1876 Simon Bolivar in Caracas

Despite being orphaned at a young age, Simon Bolivar was far from an orphan Annie character. Born into a wealthy Criollo family in 1783, his education continued before he made an extensive trip around Europe. While there, he was introduced to ideas of the enlightenment and events such as the French Revolution. Despite his ethnically Spanish roots, he returned to Venezuela determined to gain independence and establish a republic. In subsequent years he became involved in three separate Venezuelan republics whilst establishing himself as the de facto ruler of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia. The latter even named after him.  But his legacy is complicated. A proponent for the abolishment of slavery, for a time an ally of the newly independent Haiti, Bolivar while earning the moniker "The Liberator" was ultimately pushed out of power. In this episode I examine Bolivar's life with my guest, a leading expert on the subject -- his compatriot -- Prof. Tomas Helmut Straka Medina of the prestigious Andre Bello Catholic University of Caracas, Venezuela. Tomas explains the nuances of Bolivar's reign, his motivations and the context of the overall geopolitical situation. Guest:  Prof. Tomas Helmut Straka Medina Tomás Straka is a Venezuelan historian, author, and professor of history at the Andrés Bello Catholic University. He has authored various works, including "La voz de los vencidos," "Hechos y gente," "Un Reino para este mundo," "La épica del desencanto," and "La república fragmentada," among others. Straka holds a PhD in History from Andrés Bello Catholic University and has been a visiting scholar at prestigious institutions like the University of Chicago and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He is a member of the National Academy of History in Venezuela since 2016. Straka's contributions to Venezuelan history and academia are significant, reflected in his extensive bibliography covering various aspects of Venezuelan history and society. In addition to his academic endeavors, Straka is known for his involvement in preserving democratic memory in Venezuela, as highlighted in his work "Por el rescate de la memoria democrática en Venezuela." His role as a historian and essayist extends beyond academia, making him a prominent figure in discussions surrounding Venezuelan history and contemporary issues.   Twitter: @thstraka  Instagram: @ thstraka2   Music: Pixabay This episode is sponsored by World History Encyclopedia, one of the top history websites on the internet. I love the fact that they're not a Wiki: Every article they publish is reviewed by their editorial team, not only for being accurate but also for being interesting to read. The website is run as a non-profit organization, so you won't be bombarded by annoying ads and it's completely free. It's a great site, and don't just take my word for it they've been recommended by many academic institutions including Oxford University. Go check them out at WorldHistory.org or follow this link: World History Encyclopedia.

Before the Lieber Code and Geneva Conventions came a treaty between the Spanish Empire and Simon Bolivar's revolutionary forces in Colombia and Venezuela. The 1820 Treaty for the Regularization of War aimed at reducing the unnecessary suffering of both soldiers and civilians affected by armed conflict and occupation across a broader spectrum than any previous international agreements. However, despite the significance of such a development in international law, the treaty fell into relative obscurity after the Colombian War of Independence until being slowly reintroduced throughout the 20th century. In this post, graduate student Jacob Coffelt from the University of Padua explores what can be considered the birth of international humanitarian law in Latin America as well as the effects colonialism has had on its legacy. Using both historical and contemporary sources, he argues that the codification of modern principles of international humanitarian law had occurred decades prior to what is traditionally suggested.

Before Simón Bolívar, before José de San Martín, there was someone else. A man who fought for independence not only in South America but in France and the United States, and whose name is the ONLY American one (North or South) to be engraved in the Arc de Triomphe.I'm talking about Francisco de Miranda, who was born around this time of the year in 1750, and who pretty much got the independence efforts going in Venezuela and South America in general.Born into a Spanish family, Miranda actually fought for the Spanish armies at one point and protected this nation... but he soon found himself disagreeing with the Spanish occupation of the Americas and commenced a campaign that would end up becoming the world's biggest struggle for independence.Today, we dedicate this episode of the Learn Spanish with Stories podcast to Francisco de Miranda and his fight for freedom in the Americas. Enjoy.Transcript of this episode is available at: https://podcast.lingomastery.com/listen/1229

What lasts forever? Does love? Does death?... Nothing lasts forever.... Not even forever Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo, that's next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast.When I discovered this story I knew I had to narrate it, and that was before I discovered that it was written by a 15 year old descendant of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator of America. Bolivar led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.Homecoming appeared in If Worlds of Science Fiction magazine and they had this to say, “It's a story that might have come from one of America's more mature and experienced writers. Our assumption at first was that it did. But we were wrong. It's a “first published” story (in America) by a young man named Miguel Hidalgo who is all of 15 years old. At first we didn't believe it, but it was confirmed and we found ourselves with not only a “first” but one that was written by the youngest writer (to our knowledge) ever to break into science fiction.”Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Miguel came to the United States, in a basket, at the age of two months. Began writing poetry at the age of five and before he was ten he had published numerous short stories as well as poetry. He traveled the world with his mother, who was one of the first women diplomats from Venezuela to the United States. How's that for a bio.This story, and others like it, is the reason we created The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, to share with the world a story that has been forgotten. An undiscovered gem.From If Worlds of Science Fiction in April 1958, discover this forgotten treasure on page 59, Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo…Next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, Introducing that modest little superman, that shrinking violet of destiny, Ajax Calkins, and a world where you had to hop, in some way, to get where you wanted to go! Pogo Planet by Donald A. Wollheim☕ Buy Me a Coffee https://www.buymeacoffee.com/scottsV=========================== Merchandise

His saucer was parked in the woods, and Mr. Steariot (from Venus) was parked in the lobby.... Short Snorter by Charles Einstein, that's next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast.What does Willie Mays, Curb Your Enthusiasm, stuntman Super Dave Osborne and the 1991 movie Defending Your Life starring Albert Brooks, Meryl Streep and Rip Torn have to do with today's story? The answer coming up.Thanks for listening, sharing and commenting on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube or wherever you listen. Comments on our YouTube channel have exploded in the last few weeks. Mirzamay says “I am loving your channel! Thank you for the blast from the past and the great entertainment. Phenomenal quality podcast, one of the best!” Thank you @mirzamay! Thunderace4588 had this to say “How you narrate these stories makes the characters come to life for me. Thank you Scott Miller.” Thank you @thunderace4588! Commenting on The World That Couldn't be by Clifford D. Simak @chrisgale5634 says, “Simak was just brilliant. He is largely forgotten about these days, so it's great to honour his stories.” I agree chrisgale5634 and thanks for your comment. And harrygrimley4352 says “Narrator's voice is great. Makes me think of Casey Kasem.” Thanks harrygrimley4352 I hear that quite frequently and have heard it dating back to my days on the radio. As Casey Kasem was listened to by millions of adoring fans I accept your kind words as a huge compliment.Charles Einstein, the author of today's story was an author and sportswriter. He was born in Boston is 1926. He was a newspaperman, specifically a baseball writer and his 1979 book, “Willie's Time: Baseball's Golden Age,” telling of Mays's career and the events in American society when he starred for the Giants, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Einstein had two younger half-brothers, Bob and Albert. Bob Einstein was an actor, comedy writer and producer. He created and performed the character Super Dave Osborne and appeared on Curb Your Enthusiasm and Arrested Development. His brother and our authors half-brother was born Albert Lawrence Einstein, also known as Albert Brooks. The 1991 romantic comedy-fantasy film Defending Your Life, one of my favorite movies, was written, directed and starred Albert Brooks.There was a lot of talent in that family. Charles Einstein wrote several novels including, The Bloody Spur, on which the 1956 film While The City Sleeps, directed by Fritz Lang of Metropolis fame, was based. Charles wrote 5 short fiction stories in the late 1950s and early 60s. Look for his first short fiction story Tunnel 1971, written in 1957 in a future episode. Discover the third of Einstein's 5 stories on page 77 of If Worlds of Science Fiction in August 1958, Short Snorter by Charles Einstein…Next on The Lost Sci-Fi Podcast, we'll hear a story written by a teenage descendant of Simon Bolivar, What lasts forever? Does love? Does death?... Nothing lasts forever.... Not even forever Homecoming by Miguel Hidalgo

Welcome to The Daily Wrap Up, a concise show dedicated to bringing you the most relevant independent news, as we see it, from the last 24 hours (3/12/24). As always, take the information discussed in the video below and research it for yourself, and come to your own conclusions. Anyone telling you what the truth is, or claiming they have the answer, is likely leading you astray, for one reason or another. Stay Vigilant. !function(r,u,m,b,l,e){r._Rumble=b,r[b]||(r[b]=function(){(r[b]._=r[b]._||[]).push(arguments);if(r[b]._.length==1){l=u.createElement(m),e=u.getElementsByTagName(m)[0],l.async=1,l.src="https://rumble.com/embedJS/u2q643"+(arguments[1].video?'.'+arguments[1].video:'')+"/?url="+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+"&args="+encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify([].slice.apply(arguments))),e.parentNode.insertBefore(l,e)}})}(window, document, "script", "Rumble");   Rumble("play", {"video":"v4gauki","div":"rumble_v4gauki"}); Video Source Links (In Chronological Order): (22) Suppressed Voice. on X: "As Ramadan starts, I promise you we will NEVER forget all your lies. https://t.co/z9tVGrClgP" / X (27) Thomas Massie on X: "The so-called TikTok ban is a trojan horse. The President will be given the power to ban WEB SITES, not just Apps. The person breaking the new law is deemed to be the U.S. (or offshore) INTERNET HOSTING SERVICE or App Store, not the “foreign adversary.” https://t.co/iKtAQFGeQH https://t.co/P26hEbzQrf" / X New Tab Haiti Chaos, Israel's Blood Diamonds, The Widening Gaza Narrative Gap & Ongoing Palestinian Torture (70) The Last American Vagabond on X: "Are Haitian cannibal gangs terrorizing the country? We dug up the source and weigh the legitimacy for these claims. Is this sensationalist narrative a distraction? Watch More: https://t.co/lAHfyeCaX2 #Haiti #CannibalGangs #Propaganda #USForeignPolicy https://t.co/cALCh80raY" / X (65) Dan Cohen on X: "Why are we seeing a sudden disinformation campaign portraying Jimmy 'Barbecue' Cherizier as a cannibal? Watch how he treks through the slums of Haiti to ignite revolutionary consciousness among the masses, and you'll understand. Cherizier is trying to turn Haiti into a… https://t.co/HjqgAAlLSd" / X (20) Dan Cohen on X: "Many leftists denounce Jimmy Cherizier because his weapons, like all weapons in Haiti, come from the United States. Who else obtained their weapons in the U.S.? The Haitian revolutionaries who had been fighting alongside Simon Bolivar in Venezuela. (From Dr. Gerald Horne's… https://t.co/akFExPgOor" / X New Tab (71) Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur oPt on X: "This 10yo declaration is a stark reminder that "the war" did not start with the terrible day of 10/7. My last report (to be released soon) finds that the last Gaza assault has intensified methods of warfare used in other ISR's offensives, brining them to a new/unprecedented level" / X Joint Declaration by International Law Experts on Israel's Gaza Offensive | Global Justice in the 21st Century (35) RichPeopleWeekly on X: "@EylonALevy “they deal with the Arabs with hostility and cruelty, trespass unjustly, beat them shamefully for no sufficient reason, and even boast about their actions. There is no one to stop the flood and put an end to this despicable and dangerous tendency.” Asher Ginsberg on settlers~1900" / X (43) CHFJSTC on X: "@EylonALevy Eylon, respectfully, your Eastern European Zionist brethren invited Arab aggression in the 1920s. They arrived as immigrants and immediately demonstrated and rallied for a Jewish state - having been on the land for all of 2 minutes. The British concluded as such in their…" / X (20) ceyhun salcin on X: "@EylonALevy learn history. When the Christians killed all the Jews in Jerusalem and expelled them from Jerusalem. The second successor of Islam, Omar ibn al-Khattab, settled the Jews in Jerusalem. he protected them. So you are a liar Eylon. No one in history has treated you as well as… htt...

In conversation with Elisabeth Perez-Luna, contributor to The Philadelphia Inquirer and former Executive Producer of Audio Content at WHYY   The inaugural Literary Director of the Library of Congress, Marie Arana is the author of the National Book Award finalist American Chica, a memoir about her childhood in Peru and the United States that was praised for its ''spareness, clarity, and passion for allegory'' (The New York Times Book Review). Her other work includes the novels Cellophane and Lima Nights; a biography of Simon Bolivar that won the 2014 Los Angeles Times Book Prize; Silver, Sword, and Stone, a narrative history of Latin America; and The Writing Life, a collection of her articles for The Washington Post. In Latinoland, Arana employs hundreds of interviews, a prolific body of research, and her own experiences as a Latina to present an encompassing portrait of America's fastest-growing minority group. Because you love Author Events, please make a donation to keep our podcasts free for everyone. THANK YOU! The views expressed by the authors and moderators are strictly their own and do not represent the opinions of the Free Library of Philadelphia or its employees. (recorded 3/4/2024)

Two + hours of DramaFirst a look at this day in History.Then Dr Christian starring Gene Hersholdt, originally broadcast February 21, 1939, 85 years ago, Washington Had His Delaware. Dr. Christian takes on a group of anti-American youths in Rivers End. Followed by Escape, originally broadcast February 21, 1948, 76 years ago, Ancient Sorceries starring Paul Frees. A tale of the supernatural and witchcraft in a small Welsh town. Then The Adventures of Philip Marlowe starring Gerald Mohr, originally broadcast February 21, 1950, 74 years ago, The Ladies Night. Ladies' Night in a Turkish bath leads Marlowe to murder and blackmail. Followed by The Hallmark Hall of Fame, originally broadcast February 21, 1954, 70 years ago, Simon Bolivar, Liberator. A story of Simon Bolivar, the leader of revolutions agains Spanish rule in South America. Finally The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring John Stanley, originally broadcast February 21, 1949, 75 years ago, The Adventure of the Hangman and the Book. Thanks to Robert for supporting our podcast by using the Buy Me a Coffee function at http://classicradio.stream

This week on Royally Screwed, we're talking about Simon Bolivar. He's a man on a mission. That mission? Kick the Spanish Empire out of South America. And maybe become a dictator while he's at it.Subscribe for more episodes as they come.Twitter: @Denim_CreekInstagram: denimcreekproMusic:Intro/Outro: “Life O' the Lavish” - Jules Gaia, “Vapour” - Osoku, “Upbeat Stomp Rock” - Alexey Anisimov, “Smooth Passenger” - White Bones, “Reconcile” - Peter Sandberg, “Epic Cinematic Inspiration Piano” - ProtraxxCopyright 2023, Denim Creek Productions

Kup se książkę: zarubieza.pl/ksiazka Zapraszam na moje soszjale, gdzie wrzucam dodatkowe materiały: https://www.instagram.com/zarubieza/ https://www.facebook.com/Za-Rubie%C5%BC%C4%85-109949267414211/ I jeszcze twitter: https://twitter.com/mioszszymaski2 Jeśli chcesz wesprzeć moją twórczość, to zapraszam tutaj: https://patronite.pl/miloszszymanski buycoffee.to/miloszszymanski

Sie kämpfte an der Seite von Simón Bolívar für die Unabhängigkeit Südamerikas von spanischer Kolonialherrschaft. Die Revolutionärin rettete Bolívar sogar das Leben - und geriet doch lange Zeit in Vergessenheit.

Part 3! Bolívar is about to see all of his work during the admirable campaign come crashing down as the legion of hell bears down upon the republican forces. Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

Bolívar succeeds where others would surely fail and for that, his name would be added in the pantheon of great leaders of history, but at what cost?Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

As broadcast October 5, 2023 with plenty of love left over for all buskers everywhere.  Tonight we had another pair of exclusive interviews with current contestants at this year's Gwangju Busking World Cup.  First up is a very talented singer-songwriter in Daisy Chute, an American-British singer-songwriter born in Scotland now based in London.  Her playlist is a collection of artists she works with and respects highly, a collection of gorgeous organic indie folk and ambient orchestral soundscapes.  For hour 2, we welcomed an internationalist quartet based in Barcelona in S. Taki, who are led by Sergio Taki and accompanied by Nacho Padron, Diego Gonzalez, and Tommy Min.  All the members hail from different places in the world but work with one heart and mind, creating a multi-genre cumbia-centered sound in their work.  Great discussions with both of these very talented artists to watch out for at this year's Busking World Cup!#feelthegravityBusking World Cup 2023 Special #22023.10.05Tracklist (st:rt)Part 1 with Daisy Chute (00:00)Daisy Chute – Lion Eyesmidori jaeger – Breeze (Acoustic)Hannah White – Chains of OursMichele Stodart – Push & PullLady Nade – Everything Is FreeJacob Koopman – Ego  Part 2 (37:30)Daisy Chute feat Hannah Brine – Spirit of the Singers (Live)Beth Nielsen Chapman – This KissLara Eidi – SunFern Maddie – Ca' the YowesFlo Perlin – BaghdadMatt Kent feat Daisy Chute – Fly to You Part 3 with S. Taki (69:06)S. Taki – La SemilleraXavier Rudd – Follow The SunCelia Cruz – La Vida Es Un CarnavalManu Chao – Bongo BongRuben Blades – Amor y Control Part 4 (1:44:15)S. Taki – Verde RayaoLos Angeles Azules – Como Te Voy A Olvidar  Alonso Del Rio – Viejo TamborBad Religion – Sorrow 

Bolívar goes from a rich fanboy of the Enlightenment, then thrown into a divided revolution that will ultimately turn him into a general, who can't resist the masculine urge to lead forces against Spain. Join us for part 2! Sources: Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar.

Referred to as liberator of America, and by some as the South American George Washington, Simón Bolívar was a complicated hero. Join us for part 1, the early years of Simón's life. Sources: Arana, Marie. Bolívar: American Liberator. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014. Editors. “Simón Bolívar.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 20 July 2023, www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar. Editors. “Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 – Mapping Globalization.” Princeton University, The Trustees of Princeton University, commons.princeton.edu/mg/viceroyalties-in-latin-america-in-1780/. Accessed 1 Sept. 2023.

Who Was Simon Bolivar? Join us today as we learn about the man who dreamed of a free, unified South America. Sources: Varona, Frank De, and Gregory Copeland. Simón Bolívar: The Liberator. Scholastic, 2003. Send us listener mail!  Send an audio message: anchor.fm/inquisikids-daily/message  Send an email: podcast@inquisikids.com   

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire. His story is a grand one filled with tragedy, greatness, and betrayal. Join us for this deep dive. Travel to Italy With Me here Travel to Japan With Me here Bonus episodes as well as ad-free episodes on Patreon. Find us on Instagram. Join us on Discord. Submit your relatives on our website Join the Book Club on http://chirpbooks.com/history Get some delicious COFFEE Podcast Youtube Channel Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode of "Out of Office: A Travel Podcast," get ready for some high-altitude exploration as Ryan takes us to Quito! Learn about Simon Bolivar's significant other (who was both a lover and a fighter) and discover what qualifies as a tree worm. For more information on the places and experiences discussed in the podcast, check out the following links: Vanishing Postcards podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vanishing-postcards/id1544610020 Historic Quito (UNESCO World Heritage Site): https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/2/ Plaza de la Independencia (Plaza Granda) Basílica del Voto Nacional Basilica and Convent of San Francisco El Panecillo + Virgen de Quito Telefériqo - Quito: https://teleferico.com.ec/ Manuela Sáenz Museum: https://museo-manuela-saenz.negocio.site/ Guayasamín Museum: https://guayasamin.org.ec/ Mitad del Mundo Museo Templo del Sol Pintor Cristobal Ortega Maila Restaurants: Rincón de Francia Somos (featuring Chef Alejandra Espinoza) -Chontacuro (tree worm) dish: https://travelislife.org/chontacuro-eat-live-worms/ Urko Last Stop:  Ryan shares a study that shows the farther you wander, the happier you'll be (https://entrylevelrebel.medium.com/new-study-the-farther-you-wander-the-happier-you-will-be-7fbfafa556f), while Kiernan suggests checking out the WPA murals at United States post offices (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_post_office_murals).    

لَولا بوليفار، لما كانت أمريكا الجنوبية كما يعرفها العالم اليوم. هذه حكاية العسكري الفنزويلي سيمون دي بوليفار، الذي خاض حروبًا تاريخية ليستقلّ بقارّة كاملة عن الاستعمار الأوروبي، ورغم الهزائم المتتالية، ظلّ يستعيد إصراره ليحقّق ما حقّقه.هذه الحلقة من كتابة وتقديم بِشر النجار. من المتابعة محمود الخواجا، ومن التصميم الصوتي تيسير قباني. فريق النشر والترويج عمر خطاب وبيان حبيب.بودكاست «منبت» من إنتاج «صوت».مصادر:1- thefreelibrary.com/A+song+for+Bolivar.-a0180277641 2- britannica.com/biography/Simon-Bolivar 3- youtu.be/arDiHSSjY0U 4- youtu.be/P2jdX5PAdjM 5- radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/concordance-des-temps/simon-bolivar-encore-et-toujours-2262033 6- archive.org/details/bolivarmanimage/page/102/mode/2up 7- Vayssière P., Simon Bolivar, le rêve américain, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris, 20088- John Lynch - Simon Bolivar (Simon Bolivar)_ A Life-Yale University Press 2007 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This is it. The episode you've been waiting for… the long-awaited What If? episode, in which we travel through realities and find out what could have happened in Latin American history. Join Anthony and Li as they make use of a time machine to move across realities and witness the greatest moments of Latin American past, present and future transformed into something very different, with quite surprising outcomes... This special edition episode of the Learn Spanish with Stories will blow your mind – all while teaching you the best in Spanish fluency! Enjoy! Transcript of this episode is available at: https://podcast.lingomastery.com/listen/1160

There is a famous historic figure who eclipses most others who have ever existed in Latin America, especially South America. His glorious cause led to the liberation of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela, with this latter nation being the country where he was born. We're talking about Simón Bolívar, “el Libertador”. And the most interesting part about The Liberator is the fact that he was born into privilege – a young man with all of the wealth and support anyone could need – and still somehow found the drive and the passion to fight for the slaves, the natives and the downtrodden of South America. Find out more about this magnificent historic figure in the latest episode of the Learn Spanish with Stories podcast and enjoy! Transcript of this episode is available at: https://podcast.lingomastery.com/listen/1154

What is the difference between Neoliberalism and Neo-Capitalism, if there's a difference? Secondly, is there any similarity between Neo-Capitalism and Psuedo-Communism? Thirdly, Is it fair to describe psuedo-communists as s a "cult of Marxism"? Fourthly, what's the difference between Russia and China? Which American President compares closely with Simon Bolivar? I sat down with Professor Emeritus Dr. Martin Oppenheimer to review and discuss my upcoming Book, on which he's a Contributor, Neoliberal Globalization Reconsidered, which is the second edition to Neoliberalism, Globalization, Income Inequality, Poverty and Resistance. This discussions here are academic and delve into global, geopolitical, social and social movements. They are also general and introduce the considerations we are reconsidering in this second volume. The dialogue on this episode will be published an an article in The Neoliberal Post Pilot Project Academic Journal dubbed: Towards Developing a Caribbean Thought Journal and will be available in The Neoliberal Corporation Publication at www.theneoliberal.com. Dr. Oppenheimer begins the episode with a quick critique on the editing errors and then debates with me on whether there's a difference between Neoliberalism and Neo-Capitalism. We concluded that they are different yet Neoliberalism is a process of Neo-Capitalism called the "Bureaucratic Phenomenon" (See McKenzie, Renaldo, Neoliberalism... 2021). Further, we introduce the term/concept: Whenever there's a Black Rising there's a Backlash as a play upon words and cited examples of the black lash: The Burning of Black Wall Street in 1921 and later the Bombing of MOVE and a West Philadelphia street Osage on a peace mother's day while residents were asleep. In addition we talked about Russia and China as no longer part of the Global South with their level of development and explored where former Dependent Capitalist Countries are still Dependent such as in Mexico where they have achieved industrialization and have become modernized. Yet while China has eradicated abject poverty, many are still poor with high levels of poverty. Please Note: Students reading for the course Caribbean Thought at Jamaica Theological Seminary may benefit from the discussions here and may interact with the discourse as part of their their learning and may be source of reference or submitted as part of their reflections, interactions or research paper but should follow the college guidelines for documenting this audio source. Other students from other colleges may need to check with their professors or university before referencing this material. Credits: Rev. Renaldo McKenzie is the creator and host of The Neoliberal Round Podcast and an Adjunct Professor at Jamaica Theological Seminary facilitating the course Caribbean Thought. Renaldo is also President of The Neoliberal Corporation and Doctoral Candidate at Georgetown University, and graduated from The University of Penn. Professor Emeritus Dr Martin Oppenheimer was former Professor at Rutgers university and UPenn. Marty has written and edited several texts such as The State of Modern America, "Radical Sociologist and the Movement," "The Hate Handbook," "The American Military," etc. Subscribe for free on any platform and donate to us at https://anchor.fm/theneoliberal/support. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/theneoliberal/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/theneoliberal/support

The worlds media are doing their best to ignore what has been happening in Brazil following the Presidential Elections. Matthew Tyrmand is one of the worlds top investigative journalists and he has been one of the most outspoken in calling out this South American steal. A great many Brazilians are refusing to accept the election results, remember that Lula had his 12 year jail sentence overturned by the Supreme Court just so that he could run against Bolsonaro. After nearly 2 months of silence, Bolsonaro finally spoke to his people last week to say he would fight on and win. Join us this episode for all the latest and Matthew's expert analysis of the situation. #VivaBrazil Matthew Tyrmand is a journalist (both investigative and editorial), political strategist, activist, consultant, and investment banker. He is a dual Polish and American citizen deeply engaged in the battle of political ideas in both the USA and Europe. As an unabashed nationalist and populist, he is an outspoken critic of the European Union and American-engineered globalist multi-lateralism and is a consistent voice in the battle to take back Westphalian nation state sovereignty. In the U.S. he works closely with organizations focused on bringing robust fiscal transparency, prudence, and accountability to the public sector as well as rooting out corruption in both the public and private sectors. In Poland, where his father was a pivotal mid-20th century anti-communist writer and dissident (and Holocaust survivor) and later an informal advisor to Presidents Nixon and Reagan on defeating communism, Mr. Tyrmand frequently appears in mass media commenting on Polish, American, and European political issues and contributes twice a week to Polish Television's (TVP) main English language news commentary show. For several years he penned a weekly column for one of Poland's top conservative newsweeklies, Do Rzeczy. He has contributed to numerous English language platforms in the U.S. and Europe including, but not limited to; Breitbart, Forbes, The American Mind, The American Thinker, The American Conservative, The Jerusalem Post, The European Conservative, Big League Politics, Human Events, and numerous outlets in Poland including Wprost, Gazeta Polska, and SuperExpress in addition to authoring two books in the Polish market. He is an actively engaged board member of the guerilla journalism platform Project Veritas working closely alongside it's founder and leader, the modern-day muckraker, James O'Keefe on operations and strategy. Mr. Tyrmand is a Claremont Institute Lincoln Fellow, a Conservative Partnership Institute Haggerty-Richardson Fellow, and a member of the Philadelphia Society. Before getting involved in politics, policy, and activism, he spent his years after graduation from the University of Chicago as an analyst and trader on Wall Street, running equity long/short portfolios in the healthcare, tech, media, and telecommunications sectors for well known New York based hedge funds. Those who know him describe him as "enfant terrible" and describe his mouth as "a weapon of mass destruction." Follow and support Matthew on..... GETTR: https://gettr.com/user/MatthewTyrmand Twitter: https://twitter.com/MatthewTyrmand?s=20&t=DvFAH3osks4PFfPBfFDk0w Originally broadcast live 15.12.22 *Special thanks to Bosch Fawstin for recording our intro/outro on this podcast. Check out his art https://theboschfawstinstore.blogspot.com/ and follow him on GETTR https://gettr.com/user/BoschFawstin To sign up for our weekly email, find our social media, podcasts, video, livestreaming platforms and more https://heartsofoak.org/connect/ Please like, subscribe & share! Transcript of episode (Hearts of Oak) And it's an absolute pleasure to have Mr. Matthew Tymrand back with us once again. Matthew, thank you. (Matthew Tyrmand) Good to be with you, Peter. It's a pleasure being with you. Last time you blew up Sweden, now it's Brazil's turn. So, I think we talked about Sweden, France, Germany, all the sovereignist movements in Europe. It was Europe. I guess now Latin America's my beat. Now you're going Latin. All good. (HoO) You can follow Matthew, of course, at Matthew Tymrand on GETTR, on Twitter, and he is regularly on War Room giving an update of what's happening. I think Matthew and Gateway Pundit are the two main sources for actually getting an update on what's happening in Brazil. But Matthew, Brazil, the elections were the second and 30th of October with the 30th being the runoff. It's been six weeks ago and you've been on this from day one, day to day following it. Do you want to give us an overview of what's happened before we get into some of the nitty gritty stuff. (MT) Sure. So I've been following Brazil. I never expected Latin America to be my beat as we discussed last time. I've got Polish family roots, Polish citizen, a lot of time in Europe working, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain. You know, Europe's my beat, you know, working right wing party, covering... Populist movements, Sovereign Justice movements. But last year in September, 2021, I went down to CPAC Brazil to speak about media and other issues and was with Jason Miller. And we met with Jair Bolsonaro, and set up a meeting for us. And that was widely covered. And we were detained at the airport by the Supreme Court, which as we'll discuss is not really a court as much as a dictatorship, a bunch of political appointees who are running rough shot over Brazilian constitution and rule of law. They detained us and interrogated us and wanted to know who we met with and wanted us to literally write down names of politicians, journalists, activists, very Stasi-like so that they could be added to the enemies list. Obviously we declined to take part in such exercise, but we were held there and we were finally let go. And I sort of wanted to understand what just happened there. I knew it was bad. I knew that there was a strong bifurcation in Brazilian society along political lines, much like the US, much like Poland, much like many countries in Europe and the West. And what I discovered in the following eight, nine months was as it really did deep dives into the people, the players, the politics, that it is been a judicial dictatorship and autocracy by the judiciary. Judges in theory, judges are supposed to adjudicate rule of law, constitutionality, especially at the Supreme Court level. And here you had a Supreme Court led by a guy who was appointed by the same political cabal as Lula De Silva, the guy who just ran against Bolsonaro for president. And by background, he was president before. And he was convicted of many crimes. Public corruption was sent to prison. But he appointed a lot of judges before that, and after he went to prison, his vice president slash chief of staff, Chief of Staff there, sort of the second in line to the throne in the executive branch, Dilma Rousseff, she served as president for a few years before she was ensnared in the same corruption game, the very famous Operation Car Wash, where the Marxists, and they really are, Sao Paulo Forum Marxists, people that sort of come from the same sort of ideological bent, and this includes Chavez and Maduro, and we'll go through some of the Forum Sao Paulo people, that have swept Latin America. But she was also convicted and impeached. And then Temer came in and served out the rest of her time before Bolsonaro was elected. Now, all these judges on the Supreme Court, not all of them, two were appointed by Bolsonaro and eight were appointed by Lula, Dilma and Temer, Lula and Dilma, eight, and then Temer was one. Alexander de Marais, this Supreme Court head, was appointed by Temer, a former Sao Paulo prosecutor. And he basically prosecutes from the bench. And he has given this court, just, you know, Audubon Bismarck said politics is the art of the possible. He's just taking control. These are not endowed rights, constitutionally endowed rights that the court has. But as I wrote about in this long article that I erred to really break down this dynamic ahead of the election a week or so ahead of the first round of the Brazilian election, I wrote this or published this in September. The first round was October 2nd, as you noted. And I wrote that these are guys that if you could roll up the powers in the U.S. Corollary would be the Supreme Court on a constitutional law basis, the prosecutors like the heads of the DOJ, or Justice Minister in European parliamentary parlance, the head of the prosecutor's office, the head of the investigative criminal division. They've got subpoena power. They've got a law enforcement that they have taken over, like an FBI or an MI5, I think it would be, in the UK, where it would be domestic criminality, the Police that would come and have sort of jurisdictional rights, federally, nationally, as opposed to locally. And you rolled up all these powers in the US, like Sonia Sotomayor and Eric Holder and Jared Nadler and Merrick Garland and legislative members of the legislature who are political animals. You rolled up all these powers, you would have Marais in the Supreme Court. And so of course, they're running rough shot over Brazilian society with these powers in their hands. They're censoring journalists, they're arresting journalists. They are Censoring politicians from Bolsonaro's camp and they're arresting them. Over the last two to three years they've been at war with the right. Everything that the right accuses them of, they then get convicted of. They say the right says the court is assaulting democracy and Constitutional law, so then they get arrested for the charge of assault on democratic institutions. If you criticize the court for overreaching, for abusing its power, then they actually arrest you or censor you, force you to be de-platformed by big tech under the guise of it's an assault on, institutional democracy, which is incredible projection. We know the left likes to project, but I mean, this is whole new levels of evil hypocrisy in a political sphere. So they've put politicians under house arrest, journalists. There's a journalist who has been in exile in, in the US. Recently, Marais revoked his passport. They tried to execute an Interpol red notice against him because of what he writes. Again, journalism, writing. This is not violence. This is not calls for coups or insurrection. This is him writing very, very well-founded in constitutional law about their overreach. And so they tried to get Interpol to arrest him in the US and extradite him to Brazil so they can put him in prison. Obviously, Interpol declined to execute this red notice because they saw the frivolity and the abuse that was inherent in it. So I mean, that's sort of like how we entered into this election cycle and at the same time. Very important to note, Lula De Silva was convicted by three separate courts long before Bolsonaro was appointing any judges anywhere. This was 2015-16, the trials, convicted by three separate courts, 12 charges, 19 judges, 19 judges across three courts, so like tribunal instead of juries, it's you know a bunch of judges on a panel, unanimously voted to convict him. You know people 2012, when he was pushed out of office there were protests in the street and the military helped defend those protests because they saw what he was doing it was widely exposed that he was selling state assets to China for cash in bags laundering it through car wash chain of car washes owned by this party's friends that's hence the name operation car wash and it was his judges that he appointed or his subsequent president appointed or the subsequent president to that appointed, who let him out of prison, vacated his sentences and then annulled the convictions and expunged his record. So let him out of prison, annulled the sentences, first pending never-ending appeal, claiming that the courts didn't have jurisdiction. Now he was convictable in any court in the country because he stole from the whole country. So that's a canard, total bullshit. And then they just said, pending never-ending appeal, you're now free. And then as the appeals started, which never really went through, because before there ever was an appeal heard, they vacated and annulled and expunged his record. And why is that important? Because in Brazil, there's a law, if you're a convicted felon, you cannot run for office. (HoO) So, I mean, this seemed to be that the Supreme Court wanted Lula to run. I mean, a 12-year sentence suddenly disappears under the orders of the Supreme Court, so he can run. (MT) 580 days out of a 12-year sentence he served, and he got off light because there should have been many, many more prosecutions. And there might have been had this not played out because they were always discovering more stuff on the public corruption, whether selling state assets, diverting state funds to friends, including the mainstream media, who are truly died in the wool leftists and Marxist sympathizers. You saw on election night, when they announced it for Lula, claps, there were two places where there were audible cheers. The newsrooms of the mainstream press and the prisons. There are videos of of the prisons and everybody in the prisons is clapping and whoop, whoop, whooping about Lula. His base is narco Traficant, he even wears a hat from a from a famous Rio de Janeiro guerrila narco trafficking group called CPX He wore the hat in his limited campaigning, he couldn't really campaign too wide because everybody knows hes a corrupt convicted felon and he would be met with jeers, even when he was certified on Monday there was nobody there supporting him and the one thing the leftists do really well is they go to the streets and they protest, they turn them out, they frequently astroturf. They try to make themselves look bigger and more prevalent than they really are in terms of representation in society. Meanwhile, you've got 10 million Brazilian patriots by my estimate over the last 46 days now on the streets of every city in Brazil and predominantly obviously Brasilia the capital but also Rio, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, even places that are leftist strongholds in the north like Recife, Bahia, everywhere. And the revolution will not be televised. None of the global mainstream press is covering it all. The largest human manifestations in at least a democratic country, maybe during the late stages of communism, when people went to the street in places like Hungary, and Czech Republic and Poland, there might've been comparable numbers per capita. And remember Brazil, big country, six largest country in the world, third largest economy in the Western hemisphere, and second largest country in the Western hemisphere after US, Canada, then Brazil, massive 220 million people. And you have a measurable amount of representation per capita on the streets, rain, shine, monsoon, whatever. They're there a lot of times outside military barracks, praying and begging the military to come and save them. And this is a point Bolsonaro made that I'm absolutely co-opted and using in a speech he gave at. He invited the protesters into the grounds of the Alvarado Palace, the White House, Buckingham Palace, the presidential residence. He gave a speech last Friday, then did a demonstration and a prayer vigil on Sunday and then another one on Monday. And by the way, letting, I mean how populous is that, letting people into the presidential grounds so that he could, you know, walk up, hug people. And by the way, he could walk through a crowd and nobody would hurt him. They would hug him, they would love him. Lula cannot go anywhere without 100 plus security guards because everyone wants to rip him shred from shred, limb from limb like Gaddafi. And the police who are on his detail are tipping off the protesters where he is so they come and protest with, like when he was at a hotel last week or a week and a half ago meeting Jake Sullivan, Biden's national security advisor, because obviously they're part of the fix. Global leftism works together. If the military does not act, if they do not invoke Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution, which is very constitutionally fitting and relevant here, it says in separated power, disputes, which certainly exists right now between the judiciary and the executive branch, as well as election fraud, they have a constitutional right to audit the election, and in their attempt to do so, the TSE, a subsidiary court to the Supreme Court, the STF, blocked them out. They wouldn't give them the machines, they wouldn't give them the source code, they wouldn't give them the tabulation data. So they have very much grounds to act and stabilize society and the Constitution says the military is the stabilizing force in society because they're the institution that's most governed and built up by the fundamentals of hierarchy and discipline and order. And if you notice on Brazilian flag, it's ordum and and progress, so order and progress. So you can't have progress unless you have order. And if you look at Latin America's history, military coups, you know, there was one 1965 that lasted 20 something years. They have a lot of belief in rule of law at this stage. Brazil is one of the most successful constitutional republics in terms of really taking to Western classical liberal standards of rule of law and freedom. They do not have the unfettered First Amendment the US has, but they do have the right to assemble and protest and use their voice, that's constitutionally protected. And then as they're trying to exercise that, Marais, who by the way is also the head of the TSC, the Supreme Electoral Court. So the subsidiary court that oversees the elections. So the Chicanery, the pure evil, I mean, they're arresting now indigenous peoples who have become protest leaders. Indigenous peoples saw they were disenfranchised because they were historically left-wing voters. All their votes in many of these precincts went to Lula, even though they physically voted for Bolsonaro. And they say, what gives? The left has used them as a tool, a device for pushing their agenda for generations. They petitioned the UN committee on indigenous rights and said, hey, what gives? You're supposed to protect their indigenous rights. But I guess that only works if we vote the right way, which is left. So they've been ignored. And now they're arresting them. arrested, they violently arrested one of the major guys, the chief of the Givenchy tribe on Monday after certification, in what I believe is an attempt to try and get the protesters to increase and escalate their volatility and then inject violence. And the left did inject violence. Antifa came in, very few, but enough that they burned some buses, burned some cars, broke some windows. And of course Reuters took Globo, which is sort of CNN of Brazil, major mainstream media, dominant media player, took their account. Bolsonaro protesters are violent and you know, set fire to cars and break windows of cars. And by the way, every car window that was broken had a Brazilian flag on it or the symbol of this movement. The Brazil was stolen flag, which is Brazilian flag that's black and white with Brazil was stolen on it. And so those are the windows getting broken, and there were even gas masks. I mean, in 45 days, 46 days, there had not been a single incidence of violence, vandalism, arson, and you know how we know there wasn't a single incidence? Because if there was even a single incidence, it would be the only thing Globo was running and the only thing they're sending to their their fellow traveling useful idiot leftist Marxists across the globe whether that's Reuters or BBC or Washington Post, New York Times, but it's been crickets. It's been crickets, in the New York Times did run a few reports, dispatches by Jack Nikis, their correspondent at Brazilian, saying that it's a little bit worrisome about the powers that Marais has taken and abused, censoring politicians. At the same time, the courts previously said that Bolsonaro should be held criminally liable for blocking trolls on his Twitter, as the same court is saying, and personal Twitter, the same court is saying, we can remove the voices of anybody we claim, as assaulting democratic institutions by criticizing us, including Villa-Kesis, one of the leading senators, major parliamentarians, House of Deputies, lower house members of the legislature, Gustavo Guyer, Nicholas Ferreira, Carlos Zambelli, tons of journalists today. They just arrested four more journalists, a mixture of journalists, a pastor and an elected. I think it was two journalists, pastor and elected. Four more arrests. So, you know, Marais has said that if the protesters stay out there, they're going to start proceedings to take away protesters' kids because they say it's child abuse. Obviously, lefties, you know, brainwash their kids and bring them to all sorts of manifestations, frequently violent ones, if you look at the Antifa types. So it's pretty fucked up there. It's pretty fucked up. (HoO) Where does Bolsonaro, because Bolsonaro basically was silent for like 45 days and suddenly had, not press conference, but he engaged with his supporters. That was on what, Friday, Saturday? And that was the first time he stepped in and said, no, we're going to win. We're going to fight this. (MT) Why didn't they say that directly? It's not in his hands. I know a lot of people around him. I've got very good sources, whether it's military people, legislative people, executive branch people in the ministries, as well as around Bolsonaro advisors. I'm getting some really good feel. Nobody's telling me anything directly because it's so fog of war. Nobody knows. Of course, when you're talking to government sources, everybody has their own agenda and strategy, so you'll hear a lot of different things. I'll talk to one guy who says, no, we're acting tomorrow. We're going to do this. Another guy goes, nothing's happening. Another guy says, we're going to do it this way in three days, and by the way, these things are probably in motion. They're just trying to push their strategy that they want and have me run it out as a reflexive sort of, you know, create a self fulfilling prophecy through the media. But the timeline is important. Bolsonaro did not concede the night of, he did not concede the next day. On Tuesday, he came out at three o'clock or two o'clock and gave a little press conference, spoke for two minutes and said, follow the constitution, we will follow the constitution. You know, if you believe protesting is warranted in assembling, that's your constitutional right, go to it. Then his chief of staff, who was kind of a technocrat, said we're gonna follow the transition protocols, also constitutionally, but that wasn't a concession. That was them just trying to figure out what their move would be. They were gonna engage in this audit. The military was blocked out in their audit. In the meantime, there's been lots of fraud discovered. Their political party, the Liberal Party, party of the party of the liberal, Bolsonaro's party, put their own report together about fraud and what did the court do with it? They fined the party 22 million reais, about four or five million bucks, and put the head of the party, who is an elder statesman in Brazilian politics, been around for generations, a very serious guy, nobody has ever accused of anything untoward, put him on a criminal law, the same fake news investigation list he's been writing, so put them on the criminal list, that they're gonna investigate him for criminal activity. Now, by the way, they're adding all sorts of other people, Bolsonaro's former cabinet members and previous in the first part of government. Now they're going on criminal lists where they're gonna be investigated by this court. There's no grounds, there's no due process, there's no probable causes we have on the US constitutional basis for such things. But hey, Marxists do what Marxists do, communists do what communists do, we've seen that all over the world. So the timeline, go back to the timeline. So he didn't say anything for a couple of days, then he went silent. A couple of times he went out, waved, moved through people, but no public statements, and I think that was smart. This is not about Bolsonaro. This is what I've tried to drum home, whether it's on Tucker Carlson or on Vantage show or on Emerald Robin show or whoever. That this is not about Bolsonaro. This is about the Brazilian constitution, the Brazilian transition in power, Brazilian elections. This is not a cult of personality. Bolsonaro, if the military acts is not gonna be engaged in a coup, this would be a quelling of a coup by the judicial dictatorship, with the military has a constitutional right to do, to defend against the sovereignty and against the sovereigns enemies, the nation states enemies, foreign and domestic, within and without. They have buffered the borders because Venezuela and Chile keep threatening that if Lula's not seated, they're gonna invade. These are one team, one dream communists. Shaba's in school. But then last Friday, he gave a speech, and then Sunday, the vigil. And in between the time, there've been some military edicts signed, expanding the reserves a week ago, and the site crashed the second they put up a site saying, if you want to be in the Brazilian reserves, and the site crashed within moments because it was so overwhelming. They just passed one yesterday, or Bolsonaro and the Defense Ministry pushed through one yesterday, about mobilization of emergency food suppliers and expedited contracting process. Tells me something's kind of up, and people I know in the military, connected to the military have been absolutely quiet with me, which by the way is a good thing, I got a big mouth, I am who I am. I'm a journalist. If I know something, I'm probably gonna run it out. So it's good they're silent with me on this. If they're gonna bring something to bear in this process, then they should be doing it by the book, by their way, and not leaking it to me or anybody in the Western or domestic media. That being said, the military has moved. There are videos all over. Yesterday morning at 4.30 a.m., what was described as, well, you know, drills or practice or, you know, routine practicing, whatever they call it, right by the Venezuelan border columns, and columns of soldiers, you know, because Venezuela is a risk point, as is Peru, as is Colombia, as is Chile. They're all led by the same millier South Paliform Marxists. And we'll go into South Paliform in a moment. So the military's moving, there've been firefights in the favelas with what's rumoured to be Venezuelan paramilitary operators that moved through these sort of drug trafficking networks. Cause if you recall, you know, Venezuela's laden with that just as Columbia was with FARC. And there's another FARC like Narco trafficking paramilitary guerrilla group that Petro, the new head of Columbia was a long time member of. So the South Palo form where all these people were incubated, people have to recall It was founded in 1990 by two people, Lula and Fidel Castro. Tells you a lot, tells you a lot. 1990 because in 89 to 91, The Soviet Union was falling. Soviet Union was the big funder of Cuba and all the Latin American, Marxist guerilla movements to try and create an Orwellian style, continental nation state construct, In Orwell were three major nation states, Eurasia, Oceania and whatever the other one was, and so this always been the vision for the latin american marxist.Simon Bolivar . He's he is to you know, whoever politically who they want him to be the conservatives hold up the Bolivarians, Bolivarianism as the Marxists do but Marxist Bolivarianism suggests we have to break down all the borders of Latin America of South America and just make one continental super state led. Of course by Marxist is right out of Orwell So Palo forum was formed when Soviet Union money stopped coming in, Cuba needed you know, how do we, you know operate this build this out Marxist workers of the world unite, so Lula and Fidel got together and all sorts of other criminals from across that continent and they incubated such wonderful political leaders and talent as Hugo Chavez Ava Morales RC, the Mora, Bolivia. Uh, Fuji Mari had some connections certainly Castillo who just tried to run this coup last week and dissolving congress, dissolving legislature, South California, the Kirchners, I mean Fernandez, I mean it's a who's who of the war, Ortega, I mean if there's a Marxist in Latin America who was incubated by South Calif and the head of the South California in Brazil, a woman named Monica Valente, she's a part, they even use words like party secretary, it's like they, when people tell you who they are, believe them, party secretary, she's head of Lula's transition now, and she said early on, right after October 30th. We need to protect Brazil's democracy like we have to protect Maduro's hard-fought Venezuelan democracy. And they really believe it. They really believe that Venezuela is the kind of democracy they'd like to make Brazil. So the Brazilian people aren't stupid. Modern history, pre-modern history, they know Latin American history, communism, and all across Latin America. What's happened in Venezuela? What just happened in Chile with Boerich and other young Marxist revolutionaries from the South Hallow Forum and Petro in Colombia? They know it. They haven't lost the plot. They get it. And we will never be communist is one of their refrains. Give us paper ballots is another one. Give us auditable ballots. And that's a whole great, you know, sock we can get into. Bolsonaro pushed it as a congressman and got a paper balloting bill, a backup paper ballot against the machines. So you have the machines, but you also have a paper ballot printout. That thing gets locked for audit purposes. And so when I was in Brazil last September, there was tons of chance in the freedom Independence Day March, give us paper ballots, give us audible ballots. Bolsonaro as a congressman, and I think it was 2016, maybe it was a little over 15, got a bill passed, which by the way, getting bills passed in Brazilian legislature, very, very tough. I mean, there's essentially, I put it on a spectrum of five different, it's like parliamentary politics, there's dozens of parties, but there's really five cohorts. You've got far right, centre right, centre, centre left and far left. So figure 20% give or take. By the way, going forward in this next session, far right and centre right are dominant because Bolsonaro down ballot pulled everybody over the line, governors, senators, lower house legislators. It was like unheard of level of galvanized unity and performance for the right in Brazil. So the fact that he lost to Lula, we all know it's bullshit. We all, there's no way. None of these politicians even exist except for his endorsement. And they won overwhelmingly in places that were left to stronghold for 50 years. That they're now gonna be led on the provincial level and the federal level state-wide by Bolsonaro people, whether they're far right or centre right. But they're all together one thing, anti-communist, anti-socialist, anti-South Paulo Forum, anti-China, anti-globalist. They believe in Brazilian sovereignty and they believe in God, which does bring them together. But so, so Bolsonaro gets this bill passed, Dilma Rousseff is president, so I guess it was pre-16. She vetoes it. Back to legislature and the Congress overrode her veto with a super super majority. Never happens. So then what happens, Supreme Court comes out, by the way, her veto was predicated on something I find hilarious. It's like truth is stranger than fiction with these idiots. She vetoed it because it would cost too much to put a printer, a hundred dollar printer next to their $20,000 voting machine. So she said, Oh, no, fiscally it would be irresponsible. Have you ever noticed socialists or communists to cite fiscal policy as to why they shouldn't Spend money, spend government money? Of course not, it's a fig leaf, it's a canard, it's ridiculous. So Supreme Court takes this congressionally overrode veto legislation and they nix it on constitutional grounds, but on bullshit. They said it would open up privacy concerns. Now at the same time, by the way, I've exposed with Argentinian forensic analyst, Fernando Ceramito, who's hiding in Argentina because they wanna really go at him, because he's exposed huge amounts of fraud, from day three after the election, we expose that Oracle has a undisclosed contract to suck up everybody's private data. So all the voting data, all the personal data, the Ministry of Information is being run out of the electoral court overseen by Marais. So more corruption, more communists, stasi tactics, they've got the Praetorian Guard and the federal police force who are arresting indigenous peoples and journalists and harassing Miller, Jason Miller and myself when we were in Brazil, detaining us, surveilling us, which the mainstream press had the day before we left that broke all the news wires there that we were being surveilled from the moment we landed, which I told them, I mean, like I've dealt with stuff Poland and Central Europe, which has been time in Ukraine, Ive spent time all over the place. So I said, we're probably being surveilled. He goes, Whatever. I said, then when that news story broke, he goes, he was like, Oh, well, you're right. And I said, well, probably gonna be detained at the airport tomorrow. And he goes, Oh, shit, I go, no, it's gonna be good. Be great. Made a big international incident. I credit Mariah for getting me off the side-lines. I wouldn't, I wouldn't have been doing jack shit on Brazil. I wouldn't have been doing, you know, deep dives into the forum and the who appointed the judges and who their friends with and what laws they're breaking and who they put in prison unjustly and under house arrest. I wouldn't have any edge on Brazilian politics and society if it wasn't for Marais detaining us and me getting intrigued. I don't like getting detained illegally. So I like to punch back. So here we are. So now I've been doing 10 to 20 hours of press today. So as a lot of Brazilians say, they want to if the military comes in and they they circumvent Lula and the completion of this coup that's been run out of the, judicial dictatorship, then there's I think there'll be a push to give me honour citizenship, which I'd be all about. I love Brazil. I love the Brazilian people. Brazilian women are the most beautiful women in the world. The food is like the best food in the world. The weather, the cities, just the whole, the people are just so awesome. They're so thoughtful. They're so intelligent. They're so motivated to protect their society. They understand the difference between rule of man and rule of God, higher natural law, and even the truckers, the truckers blockaded, these wasn't like Canadian trucker blockades, and all due respect to the Canadians, they do a great job on that. But they got busted up pretty quickly and it wasn't a huge amount of population saying we're going to we're willing to stay here forever how long it takes. The Brazilians are willing to blockade the ports and the roads and the major arteries. Brazil's one, sixth of the world's food supply. They're willing to blockade it forever if need be. They're willing to starve to protect their sovereignty because they know that if they lose it, if they lose their their constitutionally protected natural rights of natural law and their constitutional rights that that have been. That they work toward and building a robust constitutional republic if they lose that, it's gulags. I think the military knows that too. I think the military, but Lula even said last week, he even publicly stated who he's going to replace all the high command military generals with, his communist cronies. So if they're not motivated to act, then you know what, to be honest, they deserve to go to the gulag. They deserve to have their hands up. (HoO) Tell me more about the military, and I love Brazil as much as you and I've only been once, but a beautiful country. But tell me about the military, where do they fit in? Where is the clash? Where is their allegiance? I mean, you've talked about the legal side, about the Supreme Court and the battles legally, which reminds me of the same situation in the US in the 2020 elections. But over the military, which is again quite different, and I guess from anyone in the West, you don't think the military has been separate from the government or separate from the judicial is just all in one. But I guess Latin America is quite different. So where did the military fit into this? Cause I read a number of reports, the military being on the sidelines, what does that mean? And who are they accountable to? (MT) The military had, you know, a 65 page report about the, the, the elections and saying, you know, we can't prove fraud yet because you won't give us the machine source code of tabulation data, but it certainly doesn't look good. And the fact that you're blocking us out, the military and you know, Latin America's got this history of communism, then reaction back. And Pinochet was an anti-communist reactionary. He threw the communists from helicopters, which I would never condone until watching, until getting to know Brazil. To be honest, Marais and these judges who have so subverted rule of law and arrested their political enemies, just as bad, just on a level of the Soviet Union, of Stalin, of Khrushchev, of Brezhnev, of Lenin, of Jurginsky. I mean, they are ends justify the means leftist and the corrupt as shit. I mean, the Politburo will live well. You know, Animal Farm, you know, the Napoleon and Snowball will live high on the hog. And these people are totally corrupt. Their friends are going to feed and everybody else, they'll rob the wealth of the country, sell to China, give it to help buffer Cuba. You remember when Lula was there, last time he was giving Petrobras, Petrobras was a big center of the biggest company in the country. the state oil giant and they were helping buffer and support Cuba and Venezuela and selling to China. So this is a repeat. I think the military knows, given the history, there's a lot of generals who actually have not remained silent. They're not running their mouth off the way I do, the way Miller does, or the way our friends who are analysts, journalists, and political activists do, they're military guys. And by the way, Bolsonaro was a career military guy before entering politics. But they have made public statements. One of them, and a lot of these military guys have also gone into politics when they retire, very senior guys. So there's a very strong connection ideologically and politically. But there are some scumbag military guys as well. There were four guys that Paolo Figurito, an exiled journalist here in Florida who's left Brazil because he can't go back for the same reasons that Alonso Santos is exiled in Virginia. That's who they put the red notice for, revoked his passport. By the way, they've also revoked issuance of new passports because I think they don't want anyone to escape the impending communism because they want to go after everyone. I mean, this is a court that was airing private businessmen's WhatsApp messages when they were bashing the court and saying we defend Bolsonaro. So they publicized it and then they tried to arrest them. Business guys, just normal guys, not breaking any laws, just saying the court's really running amok. Okay, we're gonna subpoena the stuff because they hear about it and they leak it and then they air it all. I mean, really dirty pool, Soviet style tactics, Stasi style tactics. But Paulo Figueredo named three or four generals who were trying to push back on any military guys, who were saying we should invoke Article 142, we need to take action, saying, no, no, we'll be fine under Lula. Trust us. Palo named them publicly and effectively took them off the field. And there have been rumors in the last couple of days that they'll be fired in the next few days by the Defense Ministry in Bolsonaro. Hopefully they will. Also important to note that Bolsonaro has still elevated other generals There have been ceremonies that have gotten publicized, putting the new rank on the chest of a couple of naval guys, a couple of generals. So there is movement, but there are a few very senior generals. And by the way, Brazil is the most social media engaged country in the world. So when you lose your social media voice, whether you're a politician or whoever you are, it's a big deal there. And some of the politicians who have been leading the charge, calling out the court, who have lost it, the generals have said, that is unconstitutional. One general who was a running mate for Bolsonaro, Hamilton Mourao, a political guy now, very well respected. And again, because Brazil has so much social media engagement, these generals have like 2 million followers. They have as many followers as the party leaders, the legislature leaders in the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the legislature. So they have gravitas when they say something. Hamilton Mourao was the first one to come out. This was a few weeks ago. This was right after the second round. And he said, he cited on the anniversary, the 87th anniversary of a communist insurgency, the first one in Brazil in 1935 that came from within the military. He said, we put that one down and we are on guard. We are ever vigilant. Another one said, echoed those statements a few days later. Another general said, load up on food, gas and cash, which tells you a little bit of something. Just said public announcement, public service announcement, load up on food, fuel and cash. I mean, that kind of tells you something. I think something's coming. I think they were waiting. I was incorrect in my initial assessment about the certification, which is very equivalent to the January 6th in the US with a certified president. And that's when they had Antifa come down from the hills and set buses on fire. And Reuters said, Bolsonaro supporters are setting buses on fire. Meanwhile, there's video of some of the guys who had, they turned out the next day that some of these guys they found and they were paid 200 Riyals to do it. They were vagabonds. They were homeless drifter, grifter types. And then there were some guys yelling. ...... Which means out-Bolsonaro. So, I mean, you know, but Reuters, without uncritically, unanalytic ally, just runs out what Globo says. Globo's even said, I mean, to give you an example, how corrupted this media is. They're all in the tank with the court. The court says we now need to arrest the First Lady because she was beating the protesters, aiding and abetting the illegal protests, which, by the way, are not illegal. I mean, it's a real mess. I mean, you see, and it's been so fluid. Gateway Pundit's been great on writing the stuff. It says, plug, Richard Abelson there has been covering like crazy. We talk every day. We compare notes on our sources. And I've been doing a lot of this stuff, the talking, the live action, Tucker, Bannon, you, Emerald, Gaffney on, Senator CSP, just tons of this stuff, live streams on GETTR. So, you know, very, very fluid. Another, point I do want to make just to show you how big the fix was in. In November, all eight of the Dilma and Lula and Temer appointed justices, went to New York for a meeting at the Harvard Club. They convened a conference with the incoming Lula cabinet ministers. By the way, he's supposed to be separate powers. Judges supposed to judge the law and not party with their communist cronies. After they certified him, Lula the other day, Marius and a bunch of them went and partied with a well-known, together, Lula and them. With a well-known communist lawyer, like a major communist figure down there. So, but in November in New York at the Harvard club, they convened this conference with the incoming Lula cabinet ministers and these eight communist Marxist, Sao Paulo forum, Lula, Dilma, Temer appointed judges. They booked the room well before the second round of the election months ago. They knew, they knew. And for the, you would even say that if you're in Brazil, you lose your social media. Are you even getting potentially arrested as they're doing now? So the certification, my mistake on timing was, I thought that the certification was less of a formality and more of a big deal. And what I've learned since is it's not the only big deal is does Lula walk up the ramp as they say, That's the sort of terminology. Walk up the ramp and the equivalent of a swearing in for the president where he puts his hand on the Bible in the US, walk up the ramp and accept the sash and become anointed head of state. And that's right after New Year's Day. So that'll be January 2nd or January 3rd. I think January 2nd, Monday, January 2nd. By the way, the certification was supposed to be this coming Monday, the 19th, but the electoral court moved it up to the 12th. No constitutional allowance for that exists. They just did it. Again, they are very Bismarckian. Politics to the art of the possible. Just do it, and hey, see what happens, come at me bro." So they did the certification on Monday, and after the certification Marais gave a public statement saying, mission assigned, mission accomplished. I mean, it's like, they don't even hide what they're doing, and that if you criticise them and point out the granular fallacy of it all, then you get arrested. I mean, it's right out of Sovietism. It's pretty nuts. (HoO) Where does the pressure come? Because there isn't any pressure from surrounding countries in Latin America. Democracy works to varying degrees in different countries. (MT) It's pressure from Venezuela, Colombia under Petro, Chile under Boric, Peru, that they better seat Lula or they're going to invade. Another reason you're seeing military moving around the countries from the Chocos and securing the borders. But they have no allies, which is insane. I mean a couple of people, Ted Cruz gave a moderately sympathetic statement, but none of the politicians in the West and the US and Europe, nobody even knows what's going on. Swedish press, Polish press, Hungarian press, Slovakian press, but right-wing press, alternative press, the way you and I always are. So this thing doesn't have a critical mass like the BBC or, you know, Rye in Italy or Odyssey France press or, but, you know, TVP has been good. You know, Polish television has been good. I'm a contributor there, so, because I'm a dual citizen. But they don't have any allies. I'm guessing the US politicians who are aware of this, I've talked to many of them, and just said, you know, what's going on here? You should know what's going on here, guys. I mean, Marco Rubio runs Latin American policy in this country, and he's like, the guy. Nothing, nothing. Now, if Bolsonaro does see Article 142 invoked, in theory, he has to sign a letter authorizing the defense ministry to activate the military and invoke this constitutional article. Some rumors say that it's been signed already. I would argue that the military should do this unilaterally and ignore the executive under the guise that he's a lame duck and he's essentially out of power. I know he's still in power. The problem is that the second something does happen that's kinetic and they take action, they raid the Supreme Court and the electoral court, they go out and they take the machines by force. By the way, we have a video of a Sunday in Sao Paulo a week after the second round, a Sunday afternoon, four o'clock, all the machines, not all, but a cache of machines, voter machines from this. And by the way, some of the work done on this machine shows that certain modern series are programmed by default to annul votes and to be programmed, have communication device and all the things that the laws passed on the running of the election it flies in the face of. But this one cache in Sao Paulo of machines was being moved in boxes onto the back of a truck, an unmarked truck. And it looked to be unconfirmed, but looked to be a trucking logistics company because we got the weaponized autists everywhere, that it was a truck belonging to a company that is run and owned by a PT Lula party legislator. So it tells you a lot. The law is very clear, by the way. The machines can't be touched for 60 days. They can't be disassembled, can't be touched for 60 days. So a week after they're being moved. So there's a lot of different things. But I think that if the military does take action, which I believe they will, I think they will, even rumors that Bolsonaro has resigned as president in a private military sort of convocation and given the powers of the executive branch to the military as a caretaker. I don't believe that's true, but it is floating around. So I'm throwing that out there just because it's one of the things I've heard from certain sources. I think that will get publicized pretty quickly if that were the case. But whenever anything does occur, something does occur, I believe that what you're going to see is the revolution now will be televised by the entire global media complex and it, will go, Bolsonaro executes military coup against democratic elections that elected Lula. Nowhere in those articles will it say that Lula was let out of prison by his appointees for looting the country for 10 years. Nowhere will that be said. I read something in Brookings, they're fucking embarrassment, by an analyst saying that Lula was the most popular president ever. His socialist policy, Bolsa Familia, elevated so many people out of poverty and he will win in a landslide because he's so popular and never even mentions he was convicted for anything. And nobody in the country, I mean, you go to stadiums, people are watching the World Cup in stadiums, they're watching it remotely, and they were chanting, or car races, they were chanting, Lula's a convicted thief, Lula is convicted thief. They call him Squid. His nickname across the country is Squid. And it ain't for anything good. So I mean, we're gonna see the global media, you know, take action and run an info war. And then what's gonna happen? I told this to Bannon, I'll tell it to your audience. We need to get real vocal. That's why I'm doing so many of these things because I want people to have real fact pattern. You know me and I think people can hear me. I'm nothing if not comprehensive. I will throw out facts all day long and put them into context so that we can fight back because the leftist media, the mainstream media, the global media, they ain't gonna talk facts. They're gonna say these poor maligned Supreme Court justices that Bolsonaro's trying to go over, never mention they're imprisoning journalists, they're deplatforming everybody, that their ties to South Valle forum. They'll never mention the South Valle forum and how it was started by Fidel Castro and Lula in 1990. Lula's criminal history, Lula being close to all the drug gangs, wears a CPX hat as I said. I mean his base is criminals, criminals and media. So that's a redundancy I guess. (HoO) Just to finish off, where does this leave democracy in many parts if the system is an electronic system that can be controlled by those on the left and the left also have a big hand in the judicial system as we basically saw in the States, even when it went to the Supreme Court, actually they wouldn't call it out. It's very different than where we are. I mean, in Britain, it's just the stupidity of our electorate, basically put to say, it's a paper ballot. So yeah, it's different. (MT) But you also have some really shitty issues going on there where rule of law is also under attack and it's not getting publicized. When constabularies can go to the homes of somebody for tweeting something and arrest them as we've now seen several dozen times in the provinces and these are not you know lefty strongholds then you know this is fraying you know the Orwellian dystopic vision is playing out thanks to big tech thanks to the consolidated powers of information flow that government has control or access to so i mean it is worrisome Brazil is the bulwark I say you watch Bannon and i sit on Bannon and every single time, Brazil falls the far so takes over South America, a very wealthy continent, Brazil itself, you know, one sixth of the world's food supply, but also iron ore, oil, manganese, bauxite, tin, cobalt, copper, gold, I mean, very wealthy. The most, and Amazon, stuff in the Amazon, we don't even know the drugs and therapeutics that we're going to make from species of plants and bugs and shit that we don't even, we've never even discovered yet. And that's part of the play. It's the same thing that what's her face, Maloney was saying about France and the French colonies in Africa. You know that, okay, you're so egalitarian as you rape, you're still raping the colonies of Africa, even if they're quote unquote independent, you're still treating them like protectorates. Well, if Brazil falls, then all of Latin America is gone. We saw Colombia and Chile, the two furthest generally right nation states in Latin America, at least in South America, because Guatemala is pretty decent and Honduras give or take sometimes. But you know scaled up societies that have fallen out to the foreign so Paulo in the left. Brazil falls, China owns all of South America and that's obviously a threat to the Pax American in the west and the US. I mean AMLO, López Obrador in Mexico also a Sao Paulo foreign guy. So I mean it's it ain't good and there's a reason. The useful idiots of our side, the lefties on our side who believe, oh yeah, little socialism and big government's fine and they're not even averse to communism, they're the proverbial, you know, what Lenin said, they're the capitalists who will sell us the rope with which they'll hang them. Biden, the corrupt comatose vegetable that he is, said, and obviously he didn't say it, he probably fell asleep at four o'clock after his ice cream cone or his jello, but he had said right after, like moments after the tabulation was done. Congratulations Lula for the fair free and credible elections. How the fuck would you know that one minute after the tabulation? They don't have, IRI, the International Republican Institute, whose job it is to look at election fraud around the world, silent. Organization of American states, silent. UN, silent. EU, silent. State departments, silent. NSA, silent. I mean it's like, it's a giant global fix because they hate Bolsonaro like they hate Trump. Meanwhile more popular maybe than any leader anywhere in the world. He's probably the most popular, at least in a country of more than 10 million people. We're talking 220 million people. (HoO) Yeah, absolutely, Matthew, thank you so much for your time. Our viewers and listeners can follow you at @MatthewTyrmand. Make sure and follow Matthew on GETTR or Twitter for keep your finger on the pulse and also make sure and watch Gateway Pundit that are bringing daily articles, keeping you posted on what is happening. So we'll certainly watch this closely. (MT) And Bannon's War Room, I'm doing Bannon sometimes multiple times a day. He's kind of tipped the spear on this. Because Bannon and I were talking about Brazil for the last two to three years. We saw what was going to happen. I wrote about this a year ago and talked about it. And then, then obviously everything played out exactly as I wrote about, you know, and published in details in August, September. And so War Room, Emerald Robinson, I'm doing a few times a week and sort of all over the place, posting as much as I can on social media as I get information or as I do these segments and pods. I throw them up there as quick as I can so that people are informed and have information. And again, Brazilian people, the best people in the world. We need to stand with our Brazilian brothers and sisters in arms and cousins, because if they do not fail this coup, it will be Venezuela within a year. The gulags will start in a few months. Hell, he's not even president yet. They're already gulagging people for arrest today. The indigenous leader on Monday, they're already doing it. They've already censored. Now they're already starting Gulag. So, I mean, we've got to fight this. (HoO) Yeah, completely, completely. Matthew, thank you so much.

The Administrative Capital of Boliva, La Paz, is the highest capital city in the world. Named afer Simon Bolivar -- who has a statue in Central Park, New York -- it's one of two land-locked countries in South America. Check out Clark's classes on Outschool at https://bit.ly/clarkonoutschool or email Clark at aroundtheworldwithmrclark@gmail.com

Original Four [Photo by Action Jackson] START Armstrong Park @ N. Rampart. Proceed up N. Rampart to S. Rampart. Continue to Oretha Castle Haley Blvd.  STOP Under the Bridge. Dumaine Gang. Proceed forward LEFT on Jackson to Brainard St. RIGHT on Philip St. LEFT on Baronne St. UP Baronne to Washington Ave. RIGHT on Washington Ave. UP Washington to Dryades St. STOP Sportsman Corner. UP Dryades to Philip. LEFT on Philip. RIGHT on Oretha Castle Haley Blvd. Proceed to Jackson St. LEFT on Jackson. STOP Jackson St. & S. Liberty St.: CTC Social & Pleasure Club. LEFT on S. Liberty. Proceed forward. RIGHT on Simon Bolivar to LaSalle. DISBAND Washington & LaSalle   Below, hear India Sever's interview with Original Four president Wendell Jackson as they discuss what to expect at this year's parade, the legacy of the Scene Boosters, designer Kevin Dunn, competition between parading clubs, and much more!

Mes chers camarades bien le bonjour ! Simon Bolivar, c'est un nom qu'on entend de temps en temps, sans pour autant forcément l'associer à quelqu'un en particulier. Et pourtant, c'est un personnage clé dans l'histoire de la décolonisation de l'Amérique du Sud !  Notre politique de confidentialité GDPR a été mise à jour le 8 août 2022. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/notabenemovies.

Gil Penalosa (@gilformayor) is a Colombian-Canadian award-winning urbanist, the founder of 8-80 Cities, and former ambassador of World Urban Parks. He has advised hundreds of cities around the world and is currently running for Mayor of Toronto, where he intents to build an affordable, equitable and sustainable city for EVERYONE. Gil joins The Stephan Dyer Podcast to discuss how we can improve Toronto's transit, the Gardiner East Hybrid Project, the Affordable Housing Crisis, Helping Toronto's Homeless, creating for parks and a city where, if everything we do is great for an 8 year old and an 80 year old, then it will be great for all people. His focus is on the design and use of parks and streets as great public places, as well as the promotion of sustainable mobility: walking, riding bicycles, using public transit, and new use of cars. Throughout his career, Gil has been a strong advocate for improving city parks, making his first mark in Bogotá, Colombia, where he led the design and construction of over 200 parks - including Simon Bolivar, a 113-hectare park in the heart of the city. His team also radically transformed the Ciclovía / Open Streets – from a program of few kilometers to one that sees over a million people walk, run, skate and bike along 121 kilometers of Bogotá's city roads every Sunday of the year, and today is internationally recognized and emulated. The Stephan Dyer Podcast is produced by Narzely Guevara and edited by Carlos Bolivar. #TheStephanDyerPodcast

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #NewWorldReport: President  Petro of Bogota and Simon Bolivar's sword.  Senadora Maria Fernanda Cabal. @MariaFdaCabal (on leave) Joseph Humire @JMHumire @SecureFreeSoc https://www.securefreesociety.org https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-politics/leftist-petro-takes-office-in-colombia-amid-economic-social-challenges-idUSKBN2PD059

In this episode of Half-Arsed History, learn the life story of the Venezuelan freedom fighter and revolutionary hero, Simon Bolivar, who liberated half a continent from Spanish colonial rule.

Founding Father has trouble finding his way.

Orson Wells host his series, Hello Americans and tells us about The Andes. The Andes mountains provide the theme for this episode. Simon Bolivar and Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro are among the discussed subjects. This episode aired November 22, 1942. Cast includes: Edmond O'Brien, Agnes Moorehead, Barbara Jean Wong, Pedro de Cordoba, and Hans Conried. : : : : : My other podcast channels include: MYSTERY x SUSPENSE -- DRAMA X THEATER -- SCI FI x HORROR -- COMEDY x FUNNY HA HA -- VARIETY X ARMED FORCES. Subscribing is free and you'll receive new post notifications. Also, if you have a moment, please give a 4-5 star rating and/or write a 1-2 sentence positive review on your preferred service -- that would help me a lot. Thank you for your support. https://otr.duane.media/ (https://otr.duane.media) | Instagram https://www.instagram.com/duane.otr/ (@duane.otr)

There's a tiny park in Baltimore's Guilford neighborhood that's home to an improbable monument. It's a bronze bust of Simon Bolivar, who liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish colonial rule. Questions abound: Who made this thing? Was it a gift? Who was it from? How and why is it here? And what message should we take from it? Get ready for a trip down a historical rabbit hole that spans centuries, from the Colonial Era to the Cold War. In this episode, we hear from: Public historian Aimee Pohl, who's written an article about the statue and produced a video feature on the subject for Baltimore Heritage. Christy Thornton, Assistant Professor of Sociology and Latin American Studies at Johns Hopkins University See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In his struggle against the FARC guerrilla movement and his efforts to transform Colombia economically, President Iván Duque has had advisors at his side who include Simon Bolivar and Winston Churchill.

People used to say "If you believe that, I have some swampland in Florida to sell you," but they really should have said, "I have some lovely acres in the Republic of Poyais you can buy, but you have to act now!"  Presenting one of my favorite con artists ever, the man who declared himself prince of a South American country that didn't exist, Gregor MacGregor (yes, that's really his name). Links to all the research resources are on the website. Hang out with your fellow Brainiacs.  Reach out and touch Moxie on Facebook, Twitter,  or Instagram.  Become a patron of the podcast arts! Patreon or Ko-Fi.  Or buy the book and a shirt. Music: Kevin MacLeod,  Want to start a podcast or need a better podcast host?  Get up to TWO months hosting for free from Libsyn with coupon code "moxie."   Remember back in episode 155, Hate to Burst your Bubble, we talked about, among other things, the Florida real estate boom and bust of the 1920s?  It's where we get the phrase, “if you believe that, I have some real estate in Florida to sell you.”  100 years before that, we could have been saying, “I have some acreage in Poyais to sell you.”  Never been to Poyais?  Trust me, it's amazing.  The weather is always perfect, sunny and warm.  Located along the eastern coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras, the soil of Poyais is so fertile, you can get three harvests of corn a year.  The trees are heavy with fruit and the forests teem with entrees in the form of game animals.  If you look into the rivers, you'll not only see water cleaner and more pure than you've ever seen in your life and more fish than you could hope to catch, but in the river bed, the sparkle of gold fills your eyes, not from flecks and dust, but nuggets as big as walnuts, just laying there, waiting for you to scoop them up.  The only thing missing is settlers to develop and leverage its resources to the fullest.  Wanna get your share?  Better hurry; hundreds of people are investing all their savings in a piece of the perfect Poyais.  All you have to do is [] to the Cazique or prince.  Who is the prince of this equatorial new world paradise?  A Scotsman named Gregor MacGregor.     MacGregor was born in 1786.  His father, who died when Gregor was 4, was a captain sailing with the East India Company, so adventuring on a quest for riches might well have been in his blood.  A clever chap from the get-go, Gregor enrolled in the University of Edinburgh at age 15, though he never finished his degree.  No shade thrown there, I'm a 3-time community college drop-out and look how I turned out!  (pause, sigh)  At age 17, he took after his grandfather and joined the British Army, where he quickly rose up the ranks to lieutenant, captain, and major, largely by buying the next rank up, but that's pretty much how it was done back then.  Two years after enlisting, MacGregor married a Royal Navy Admiral's daughter, and a mere five years after that, probably because he'd married into money, he retired from the army.  The young couple moved to London, where Gregor called himself Sir and claimed to be a baronet, which ranks underneath baron in British noble hierarchy and is apparently a modest enough lie that no one would think to put the effort and time into checking it out.     But ‘easy street' only lasted another year before his wife died.  No more wife meant no more wealthy in-laws, so MacGregor sold his Scottish estate and relocated to Caracas, Venezuela, where he married another wealthy family's daughter.  Never let it be said he's not consistent.  Wife 2 was actually a cousin of Simon Bolivar, of Bolivia fame.  He was able to sell his military prowess to Francisco de Miranda, the Venezuelan revolutionary general.  There was rather a lot of revolution going on in Spanish colonies at the time while Spain was well distracted dealing with a certain actually-of-average-height French emperor.  At least MacGregor wasn't lying about his soldiery, securing a number of victories and becoming a notable figure for the revolutionary set all across LatAm.     In 1820, MacGregor moved to a former British Colony, in Nicaragua, which, true to its name, a swampy and pest-infested area that Europeans had until that point left to the Mosquito Natives.  In 1830, MacGregor traded jewelry and rum for eight million acres of land.  Now that was either an F-ton of rum or the land was utterly worthless.  I'll give you three guesses.  The land was completely useless for farming, kinda of a big deal, being the production of foodstuff and whatnot.     Realizing there was no way he could draw settlers in with the land as it was, MacGregor decided to draw them in with the land as it wasn't.  So he headed back to England, where he was well-known in society circles for his military achievements, leading his men into battle against great odds.  Society not knowing that he'd also abandoned his men.  Twice.  But he rubbed elbows with the muckety-mucks nonetheless, telling them all about his new world paradise, the Republic of Poyais.  And he went so far beyond Baron Munchausenian story-telling.   Gregor made up a whole country and everything that goes along with it.  To hear him tell it, the Republic of Poyais was not an impenetrable, parasite-ridden jungle, but a glorious tableau with a thriving civilization with a parliament, banks, an opera house and cathedral.  The weather was ideal, a perpetual summer that was very appealing to Londoners.  The soil was so rich that farming required almost no labor.  The rivers that wound down the mountains teemed with fish and the surrounding forests were thick with game animals.  In this dubious district, the capital of St Joseph had a massive infrastructure and a population of about 20,000 people.  The economy was robust, if you felt like doing anything other than scooping up all the gold that was just laying around.  MacGregor had pamphlets promoting printed, and they sold in the thousands around the streets of London and Edinburgh.  He started a nationwide campaign to attract investment, taking out big ads in newspapers and even opened sales offices.     The world-building that went into this scam would have made GRRM blush.  Maybe even JRR Tolkien.  Feel free to at me on social media; I love a spirited nerd debate.  He came up with a tricameral Parliament and a commercial banking system.  Like an African dictator, he designed Poyaian military uniforms, several, different ones for different regiments.  He published a 350 page guidebook, under the pen name Thomas Strangeways, with a sliver of real facts about the region, but the Pacman portion of the pie chart all came from his preposterous posterior.  The book was full of detailed sketches and MacGregor had a seemingly endless supply of official-looking documents.  He had offices set up in London, Glasgow and Edinburgh to sell land certificates, which people eagerly bought.  The whole operation looked completely legit; you wouldn't even think to doubt it.  MacGregor didn't just succeed in his con, he was *wildly successful.  Not only did MacGregor raise £200,000 directly – the bond market value over his life ran to £1.3 million, or about £3.6 billion today – but he convinced seven ships' worth of eager settlers to make their way across the Atlantic. It became a popular investment, and many sank their life savings in land deed in Republic of Poyais.  A London Bank underwrote a £2000 pound loan, £23mil or $30mil today, secured with the land sales.     MacGregor was signing up settlers left and right.  Settlers meant development, which meant the value of bonds and land certificates would go up, which would attract more settlers and investors, driving the price up further.  Gee, it's like crime does kinda pay.  Skilled tradesmen were promised free passage and ostensibly, supposedly government contract work.  Don't think it was only the under-educated among the population that bought into this – bankers, doctors, civil servants, you name it.  Whole families signed up and backed their bags.   In September 1822, the first fifty settlers sailed for Poyais and were very confused when the landed.  There was…nothing there.  No port, not even a dock.  I mean, there were trees and snakes and mosquitos, but no city, no road, no nothing.  The settlers believed they were lost, but they couldn't get a ride to the “right” place because that ship had sailed.  Literally, the ship left them immediately.  So they set up camp.  150 more people, including children, shortly joined them.  They searched for civilization as best they could, but the rainy season descended on them, bringing on clouds of mosquitos, whose tiny bags were packed with yellow fever and malaria.  A few settlers who were saved by a passing ship informed the British Colony of Honduras about the situation. The colony organized a rescue mission, but only a third of the population was still alive and rescued. In the meantime, five more ships set for Poyais had to be stopped by the Honduras government.  They were informed that Poyais did not exist. It was Mickey Mouse, mate, spurious, not genuine.  Twisting the knife counter-clockwise, the King revoked the land grant and told them they were now illegal squatters and had swear allegiance or GTFO.  Dozens were too weak to leave.  In a particularly depressing bit of math, of 250 or so who had set sail for Poyais, with all their hopes and dreams pinned to this mythical land, 180 died.      That's not even the crazy bit.  Of those 70 who barely survived their ordeal, many of them did *not blame MacGregor.  Six of the survivors, including one man who lost two children to the ordeal, signed an affidavit insisting that blame lay not with MacGregor but with Hector Hall, a former army officer who was supposed to be in charge of the settlement.  They declared "[W]e believe that Sir Gregor MacGregor has been worse used by Colonel Hall and his other agents than was ever a man before, and that had they have done their duty by Sir Gregor and by us, things would have turned out very differently at Poyais". MacGregor claimed he's been a victim too, defrauded and embezzled from by his own agents and undermined by merchants in British Honduras because the richness of Poyais threatened their profits   Now I love a Scottish accent, but this must have been one charming melon-farmer.  MacGregor didn't know it, but he had actually been using “the six principles of persuasion.”  These comes from a 1984 book by Robert Cialdini, “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion,” which looked at the factors that affect the decisions that people make, especially as pertains to sales, naturally.  At the core of his work is the idea that decision-making is effortful, so individuals use a lot of rules of thumb and decision making shortcuts (heuristics) when deciding what to do, and of course once you know what those things are, you can manipulate them to your advantage.  They are authority (in the sense that they're an authority on the subject), scarcity, reciprocity (i.e. you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours), consistency (I still believe in this idea as much as I always have), social validation (everyone you know is buying one of these), and friendship or liking (picture the smile on a used car salesman).  MacGregor seemed to know these instinctively.   Mcgregor skipped town when the scandal broke, claiming he needed to take his wife to warm, dry Italy for her health, and headed across the channel to France and began the whole thing all over again.  In Paris, he persuaded the Compagnie de la Nouvelle Neustrie, a firm of traders looking to break into the South American market, to seek investors and settlers for Poyais in France.  In a matter of months, he had a new group of settlers and investors ready to go.  Concurrent to all this, he tried to get in good with King Ferdinand VII of Spain, proposing to make Poyais a Spanish protectorate and a base of operations from which Spain could reconquer Guatemala.  Spain, at least, ignored MacGregor.  MacGregor might not have realized that France was more stringent than England in its passport requirements: when the government saw a flood of applications to a country no one had heard of, a commission was set to investigate the matter.  Or maybe he figured he was on a roll and utterly bulletproof.  This time, Mcgregor et al were arrested and tried.  But he was found not guilty on all accounts, mostly because one of his accomplices was hiding in the Netherlands with a ton of incriminating documents.  Once he felt that London had probably forgotten his colossal scam, he headed back…and started another scam.  Smaller this time; I guess he's learning.  But the bonds didn't sell well this time, and what's worse -for everyone- other fraudsters started pulling their own fake paradise scams following his model.  He retired to Edinburgh, then to Venezuela after the death of his wife, where he was granted citizenship and a pension as a retired general.  He never faced any consequences for his actions and when he died in 1845, Gregor MacGregor was buried with full military honors.  So the moral of the story is … crime does pay?  That's a terrible lesson.     Crocker Land   In 1907, Robert Peary was the most famous, and most experienced Arctic explorer in the world, but he had a problem—he hadn't yet managed to become the first to visit the most arctic of arctic places, the North Pole, and his cash reserves were becoming nonexistent. The previous year, he had almost made it—supposedly getting within 175 miles or 280 kilometers—but was turned around by a combination of storms and depleting supplies, but Robert Peary was sure he could get there if he just had another try. He possessed the kind of confidence that only a man with a Lorax level mustache can have. All he needed to make another journey was money. However, the arctic adventure capital market was a bit reluctant to give him more after the previous failures, so, Peary hatched a plan. The key to that plan was a wealthy San Francisco financier named George Crocker, who had previously donated $50,000 to Peary's failed 1906 voyage. This was, of course, a time when 50k bought you more than two buckets of movie theatre popcorn and a calculus textbook. Peary wanted Crocker to help fund his new voyage but, considering the previous trip he financed achieved diddly squat, this could be tough. But what if, and hear me out, the previous voyage wasn't a colossal failure. Peary thought of a way to not only convince Crocker that the previous voyage hadn't been a failure, but also to butter him up a little bit by doing the one thing that rich people love more than anything else—naming things after them. And so, Peary revealed that on his 1906 voyage, though he hadn't made it to the North Pole, he had seen, from a distance, an enormous, previously undiscovered land mass. He wrote that he spotted, “faint white summits,” 130 miles northwest of Cape Thomas Hubbard, and that once he got closer, he could make out, “the snow-clad summits of the distant land in the northwest, above the ice horizon.” In honor of George Crocker, the San Francisco financier, Peary named this beautiful, snow-peaked land mass, “Crocker Land.” But then Robert Peary had two problems. The first problem? George Crocker had already given most of his money to boring causes like rebuilding San Francisco after the earthquake of 1906, and so as flattered as he may have been, there wasn't money left for funding Peary's arctic antics. The second problem? The island was totally, 100%, made up. Now normally, this might not be such a big deal. Guy makes up an imaginary island, who cares? Captain James Cook did so three centuries ago and still nobody's called him out, but this fake island ended up mattering a lot. You see, eventually, Robert Peary did manage to secure funding for another voyage, mostly from the National Geographic Society. On April 6, 1909, he finally made it to the North Pole, or at least, he said he did. He had a picture, but this could be any old pile of snow. He returned home proudly proclaiming that he was the first man ever to reach the North Pole, to which a guy named Frederick Cook, another Arctic explorer, replied, “um…I was there, like, a year ago,” but, Cook said that he'd sailed through where this giant land mass called Crocker's Land was supposedly located. If I know anything about boats, it's that they don't work well on land and, since Cook hadn't found a thing except for cold water and walrus farts, someone's lying here. But, because of this, the existence of Crocker Land became crucially important as it would prove who had really gone to the North Pole first. If it did exist, then Frederick Cook must be lying about going to the North Pole. If it didn't exist, Frederick Cook did go to the North Pole, and Robert Peary was the liar. Of course, at that time you couldn't just fire up your handy household satellite to check and so, to settle it, a man named Donald McMillian decided to go on another expedition to find the land. Not only would this prove who was telling the truth, but it would possibly give McMillan the opportunity to be the first to step onto what was considered, “the last great unknown place in the world.” That voyage was, incredibly, a failure. In addition to their ship getting stuck in the ice for three years before they could return home, the only bright spot came when a crew member saw what looked to be the island—a beautiful, snowy-peaked landmass—but it turned out to be a mirage. In light of that fact, some have suggested that Peary didn't lie about the island, but was actually just seeing a mirage, but unfortunately for Peary's reputation, it looks like that's letting him off too easy. Historians looked at Peary's original notes and logs for the date that Crocker's Land was supposedly discovered, and they found that he doesn't mention anything about it. All he says happened that day was that he climbed up some rocks, and then climbed down the rocks. Plus, the early drafts of his book even didn't include anything about it, but then three paragraphs about Crocker Land mysteriously showed up just before the book was published—just when Peary needed to get more money. In other words, Crocker Land was a load of crock. One of Peary's major issues, aside from inventing an island, was that, when he supposedly went to this north pole, his crew did not include a single navigator who could make their own independent observations as to whether or not they were truly at the pole, or just some pile of ice, and so people didn't believe him. In the archives of the American Geographical Society in Milwaukee lies a century-old map with a peculiar secret. Just north of Greenland, the map shows a small, hook-shaped island labeled “Crocker Land” with the words “Seen By Peary, 1906” printed just below.   The Peary in question is Robert Peary, one of the most famous polar explorers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the man who claimed to have been the first to step foot on the North Pole. But what makes this map remarkable is that Crocker Land was all but a phantom. It wasn't “seen by Peary”—as later expeditions would prove, the explorer had invented it out of the thin Arctic air.   By 1906, Peary was the hardened veteran of five expeditions to the Arctic Circle. Desperate to be the first to the North Pole, he left New York in the summer of 1905 in a state-of-the-art ice-breaking vessel, the Roosevelt—named in honor of one of the principal backers of the expedition, President Theodore Roosevelt. The mission to set foot on the top of the world ended in failure, however: Peary said he sledged to within 175 miles of the pole (a claim others would later question), but was forced to turn back by storms and dwindling supplies.   Peary immediately began planning another attempt, but found himself short of cash. He apparently tried to coax funds from one of his previous backers, San Francisco financier George Crocker—who had donated $50,000 to the 1905-'06 mission—by naming a previously undiscovered landmass after him. In his 1907 book Nearest the Pole, Peary claimed that during his 1906 mission he'd spotted “the faint white summits” of previously undiscovered land 130 miles northwest of Cape Thomas Hubbard, one of the most northerly parts of Canada. Peary named this newfound island “Crocker Land” in his benefactor's honor, hoping to secure another $50,000 for the next expedition.   His efforts were for naught: Crocker diverted much of his resources to helping San Francisco rebuild after the 1906 earthquake, with little apparently free for funding Arctic exploration. But Peary did make another attempt at the North Pole after securing backing from the National Geographic Society, and on April 6, 1909, he stood on the roof of the planet—at least by his own account. “The Pole at last!!!" the explorer wrote in his journal. "The prize of 3 centuries, my dream and ambition for 23 years. Mine at last."   Peary wouldn't celebrate his achievement for long, though: When the explorer returned home, he discovered that Frederick Cook—who had served under Peary on his 1891 North Greenland expedition—was claiming he'd been the first to reach the pole a full year earlier. For a time, a debate over the two men's claims raged—and Crocker Land became part of the fight. Cook claimed that on his way to the North Pole he'd traveled to the area where the island was supposed to be, but had seen nothing there. Crocker Land, he said, didn't exist.   Peary's supporters began to counter-attack, and one of his assistants on the 1909 trip, Donald MacMillan, announced that he would lead an expedition to prove the existence of Crocker Land, vindicating Peary and forever ruining the reputation of Cook.   There was also, of course, the glory of being the first to set foot on the previously unexplored island. Historian David Welky, author of A Wretched and Precarious Situation: In Search of the Last Arctic Frontier, recently explained to National Geographic that with both poles conquered, Crocker Land was “the last great unknown place in the world.” American Geographical Society Library. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries. After receiving backing from the American Museum of Natural History, the University of Illinois, and the American Geographical Society, the MacMillan expedition departed from the Brooklyn Navy Yard in July 1913. MacMillan and his team took provisions, dogs, a cook, “a moving picture machine,” and wireless equipment, with the grand plan of making a radio broadcast live to the United States from the island.   But almost immediately, the expedition was met with misfortune: MacMillan's ship, the Diana, was wrecked on the voyage to Greenland by her allegedly drunken captain, so MacMillan transferred to another ship, the Erik, to continue his journey. By early 1914, with the seas frozen, MacMillan set out to attempt a 1200-mile long sled journey from Etah, Greenland, through one of the most inhospitable and harshest landscapes on Earth, in search of Peary's phantom island.   Though initially inspired by their mission to find Crocker Land, MacMillan's team grew disheartened as they sledged through the Arctic landscape without finding it. “You can imagine how earnestly we scanned every foot of that horizon—not a thing in sight,” MacMillan wrote in his 1918 book, Four Years In The White North.   But a discovery one April day by Fitzhugh Green, a 25-year-old ensign in the US Navy, gave them hope. As MacMillan later recounted, Green was “no sooner out of the igloo than he came running back, calling in through the door, ‘We have it!' Following Green, we ran to the top of the highest mound. There could be no doubt about it. Great heavens! What a land! Hills, valleys, snow-capped peaks extending through at least one hundred and twenty degrees of the horizon.”   But visions of the fame brought by being the first to step foot on Crocker Land quickly evaporated. “I turned to Pee-a-wah-to,” wrote MacMillan of his Inuit guide (also referred to by some explorers as Piugaattog). “After critically examining the supposed landfall for a few minutes, he astounded me by replying that he thought it was a ‘poo-jok' (mist).”   Indeed, MacMillan recorded that “the landscape gradually changed its appearance and varied in extent with the swinging around of the Sun; finally at night it disappeared altogether.” For five more days, the explorers pressed on, until it became clear that what Green had seen was a mirage, a polar fata morgana. Named for the sorceress Morgana le Fay in the legends of King Arthur, these powerful illusions are produced when light bends as it passes through the freezing air, leading to mysterious images of apparent mountains, islands, and sometimes even floating ships.   Fata morganas are a common occurrence in polar regions, but would a man like Peary have been fooled? “As we drank our hot tea and gnawed the pemmican, we did a good deal of thinking,” MacMillan wrote. “Could Peary with all his experience have been mistaken? Was this mirage which had deceived us the very thing which had deceived him eight years before? If he did see Crocker Land, then it was considerably more than 120 miles away, for we were now at least 100 miles from shore, with nothing in sight.”   MacMillan's mission was forced to accept the unthinkable and turn back. “My dreams of the last four years were merely dreams; my hopes had ended in bitter disappointment,” MacMillan wrote. But the despair at realizing that Crocker Land didn't exist was merely the beginning of the ordeal.   MacMillan sent Fitzhugh Green and the Inuit guide Piugaattog west to explore a possible route back to their base camp in Etah. The two became trapped in the ice, and one of their dog teams died. Fighting over the remaining dogs, Green—with alarming lack of remorse—explained in his diary what happened next: “I shot once in the air ... I then killed [Piugaattog] with a shot through the shoulder and another through the head.” Green returned to the main party and confessed to MacMillan. Rather than reveal the murder, the expedition leader told the Inuit members of the mission that Piugaattog had perished in the blizzard.   Several members of the MacMillan mission would remain trapped in the ice for another three years, victims of the Arctic weather. Two attempts by the American Museum of Natural History to rescue them met with failure, and it wasn't until 1917 that MacMillan and his party were finally saved by the steamer Neptune, captained by seasoned Arctic sailor Robert Bartlett.   While stranded in the ice, the men put their time to good use; they studied glaciers, astronomy, the tides, Inuit culture, and anything else that attracted their curiosity. They eventually returned with over 5000 photographs, thousands of specimens, and some of the earliest film taken of the Arctic (much of which can be seen today in the repositories of the American Geographical Society at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee).   It's unclear whether MacMillan ever confronted Peary about Crocker Land—about what exactly the explorer had seen in 1906, and perhaps what his motives were. When MacMillan's news about not having found Crocker Land reached the United States, Peary defended himself to the press by noting how difficult spotting land in the Arctic could be, telling reporters, “Seen from a distance ... an iceberg with earth and stones may be taken for a rock, a cliff-walled valley filled with fog for a fjord, and the dense low clouds above a patch of open water for land.” (He maintained, however, that "physical indications and theory" still pointed to land somewhere in the area.) Yet later researchers have noted that Peary's notes from his 1905-'06 expedition don't mention Crocker Land at all. As Welky told National Geographic, “He talks about a hunting trip that day, climbing the hills to get this view, but says absolutely nothing about seeing Crocker Land. Several crewmembers also kept diaries, and according to those he never mentioned anything about seeing a new continent.”   There's no mention of Crocker Land in early drafts of Nearest the Pole, either—it's only mentioned in the final manuscript. That suggests Peary had a deliberate reason for the the inclusion of the island.   Crocker, meanwhile, wouldn't live to see if he was immortalized by this mysterious new land mass: He died in December 1909 of stomach cancer, a year after Peary had set out in the Roosevelt again in search of the Pole, and before MacMillan's expedition.   Any remnants of the legend of Crocker Land were put to bed in 1938, when Isaac Schlossbach flew over where the mysterious island was supposed to be, looked down from his cockpit, and saw nothing. Bradley Land was the name Frederick Cook gave to a mass of land which he claimed to have seen between (84°20′N 102°0′W) and (85°11′N 102°0′W) during a 1909 expedition. He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between.[1] The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.   Cook published two photographs of the land and described it thus: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice."[2]   It is now known there is no land at that location and Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication. Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.[   Cook described two islands lying at about 85 degrees North, which he named Bradley Land.  These islands, like Peary's “Crocker Land,” do not exist, yet Cook's partisans have tried to resuscitate Cook's credibility by linking “Bradley Land” to a discovery made in the Arctic only since Dr. Cook's death.      After World War II, aerial reconnaissance revealed a number of large tabular bergs drifting slowly clockwise in the arctic basin north of Ellesmere Island. Several arctic researchers and scientists have suggested these so-called ice islands—breakaway pieces of its ancient ice shelf—are probably what Cook mistook for “Bradley Land,” and Cook's advocates have repeated these statements to support the doctor's claim.       Cook gave this description of “Bradley Land”: “The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice.”      Ice islands are no more than 100 to 200 feet thick, total. They are nearly flat with only rolling undulations and rise only about 25 feet above sea level. Cook's “Bradley Land” therefore does not remotely resemble an ice island, or even an ice island magnified by mirage. And Cook published two pictures of the high, mountainous land he called “Bradley Land.”        Cook's Inuit companions are reported to have said these pictures were of two small islands off the northwest coast of Axel Heiberg Island; others believe they are of the coast of Heiberg Island itself, though the pictures have never been duplicated.      Ren Bay  has been suggested as the site.  Ellesmere trekker Jerry Kobalenko reports he could not match the picture exactly to that site, but Cook might have taken it at a time when fog obscured prominent landmarks, as he did in Alaska, making it impossible to duplicate now.  In each picture the photographer is standing on a point above the flat ice.  Kobalenko's was taken off a ten-foot hillock.   Sources: https://www.jetsetter.com/magazine/islands-to-visit-before-they-disappear/ Brigadoon https://www.history.com/news/the-con-man-who-invented-his-own-country https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sandy-island-doesnt-exist_n_2184535 https://interestingengineering.com/10-islands-on-maps-that-never-actually-existed https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/8350278/mysterious-island-that-didnt-exist-four-years-ago-is-now-teeming-with-life-sea-volcano/ https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160127-the-conman-who-pulled-off-historys-most-audaciou s-scam https://www.spurlock.illinois.edu/collections/notable-collections/profiles/crocker-land.html https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/crocker-land-peary-arctic-continent https://research.bowdoin.edu/crocker-land-expedition/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th_KQOeh-Co http://humbug.polarhist.com/bland.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Island,_New_Caledonia https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/gregor-macgregor-prince-poyais   There are Islands that have disappeared and not in the global warming, vanishing coastline type of way. These Islands are called Phantom Islands. To be considered a Phantom Island, a piece of land must have been agreed to exist at one point before eventually being undiscovered or corrected. Basically, academics and cartographers thought an island was real and then eventually found out it wasn't. For example, Atlantis would not be considered a Phantom Island because it was always considered a legend. But perhaps the best example of a Phantom Island is Burmeja. Bermeja first appeared on maps in the year 1539, and for nearly 400 years, it was accepted as a real island located in the Gulf of Mexico. But in the 2000s, the United States and Mexico were in a dispute over an oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. Basically, Burmeja marked the outermost limit of Mexico's economic territory. The oil field would have been within that border marked by Burmeja, thus making it Mexico's property. But when the Mexican government set a team to verify the island's position, it was gone. The team had the exact coordinates for the island, and Bermeja had appeared on maps for 400 years, but it just wasn't there. The team searched all over the Gulf of Mexico and concluded that Bermeja simply no longer existed. There are a few theories about how Bermer disappeared. One is that it vanished into the ocean as a result of natural geographic shifts. This has happened elsewhere in the world, so it's entirely plausible. There's also a theory that Birmingham was intentionally destroyed by the United States so they could gain access to the oil field. It's a bold strategy, and you would think someone would have noticed an entire island being blown up. But America has done worse things in the name of oil. Some people say early Mexican officials may have added it to the map in an effort to just expand their borders. This, again, would be a pretty bold strategy, but perhaps an effective one in the 15th century. The most likely explanation is that Burmeja never existed. It was a mistake by some cartographer in the 1500s, and everyone just went with it. Early cartographers were also known to add fake Islands to their maps to prevent plagiarism. These fake Islands would tip them off if their map was ever copied. But Burmeja has appeared in various ships, logs, and inventories, some of which were official documents from the Mexican government. Ultimately, Burmette was never found, and no one really knows why. But Bermuda has not been the only Phantom Island. The Baja Peninsula was believed to be the island of California for years before it was corrected. A fictitious place called Sandy Island appeared on maps for over a century near Australia. It was even on Google maps. Today, scientists think early explorers just saw a large piece of pumice stone floating in the ocean. Arctic Explorer Robert E. Pierre made up the Island Crocker land in an effort to scam some money from one of his investors. There have been dozens more of these Phantom Islands over the years with each having been undiscovered for different reasons. Today, though, thanks to satellite imagery, Phantom Islands are probably a thing of the past you. Con artists have long recognised that persuasion must appeal to two very particular aspects of human motivation – the drive that will get people to do something, and the inertia that prevents them from wanting to do it. In 2003, two social psychologists, Eric Knowles at the University of Arkansas and Jay Linn at Widener University, formalised this idea by naming two types of persuasive tactics. The first, alpha, was far more frequent: increasing the appeal of something. The second, omega, decreased the resistance surrounding something. In the one, you do what you can to make your proposition, whatever it may be, more attractive. You rev up the backstory – why this is such a wonderful opportunity, why you are the perfect person to do it, how much everyone will gain, and the like. In the other, you make a request or offer seem so easy as to be a no-brainer – why wouldn't I do this? What do I have to lose? Psychologists call it the ‘approach-avoidance' model of persuasion They called the juxtaposition the approach-avoidance model of persuasion: you can convince me of something by making me want to approach it and decreasing any reasons I might have to avoid it. According to Columbia University psychologist Tory Higgins, people are usually more likely to be swayed by one or other of the two motivational lines: some people are promotion-focused (they think of possible positive gains), and some, prevention-focused (they focus on losses and avoiding mistakes). An approach that unites the alpha with the omega appeals to both mindsets, however, giving it universal appeal – and it is easy to see how MacGregor's proposition offered this potent combination.  

L'Écossais Gregor MacGregor imagina l'une des supercheries les plus audacieuses de l'Histoire. En effet, il n'hésita pas à inventer de toutes pièces un pays dont il vendit les richesses à des gens crédules.Du militaire...Né en 1786, Gregor MacGregor s'enrôle d'abord dans l'armée britannique. Puis il part pour l'Amérique du Sud, où les colonies espagnoles s'émancipent les unes après les autres.Il participe ainsi, en tant qu'officier, à la guerre d'indépendance du Venezuela, qui oppose ce pays à l'Espagne entre 1810 et 1823. Il épouse une parente de Simon Bolivar, le libérateur du Venezuela et d'autres pays d'Amérique latine.En 1817, MacGregor parvient à s'emparer d'une île possédée par les Espagnols. Mais ces faits d'armes finissent par le lasser. Il est d'ailleurs tenu pour un couard, peu courageux face au feu....Au "prince de Poyais"Gregor MacGregor imagine alors une activité plus lucrative. En 1820, il arrive au Honduras et se fait octroyer, par un potentat local, 32.000 hectares de terrain. Il s'agit d'une terre ingrate, impropre à la culture.Mac Gregor baptise son domaine "Poyais", d'après le nom d'une tribu voisine. L'année suivante, il se rend en Angleterre, paré d'un nouveau titre. En effet, il se fait appeler "Cazique de Poyais", autrement dit le "chef" ou le "prince" de ce nouveau territoire.D'après ses dires, le "Poyais" est un véritable État, avec son système de gouvernement, plutôt démocratique, et même un service militaire, auquel sont assujettis les habitants.Pour donner plus de vraisemblance à son histoire, MacGregor invente une monnaie et un drapeau pour ce nouveau pays. Et il parvient à susciter l'intérêt autour de lui. Des Anglais vendent leurs biens pour faire fortune dans le nouvel État, d'autres signent des contrats de travail.Pas moins de trois navires transportent ces immigrants vers le Poyais. À l'arrivée, la désillusion est rude. À la place des villes annoncées, les nouveaux venus ne trouvent que des terres incultes et quelques masures.Dans ce climat inhospitalier, une centaine de colons succombent à la malaria ou meurent d'inanition. Pourtant, aucune de ces victimes ne s'est plainte de la supercherie imaginée par Gregor MacGregor. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.

durée : 00:03:44 - Le Pourquoi du comment : histoire - par : Gérard Noiriel - Qui était Simon Bolivar, né en 1783 au Venezuela, et encore aujourd'hui une icône politique et militaire ?

Mandell Carter at the Single Men Second Line in 2018 [Photo by Jamell Tate] START Team Woody at The Other Place Lounge (3601 S. Saratoga Street, corner of Foucher Street). Out FOucher street to The Pelican Bar picking up Single Men. Continue out Saratoga to Dryades Street. LEFT on Dryades to Sixth Street. STOP Ladies of Unity SAPC. Pick up Single Men Queen (10-15 minute wait). Continue out Dryades to Second Street. STOP Sportsman's Bar Sportsman Annex Ladies. Continue out Dryades to Phillip. Quick LEFT then RIGHT to O.C. Haley Blvd. Jackson Ave. STOP CIA Ladies Social Club. Continue out O.C. Haley Blvd. to Erato Street. LEFT on Erato Street to S. Saratoga Street. STOP Gladys Birthday Club (stop is on the corner). Continue out Erato to Simon Bolivar, LEFT on Simon Bolivar to MLK. RIGHT on MLK to 231 MLK Blvd. STOP Single Ladies SAPC (Tribute to the late Mrs. Josie Anderson) 15 minutes. Continue out MLK to S. Galvez Street. STOP Dumaine Gang SAPC. Tribute to our deceased members (Nathaniel, Greg, Roosevelt, Joe Joe, Robert, Bobbie, Elaine) (15 min). LEFT on S. Galvez to Washington Ave. RIGHT on Washington to S. Rocheblave Street. DISBAND Tapp's II Bar   Below, hear our interview with Single Men's Richard Anderson as he discusses how excited they are to parade for the first time in two years, the club's 25th anniversary coming and going, how the city enforcement regarding the number of elements allowed in the second line is impacting their parade, their queen's winning battle with cancer, and much more:

LatAm water veteran Shimon Constante provides great insights into the LatAm water markets, their history, and how they developed. Shimon also focuses on and explains the recent Brazilian water legislation and the opportunities it presents for investors. Tune in to hear a fascinating discussion of LatAm water! In this session, you'll learn about:  Broad overview of the LatAm water markets The unique characteristics of the public versus private debate in LatAm Why infrastructure coverage in LatAm is relatively low Shimon's perspective on how the legacy of Simon Bolivar impacts the LatAm water sector Shimon's insights into the Brazilian water market The recent Brazilian water legislation and the opportunity it presents How the Brazilian water legislation allows aggregation (and what Shimon expects aggregation means) for privatization opportunities Resources and links mentioned in or relevant to this session include:  Shimon's LinkedIn Page Shimon Constante's website TWV #085: Water Conflict in Mexico with Raul Pacheco-Vega TWV #108: Paleohydrology and What It Can Teach Us with Ken Wright, P.E.  Thank You! Thanks to each of you for listening and spreading the word about The Water Values Podcast! Keep the emails coming and please rate and review The Water Values Podcast on iTunes and Stitcher if you haven't done so already. And don't forget to tell your friends about the podcast and whatever you do, don't forget to join The Water Values mailing list!