Podcasts about tiet

Uma expedição inédita, ao longo de mais de 1000 km do rio Tietê, coletou dados sobre a presença de fármacos, pesticidas e microplásticos, além de uma análise visual das águas. Os resultados serão compartilhados no dia 22 de setembro, em que é comemorado o Dia do Rio Tietê. Em entrevista à Rádio Eldorado, o biólogo César Pegoraro, da Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, reforça que o rio é um reflexo da sociedade e das escolhas políticas, observando uma degradação severa logo após a nascente, que contrasta com a pureza inicial e uma surpreendente recuperação na foz. Pegoraro critica a fixação de prazos para a despoluição do Tietê, prevista para 2029 pela atual gestão paulista, argumentando que isso gera frustração e desmobiliza a sociedade. Ele defende que a recuperação das águas deve ser um sonho coletivo e uma luta contínua de toda a sociedade, não apenas responsabilidade de governos.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bi "Wi snackt Platt" maakt wi düt mal en lütte Pingsttour mit Jo: wi sünd bi de Geesthachter Iesenbahnvereen to Besöök, wo een sik ok an'n Pingstsünndag wedder ole Damploks ankieken un dor ok mitfahren kann. Dorto vertellt wi Jo ok noch mehr över dat 125 Johrige Jubiläum vun'e Christuskark in't Othmarschen - un: dat geiht üm de ne'e Krimikummedie "Tiet is Geld - Jetzt oder nie" in't Ohnsorg-Theater. Wi weern för Jo mit bi de Premieer dorbi!  Moderatschoon: Jan Wulf

A secretária estadual de Meio Ambiente, Infraestrutura e Logística de São Paulo, Natália Resende, disse nesta quarta-feira, véspera do Dia Mundial do Meio Ambiente, que projeta a despoluição do Rio Tietê para 2029, ano em que foi estabelecida a meta de universalização do saneamento básico pela Sabesp. No entanto, em entrevista à Rádio Eldorado, ela reconheceu que a meta de desassoreamento do ano passado ficou 13% abaixo do previsto. Segundo a secretária, o problema foi solucionado após o Estado ter encontrado uma área ambientalmente adequada para a destinação dos resíduos em Pirapora do Bom Jesus. As ações do governo paulista, passando por sucessivas gestões, tiveram início após uma campanha da Rádio Eldorado e da Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica. Na ocasião, um abaixo-assinado pedindo a despoluição do Tietê, obteve mais de 1 milhão de assinaturas.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

A exposição "Águas Subterrâneas: Narrativas de Confluências" está em cartaz no Fundo Regional de Arte Contemporânea (Frac) Poitou-Charentes, em Angoulême, no sudoeste da França. O evento é realizado em parceria com o Instituto Tomie Ohtake, de São Paulo, como parte da programação da Temporada França-Brasil 2025.  Daniella Franco, enviada especial da RFI a AngoulêmeA mostra coletiva exibe obras de 12 artistas franceses e brasileiros - entre instalações, vídeos, fotografias e ilustrações - com a proposta de um diálogo imaginário entre rios dos dois países e seus relatos culturais, históricos e ambientais. O objetivo é abordar a escassez de água potável, denunciando as histórias coloniais e extrativistas e refletindo sobre a busca de soluções. Uma das curadoras do evento, Ana Roman, superintendente artística do Instituto Tomie Ohtake, destaca uma questão em comum entre as duas instituições que organizam o evento: a relação com "os corpos d'água". "Tanto o Frac de Angoulême quanto o Instituto Tomie Ohtake têm territórios muito próximos a rios. Apesar de muito distantes, a gente começou a discutir e a pensar que a gente têm problemas e questões similares relacionadas à domesticação desses corpos, a não compreensão deles como seres vivos e a falta de direitos histórica", ressalta.Caatinga e Deserto de SonoraEntre os artistas que fazem parte da mostra estão Vitor Cesar e Enrico Rocha, do Ceará. A dupla apresenta na mostra um conjunto formado por uma instalação, uma ilustração e um vídeo - obra que nasceu de uma pesquisa sobre a caatinga.O trabalho evoca a escassez da água neste bioma próprio do nordeste brasileiro. "A gente sentiu a necessidade se aproximar mais da caatinga, começamos a fazer visitas, a promover encontros e inclusive a convidar aristas de outras regiões para nos ajudar a olhar para aquele lugar, entendendo e intuindo que ele poderia nos apresentar questões e nos fazer outras possibilidades de vida", explica Enrico. A reflexão sobre territórios, povos e os impactos das mudanças climáticas também é abordada por outra artista na exposição, a paraibana Rastros de Diógenes, que apresenta a obra "Zona de Imaginação Climática". Por meio de uma série de colagens fotográficas, ela mistura paisagens reais e personagens autobiográficas, que entrelaça em um diagrama distópico e futurista.Em entrevista à RFI, Rastros de Diógenes conta que o trabalho surgiu durante uma residência artística que realizou no deserto de Sonora, no México. "A partir daí surge um mapa de imaginação climática, pensando a partir de três figuras - a mensageira, a curandeira e a agricultora. É como se elas habitassem em um mundo pós-apocalíptico, na tentativa de reconstruir a Terra e dar continuidade à vida", diz. Crítica infraestruturalO artista e pesquisador Daniel de Paula contesta a visão otimista em torno da energia gerada pelas hidrelétricas no Brasil e levou para a mostra uma instalação que compara vídeos de propaganda governamental a imagens feitas por moradores nos entornos da usina de Belo Monte, no Pará. "Pensar a infraestrutura de uma maneira crítica é entender que existe uma relação entre o indivíduo, a instituição e a infraestrutura, e que não há uma neutralidade no nosso uso da energia elétrica", defende. Com sua obra, o artista espera incitar a conscientização do público sobre o que há por trás de gestos que passam despercebidos no cotidiano. "A partir do momento que a gente está conectando o nosso celular para carregar a bateria dele, ele está vinculado a algum contexto que gera essa energia", saliente. "E qual é esse contexto? É uma hidrelétrica? Como essa hidrelétrica foi parar lá? Houve pessoas e populações que foram expulsas, lugares que foram expropriados, flora e fauna extintas", observa. O Coletivo Coletores, formado por Flávio Camargo e Toni Baptiste, de São Paulo, também trabalha na perspectiva da crítica por meio de seus trabalhos. Eles exibem em Angoulême três peças que fazem parte da série "Anamnesis - Palafitas e Refluxos", pensando nas similaridades entre o rio Tietê e o rio Charente. Assim, a dupla propõe uma reflexão sobre a dualidade de fatos positivos e negativos sobre as histórias desses cursos d'água e suas memórias. "A gente pega emprestado esse conceito de anamnese da Medicina, que é basicamente um processo em que o médico faz algumas perguntas ao paciente para criar um diagnóstico sobre aquilo que ele está sentindo. Mas, no nosso trabalho, a gente faz essas perguntas para a cidade, e usamos a memória como ferramenta para captar essas histórias", diz Toni. Flávio destaca a imensa palafita construída especialmente para a exposição: uma forma de abordar a questão de "estruturas que nascem como moradias precárias para lidar com as mudanças climáticas", observa. Segundo ele, a instalação também incita a reflexão sobre questões econômicas e especulações imobiliárias, sobre as quais tanto o público francês quanto o brasileiro facilmente reconhecem. Exposição viaja para São PauloA exposição coletiva "Águas Subterrâneas: Narrativas de Confluências" fica em cartaz no Fundo Regional de Arte Contemporânea Poitou Charentes, em Angoulême até 28 de setembro. Depois, segue para São Paulo, onde será exibida no Instituto Tomie Ohtake, de 13 de novembro de 2025 até 1° de março de 2026.

Gericht verurdeelt Ex-VW-Manager to Straaf to Bewährung un achter Trallen kamen +++ US-Präsident Donald Trump sett Extra-Tölle för Waren ut de EU wedder för en Tiet ut +++ Metz-Angriepersche vun´t Hauptbahnhoff in Hamborg is in Geestland in psychische Patschentin wesen +++ Afrieten vun Ex-Karstadt-Huus in Bremerhaben hett anfungen +++ LNG-Terminal Nummer 2 in Wilhelmshaben geiht an´t Nett +++ Dat Weer

Dat NDR-1-Studio in Ollenborg gifft dat nu siet 75 Johr. Dat ward düchtig fiert. Un Frank Jakobs hett nochmal torüchkeken op düsse Tiet, hett ehemalig Mitarbeiters interviewt un in't Archiv stöbert.

As obras para reparar a cratera que se reabriu no domingo na pista central da Marginal do Tietê, perto da ponte Atílio Fontana, no sentido Castello Branco, têm previsão de durar 30 dias. A informação é da Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, responsável pela intervenção no mesmo local em que uma cratera se abriu há um mês. O diretor de Engenharia da Sabesp, Roberval Tavares, afirmou que o uso incorreto da rede de esgoto pelos moradores pode ter causado o incidente. O solapamento ocorreu devido a uma fissura na caixa de inspeção de um interceptor de esgoto, que fica a 18 metros de profundidade. A Sabesp alega que a pressão da água da chuva, que não deveria estar na rede, contribuiu para o dano na caixa. Em entrevista à Rádio Eldorado, Amauri Pollachi, especialista em Planejamento e Gestão do Território e coordenador do Observatório Nacional dos Direitos à Água e ao Saneamento (Ondas), discordou da suposta causa da cratera. “Colocar a responsabilidade na população é uma desculpa inovadora e inventiva”, afirmou. Para ele, a avaliação do primeiro incidente deve ter sido rápida para permitir a liberação da pista. “Às vezes uma solução rápida é a pior solução”, ressaltou.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Päätin ilahduttaa teitä yli tunnin jaksolla taas kerran ja muutin erään entisen presidentin puolison sukunimenkin tohkeissani. Annetaan muutenkin erikoisia palautteita eri henkilöille, mutta ei sen niin väliä. Loppuun vielä puhutaan vähän tärkeimmästä henkilöstä eli itsestäni, ja käydään läpi mitä mietin kahden vuoden jälkeen loukkaantumisestani.(00:28) Alkuhöpinät(26:28) Mediakatsaus(57:13) 2 vuotta loukkaantumisesta. Pata jumissa?

Nesta terça-feira, a cidade de Barra Bonita foi palco da 3ª reunião do Grupo de Fiscalização Integrada das Águas do Rio Tietê (GFI-Tietê). O encontro reuniu representantes de 67 prefeituras das bacias dos rios Tietê/Batalha e Tietê/Jacaré, com o objetivo de apresentar o Plano de Ação desenvolvido pelo grupo, que visa intensificar a fiscalização de mananciais, com foco na redução da proliferação de algas e macrófitas – problema que se agravou desde o ano passado, devido ao aumento das temperaturas no estado. Além disso, a reunião também teve como objetivo mobilizar as prefeituras a participar do grupo, ampliando as ações de fiscalização no território paulista. https://www.agenciasp.sp.gov.br/grupo-debate-solucoes-para-acumulo-de-aguapes-e-amplia-fiscalizacao-do-rio-tiete-no-interior-de-sp/

»Lakatkaa te huolehtimasta! Tietäkää, että minä olen Jumala, kaikkia kansoja mahtavampi, korkein koko maailmassa.» Herra Sebaot on kanssamme, Jaakobin Jumala on turvamme. Psalmi 46: 11-12Seurassasi on Kirsi Jokela

Aniete chegou em Tietê com o filho pequeno, uma mala de roupas e uma TV de 14 polegadas. O companheiro decidiu itr embora, deixando para trás uma mulher negra, mãe solo, sem apoio, em uma cidade nova.Ela tinha medo, fome e a responsabilidade de proteger o filho, que não conseguia se desenvolver como as outras crianças. Mas também tinha algo que não se compra: fé em si mesma e a certeza de que um dia o sol voltaria a brilhar.Enquanto o filho Xavier enfrentava o preconceito e a falta de diagnóstico, ela batalhava por um sustento que não vinha.A bicicleta foi seu principal meio de transporte. Entre idas à creche, supermercados e os muitos empregos que não duravam, ela passava por confecções que despejavam tecidos nas calçadas.Foi assim que ela começou a produzir bonecas abayomis. Em um momento de cansaço, ela recolheu os tecidos descartados e decidiu tentar. Com suas mãos, deu vida à primeira boneca.As pessoas começaram a comprar. O artesanato virou sustento. A mulher que um dia só tinha uma alface para o filho comer, agora começava a sonhar com independência.E mesmo com a dor de uma depressão severa que enfrentou em 2018, ela transformou tudo isso em palavras. Em uma tarde, nasceu “Abayomi, a menina de trança”, seu livro infantil.Na história, Abayomi precisa replantar o último girassol do mundo. Era o que Aniete fazia também, replantava a esperança dentro de si.Hoje ela vende suas bonecas e livros com as histórias que escreve. Quer crescer como artista e como pessoa, mas também quer puxar outras mulheres com ela.Porque, mesmo com tantas ausências, também encontrou pessoas que a acolheram em seu caminho. Pessoas que acreditaram quando tudo parecia perdido.No fim, Aniete costurou sua própria história e agora, com Xavier ao lado e a literatura como guia, ela segue acreditando que ainda há muita luz pra florescer.Link do livro da Aniete: https://amzn.to/3YqA9pd

Ruokaan ja syömiseen liittyy monenlaisia myyttejä ja väärinkäsityksiä. Hiljattain julkaistut uudet ravitsemussuositukset herättivät paljon keskustelua ja jopa raivoa. Millaista on tutkimustieto suositusten takana? Mitä asiantuntijat sanovat valmisruoista, lisäaineista, sokerista ja erilaisista dieeteistä? Mitä tiedetään geenien ja ravitsemuksen yhteydestä? MTV Uutisten terveystoimittaja Nelli Hyttisen johdolla tutkittua tietoa ruoasta tarjoilevat professorit Mikael Fogelholm ja Marina Heinonen sekä yliopistonlehtori ja dosentti Tiina Jääskeläinen Helsingin yliopistosta. Podcast on nauhoitettu Tiedekulmassa Helsingin yliopiston ja MTV Uutisten järjestämässä Hyvä paha ruoka -tapahtumassa 24.4.2025. Katso keskustelu videona: https://youtu.be/izvwlQe4TvM

Veja nesta edição que um trecho da Marginal Tietê, importante via expressa de São Paulo, continua interditado após a abertura de uma cratera na via. E mais: inscritos do CadÚnico ocupam quase 60% das vagas de emprego abertas em fevereiro.

Confira nesta edição do JR 24 Horas: A chuva forte durou menos de uma hora, mas foi o suficiente para prejudicar a mobilidade na capital paulista e região metropolitana. Uma escola estadual em Diadema (SP) foi invadida pela água. Alunos, professores e funcionários precisaram subir em mesas e bancos para se proteger. Em Santo André (SP), a chuva veio acompanhada de ventos fortes e granizo. Já na zona leste, em uma comunidade, a água da chuva chegou a formar uma cachoeira, assustando os moradores. E ainda: Quatro pessoas são presas por crimes contra instituições financeiras na Bahia.

Henna Lindroos on Vuoden vapaa-ajankalastaja 2025. Hän kalastaa ympäri vuoden ja julkaisee Instagramissa hienoja kalastuskuvia. Tämän lisäksi hän on kunnostautunut muun muassa Mimmit kalastaa -hankkeessa ja vaikuttaa myös Vapaa-ajan kalastajien aikuislautakunnassa. Nyt hän kertoo pilkkimisen yhteydessä, mistä Vuoden vapaa-ajan kalastaja erityisesti tykkää.

O Governador do estado de São Paulo, Tarcísio de Freitas, participou do leilão de concessão do lote Alto Tietê - linhas 11 Coral, 12 Safira e 13 Jade.

O Governador do estado de São Paulo, Tarcísio de Freitas, participou do leilão de concessão do lote Alto Tietê - linhas 11 Coral, 12 Safira e 13 Jade.

O Governador do estado de São Paulo, Tarcísio de Freitas, junto do Secretário de Parcerias e Investimentos, Rafael Benini, participaram do leilão de concessão do lote Alto Tietê - linhas 11 Coral, 12 Safira e 13 Jade.

O governador de São Paulo, Tarcísio de Freitas, recebeu nesta terça-feira (25) piscicultores e prefeitos de cidades afetadas pela morte de peixes no rio Tietê e reforçou que a administração estadual tem um plano de ação para combater o problema. Durante a reunião no Palácio dos Bandeirantes, ele determinou um diagnóstico completo da situação dos pescadores para estabelecer medidas emergenciais de auxílio.

O Congresso aprovou o orçamento e prevê um superávit de R$ 15 bilhões. O projeto cortou verbas da educação, ciência e Bolsa Família, ampliou recursos do Vale-Gás e do Minha Casa, Minha Vida e manteve mais de R$ 50 bilhões para emendas parlamentares. O ministro da Fazenda Fernando Haddad disse que a elevação da taxa de juros é momentânea. A poluição do Tietê avançou sobre o interior de São Paulo e manchou o rio a 500 quilômetros da capital. Ucrânia e Rússia trocaram ataques em meio a negociações de cessar-fogo. O Comitê Olímpico Internacional enfrenta a Colômbia nas eliminatórias da Copa. O lançamento da novela Vale Tudo teve uma festa grandiosa no hotel Copacabana Palace, no Rio.

VDVV-1705_0857 -Loi Chi Dan Nen Gian Di Va Tiet Kiem Khi Tiep Don Thay Tam Tai Amsterdam.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền  

Voiko tulevaisuutta ennustaa? Asuntosijoittajan kannattaa ainakin yrittää! Tätä jaksoa on odotettu – ja syystä! Sijoittamisessa, erityisesti asuntosijoittamisessa, tulevaisuuden ymmärtäminen on avainasemassa. Vaikka tavallisena kuukausisäästäjänä ei kannata liikaa yrittää ennustaa tulevaa (tai ollenkaan), asuntomarkkinoilla kehityskulkujen hahmottaminen voi olla kriittistä, sillä ne vaikuttavat suoraan arvonnousuun. Ja jos haluaa olla asuntoSIJOITTAJA, tällä on väliä! Kuka olisikaan parempi vieras tästä puhumaan kuin kaupunkitutkija ja kaupunkimaantieteen professori Mari Vaattovaara! Mitä trendejä asuntosijoittajan kannattaa seurata? Mitkä alueet kasvavat ja mitkä taantuvat? Ja miten kaupunkien kehitys vaikuttaa sijoitusasuntojen arvoon?

Tietäkää, rakkaat veljeni, että itse kunkin tulee olla herkkä kuulemaan mutta hidas puhumaan ja hidas vihaan, sillä miehen viha ei johda oikeudenmukaisuuteen, jota Jumala tahtoo. Olkaa siis sävyisiä ja pankaa pois kaikki saasta ja pahuus. Ottakaa vastaan sana, joka on teihin istutettu ja joka voi pelastaa teidän sielunne.Jaak. 1: 19-21Seurassasi on Kirsi Jokela

O trecho norte do Rodoanel de São Paulo está com cerca de um terço das obras concluídas. A construção, iniciada em 2013, sofreu várias interrupções e foi totalmente paralisada em 2018, sendo retomada em abril do ano passado. Com 43,8 km de extensão, o trecho é o último a ser construído e vai completar a interligação de todo o grande anel viário que circunda a capital paulista. A conclusão está prevista para o segundo semestre de 2026. O investimento, de R$ 3,4 bilhões, inclui 107 obras, sendo 44 pontes e 63 viadutos, além de sete túneis duplos. O Rodoanel Norte passa pela capital paulista, Arujá e Guarulhos. O principal objetivo é desviar grande parte do trânsito das marginais Tietê e Pinheiros. O governo paulista também alega que foi necessária uma revisão no traçado original, que afetava áreas de preservação ambiental. Com a conclusão, serão interligados o trecho sul e o leste, fechando o anel viário de 177 quilômetros cuja construção começou há 27 anos – em 1998. O novo trecho terá pedágios sem cabine, no sistema free-flow – os veículos não precisarão parar ou reduzir a velocidade. Em entrevista à Rádio Eldorado, o engenheiro civil Ivan Carlos Maglio, pesquisador do Instituto de Estudos Avançados (IEA-USP), disse que o Rodoanel “continua sendo muito importante”, mas alertou que a obra iniciada há 27 anos pode já não ser suficiente. “Toda obra tem um tempo de saturação e ela pode estar mais próxima”, afirmou. Para o especialista, o ideal seria dar mais ênfase ao transporte ferroviário de cargas com a construção do Ferroanel Norte.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Raamattutunti 26.02.2025: Lauri Lankinen & Petrus Leppänen

Pasi Heikura käy läpi hiihtotekniikoiden ja -välineiden sanastoa hiihtoasiantuntija Sami Jauhojärven opastuksella. Ohjelmassa tutkitaan myös, onko hallinnossa haudattu ketunhäntiä, pistetään kasviproteiini lihoiksi ja lopuksi yllätetään kuluttajat housut kintuissa. Ohjelman ovat toimittaneet Pasi Heikura ja Tina Cavén.

De Nedderdüütsch Bühn in Nörden fiert Jubiläum: Siet 100 Johren gifft dat düsse Theatergrupp. Frank Jakobs kiekt torüch op düsse Tiet un hett ok mit anner Theaterlüüd schnackt. Un wiest, wo wichtig dat Theater för de plattdüütsche Spraak is.

Raamattupiirisarja Maan ääriin asti käsittelee Apostolien tekoja ja on kuin seikkailukertomus. Seuraa kanssamme kristillisen kirkon syntyä ja sen uskomatonta leviämistä 35 vuodessa koko Rooman valtakuntaan – vastustuksesta ja vainoista huolimatta. Ihastu Paavaliin, tuohon seurakunnan vainoojaan, josta Jeesuksen kohtaaminen teki innosta palavan pakanain apostolin.

A secretária estadual de Meio Ambiente, Infraestrutura e Logística, Natália Resende, anunciou na terça-feira (11) investimentos que somam cerca de R$ 300 milhões para a região do Alto Tietê para drenagem e coleta de esgoto. O anúncio foi feito durante reunião com a prefeita de Mogi das Cruzes, Mara Bertaiolli.

13 de fevereiro é o Dia Mundial do Rádio.A data foi criada pela Organização das Nações Unidas para aEducação, a Ciência e a Cultura, a UNESCO, em 2011.Esse dia ressalta a importância do rádio para celebrar adiversidade e multiplicar as vozes em torno de um mundo melhor.Em 2025, o Dia Mundial do Rádio tem como tema "Rádio eAlterações Climáticas". A proposta é destacar como o meio de comunicação contribui para a luta contra a emergência climática.A informação baseada em fatos alerta as comunidades e ascoberturas e reportagens dão voz às populações afetadas.E no Brasil, uma das rádios que há décadas está em sintoniacom o meio ambiente é a Eldorado, de São Paulo. Em 1990, com João Lara Mesquita à frente da emissora, tem início uma campanha pela despoluição do Rio Tietê.Com o apoio da SOS Mata Atlântica, o movimento gera umabaixo-assinado de 1 milhão e 200 mil pessoas para lutar pelo rio. O assunto vem a público com força durante a Eco-92.Entre muitas ações da Rádio Eldorado por um Tietê Vivo, aqui no Peças Raras, vamos relembrar destes spots criados para a campanha Criaturas do Tietê. Em 2012, quando a Rádio teve o nome de EstadãoESPN, algumas chamadas são colocadas no ar para conscientizar o papel cidadão de cada um de nós pela despoluição do rio.

O Jardim Pantanal, no extremo leste de capital paulista, está alagado desde sábado (1º). O problema é recorrente: a região fica na várzea do rio Tietê e é palco frequente de enchentes há mais de 30 anos. Como solução, a gestão municipal estuda mudar o distrito de lugar. O Durma com Essa desta quarta-feira (5) explica por que o território costuma ficar embaixo da água quando chove, qual a proposta de realocação dos moradores e qual sua viabilidade. O programa tem também Isadora Rupp falando sobre os novos presidentes da Câmara e do Senado, João Paulo Charleaux analisando os efeitos da guerra dos bonés entre governistas e a oposição e Giovanna Castro explicando o que levou a protagonista de “Emilia Pérez” a ser excluída dos eventos de promoção do filme na campanha do Oscar. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Após a Prefeitura de São Paulo divulgar três possíveis projetos para resolver o problema de enchentes no Jardim Pantanal, bairro do extremo leste da cidade que historicamente sofre com as chuvas, o governador do Estado, Tarcísio de Freitas (Republicanos), afirmou que tem dúvidas sobre todas as propostas e que pretende estudar mais a fundo o assunto. As três possibilidades têm valores que variam de R$ 1 bilhão a R$ 1,9 bilhão. Na primeira solução, é prevista a construção de um dique, sete reservatórios, o Parque Várzeas do Tietê e de um canal com 5,5 km para desviar a água da chuva para evitar inundações, com a remoção de cerca de 500 famílias. Na segunda alternativa, haveria a construção de um canal e seriam abertas lagoas de acumulação da água. Haveria ainda a reversão do Tietê, além de desapropriações, remoções e reassentamentos, com ações integradas entre a capital e a cidade de Guarulhos. A terceira possibilidade, que é a mais cara, tem como foco remoções e desapropriações, reassentamentos, construção de novos conjuntos habitacionais e a criação de um parque alagável. Em entrevista à Rádio Eldorado, o arquiteto social José Bueno, um dos criadores do projeto Rios e Ruas, com o mapeamento de cursos d’água em São Paulo, disse que uma solução “é urgente”, mas “não é um despejo” e precisa ouvir a comunidade científica. “Não podemos mais ter uma cidade biofóbica que criminaliza a chuva”, afirmou.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Dütmal stellt wi Jo bi "Wi snackt Platt" en Mann mit en grotet Hart för de plattdüütsche Spraak för: Hasnain Kazim. Mit dat Fahrrad is he in't verleden Johr an'e Elv langsfört - vun Cuxhoven bet rünner no Sassen - un över düsse Tiet hett en Book schreven. "Deutschlandtour" heet dat Book, un an'n Dunnersdag warrt he dorut vörlesen: Avends üm halvig söven in't Literaturhuus in Hamborg. Denn stellt wi Jo ok noch de ne'e Leidersch vun't Zentrum för Nedderdüütsch in Holsteen vör: Marie-Sophie Koop ut Hamborg-Bardörp is dat - un dat gifft en "Hör mal'n beten to"-Geschicht över Gerrit Hoss sienen olen VW Bulli to höörn. Moderatschoon: Jan Wulf

VDVV-1659_0792 -Xin Thay Tiet Lo Cho Chung Con Biet 1 Chut Xiu Ve Canh Tien.mp3PodCast ChannelsVô Vi Podcast - Vấn Đạo  Vô Vi Podcast - Băn GiảngVô Vi Podcast - Nhạc Thiền 

A Grande São Paulo enfrentou, nesta sexta (24), o terceiro dia mais chuvoso em mais de 60 anos. Ruas, avenidas e estações de metrô ficaram alagadas. No momento, 80 mil imóveis ainda estão sem energia elétrica. Durante o dia, na capital paulista, a chuva afetou vários pontos, principalmente nas zonas norte e oeste. O trânsito atingiu recorde neste ano, com 1.062 quilômetros de congestionamento. Até o momento, não há registros de feridos ou desaparecidos. Confira nesta edição do JR 24 horas: temporal na capital paulista afeta viagens do Terminal Rodoviário Tietê nesta sexta (24).

Asiantuntija uskoo, että globaalin talouden ja pörssikurssien kasvu jatkuu vuonna 2025. Mitkä asiat saattavat luoda haasteita kasvulle ja mihin sektoreihin ja megatrendeihin kannattaa kiinittää huomiota? Entä miltä Suomen taloudellinen tilanne näyttää? Kirjoittaja: Matleena Inget Lukija: Evita Lestinen

Confira nesta edição do JR 24 Horas: 2025 está chegando e muita gente vai aproveitar a folga neste fim de ano para viajar. Em São Paulo, quase um milhão de passageiros devem embarcar e desembarcar nos três terminais de ônibus até quinta-feira (2). O terminal do Tietê está bastante movimentado nesta segunda (30) e para dar conta da demanda, mais de 3,8 mil ônibus extras foram disponibilizados em todos os terminais rodoviários da cidade. E ainda: Rio de Janeiro espera movimentar mais de R$ 3 bilhões com a festa de réveillon.

Euroopan hiukkastutkimuskeskus CERNissä työskentelevät suomalaiset hiukkasfyysikot Jaana Heikkilä ja Kati Lassila-Perini avaavat hiukkasfysiikan salaisuuksia ja kertovat, mitä pitäisi tietää alkeishiukkaisista, kuten mystisestä Higgsin hiukkasesta, maailman suurimmasta hiukkaskiihdyttimisestä LHC:stä sekä sen seuraajasta - miten hiukkasmaailmaa havaitaan nyt ja tulevaisuudessa. Haastateltavina CERNin hiukkasfyysikot Jaana Heikkilä ja Kati Lassila-Perrini. Toimittajana Jari Mäkinen.

2 Timotäus 4:3 The post “Doa woat eene Tiet Komen” appeared first on Lighthouse Gospel Church.

Eerste Wahllokalen in de USA maakt glieks op +++ Habeck snackt vun leege Tiet för en Fehlslag vun de Koalitschoon +++ Jedet twete Afschuven slumpt nich +++ Wietere Bremer Pleeghüüs drauht de Insolvenz +++ Autofohrers in Bremen-Noord bruukt nochmal starke Nerven +++ Dat Weer

Ein Besuch beim Flohmarkt entpuppt sich für Clivia Appeldorn am Ende als romantische Zeitreise. Hier gibt es mehr Plattdeutsch: Podcast: Die plattdeutsche Morgenplauderei "Hör mal 'n beten to" als kostenloses Audio-Abo für Ihren PC: https://www.ndr.de/wellenord/podcast3096.html Die Welt snackt Platt: Alles rund um das Thema Plattdeutsch: https://www.ndr.de/plattdeutsch

We talk about time management.

Marcelo Tas conversa com o professor, palestrante e filósofo Clóvis de Barros Filho no Provoca. Na entrevista, Clóvis fala sobre quando a vida perde o sentido, a importância do prazer e como enriquecer o presente. Tas pergunta: "Qual a vida que não vale a pena?". Clóvis responde: "É a vida que despreza seus maiores valores (...) Uma vida sem prazer é uma vida ruim. A palavra prazer é tão boa, mas tão sabotada. Deveríamos ter aprendido sobre prazer na escola, pois se é um valor da vida, deveria ser ensinado". Ele também relata o momento em que descobriu uma doença e enfrentou a perda de controle sobre sua vida e corpo: "O desespero foi tanto que fui para a Rodoviária Tietê. Decidi pegar o primeiro ônibus que saísse e fui parar em Goiânia. Fiz o mesmo em Goiânia, depois em BH e em Vitória", conta.

Liera 3:2Jebuaren woaren haft siene Tiet, stoawen haft siene Tiet, plaunten haft siene Tiet,utrieten haft siene Tiet. The post Ne Bestemde Tiet Fa Jieda Sach Oppe Ieed! appeared first on Lighthouse Gospel Church.

Liera 3:2Jebuaren woaren haft siene Tiet, stoawen haft siene Tiet, plaunten haft siene Tiet,utrieten haft siene Tiet.

Wenn der Weg an Nord- oder Ostsee zu weit ist, bleibt für Ines Barber immer noch der Weg ins Freibad oder zum Badesee, wo sie zu träumen anfängt. Hier gibt es mehr Plattdeutsch: Podcast: Die plattdeutsche Morgenplauderei "Hör mal 'n beten to" als kostenloses Audio-Abo für Ihren PC: https://www.ndr.de/wellenord/podcast3096.html Die Welt snackt Platt: Alles rund um das Thema Plattdeutsch: https://www.ndr.de/plattdeutsch

G7-Topp-Drepen in Süditalien +++ Tahl vun Verdrevenen kladdert na dat UN Flüchtlingshölpswark op nee´en Hööchstweert +++ Bunnsdag stimmt över mehr Tiet för Breeftostellung af +++ Ünnersökensutschuss befraagt Ministerpräsident Weil +++ Stadtdeelbiraat verlangt mehr Akschonen gegen Rotten +++ Dat Weer

Last time we spoke about the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Mongolia found herself stuck between two crumbling empires who both were engulfed in brutal civil wars. Warlord Duan Qirui invaded Mongolia effectively making it a protectorate. This prompted Mongolian nobles to form resistance groups like the Consular Hill and East Urga to combat Chinese dominance. The merging of these groups birthed the Mongolian People's Party, seeking Soviet support for independence. Meanwhile, psychopath Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, claiming descent from Genghis Khan, emerged as a militaristic force, aligning with Russian Whites and Japanese interests to seize Mongolia. His brutal campaign ousted Chinese occupiers, restored the Bogd Khan to power, but brought tyranny, especially targeting Jews and Red Russians. The Mongolians were now seeking help, yet again from the Chinese, but someone else was looking to pick a fight with the megalomaniac Ungern-Sternberg. #102 The Case of Mongolia and Tibet's “status”   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Last we left off, Ungern-Sternberg was having a merry time in Urga Mongolia. His secret police force led by Colonel Leonid Sipailov was hunting down all Reds and Jews he could find amongst the Russian colonial community of Mongolia. Although they never went after Mongols, they certainly were barbaric to their own. Its estimated Sipailov's goons killed nearly 900 people, roughly 6% of the Russian colonial population of Mongolia at the time. Of these over 50 were Jewish, representing 6% of those executed under Ungern-Sternbergs orders. Meanwhile Ungern-Sternberg continued to develop his Asiatic Cavalry Division, seeking to make it the base model for a future Mongolian national army. His division at this point was quite multicultural, consisting of Russians, Cossacks, Chinese, Japanese, Mongols, Buryats, Tatar, Tibetans and other groups. Ungern-Sternberg had crushed as many Red Russians as he could find, but they were not done for the count. A Mongolian Red leader emerged named Damdin Sukhbaatar. Sukhbaatar meaning “Axe Hero” in Mongolian was born in Ulaanbaatar, a Chinese trading settlement a few kms east of Ikh Khuree. His parents abandoned their home banner in Setsen Khan aimag when he was 6, as they moved to the Russian consulate. He then grew up around Russians, picking up the language. In 1911 when Mongolia declared independence, Sukhbaater joined the new national army. Russian military advisors to the Bogd Khan set up military academies at Khujirbulan in 1912 and Sukhbaatar found himself at one of them. He was shown to have a talent for military tactics and was good at riding and shooting. He quickly became a platoon leader of a machine gun company. In 1914 he found himself involved in a soldiers riot, they were discontent with corruption in the army and bad living conditions. He survived the ordeal and would soon serve under the command of Khatanbaatar Mahsarjav in Eastern Mongolia by 1917. That year sprang forth the Russian Revolution and China's Warlord Era, chaos would reign supreme. Soon Outer Mongolia was under Chinese occupation and this sprang forth two underground political parties, Consular Hill and East Urga group. By 1920 they united to form the Mongolian People's Party and Sukhbaatar found himself becoming a delegate sent multiple times to multiple places in the new Soviet Union seeking military assistance. In 1921 Sukhbaater was placed in charge of smuggling a letter from the Bogd Khan through numerous Chinese checkpoints. In a father of marco polo like fashion, he hid the letter in the handle of his whip and its found in a museum today in Ulaanbaater. Now the year prior the Soviet government stated they were willing to help Mongolia, but asked the delegates to explain to them how they planned to fight off the foreign invaders. In September numerous delegates were sent to Moscow, while Sukhaatar and Choubalsan took up a post in Irkutsk for military training and to be contacts between the Soviets and Mongolia.  Meanwhile back in Mongolia, Ungern-Sternberg began an occupation. Mongolian delegates Chagdarjav and Choibalsan rushed back to Mongolia to find allies amongst the nobles. On February 10th a plenary session of the Comintern in Irkutsk passed a formal resolution to “aid the struggle of the Mongolian people for liberation and independence with money, guns and military instructors" The Mongolian People's Party had thus gained significant military assistance and was now a serious contender in the battle for Mongolia. The party held its first congress secretly between March 1st-3rd at Kyakhta attended by 17 and 26 members. They approved the formation of an army, to be headed by Sukhbaatar alongside two Russian advisors. They also adopted a new party manifesto and by March 13th formed a provisional government headed by Dogsomyn Bodoo. Sukhbaatar had begun recruiting troops for what was called the Mongolian People's Partisans as early as February 9th. By the 15th of February the Mongolians decided to seize Khiagt currently under Chinese occupation. They sent an ultimatum to the Chinese, but their commanders refused to surrender. By March 18th, the Mongolian Partisans were 400 men strong as they stormed the Chinese garrison at Kyakhta Maimaicheng. They seized it from the Chinese, despite being heavily outnumbered and this greatly bolstered their confidence. To this day this victory is celebrated as a military holiday. The party issued a proclamation announcing the formation of a new government that would expel the Chinese and promised to convene a congress of representatives of the masses who would elect a permanent government.  The provisional government moved over to Khiagt where they established ministries of Finance, Foreign affairs and military. A propaganda war also emerged between the provisional government and the Bogd Khaan's court. The provisional government began spreading leaflets along the northern border urging Mongolians to take arms against White Russians while the Bogd Khaan's side issued warnings to the people the supposed revolutionaries were going to destroy their nation and their Buddhist faith with it. Meanwhile the Soviet Union was trying to re-establish diplomatic relations with the Chinese government. They had dispatched representatives to Beijing and the Chinese did the same in Moscow. Because of this delicate situation, the Soviets were trying to keep everything low key about the Mongolian movement. However in early 1921, the Chinese cut talks with the Soviets because of the mess Ungern-Sternberg was causing in Mongolia. The Soviets offered Red Army assistance to dislodge his forces from Mongolia, but the Chinese rejected this. Since talks were severed, the Soviets then felt ok to unrestrain themselves in terms of aiding the Mongolian revolutionaries. Throughout march of 1921, a flow of Soviet advisors and weapons came to the Mongolian revolutionaries. By April they doubled to 800 troops and they began sending spies and diversionary units throughout the region spreading propaganda and terror to weaken Ungern-Sternbergs forces. Once Ungern-Sternberg found out about the incursion he quickly assembled an expeditionary force to dislodge the hostile Red invaders. It seems Ungern-Sternberg was under the false belief he was a very popular figures and would receive support in Mongolia and from Siberia. Truth be told, he failed to strengthen his small army properly and would be outgunned and outnumbered heavily by the Reds. He also had no knowledge the Reds had already conquered Siberia and that the new Soviet government was beginning to make some economic progress.  Ungern-Sternberg divded his Asiatic Cavalry Division into two brigades, one was under his personal commander, the other under Major General Rezukhin. In May of 1921 Rezukhin launched a red west of the Selenga River while Ungern set out towards Troitskosavk. Meanwhile the Soviet Red Army sent units towards Mongolia from different directions. The Soviets enjoyed a enormous advantage in terms of pretty much everything. They had armored cars, minor aircraft, trains, river gunboats, plenty of horses, more ammunitions, supplies and man power. Initially Ungerns force managed to defeat a small detachment of 300 Red Army troops enroute to Troitskosavk. But Between June 11-13th the 35th Division of the Soviet 5th Red Army led by Commander Mikhail Matiyasevich alongside Mongolian People's Partisan forces decisively defeated him. Having failed to capture Troiskosavask, Ungern-Sternberg fled back for Urga, sending word to Rezukhin to do the same. The combined Red forces pursued the White Russians to Urga, skirmishing along the way and would capture the city on July 6th, brushing aside its few guard detachments. Although the Reds had seized Urga, they had not defeated the main bulk of Ungern-Sternbergs division who were then regrouping around Akha-gun-hure along the Selenga River. Meanwhile another Red Army led by Colonel Kazagrandi slaughtered a 350 man strong White Russian force stuck in the Gobi desert. Kazagrandi's forces ultimately accepted the surrender of two groups of White Russians they had managed to cut and divie, one being 42 men, the other 35. Chinese forces were also attacking White Russians remnants as they crossed the border. It is beleived some of these men were deserters of Ungern-Sternbergs division.  Ungern-Sternberg now cought to invade Transbaikal, attempting to rally his soldiers and local peoples proclaimed to all Semyonov had reached an agreement with the Japanese who were soon to unleash an offensive to support them. The reality however was the Japanese had given up on the White cause. After a few days of rest, the Asiatic Cavalry division began raiding Soviet territory on July 18th. His force was estimated to be perhaps 3000 strong. In response the Soviets declared martial law in regions where White remnants were raiding. Ungern-Sternbergs men managed to capture some minor settlements, one being Novoselenginsk that they took on August 1st. Yet upon taking this settlement, Red Army forces began to converge on his location, prompting Ungern-Sternberg to declare they would go back to Mongolia to rid it of communism again.  By this point, most of his men were not idiots, they knew they were following a doomed cause. Many of them sought to desert and flee for Manchuria to join up with Russian refugees there. Ungern-Sternberg meanwhile seemed to also have his own escape plan, he was going to head for Tuba and then Tibet. Men under both brigades began to mutiny and on August 17th, Rezukhin was assassinated. The next day the same assassins tried to kill Ungern-Sternberg. He managed to evade them twice, by fleeing with a smaller detachment consisting exclusively of Mongolians. The Mongols rode out a distance with him, before tying him up and leaving him there to flee. At this point the rest of his two brigades had scattered for this lives fleeing over the Chinese border. Ungern-Sternberg was captured on August 20th by a Red Army detachment led by Petr Efimovich Shchetinkin. Petr also happened to be a Cheka, this was a Soviet secret police organization that infamously conducted the Red Terror. Ironically, I think I can say this here, but I am currently writing a few series for KNG and one is on the Russian Civil War, I go through the formation of all these organizations, if you want to check that out though, I think its a KNG patreon exclusive for awhile. On September 15th of 1921, Ungern-Sternberg was put on trial for well over 6 hours, under the prosecution of Yemelyan Yaroslavsky. In the end he was sentenced to be executed by firing squad. He was killed that night in Novosibirsk. Thus ended the reign of quite a psychopath, gotta say written about many, this guy was something special.  Funny side note, historian John Jennings who worked at the US Air Force Academy argued Ungern-Sternberg ironically may have single handedly led Mongolia into the arms of the Bolsheviks. Ungern-Sternbergs expedition into Mongolia and conquest of Urga had driven out the Chinese forces who may have been a match for the incoming Red Army. Likewise, taking his white army into Mongolia basically drew the Reds to Mongolia to hunt him down, thus in the end some would argue its all his fault Mongolia became a Soviet satellite later on.  After Ungern-Sternbergs death and the mopping up of White armies in the region, the Soviets and Chinese reopened talks about the Mongolian situation. Unbeknownst to the Russians, China had actually appointed Zhang Zuolin to deal with the Ungern-Sternberg situation. Zhang Zuolin was supposed to create an expeditionary army to expel him from Mongolia. Yet by the time he was about to initiate the expedition, Red Army forces flooded the region making it a political nightmare for China. What ended up happening, similar to Colonel Kazagrandi's hunt of Red's in the Gobi desert, Zhang Zuolin hunted down Ungern-Sternbergs remnants as they fled into Manchuria. Thus when the talks began between the Russians and Chinese, the Chinese were emboldened, believing Zhang Zuolin had in fact cleaned up the entire situation on his lonesome and that they had the upper hand militarily. China came to the table stating Mongolia was still part of China and thus was not the subject of international negotiations. Meanwhile after Ungern-Sternberg was run out of Urga, the Mongolian People's Party proclaimed a new government on July 11th. Sukhbaatar became the minister of the army and Bogd Khan had his monarch powers limited to basically just being symbolic. It was a rough start for the new government. Dogsomyn Bodoo became the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, but he immediately found himself at political war with Soliin Danzan. Danzan had lost his seat as party leader to Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj a relative to Bodoo. Danzan assumed Bodoo had helped his relative steal his seat. Danzan became the Minister of Finance and began engineering a scheme to get rid of Bodoo from his office.  Bodoo had initiated a very unpopular company, initially instigated by the Soviets. It was to modernize the peoples by forcibly cutting off feudal accessories, such as Mongolian feels, womens jewelry and long hair. Danzan accused Bodoo of plotting alongside another leading figure Ja Lama, the Chinese and Americans to undermine the entire revolution so they could establish an autocratic government. Ja Lama was a warlord who fought the Qing dynasty and claimed to be a Buddhist lama. When Ungern-Sternberg sent a delegation to Lhasa in 1920, Ja-Lama murdered all of them. Since Ungern-Sternbergs death, Ja Lama attempted to operate an independent government from a hideout, he was a bit of a loose cannon. There was also Dambyn Chagdarjav who was loosely linked to the supposed cabal. He was the provisional governments former prime minister when Unger-Sternberg was around. He was quickly outed and replaced with Bodoo, and it seems it was just convenient to toss him in with the accusations against Bodoo. On January 7th, of 1922 Bodoo resigned from all his positions in the government, stating it was because of health issues. This did not stop Danzan who laid charges against Bodoo, Chagdarjav, Ja Lama and 14 others, who were arrested and interrogated by Russian secret police working with the Mongolian government. They were all found guilty and executed by firing squad on August 31st 1922. They all would only be the firsts of a longer lasting purge raging through the 1920s and 1930s. Following the execution of Bodoo, party leaders invited the high Buddhist incarnation, Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, hell of a name by the way, to became the new prime minister. He was largely chosen to quell religious minded Mongolian's who were upset at the execution of Bodoo who was a lama. Danzan was not done with political rivalries. He soon found himself butting heads with Rinchingiin Elbegdori a leader amongst the leftists and chief advisor to the Comintern in Ulaanbaatar. Following the 1921 revolution, Elbegdorj was appointed head of the Army training and education department. Alongside Choibalsan, he founded the radical Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League. He enjoyed backing from Moscow and he came to dominate the political scene in Ulan Bator. Danzan had previously collaborated with him to get rid of Bodoo, but afterwards Danzan sought to reduce the number of Soviet advisors in Mongolia and attempted to place the Revolutionary Youth league under party control. Danzan was a business man who supported capitalism as a path for Mongolia, thus he was not exactly friendly to those like Elbegdorj who wanted to make Mongolia socialist if not full blown communist. Elbegdorj joined some rightists led by Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj in an effort to defeat Danzan. During the third party congress in August of 1924, both accused Danzan of only representing the interests of the bourgeois and being in league with American and Chinese corporations. Danzan found himself alongside others put on trial and sentenced to death. Funny enough the trial and execution literally occurred within the same 24 hour period of the congress, the others simply continued on haha. Some rich irony in the fate of Danzan. I wont delve to far into the rest, but it goes without saying, Elbegdorj would himself be accused of representing the interests of bourgeois and was exiled to the USSR and would be executed during the Great Purge in 1938. Yes it was a very messy time for Mongolia, but in 1924 the Chinese and Soviets signed a treaty that saw the Soviets recognize Mongolia was an integral part of China.  That pretty much ends the story for Mongolia for now, but I thought it might be interesting to end this podcast looking at another similar case study, that of Tibet. Now Tibet came under rule of the Qing Dynasty in 1720. When the Wuchang uprising broke out, revolutionary fever hit numerous provinces within China, as it likewise did in territories like Tibet. A Tibetan militia sprang up and launched a surprise attack against the Qing garrison. The Qing forces were overwhelmed by the Tibetans, forced to flee back to China proper. Obviously the Qing dynasty was scrambling to face the revolutionary armies throughout China, and could not hope to challenge the Tibetans. By 1912, Qing officials in Lhasa were forced by the Tibetans to sign a three point agreement, officially surrendering and expelling their forces from central Tibet. When the new republic of China government sprang up that same year, they proclaimed control over everything the previous Qing dynasty controlled, 22 provinces within China, Outer Mongolia and Tibet.  As the provincial government's president, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to the 13th Dalai Lama, restoring all his traditional titles. The Dalai Lama refused them and stated in a reply "I intend to exercise both temporal and ecclesiastical rule in Tibet." Now prior to the Xinhai Revolution, in 1910 the Qing had sent a military expedition to Tibet, one could argue it was an invasion mind you, to establish direct Qing rule over Tibet. This was because the British had performed their own expeditions in 1904, destabilizing the Qing dominance over Tibet. The Qing forces occupied Lhasa on February 12th of 1910 and they deposed the 13th Dalai Lama by the 25th. The Dalai Lama was forced to flee to India, but he returned in 1913 whence he proclaimed stated “that the relationship between the Chinese emperor and Tibet had been that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination of one to the other. We are a small, religious, and independent nation" In January of that year, a treaty was signed between Mongolia and Tibet, proclaiming mutual recognition of each others independence from China. Within the treaty both nations pledged to aid each other against internal and external enemies, free trade and declared a mutual relationship based on the Gelug sect of Buddhism. The Tibetan officials who signed this document at Urga were led by Agvan Dorjiev, a Buryat and thus subject of Russia. This caused some doubts about the validity of the treaty. The 13th Dalai Lama would go on to deny ever authorizing Dorjiev to negotiate such political issues. The Russian government likewise stated Dorjiev had no diplomatic capacity on behalf of the Dalai Lama to do such a thing. The text of the document was neer published, many believe it never even existed, until 1882 when the Mongolian Academy of Science finally published it.  Upon signed the supposed treaty, Agvan Dorjiev proclaimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China and Britain. In response to this, Britain convoked a conference at Viceregal Lodge in Simla, India to discuss the matter of Tibet's status. The conference was attended by representatives of Britain, the Chinese republic and Tibet's government based out of Lhasa. Sir Henry McMahon, the foreign secretary of British India led the British; for China it was I-fan Chen, the commissioner for Trade and Foreign affairs at Shanghai; and for Tiet it was Paljor Dorje Shatra, known also as Lonchen Shatra, the leading prime minister of Tibet. Now the British and Chinese had telegram communications to their governments, but the Tibetan team only had land communications. What became known as the Simla conference, was held in both Delhi and Silma because of the extreme summer heat of Delhi, saw 8 formal sessions from October 1913 to July 1914. In the first session, Lonchen Shatra declared "Tibet and China have never been under each other and will never associate with each other in future. It is decided that Tibet is an independent state." Thus Tibet was refusing to recognize all the previous treaties and conventions signed between Tibet and China. The Tibetans sought their territorial boundaries to range from the Kuenlun Range in the north, to the borders of Sichuan and Yunnan. The Tibetans also sought payment for damages done to them over the past years. Ifan Chen's counter proposal was to state Tibet was an integral part of China and that China would not tolerate any attempts by the Tibetans or British to interrupt China's territorial integrity. Ifan Chen continued to say a Chinese official would be stationed in Lhasa and they would guide Tibet's foreign and military affairs. Tibet would also grant amnesty to all Chinese who had recently been punished in Tibet, and Tibet would conform to the borders already assigned to it. McMahon then issued the first and most important question “what is the definition of limits of Tibet”. Afterwards they could deal with the lesser issues, such as Tibetans claims of compensation for damages and for Chinese amnesties. Lonchen Shatra agreed to the procedure, Ifan Chen countered it by asking the political status of Tibet should be the first order of business. Ifan Chen also revealed he had definitive orders from his government to give priority to the political question. McMahon thus ruled he would discuss the frontier issue with Lonchen Shatra alone, until Ifan Chen was given authorization from his government to join it, ompf. It took 5 days for Ifan Chen to get the authorization.  On the issue of the frontier, Ifan Chen maintained China had occupied as far west as Giamda, thus this would encompass Pomed, Markham, Zayul, Derge, Gyade, Draya, Batang, Kokonor and Litang. Lonchen Shatra replied that Tibet had always been an independent nation and at one point a Chinese princess had been married to a Tibetan ruler and a boundary pillar had been erected by them at Marugong. Ifan Chen countered by stating the so called pillar was erected 300 li west and soon both argued over the history of pillars and boundary claims going back centuries. China claimed their historical evidence was that of Zhao Erfengs expedition of 1906-1911 which constituted a effective occupation recognized under international law. Lonchen Shatra said that was ridiculous and that what Zhao Erfeng had performed was a raid and thus unlawful.  McMahon meanwhile formed the idea of distinguishing Inner and Outer Tibet. He based this on the premise the Chinese had only really occupied Outer Tibet and never Inner Tibet. McMahon proposed formalizing this with official boundaries and pulled up old maps dating back to the 9th century for border lines. He also brought out maps from the 18th century and using both came up with two defined zones for Inner and Outer Tibet. Lonchen Shatra opposed some parts of Outer Tibet should be added to Inner Tibet and Ifan Chen argued some parts of Inner Tibet should be given to Sichuan province. A series of confused negotiations began over historical claims over territory, while border skirmishes erupted between the Tibetans and Chinese. McMahon losing his patience appealed to both men stating for "can we have a broad and statesmanlike spirit of compromise so that our labors could be brought to a speedy conclusion”. Ifan Chen maintained it was still premature to draft anything since they had not established what was Inner and Outer Tibet. Finally in April of 1914 a draft convention, with a map was begun by the 3 men. Ifan Chen was the most reluctant but gradually accepted it. Britain and China agreed to leave Tibet as a neutral zone, free of their interference. However China repudiated Ifan Chen's plenipotentiary actions, stating he had been coerced into the draft convention, McMahon said that was ridiculous. China charged McMahon for being unfriendly to China and having an uncompromising attitude, which is funny because if I read to you every single meeting these men had, it was 99% Ifan Chen not budging on a single issue. China continued to lobby for more and more adjustments, but all would be turned down prompting China to state they would not sign the convention. The official boundary between Inner and Outer Tibet became known as the McMahon line, it was negotiated between Britain and Tibet separately. The convention stated Tibet formed part of Chinese territory, after the Tibetans selected a Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would be notified and a Chinese commissioner in Lhasa would quote "formally communicate to His Holiness the titles consistent with his dignity, which have been conferred by the Chinese Government". The Tibetan government would appoint all officers for Outer Tibet and Outer Tibet would not be represented in the Chinese parliament or any other such assembly. China refused to acknowledge any of it. This entire situation remains a problem to this very day as most of you probably assumed. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Mongolia saw some bitter fighting between Red and White Russians and Chinese, and would gradually gravitate towards the Soviets. The case of Tibet, unlike Mongolia, was somewhat less violent, but a political maelstrom nonetheless. The chaos of China's warlord Era would greatly affect these two, well into the 1930's.  

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