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SpaceTime with Stuart Gary | Astronomy, Space & Science News
SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 42The Astronomy, Space and Science News PodcastUnraveling Antimatter Mysteries, New Techniques to Detect Dark Matter, and Insights into the Spectrum Rocket FailureIn this episode of SpaceTime, we dive into groundbreaking discoveries at the Large Hadron Collider, where physicists have identified a significant difference in the decay behaviors of ordinary matter and antimatter. This finding could provide vital clues to understanding why our universe is dominated by matter despite the Big Bang's creation of equal amounts of both. We explore the implications of these results and how they align with the Standard Model of particle physics.Innovative Approaches to Dark Matter DetectionNext, we discuss an innovative new technique developed by researchers at the University of Queensland to detect dark matter using atomic clocks and cavity-stabilized lasers. This cutting-edge approach aims to uncover the elusive nature of dark matter, which constitutes about 80% of the universe yet remains largely a mystery. We examine how this method could lead to new insights into the distribution and properties of dark matter.Spectrum Rocket Launch Failure InvestigationAdditionally, we analyze the recent failure of the Spectrum rocket during its inaugural launch from Norway. Investigators are looking into the causes of the incident, which involved thrust vectoring oscillations leading to the rocket's loss of control. We discuss potential technical issues and what this means for future European orbital launches.00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 42 for broadcast on 7 April 202500:49 Discovery of decay differences between matter and antimatter06:30 Implications for understanding the universe's matter dominance12:15 New techniques for detecting dark matter18:00 Using atomic clocks for dark matter research22:45 Analysis of the Spectrum rocket failure27:00 Summary of recent scientific developments30:15 Science report: Southern Ocean warming impactswww.spacetimewithstuartgary.comwww.bitesz.com
Welcome to Episode 97 of The Modelgeeks Podcast! In this episode, the Modelgeeks are joined by the one and only Geoff Martin of Furball Aero-Design decals. Furball joins the geeks in the formation and goes for a lap in the pattern. Furball gives some insight to how the Furball Brand came to be. The Geeks get the news form one of the industry leaders when it comes to aftermarket decals. The Geeks answer mail, take a lap in the pattern around the Modelgeeks website and say what has stood out to them. For the main topic, Furball propose the topic of what were some of your game changers in your toolbox. The Geeks go around the pattern and discuss what their game changers were and how they have helped them get to where they are today. We would like to thank all the listeners for the continued support you have given the show. We hope to see you out and about as we hit some of the shows or if you decide to come visit ours in October. If you can't make it to the shows then you can still interact with us through social media, Facebook, Instagram, and email: contact@modelgeekspodcast.com Be sure to check out our website: www.modelgeekspodcast.com. Make sure you check out our new group / community on Facebook, The ModelGeeks Model Shack We also want to thank each of our sponsors for their support. We are very lucky to have their support. When you have the time, pay a visit to their web sites, and have a look at their fine products.Sponsors:Furball Aero-DesignTamiya USASprueBrothersBases by Bill Also, if you're interested in the model shows, click the link below!IPMS USA Events Page We are very fortunate to be able to join the scale modeling podcast community and are in the company of several other really GREAT podcasts. Hopefully, someday we'll earn our wings and be able to keep up with those guys! Please check them all out at Scale Model Podcasts.Blogs:The Kit Box Sprue Pie with Frets Model Airplane MakerSupport the showModel Geeks Podcast
Welcome to Season 2 of the Orthobullets Podcast. Today's show is Podiums, where we feature expert speakers from live medical events. Today's episode will feature Dr. Tom Minas and is titled New Techniques in HTO for Medial DJD. Follow Orthobullets on Social Media: Facebook Instagram Twitter LinkedIn YouTube
[Referências do Episódio] TLP Black, minha newsletter - https://tlpblack.substack.com/ Product Notice: Urgent Security Notification - SMA 1000 - https://www.sonicwall.com/support/knowledge-base/product-notice-urgent-security-notification-sma-1000/250120090802840 Threat Actors Chained Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Cloud Service Applications - https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/aa25-022a-threat-actors-chained-vulnerabilities-in-ivanti-cloud-service-applications.pdf Salt Typhoon: An Analysis of Vulnerabilities Exploited by this State-Sponsored Actor - https://www.tenable.com/blog/salt-typhoon-an-analysis-of-vulnerabilities-exploited-by-this-state-sponsored-actor The J-Magic Show: Magic Packets and Where to find them - https://blog.lumen.com/the-j-magic-show-magic-packets-and-where-to-find-them/ Lumma Stealer: Fake CAPTCHAs & New Techniques to Evade Detection - https://www.netskope.com/blog/lumma-stealer-fake-captchas-new-techniques-to-evade-detection CISA Adds Five-Year-Old jQuery XSS Flaw to Exploited Vulnerabilities List - https://thehackernews.com/2025/01/cisa-adds-five-year-old-jquery-xss-flaw.html Roteiro e apresentação: Carlos Cabral e Bianca Oliveira Edição de áudio: Paulo Arruzzo Narração de encerramento: Bianca Garcia
Animal activist attacks on the livestock industry are not new. What is new are the tactics and messaging they are using. The days of PETA protesters taking off their clothes to protest fur and leather and undercover videos of livestock operations are in the past. Today, their attacks and far more sophisticated and well-funded. On the first episode of WTF? (What's Threatening Farmers?), Gary Truitt talks with Emily Ellis of the Animal Ag Alliance about how these groups and their new techniques that are threatening the farm.
Nick Walker talks about his new direction in training and his plans for 2025. BSG Coaching Podcast with Scott McNally, Skip Hill, Andrew Berry TIME STAMPS BELOW
In this episode, Matt and Brad talk about their recent trips to the river over the last few weeks. They then get into tips to building confidence with new techniques on the river. Sponsored by: @DarkHorseTackle and Bioenno Power Dark Horse Tackle: Use promo code THECATCH5OFF to save $5 off your first monthly subscription to the box. Use code CATCHABYOB to save 25% off your build a box feature. Click the link below! https://darkhorsetackle.com/collections/subscription-products Bioenno: https://www.bioennopower.com --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/the-catch-pod/support
Frank talks about how to include new techniques into your bass fishing arsenal.
What new techniques can you try today?: Monday, July 8, 2024Subscribe to get my message delivered daily: https://www.michaelallosso.com/goodmorning.html——————May your morning begin shattering expectations right out of the gate. I hope my message brings a smile to your face. May you gain knowledge, become inspired, or collect a trivial fact that you might use in a contest someday.-------For the past 30 years, I've changed my phone message EVERY SINGLE DAY! It's a daily activity, as automatic as brushing my teeth. I actually do 2 unique messages daily: one on my cell phone and one on my landline. The time has come to share them. (Perhaps the time has come to get rid of my landline?
In this comprehensive conversation, Adrienne Eliades shares insights from her 20-plus years in pottery, emphasizing the importance of viewing the artistic process as a journey rather than aiming for a fixed destination. Through reflections on personal growth, embracing failure, and the significance of community, Adrian reveals how facing challenges and persevering through self-doubt led to discovering their unique voice in the craft. Adrienne discusses the role of visual research, embracing experimentation, and being open to unexpected interpretations of her work. The dialogue also touches on the value of developing a personal brand and the transformative impact of residencies abroad on Adrienne's technique and approach to pottery. Moreover, Adrienne offers advice on finding one's voice, the importance of perseverance, and the power of sharing one's story and process authentically. You can learn more about Adrienne by checking out her instagram https://www.instagram.com/bugaboo_eyes/ Join The Shaping Your Pottery Newsletter By Clicking This Link shapingyourpottery.com/newsletter I have some exciting news. On May 31st I am doing an workshop with Guest Artist Mike Cerv and Mike is talking about How to Make Slab Built Goblet Cups! To register click this link to register https://shapingyourpottery.ck.page/products/how-to-make-a-slab-built-goblet-cup-w 00:00 Unlocking Creativity in Pottery: A Journey of Discovery 00:21 Embracing the Pottery Journey: Insights and Inspirations 01:20 The Art of Visual Communication Through Ceramics 04:03 Finding Community and Identity in the Clay World 08:27 The Transformative Power of Residencies and New Techniques 13:28 Crafting a Unique Pottery Style: Techniques and Influences 27:39 The Business of Pottery: Building a Brand and Finding Your Voice 38:56 Final Thoughts: Belief, Persistence, and Finding Your Voice
How can we live with loss? What can we do when death shakes to the core our comfortable belief that life is predictable, the world is just, and people are reliable? This week Dr Robert A. Neimeyer of the Portland Institute for Loss and Transition joins Andrew to discuss the work of grief. Andrew and Robert discuss the task of rebuilding meaning in the face of death, relationship breakdown or unwelcome life transitions. Robert shares his “six tasks of grief”, which are designed to help integrate loss into our lives. Dr Robert A. Neimeyer directs the Portland Institute for Loss and Transition, actively practices as a trainer, consultant and coach, and has published over 600 articles and 35 books, most on grieving as a meaning-making process. His most recent books are New Techniques of Grief Therapy with Routledge and The Handbook of Grief Therapies with Sage. Follow Up Get Andrew's free guide to difficult conversations with your partner: How to Tell Your Partner Difficult Things https://andrewgmarshall.com/download/ Take a look at Andrew's new online relationship course: My Best Relationship Tools https://courses.andrewgmarshall.com/relationship-tools Read Dr Robert A. Neimeyer's books, New Techniques of Grief Therapy and The Handbook of Grief Therapies. Find out more about the Portland Institute for Loss and Transition https://www.portlandinstitute.org/about-us . Join our Supporters Club to access exclusive behind-the-scenes content, fan requests and the chance to ask Andrew your own questions. Membership starts at just £4.50: https://www.patreon.com/andrewgmarshall Andrew offers regular advice on love, marriage and finding meaning in your life via his social channels. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube @andrewgmarshall
Can acne stem from causes which many sources may not have told you before? While older techniques can be practical, recent advancements and discoveries can significantly expedite the process. Listen up to learn: Which skin conditions are common and how to spot improvement New Techniques which may work better for you Which topical products may be best for you! Chris Gibson, the author of Acne Free in 3 Days, shares the knowledge gained over a career of treating acne and other pesky skin conditions. Many people are familiar with acne and other skin conditions prevalent earlier in life, though many of us struggle with them throughout the various stages of life. However, using new techniques in tandem with a healthy diet, significant improvements can e made that can last. While progress may not be immediate, many stubborn effects and cosmetic issues will clear up with persistence and proper regimens and discipline. However, it is important to follow the advice of those with extensive experience in the field and allow professionals to handle the more intensive treatments. Search for Chris Gibson on YouTube for more information and advice or visit skinsofabulous.chrisgibsonlive.com. Take advantage of a 5% discount on Ekster accessories by using the code FINDINGGENIUS. Enhance your style and functionality with premium accessories. Visit bit.ly/3uiVX9R to explore latest collection. Episode also available on Apple Podcasts: http://apple.co/30PvU9C
In this week's episode, Michelle Lierre chats to Nicole Ringgold who is a silversmith and the author of the upcoming book The New Silversmith. Nicole discusses her journey into silversmithing, which began unexpectedly while constructing her home in 2009. Despite facing challenges like losing her home and studio to a wildfire in 2014, Nicole decided to pursue silversmithing full-time. Nicole's determination to succeed, coupled with her desire to be a role model for her daughter, drove her through financial hardships and uncertainties. She emphasizes the importance of believing in oneself and taking risks. Throughout her journey, Ringold's resilience and dedication to her craft shine through, inspiring others to pursue their passions despite the obstacles they may face. Nicole on the web Nicole on Instagram Nicole's book on Amazon Nicole's YouTube channel Learn more about Jewellers Academy Watch this episode on YouTube Join the Jewellers Academy Facebook Group Find Jewellers Academy on Instagram and Facebook
Join this episode of the podcast as we embark on a spiritual journey with the Ascended Masters and various spiritual guides. This episode focuses on deep, transformative work involving breathing techniques, alignment with divine essence, and energetic recalibration.Summary of Main Topics:Deep Breathing and Relaxation: Instructions for grounding and centering through breathwork.Spiritual and Energetic Guidance: Invoking the presence of the Ascended Masters, spiritual guides, and various cosmic councils.Energetic Protocols for Sensitivity and Awareness: Strategies to manage energetic loudness and maintain inner peace.Aligning with Present Moment in Multiple Dimensions: Exercises to harmonize energies across dimensions.Releasing Old Vibrational Fabric and Embracing the New: Techniques to shed outdated energetic patterns and weave new supportive vibrational fabrics.Grounding through Foot Chakras: Focusing on grounding and vitality through the foot chakras.Healing and Completing Past Cycles: Addressing unresolved energies and completing cycles from the past.Energetic Protocols for Balancing Electrical and Magnetic Energy: Balancing the body's energies for improved stability and wellness.For more insights into the mind-body connection and tools to foster holistic well-being, visit our podcast website 7cupsofconsciousness.com and explore additional resources. Resources:Enjoy a FREE month of daily meditationsJoin a MasterclassFREE Start Bundle
Exploring the Intracapsular Advantage and Evolution in Tonsillectomy Methods Join us on this week's We Nose Noses podcast going into the intricacies of tonsillectomy, one of the oldest procedures in medicine. Dr. Reddy and Dr. Undavia shed light on the differences between extracapsular and intracapsular tonsillectomies, the historical evolution of the procedure, and the latest techniques aimed at reducing postoperative pain and enhancing recovery. Discover the reasons behind the shift towards intracapsular tonsillectomies and how cutting-edge methods are shaping a more comfortable experience for both children and adults. What you'll learn: Why intracapsular tonsillectomy is now a more preferred and patient-centric surgical option What sets Intracapsular apart from extrascapsular from the risks to the recovery time How the evolving technique of tonsillectomies enhance overall outcomes and patient satisfaction Don't miss this insightful episode as we demystify tonsillectomy and explore the latest innovations, providing valuable information for anyone considering or curious about this common surgical procedure. If you have questions or seek expert advice on ear, nose, or throat matters, reach out to us. Schedule your consultation today at our Marlton, New Jersey location by visiting NJENT.com or call 609-710-NOES (6673). https://njent.com/new-techniques-for-tonsillectomy/ __ NJ ENT & Facial Plastic Surgery 5 Greentree Center, Suite 117 Marlton, NJ 08053 609-710-NOSE (6673) www.njent.com
In today's podcast I interview Dr. Robert Niemeyer, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Psychology at the University of Memphis. Dr. Niemeyer is a leader in the field of Thanatology, the science or study of death, dying and bereavement. He has published 33 books, including the New Techniques of Grief Therapy: Bereavement and Beyond, and serves as the Editor of the journal of Death Studies. He is the author of over 500 articles and book chapters and a frequent workshop presenter. As a clinician and researcher, he is perhaps best known for his work on meaning making in grief and is currently working to advance a more adequate theory of grieving as a meaning-making process. Key points: In our interview we explore the meaning making process of grief after a sudden or unexpected death and the concept of narrative reconstruction used in meaning making. Dr. Niemeyer also demonstrates three techniques that can be used in therapy to facilitate meaning making after a traumatic loss each of three domains: 1) the story of the event, 2) the backstory, and 3) the creation of the self, or meaning of our lives, going forward. He used a technique called restorative retelling, developed by Dr. Ted Rynearson, to help find meaning with the story of the event. Dr. Niemeyer demonstrated this technique as an appropriate way to work with someone who is struggling with the details of the circumstances that ended their loved one's life. For the second domain, he showed us a way to restore connection with a deceased loved one to communicate what needs to be said. And finally, for the third domain he described a technique called composition work. This intervention uses objects such as stones to represent aspects of the self, such as, roles and feelings along with other articles to represent those who are important and loved in an individual's life. Then the objects and articles are rearranged on a table or sand tray at different life periods of a client's life including prior and post death, and in the future to help connect with different and emerging parts of the self. Dr. Niemeyer is also the Director of the Portland Institute for Loss and Transition and shares opportunities available at the institute for clinicians interested in specialized grief training. I have been fortunate to attend multiple trainings by Dr. Niemeyer over the years in person and online, and I have always left these trainings with greater insight about myself, a deeper understanding of grief and new ways to work with clients who are living with grief. In addition to the opportunities Dr. Niemeyer shared at the Portland Institute for Loss and Transition, he has also just released a Grief Therapy Masterclass entitled: Advanced Skills in Working through Loss. This class covers the meaning-based model he briefly addressed today along with a module on trauma-informed approach to loss, realigning relationships with the deceased and reinventing the self after loss. Information about this masterclass will be posted in our Facebook group, Talking About the Podcast Untethered with Dr. Levin, along with the books he mentioned. If you are living with traumatic grief, you may find it helpful to begin exploring meaning with your therapist or to begin exploring some of the resources Dr. Niemeyer recommended on your own.
Staying abreast of new products and techniques in orthodontics is essential for professional growth.However, the abundance of opinions, both in favor and against, can be overwhelming.In this Five-Minute Friday episode, I share valuable advice on how to approach the adoption of new equipment and techniques.The key is to go beyond theoretical online debates and seek practical experiences when considering new products and techniques.By investing time, effort, and a willingness to learn from successful practices, practitioners can navigate the complexities of evolving dental technologies and ensure their practices thrive in an ever-changing landscape.Key TakeawaysIntro (00:00)The duality of opinions (00:40)The power of belief (01:41)Learning from success stories (04:14)The value of in-person visits (06:12)Additional Resources
Title: Episode 66: What can filtering water tells us about biodiversity? Utilizing new techniques like eDNA and bio-acoustics Author(s): FSC International, Loa Dalgaard Description: In this episode we talk about biodiversity and how we might use new methods to new methods to monitor the health of biodiversity in certified and non-certified forests. FSC has embarked on complementing our standards with a robust monitoring and evaluation system to prove the benefits of certification on forest ecosystems. This proof should come in a form, that can be aggregated, is data driven and possible to collect at scale in certified forests. To solve this, FSC has started looking into using technologies such as eDNA and bio acoustics to determine forest health and evaluate biodiversity within forest concessions. We now have result of the first pilot of using eDNA to compare impact of FSC certification in Gabon. To teach me about this pilot and to share some of the results, I have invited some of the people behind the project into the studio. They are Franck Trolliet,, Programme Manager for Monitoring & Evaluation at FSC, Rodolphe Metayer, Project Director at Terea, and Vincent Prie, project director at Spygen.
How do surgeons incorporate new techniques, tools and approaches while in practice? Dr. Hugh MacDonald is a colorectal surgeon at Queen's University. He has been in practice for nearly 30 years and has been at the forefront of adopting new techniques into his practice, including laparoscopy and most recently robotic surgery. We talk to Hugh about how he approaches innovation and what drives him to constantly look for better ways to take care of patients. YouTube link: https://youtu.be/FAb2_gsXzAQ Links: 1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35212820/ 2. IDEAL collaborative: https://www.ideal-collaboration.net/ 3. Interview with Sunil Patel: https://soundcloud.com/cjs-podcast/sunil-patel-on-robotic-colorectal-surgery-and-spin-in-surgical-research 4. Interview with Antonio Caycedo-Marulanda: https://soundcloud.com/cjs-podcast/e143-masterclass-with-antonio-caycedo-marulanda-on-transanal-excision-of-rectal-lesions
Michael Mullin is a clinically-based athletic trainer with over 30 years of experience in training and rehabilitation. He is the Owner/Clinician of Integrative Rehab Training LLC and sees clients out of a studio at his home in Cumberland Center, ME. He is an NATA Certified Athletic Trainer and a registered Physical Therapy Assistant in California. He is on the adjunct faculty at the University of New England teaching in the Master's Program for Athletic Training and is a Certified Clinician through the Postural Restoration Institute. Michael specializes in the treatment, rehabilitation and training of individuals and has worked with all levels of athletes from the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL teams, the US Ski Team, Top Ten PGA golfers and gold medal Olympic athletes. Michael has also co-authored a book titled Comprehensive Approach to Sports Injury Management, a chapter in Knee Ligament Rehabilitation called “New Techniques in Cartilage Repair and Replacement” and published articles in multiple professional journals and mainstream publications such as Training & Conditioning, Shape, Women's Sports & Fitness, Women's Sports Connection, Men's Fitness, Skiing, and Windsurfing magazines. Links: https://www.mjmatc.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/mjmatc Facebook: https://www.mjmatc.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mjmatc/
It's always hard to venture outside your comfort zone, here are some tips and tricks for getting good at new things T-SHIRTS and DECALS: aggressivelyaverageanglers.myshopify.com Our Sponsors: USE THESE CODES TO SUPPORT THE SHOW: Audible 30 day Free Trail: audibletrial.com/aaanglers Okuma: https://bit.ly/2Ns0HV6 Monsterbass: https://bit.ly/3ASUNkd Mule Fishing Co: https://www.mulefishing.com/?aff=2 Buzbe: buzbe.com/burlyfishing10 (Use Code burlyfishing10 for 10%OFF) Waterland Co: https://www.waterlandco.com/ USE CODE BURLY15 FOR 15% OFF Aqua-Vu: www.aquavu.com/?ref=burlyfishing Other Burly Fishing Content: Follow BurlyFishing: https://www.youtube.com/@aaanglers Instagram: instagram.com/aaanglers Facebook: facebook.com/burlyfishing Tik Tok:tiktok.com/@aaanglers Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Welcome to Episode 185 of Jigs and Bigs! On this exciting episode, we have a very special guest joining us - Joe Logan, the renowned overlanding content creator from LoganPartyOf4Runner on YouTube. To kick things off, we'll be celebrating a major achievement: hitting 100k listens! We'll take a moment to reflect on the incredible journey we've had so far and express our gratitude to our loyal listeners. But that's not all! Our conversation with Joe Logan delves into the world of overlanding, as we explore his experiences and insights as a content creator in this unique niche. From tips and tricks to the joys and challenges, we'll cover it all. Next, we dive into the topic of learning and applying new techniques. Whether you're an angler or a content creator, there's always room for growth and improvement. We'll discuss our own experiences, the lessons we've learned, and how we've implemented these new techniques in our respective fields. To cap it all off, we wrap up the episode with our top 5 favorite baits. From the tried-and-true classics to the newest innovations, we'll share our personal favorites and the stories that go along with them. Join us on this exciting episode of Jigs and Bigs as we celebrate a milestone, gain insights from a seasoned overlanding expert, and share our passion for fishing. Tune in now and prepare to be hooked! Call the J+B Hotline! 1+ (413) 324-8519 (Questions, comments, FTG, and more) BECOME A JIGHEAD HERE: https://rebrand.ly/bf8612 Thanks to our Show Partners! Dark Horse Tackle - https://rebrand.ly/5p68yye [Save 15% off your first box in a Weekend Warrior or Dabble Pack month-month subscription using code JIGSANDBIGS15 at checkout! Three Belles Outfitters - https://rebrand.ly/zsdnchi Torege Polarized Sunglasses - https://rebrand.ly/i2cqymx [Use code jigsandbigs10 to save 10% at checkout!] Bobby's Links: Reaction Tackle - https://www.reactiontackle.com/discount/2020RT556 Flavor God Seasoning Blends - https://rebrand.ly/jigsandbigs Live Bearded Grooming Products - https://rebrand.ly/brbbeard FrostBuddy Universal Can Cooler - https://tr.ee/6fFKldxiZk --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/jigsandbigs/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/jigsandbigs/support
In this episode, we sit down with a Miami-based street and studio artist whose work explores concepts like sacred geometry and time. Even if you didn't pick those up in his work, you will have absolutely noticed the abstract ways he plays with colour and the epic techniques he's developed to bring his walls to life. We discuss his adventures and the endless inspiration he finds in exploring new techniques through which to create. HoxxoH online: https://www.elhoxxoh.com/ https://www.tiktok.com/@hoxxoh https://www.instagram.com/hoxxoh/ Street Art Collector podcast: https://thestreetartcollector.libsyn.com/ Podcast producer and sponsor links: https://www.instagram.com/stephanieob/ https://twitter.com/stephanieob797 https://www.instagram.com/splatrsart/ Also, check out: https://upmag.com/ Music by RomanBelov from Pixabay.
RNA Interference, known as RNAi, is a biological process that leads to the silencing of gene expression. A lot of plant viruses are RNA viruses including grapevine leafroll-associated virus and grapevine red blotch virus. Yen-Wen Kuo, Assistant Project Scientist in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California, Davis is researching ways to induce RNAi in grapevines to target virus. Growers may have heard of double-stranded RNA sprays which are intended to initiate RNAi. The challenge has been that double-stranded RNA breaks down quickly in the elements. The Kou lab is working to improve this process and look for alternatives that will have little impact on the ecology. Resources: 71: New Techniques to Detect Grapevine Leafroll Disease 131: Virus Detection in Grapevines Abstract: Development of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Infiltration of Infectious Clones of Grapevine Geminivirus A Directly into Greenhouse-Grown Grapevine and Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Kuo Laboratory – Plant Virology Maher Al Rwahnih, Foundation plant services RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses Yen-wen Kuo's Google Scholar page Vineyard Team Programs: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship - Donate SIP Certified – Show your care for the people and planet Sustainable Ag Expo – The premiere winegrowing event of the year Sustainable Winegrowing Education On-Demand (Western SARE) – Sign Up! Vineyard Team – Become a Member Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org. Transcript Craig Macmillan 0:00 Our guest today is Yen-Wen Kuo. And she is Assistant Professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at UC Davis. I'm Craig Macmillan, your host, and I'm very excited to have Dr. Koh here with us today. Welcome. Yen-Wen Kuo 0:11 Thank you for having me. Craig Macmillan 0:13 So you've been doing some interesting work the lab on interference RNA, and also how it affects plant viruses and possibly insects in the future. Can you explain for those of us that did not take genetics like we were supposed to in college, what interference RNA is and how it works? Yen-Wen Kuo 0:29 Sure. So RNA interference is a biological process in which certain types of RNA RNAs can trigger RNA interference. And then once it's triggered, it will produce specifics more RNAs, that can regulate gene expression, by degrading or binding to the target RNAs containing a homologous sequence containing a similar sequence of those small RNAs. So this is a general concept of RNA interference, we also call it RNAi is very complicated the whole process. And there are different pathways and mechanisms included in the RNA interference. RNAi is a primary and effective antiviral defense in plants, but also found in some fungi and insects and lower eukaryotes. And because of all these different mechanisms, scientists and researchers, they they work on different aspects of this mechanism for either plants or animals. And they're also looking for different potential and better ways to use RNAi for different applications. Craig Macmillan 1:45 So if I understand correctly, you have cell and there is DNA in that cell, and there's genes that code for certain things. And so the RNA is was transmitting or was carrying information from that's encoded with the gene out into the world to do something, is that a fair explanation? Yen-Wen Kuo 2:05 So the genome there in plants or animals and human is their DNA genomes is DNA, and then the DNA will transcribed into RNA. And those RNA, some of the messenger RNAs can translate into proteins. So it's a how the central dogma from DNA makes RNA and then RNA makes protein. In the old days, we thought that oh, the protein is the important things because the protein can have different functional, different functions in different ways to to regulate everything in the body or in different organisms. But then afterwards, we found that actually RNAs they have many different forms and they can function at the RNA level. So it can interfere with gene expressions and many different things. Craig Macmillan 3:03 And how does this apply to plant viruses because you've done some really exciting work with Gemini viruses, I believe with grapevine virus a Tell me a little bit about that work and how that works. Yen-Wen Kuo 3:15 A lot of plant viruses, they are RNA viruses, a lot of those devastating viruses in grapevines, for example, grapevine leaf roll associated virus or grapevine red blotch virus they. So grapevine leaf roll associated viruses and RNA virus and grapevine red blotch is DNA virus. So there are different types of viruses. And so my work is trying to use different viruses making them into viral vectors to induce RNAi in Grapevine plants, to target those important viruses causing diseases in the field for the grapevines. And because so for example, when the viruses they are infecting plants, they will trigger RNAi in the plant, so that plants can protect themselves from virus infection. And because of that, we're trying to develop viral vectors can trigger RNA interference to target those viruses that's causing diseases. The work I have on the grapevine Gemini virus A that GGVA is to either develop the virus into viral vectors to target RNA virus first. So that's the initial plan for us to use. GGVA the grapevine Gemini virus A target grapevine leaf roll associated viruses. So before we eventually target that virus, we have to do a lot of different tests. We need to know if the clones the constructs or DNA constructs we have of this, GGVA can actually affect Gravelines plants, so we have to do that. And then we want to see if we can develop it into viral vector to carry the sequence we want them to express in grapevines to do the work we want them to do. So then we use it to target genes in the plants to see if they can silence the genes in the plants. So then we did that, we found that yes, we can use that viral vector to silence genes in plants. And then now we try to see that if we can use this viral vector to target other RNA viruses, or other grapevine RNA viruses, because we are actually at the same time developing different viral vectors, and one of them is GBA, is grapevine virus, a another's name, it can be very confusing. GGVA is a DNA virus. GVA is an RNA virus totally different to viruses. So since we have both viruses in the lab, so first, we try to prove the concept. We use the GGVA, the DNA virus, to target the GBA wild type virus, to see if we can see any effects. The GBA infection viral titers in the infected grapevines. So this is what we're working on right now. And so eventually, we want to use this viral vector, and potentially other viral vectors to to target grapevine leaf roll associated virus. And maybe we can use it to target mealybugs too. Craig Macmillan 6:35 How are these vectors introduced to the plant? Yen-Wen Kuo 6:38 We modify from the previous reports how people try to deliver those constructs the plasmids into grapevines. Most of the experiments or the assays, from before, they needed to have grapevine plants grown from in vitro, on media or from embryos. But that's really a lot of work. And it will be harder to have applications in the field. So then we develop vacuuming filtration method that we can directly vacuum infiltrate those plasmids that those DNA construct plasmids directly into the greenhouse grown grapevine plants. So those plants are propagated from the cuttings and then those plants, they are usually maybe 12 to 19 inches high above the soil when we infiltrated those plasmids into those grow vine plants. So this is an we got pretty good results, we successfully introduced those DNA constructs into the grapevine plans and those constructs can be infectious and initiate the whole the virus replicate in the grapevine. Craig Macmillan 7:50 So is this something that can be done in a nursery then with new plants? And basically, they then would come with the vector or is it something you could do in the field? Yen-Wen Kuo 7:57 Yes, I think the plan is that we can introduce those plasmas in the nursery in greenhouse plants before we plant them into the field. So then the plants that's planted into the field, they can have this viral vector to protect the plants from specific viruses. Craig Macmillan 8:18 Got it. That's really neat. That's a great idea. And it's pretty cool. So that's fantastic. And in the work that you're doing so far, it sounds really exciting. And it sounds like the direction that you're kind of going in the future is with leaf roll virus that you mentioned. And then also, interaction with mealybugs you mentioned. Can you tell me more about that? What's that work all about? Yen-Wen Kuo 8:39 Because this virus does GGVA and other viral vectors we're working on to a lot of viruses infecting grape vines, their phloem limited virus, so this GGVA is also phloem limited, meaning that the virus is can only infect the tissues around or in the phloem is restricted. It doesn't go to like mesophyll cells or epidermal cells in infected plants, because mealybugs they feed on phloems. So we think if they can pick up those RNA interference signals, may be those RNA interference signals those small RNAs can target mealybugs too. So we can choose different target sequences in mealybugs. Hopefully you can see some effects for many bucks to to prevent that from transmitting viruses or have lethal effects for mealybugs. That's the plan. Hopefully we can do that. But we have to do tests to see how the efficacy and everything though it can have mealybugs, because there are previously they are different studies they use RNAi on insects, and many people prove that they can see some effects. We hope that the viral vector approach can also use for really apply this into the field for grapevine plants. Craig Macmillan 10:00 What kind of index on insects are we talking about? Yen-Wen Kuo 10:03 Depends on what target genes or sequences we choose. For my first choice, I would like to have a target that can prevent the transmission of the virus by mealybug, that will be my choice. I'm not sure if it's good to kill the insects, if it's going to affect the ecology too much. So if we can make the mealybug not transmitting the virus or other diseases, I think there will be a very good first step if we can see a lower transmission rate. And and then we can see if we need to adjust from there. Craig Macmillan 10:40 That is amazing. And we haven't, yeah, the little bit of research that I did we have we do have proof of concept basically on this in other cropping systems. Is that right? Yen-Wen Kuo 10:55 Yes, Craig Macmillan 10:55 Can you tell me a little bit more about that, because that might give us some some vision of where we might go in the vineyard industry. Yen-Wen Kuo 11:01 So, the RNAi applications, people are already trying to do some of those works. So, one example is that before people can spray double stranded RNA into the field. So, let me talk a little bit about the introduction of why using double stranded RNA. So, there are different types of RNAs that can induce RNA interference, certain types, one of them is double stranded RNA, either double stranded RNA or the single stranded RNA, they can form into a secondary structure in folding into a structure like a hairpin RNA, those are found to be able to induce RNA interference. And there's also other things like artificial micro RNAs, there are different types of RNAs that can induce RNAi and most convenient ways to make double stranded RNA. And people have been synthesizing the double stranded RNA or using bacteria to produce those double stranded RNA and then spraying to the field to get some protection for the plants. It worked at some level, but it's just not stable enough. Although double stranded RNA is more stable compared to single stranded RNA, steroids and RNA can be degraded in the field with the sun and everything the whole environment it can be degraded, people started to look for ways like bio clay to protect the RNA, and then so, they can spray in the field. So, the RNA can last longer and cause the effects. So, those double stranded RNAs can be absorbed by the insects, they can pick up from the surface of the plant or the plant can absorb those double stranded RNA into the plants. So, those are different ways and people started to see some effects on that, but still, we have to improve those different methods delivering double stranded RNA or other types of RNA to induce RNA interference in the plant. So, they are different different approaches. So, one of that is now we are trying using virus to introduce the RNAi to induce the RNAi in the plants. So, people are trying different ways to deliver those specific RNAs to induce RNAi to target specific diseases, sometimes not just viral diseases, that they will try to target fungal disease or something else and insects. This is what many different groups they are trying to do also previously, another way is to try to make transgenic plants. So if we can make plants to express those RNAs that can induce RNAi targeting to specific diseases, then you don't need to really use any tool to the deliver because the transgenic plants itself can produce those RNAs doing to induce RNAi plants. So that's also another way that people are trying to do we call that host induced gene silencing HIGS, and the virus induced gene silencing is the way my group is working on and we call it VIGs vigs. So there are different ways that which we would use to introduce those RNAs to induce RNAi in the plants. Craig Macmillan 14:31 And right now you are at the greenhouse stage, if I understand correctly. Yen-Wen Kuo 14:35 Yes. Craig Macmillan 14:36 Have you introduced mealybug into your experiments into your work yet? Yen-Wen Kuo 14:40 Not yet. We are just working on targeting grapevine virus first to see the effects. So where we have to continue monitoring those tested plants to see if the effects can last long, and the efficacy and how good they can be. So now we're at four for five months, so it's still we can see the targeted virus is being suppressed in a very, very low titer. So GVA can cause some symptoms in the grapevine plants when they see the plans are infected. But we have to peel off the bark to see the symptoms, we want to see that after targeting to the GBA virus, we saw that the viral titer is very low, if we can see that, also, the symptoms is not there anymore, is now like wild type, when when the virus was infecting in the plants alone, if we can see the difference, we don't even see the symptoms there will be really great. And this part, hopefully I can collaborate with the collaborators, Maher, he's run the foundation plan services, he can help my group on this, to see that how good the effects can be using this GGVA viral vector. So after that, if we can successfully target two different viruses, then we will start to work to change the target sequence in this viral vector to target mealybugs. So that's after the virus work. Craig Macmillan 16:12 Yeah, well, that's very exciting. This is a really fascinating idea, and obviously is still relatively new. And I think it's really great that you and everybody else is working on this sounds like there's tremendous potential, and I hope that you folks continue on are able to continue on, is there one thing really related to this topic, you would tell growers one thing that you would advise them or you would educate them with? Yen-Wen Kuo 16:34 I understand that there could be some concerns and maybe doubts, questioning RNAi applications in the field, because before, they already probably heard about the spray of double stranded RNA or other methods, and they saw some effects but not stable enough. So they may have some concerns or doubts, I think many scientists are trying different delivery methods that can be applied efficiently in the field. And we will do different types of tests and trials to make sure we work on any potential issues of this technology before applying them in the field and try not to affect the whole ecology or anything in the field too. And obviously, the current approaches we have are not enough to keep certain grapevine diseases, at low enough incidence. So we have to explore more potential control approaches before those diseases get worse, and adjust the ways to manage those different grapevine diseases with this changing environment. And I think hopefully, we can all work together to achieve this same goal. And I understand this is something new, I hope everyone can keep an open mind and willing to work with us to do different trials and see if we can improve different approaches to control different diseases. Craig Macmillan 17:58 Well, I hope so too. grape growers are very creative. And they're always looking for solutions to their problems that very much fit what you're describing. And it sounds to me, this could be another tool in the IPM toolbox that may not be the single solution may not be a silver bullet. But it sounds very exciting that it may play a very important role to improve the efficacy of other techniques we have, which is great. Where can people find out more about you? Yen-Wen Kuo 18:22 So because I will, setting up my lab, so hopefully I can have a lab website soon. I don't have accounts at Twitter or Instagram. Craig Macmillan 18:34 Neither do I. Yen-Wen Kuo 18:36 I don't use social media a lot. So my email that people can reach me through the email. And hopefully, when this is up or in your podcast, I will have my lab website set up so people can find us our work, my lab website. Craig Macmillan 18:53 And we will have links and everything else that we can find posted on the episode page at the Vineyard Team podcast website. I want to thank you for being on the program. This was really, really interesting and is a kind of a view into the future of what's possible. Yeah. Our guest today was Dr. Yen-Wen Kuo. She is with the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California Davis. And I want to thank you for being on the podcast. Yen-Wen Kuo 19:20 Thank you for having me on the show. I really appreciate this opportunity to talk about research to explain some details about our work to the course and hopefully, I answer some questions that growers might have. I look forward to in the future maybe collaborating with different people to make this thing to work. Nearly Perfect Transcription by https://otter.ai
Let's talk about statistics, Russia, and new techniques.... --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/beau-of-the-fifth-column/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/beau-of-the-fifth-column/support
We bring to you this special episode of the Thoughtful Talent Show highlighting some of our favorites from the 2023 Gallup at Work Summit. We have entirely too much content to share it all here, if you want to know more, please reach out to us (contact info below), we love to talk all things #CliftonStrengths and #EmployeeEngagement. TIME STAMPS (approximate)[01:20] Chad and Jen share their Overall Experience[07:30] Highlights from a few of the Keynote Speakers: Jeremy Pietrocini - Senior Consultant, Gallup; Jon Clifton - CEO, Gallup; Arianna Huffington – Founder and CEO, Thrive; Jim Harter - Chief Data Scientist, Gallup; Meisha-Ann Martin – Senior Director, People Analytics & Research, Workhuman.[22:10] Breakout Sessions we attended:[22:16] Burnout Intervention How to Engage Your Team and Increase Wellbeing[27:00] New Techniques in Team Coaching[30:10] Incorporating a 360 view of Performance to enhance Leadership Coaching[33:30] Helping Hybrid & Remote Teams: Engage, Connect, and Thrive[37:05] Coaching Decisions When to Ask and When to Advise[41:30] The Future of Employee Engagement[44:50] Investing in the Future: Prioritizing Manager Development[46:20] The Future of the workplace[51:20] Intersection of Engagement & Strengths[54:00] Final Thoughts for the 2023 Gallup at Work Summit experience. RESOURCES & LINKS:The Gallup PathQ12® Employee Engagement Survey (Ask us about the newly released Q12® + 4 for your organization)State of the Global Workplace: 2023 ReportThe 4 Needs of Followers / Strengths based LeadershipYOUR HOSTS:Follow Jen @ Jen Werner CoachingFacebook | LinkedIn | WebsiteJen's Top 5 CliftonStrengths: Responsibility | Achiever | Belief | Deliberative | Activator Follow Chad @ Talent and Teams ConsultingLinkedIn | WebsiteChad's Top 5 CliftonStrengths: Learner | Deliberative | Responsibility | Harmony | Analytical The opinions and insights we share on each CliftonStrengths theme are our own and are based on our understanding of Gallup's Strengths-based development research. They are also informed by our unique work with our clients. Even though we are both Gallup Certified Strengths Coaches, the insights we share here are not formally vetted, approved, or endorsed by Gallup, Inc. Gallup®, CliftonStrengths®, and the 34 theme names of CliftonStrengths® are trademarks of Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Small amounts of rain can mean the difference between struggle and success. For nearly 80 years, an approach called cloud seeding has, in theory, given people the ability to get more rain and snow from storms and make hailstorms less severe. But only recently have scientists been able to peer into clouds and begin to understand how effective cloud seeding really is. We speak with three researchers about the simple yet murky science of cloud seeding, the economic effects it can have on agriculture and research that may allow governments to use cloud seeding in more places.Featuring Katja Friedrich, Associate Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder; Dean Bangsund, Research Scientist in Agribusiness and Applied Economics at North Dakota State Univeristy; and Linda Zou, Professor of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering at Khalifa University.This episode of The Conversation Weekly was produced and written by Katie Flood. Sound design was by Eloise Stevens, and our theme music is by Neeta Sarl. Full credits for this episode are available here. Sign up here for a free daily newsletter from The Conversation.Further reading: Cloud seeding might not be as promising as drought-troubled states hopeWhat would it feel like to touch a cloud?Does cloud seeding work? Scientists watch ice crystals grow inside clouds to find out Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Kelly Jordon joins BTL to talk about his recent MLF Invitational win on Lake Eufaula in Oklahoma. He also talks about exposing the big spoon in the late 2000s, bed fishing with big swimbaits, and advances in technology and techniques in professional bass fishing.
Today's MINI is all about stopping and coming off automatic in the area of conflict and communication. We will all run into conflict whether at home or at the office. Imagine having the ability to response to any given situation without reaction of fear and self protection. This mini will help you choose how you show up and to create more synergistic relationship dynamics. To Contact Me: wakeupwithjoni@gmail.com
Guest: Angelika Loots is a Postdoctoral Fellow at The University of Pretoria and she joins Amy to discuss her article in ‘The Conversation' that describes the critical shortcomings of existing diagnostic techniques that were exposed by the pandemic.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Editor-in-Chief, Robert Amdur, MD, discusses two Morbidity and Mortality Conference papers from the March issue of PRO: “Regional Recurrence after Carotid Sparing IMRT for Early Stage Glottic Cancer” (2023 Issue 2, PMID 36089251) and “Pneumothorax Associated with Deep Inspiration Breath Holding During Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer” (2023 Issue 2, PMID 36494031). Both these papers describe unanticipated negative consequences associated with innovative treatment techniques. It is never possible to be absolutely sure of a cause-and-effect relationship in a given situation, but these reports remind us that innovation often comes with risks that are not fully appreciated when they are initially evaluated.
Court Games: News and Discussion for FFG's Legend of the Five Rings LCG and RPG
Thank you for Listening! Timestamps 0:00 New techniques 12:48 Elemental imbalances are good for plot hooks 15:33 New conditions 19:11 Pilgrimages are the new "Magistrate campaigns" 21:24 Playing non-humans in 5th Edition L5R 23:17 New titles 27:12 Our complaints 30:41 CourtGames is a fan project and is not an official affiliate of Fantasy Flight Games. Legend of the Five Rings is the property of Fantasy Flight Games. All opinions expressed on this podcast belong solely to the hosts of this show. The music used in this episode is titled "Aiko", created by Carlos Estella Any feedback is a gift, find us online: @CourtGamesPod on Twitter Join the L5R discord server Check out our website! Listen to the Courtgames LCG Cast Check out Crimson Gold Agonies, a CourtGames AP Check out Fortune and Strife, a CourtGames AP Brought to you by our supporters on Patreon In affiliation with D20 Radio "Where Gamers Rule!"
Schools nationwide face a crisis of students, particularly in younger grades, who read, write, and perform math well below their grade level and need help to catch up. https://bit.ly/3HtOqcn #WoodlandSchoolDistrict #WoodlandPublicSchools #WoodlandHighSchool #PASSProgram #StrugglingStudents #WoodlandMiddleSchool #StudentLearning #Pandemic #LearningLoss #Schools #Strategies #Techniques #WoodlandWa #ClarkCountyWa #ClarkCountyNews #ClarkCountyToday
Jude 1-7- Jude, a bond-servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, To those who are the called, beloved in God the Father, and kept for Jesus Christ- May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you.--Beloved, while I was making every effort to write you about our common salvation, I felt the necessity to write to you appealing that you contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all handed down to the saints. For certain persons have crept in unnoticed, those who were long beforehand marked out for this condemnation, ungodly persons who turn the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.--Now I desire to remind you, though you know all things once for all, that the Lord, after saving a people out of the land of Egypt, subsequently destroyed those who did not believe. And angels who did not keep their own domain, but abandoned their proper abode, He has kept in eternal bonds under darkness for the judgment of the great day, just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities around them, since they in the same way as these indulged in gross immorality and went after strange flesh, are exhibited as an example in undergoing the punishment of eternal fire.--1 - Old Sins, New Techniques -8-10--2 - Woe To Them- -11-13-
Jude 1-7- Jude, a bond-servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, To those who are the called, beloved in God the Father, and kept for Jesus Christ- May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you.--Beloved, while I was making every effort to write you about our common salvation, I felt the necessity to write to you appealing that you contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all handed down to the saints. For certain persons have crept in unnoticed, those who were long beforehand marked out for this condemnation, ungodly persons who turn the grace of our God into licentiousness and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.--Now I desire to remind you, though you know all things once for all, that the Lord, after saving a people out of the land of Egypt, subsequently destroyed those who did not believe. And angels who did not keep their own domain, but abandoned their proper abode, He has kept in eternal bonds under darkness for the judgment of the great day, just as Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities around them, since they in the same way as these indulged in gross immorality and went after strange flesh, are exhibited as an example in undergoing the punishment of eternal fire.--1 - Old Sins, New Techniques -8-10--2 - Woe To Them- -11-13-
Real Paranormal Talk is back! On this week's episode, Jeff discusses two new techniques he learned for the paranormal thanks to Netflix's new paranormal show 28 Days Haunted. Plus, Jeff talks about a few new messages he received while creeping around the cemetery...
In this episode, hosts Jeremy and Ingo chat with Dr. Valentina Emiliani. Dr. Emiliani's lab has pioneered the use of wave-front shaping for neuroscience. In particular, they demonstrated a number of new techniques based on computer-generated holography to gain 3D optogenetic control of neural populations.
In part 2 of New Floor Techniques the crew breaks down the difference between back to back and circuits.
U.S. officials say they were able to disrupt a ransomware campaign from North Korean state sponsored hackers that targeted hospitals - and were even able to claw back some of the ransom that had already been paid in cryptocurrency. WSJ reporter Dustin Volz joins host Zoe Thomas to discuss the strategy U.S. law enforcement used and why they say the new approach could better protect Americans. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Manager/Coach Alyx joins us to talk about new floor techniques.
Crowdfunding: Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and Ecommerce with CrowdCrux | Crowdfunding Demystified
I'm sure you've heard the saying, “If it were easy, everyone would be doing it.” Is that true as it relates to Kickstarter? If you have been with me for any length of time, you know my answer: I don't think so! As someone who has had the privilege of speaking to guests of many successful Kickstarter projects, my answer should come as no surprise. However, if you take note of tips, tricks, and techniques used by the multitude of guests I've had on my podcast, you'll start to visualize and plan the necessary steps to make your crowdfunding dreams a reality. Today's episode is just another opportunity for you to learn how to utilize current trends and media to benefit your own campaign. In this episode of Crowdfunding Demystified, you'll hear Salvador Briggman talk to the team behind Plufl, Noah and Yuki, a premium bed engineered to provide the optimal napping experience. It was “created to maximize comfort and foster a sense of security, delivering relief for those who have ADHD, stress, and anxiety-related issues.” In this episode, you'll learn how: Plufl was able to go viral on TikTok To enter the world of entrepreneurship without any specific skills To utilize effective product prototyping Social media can be a potent tool for your project The fact that the creators behind Plufl were students with near-zero entrepreneurial and TikTok experience is really inspiring. Even with that lack of experience, they raised over $290K with nearly 800 backers on Kickstarter! So hopefully, any doubts regarding your skills or inexperience disappear after listening to this episode. Resources and Tools Mentioned on the Show Crowdfunding Coaching The Kickstarter Launch Formula Audiobook Smash Your Kickstarter Goal Fulfillrite: Kickstarter and crowdfunding reward fulfillment services. They come highly recommended! Download their free shipping and fulfillment checklist. Plufl
Why should we add salt to our water? Is tap water okay to drink? What about plastic bottled water? What is red light therapy and what is the benefit? What does creatine do for us? Could nicotine be used to promote better cognitive health? Methylene blue as a supplement? What is PEMF? What are the benefits of short term cold exposure? What is the difference between traditional saunas and infrared saunas? Nicotine has a good side? Thank you to our sponsor, InsideTracker. SuperAge listeners get 20% off here.Dr. Scott Sherr, physician, joins us on the SuperAge podcast to share everything we need to know about hydration, red light therapy, nicotine, PEMF, sauna, cold exposure, and more. He is passionate about health optimization and longevity through these wellness modalities and shares his knowledge with David.Timestamps:00:00:00 Welcome to the SuperAge podcast00:01:11 David's update00:05:45 Call into the SuperAge podcast (801) 871-529100:07:05 Thank you to our sponsor, InsideTracker00:08:42 Welcome to our guest, Dr. Scott Sherr00:09:38 What does Dr. Sherr do for his clients that want to be healthier?00:14:15 The importance of hydration00:17:39 Red light therapy. Near Infrared & Far Infrared00:26:52 Methylene blue00:29:49 Creatine00:32:48 Nicotine 00:37:46 PEMF (Post Electromagnetic Field Technology)00:39:52 Cold exposure00:50:46 Sauna. The difference between traditional saunas & infrared saunas00:57:29 Dr. Scott's final advice on getting healthy“The bad news is that if you live now in the world, your gut is going to be screwed up in some way.” “Salt in water allows that water to get absorbed through your intestinal lumen, through your GI tract into your body. Without salt, some water gets absorbed but a lot of it doesn't.” “Your brain takes up 20% of your oxygen at all times so it's a hugely metabolic organ.” “If you've been cognitively on all day and then you go directly to workout at the gym, that's a huge stress on your body.” “After you come out of the cold, you get this reflex vasodilation, you get all this new blood going to your periphery. As a result of that, you feel and get this blood flow to your tissues that you may not have been getting before, especially areas that had been inflamed, areas that have been injured, areas that have been hurting like joints.” “The fantastic thing about cold is that it's a fantastic way to train your fear response because the first 30 seconds you feel like you're going to die. Your body is doing everything it possibly can to tell you to get the F out of the water or out of the cold. But if you can go past that, and you can, that's when your body gets to this blissful state of peace.” “For people who can't exercise because they have arthritis or they have other joint or mobility issues, you can use a high heat sauna and see significant benefit in that capacity.” “High heat sauna is exercise, infrared is more recovery.”Listen to the SuperAge podcast wherever you get your pods. Call in to the podcast and have your comment or question answered on air: (801) 871-5291Connect with Dr. Scott Sherr: Integrative HBOT WebsiteTroscriptionsDr. Scott Sherr Instagram
Jane Marla Robbins, a Finalist for a CAPS Grant in Poetry from the National Endowment of the Arts, is the author of the bestselling Poems of the Laughing Buddha; DOGS IN TOPANGA 2000-2018; and CAFÉ MIMOSA IN TOPANGA (winner, South California Book Publicists Poetry Award). You can see and hear her read all three books on YouTube. Her poems have been published in many places, including The Cultural Weekly, Thrive Global, and The Scarlet Leaf Review. Commissioned by the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. to write and perform the one-woman play Reminiscences of Mozart by His Sister, she also performed it in Lincoln Center in New York. Her one-woman play in verse, Miriam's Dance, about Moses' sister, was produced in New York and Los Angeles, as was her two-character play, A RADICAL FRIENDSHIP, about Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rabbi Abraham Heschel, (starring Ed Asner). Jane's best-selling self-help book, Acting Techniques for Everyday Life: Look and Feel Self-Confident in Difficult Real-Life Situations, and its accompanying deck of illustrated flashcards, won the Gold Axiom Business Book Award. Articles on her teaching, as well as her essays, have appeared in The Los Angeles Times. In New York, she starred in her three-character play, Jane Avril. After its Off-Broadway run, the play was translated into Danish and produced in Copenhagen. Also in the same city, she starred in her Obie-nominated one-woman play, Dear Nobody, which she co-authored with Terry Belanger, and which ran for a year in New York, was produced on CBS for Camera Three, and toured to London and all over the United States. Jane's play, Bats in the Belfry, was directed by Roscoe Lee Browne at the Spoleto Festival, and her one-act, Cornucopia, won the University of St. Thomas One-Act Play Competition Join me in this episode and learn why Jane is a Kickass Boomer! [00:01 - 06:48] Opening Segment Let's get to know Jane Marla Robbins The importance of having fun in life and how it can help you be more confident. Actors must have the self-confidence to be successful and it is not easy to be oneself at 50. [06:49 - 10:38] Gaining Self Confidence! Switching her careers from playing characters in movies, and television shows to “Being Jane Marla Robbins” Having someone that can help you trigger that self-confidence. Stage Fright: Being afraid is the same thing as being excited [10:39 - 17:06] Preparing Yourself Feel alive as possible Making sure you're emotionally accessible: “Being angry won't make you accessible” – Jane Marla Robbins Include spiritual preparation Relaxing your muscles, so you can breathe. “Just take three deep breaths; Pick up that Yoga book it's 2,000 years old of technique” – Jane Marla Robbins [17:07 - 20:40] The Importance of Laughing as We Don't Do This Enough. Laughter is Healthy Being strong in dealing with emotions, Living fully means being brave and taking risks. Standing for yourself. Jane discusses coaching people for job interviews Showing up as authentic as possible. [20:41 - 28:01] Do What You Love to Do It will make a difference when you are doing what you love to do. Allowing yourself to vent out. Overcoming obstacles and achieving success. Jane talks about her books Links below [28:02 – 30:44] Closing Segment Connect with Jane! Links below Tweetable Quotes: "When I see children be born, I remember what it feels like to be open to the mystery of life” – Jane Marla Robbins "When you're doing something, you love to do that will make a difference."- Jane Marla Robbins Email janemarlarobbins@gmail.comto connect with Sharon or follow her on LinkedIn or visit janemarlarobbins.com to learn more about her work. Resources Mentioned Poems of Covid Perform Your Best Acting Techniques Acting Techniques for Everyday Life ----- BEE BOLD, NOT OLD. LEAVE A REVIEW and join me on my journey to become and stay a Kickass Boomer! Visit http://kickassboomers.com/ to listen to the previous episodes. Also check us out on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn. You can also connect with me by emailing terry@kickassboomers.com.
Jane Marla Robbins, a Finalist for a CAPS Grant in Poetry from the National Endowment of the Arts, is the author of the bestselling Poems of the Laughing Buddha; DOGS IN TOPANGA 2000-2018; and CAFÉ MIMOSA IN TOPANGA (winner, South California Book Publicists Poetry Award). You can see and hear her read all three books on YouTube. Her poems have been published in many places, including The Cultural Weekly, Thrive Global, and The Scarlet Leaf Review. Commissioned by the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. to write and perform the one-woman play Reminiscences of Mozart by His Sister, she also performed it in Lincoln Center in New York. Her one-woman play in verse, Miriam's Dance, about Moses' sister, was produced in New York and Los Angeles, as was her two-character play, A RADICAL FRIENDSHIP, about Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rabbi Abraham Heschel, (starring Ed Asner). Jane's best-selling self-help book, Acting Techniques for Everyday Life: Look and Feel Self-Confident in Difficult Real-Life Situations, and its accompanying deck of illustrated flashcards, won the Gold Axiom Business Book Award. Articles on her teaching, as well as her essays, have appeared in The Los Angeles Times. In New York, she starred in her three-character play, Jane Avril. After its Off-Broadway run, the play was translated into Danish and produced in Copenhagen. Also in the same city, she starred in her Obie-nominated one-woman play, Dear Nobody, which she co-authored with Terry Belanger, and which ran for a year in New York, was produced on CBS for Camera Three, and toured to London and all over the United States. Jane's play, Bats in the Belfry, was directed by Roscoe Lee Browne at the Spoleto Festival, and her one-act, Cornucopia, won the University of St. Thomas One-Act Play Competition Join me in this episode and learn why Jane is a Kickass Boomer! [00:01 - 06:48] Opening Segment Let's get to know Jane Marla Robbins The importance of having fun in life and how it can help you be more confident. Actors must have the self-confidence to be successful and it is not easy to be oneself at 50. [06:49 - 10:38] Gaining Self Confidence! Switching her careers from playing characters in movies, and television shows to “Being Jane Marla Robbins” Having someone that can help you trigger that self-confidence. Stage Fright: Being afraid is the same thing as being excited [10:39 - 17:06] Preparing Yourself Feel alive as possible Making sure you're emotionally accessible: “Being angry won't make you accessible” – Jane Marla Robbins Include spiritual preparation Relaxing your muscles, so you can breathe. “Just take three deep breaths; Pick up that Yoga book it's 2,000 years old of technique” – Jane Marla Robbins [17:07 - 20:40] The Importance of Laughing as We Don't Do This Enough. Laughter is Healthy Being strong in dealing with emotions, Living fully means being brave and taking risks. Standing for yourself. Jane discusses coaching people for job interviews Showing up as authentic as possible. [20:41 - 28:01] Do What You Love to Do It will make a difference when you are doing what you love to do. Allowing yourself to vent out. Overcoming obstacles and achieving success. Jane talks about her books Links below [28:02 – 30:44] Closing Segment Connect with Jane! Links below Tweetable Quotes: "When I see children be born, I remember what it feels like to be open to the mystery of life” – Jane Marla Robbins "When you're doing something, you love to do that will make a difference."- Jane Marla Robbins Email janemarlarobbins@gmail.comto connect with Sharon or follow her on LinkedIn or visit janemarlarobbins.com to learn more about her work. Resources Mentioned Poems of Covid Perform Your Best Acting Techniques Acting Techniques for Everyday Life ----- BEE BOLD, NOT OLD. LEAVE A REVIEW and join me on my journey to become and stay a Kickass Boomer! Visit http://kickassboomers.com/ to listen to the previous episodes. Also check us out on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn. You can also connect with me by emailing terry@kickassboomers.com.
All winegrowers are on the same quest to find virus negative plant material. James Stamp, President at Stamp Associates Viticulture, Inc, works with his clients to find the highest quality grapevine plants to establish new vineyards. This thorough process to find virus negative material includes partnering with nurseries that previously delivered good product. There is oversight through all stages of production from testing material to harvesting and grafting, from production to delivery, and the final selection of plants for the vineyard site. The number one tip to get quality grapevines is to pay attention to where the plant material is coming from, have great communication with the nursery, and sample the finished product for Red Blotch and Leaf Roll Three. References: 06-03-2022 | Roller Crimper Demo Tailgate, King City, CA (Event registration) 20: Dr. Mark Fuchs | Red Blotch Virus in Grapevines (podcast) 49: Stopping the Spread of Red Leaf Viruses (podcast) 71: New Techniques to Detect Grapevine Leafroll Disease (podcast) 131: Virus Detection in Grapevines Grape Program at Foundation Plant Services Grapevine propagation: principles and methods for the production of high-quality grapevine planting material Leafroll 3 Virus (GLRaV3) AKA Grapevine Leafroll Disease in Washington Red Blotch Virus SIP Certified Sourcing Grapevines for a New Vineyard Stamp Associates Viticulture, Inc. Sustainable Ag Expo November 14-16, 2022 Virus Disease Guide in Grapes Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org. Transcript Craig Macmillan 0:00 My name is Craig Macmillan and I am your host, as always. Today we have with us James Stamp, who is president of Stamp Associates Viticulture, Incorporated. And thanks for being on the show, James. I'm really looking forward to this. James Stamp 0:13 Yes, thanks for having me, Craig, I'm looking forward to it as well. Craig Macmillan 0:15 So James, you have a interesting company. And you've had an interesting career over the years. But right now, your company does a number of very interesting kind of things in three different areas. And what I was hoping to do is talk about each of those individually in a little bit of detail and have you explain kind of how those things work. First of all, you folks do independent analysis and quality control for grapevine nursery stock production. Tell me more about that. James Stamp 0:39 Our clients hire us to find the highest quality grapevine plants for establishing new vineyards. And what we do is to select nurseries that we have previous experience with in terms of delivering good product. And nurseries, where we have previously inspected and tested their increased box and the increase box, as you know, are the rootstock and science sources of materials for propagation. So we, we put together a proposal for our clients to provide the best quality of plant materials that we can. And then we get involved with discussing with nurseries, which materials are best to use. We oversee the testing of those materials, we oversee the harvesting and grafting of those materials. We oversee the production of those materials, that particular nurseries, and we oversee the delivery and final selection of those plants to the vineyard sites. And as part of our, our understanding with our growers, we are available to look at those plants during the course of the vineyard development. We'd like to be there to see how our plants grow. Once they're planted, Craig Macmillan 1:54 A grower will come to you and say I'm planting a vineyard, I want to make sure that it's virus free, or disease disease free, I would imagine. And you folks start at the very beginning, you go out and look at the blocks where the first cuttings are going to come from the good gonna go into those plants. Is that right? James Stamp 2:12 Yes. When I first started doing this, in 1999, I was asked to look at finished product. In other words, vines that had already been grafted, already been grown in the field, already been growing the greenhouse. And at that point, it's very difficult to have any real control over the quality of the finished product. So it seemed to me like a good idea to start with the source materials that we use to graph the vines and to make sure the source materials, the root stock on the scion, are of high quality and disease, pathogen test negative and that's exactly how we start by finding the source materials for the production of grape vine plants ultimately to be planted in the vineyards. Craig Macmillan 2:53 Obviously, if someone's going to plant, let's say hundreds of 1000s of vines, we're talking about hundreds of 1000s of cuttings. Is that right? James Stamp 3:03 Hundreds of 1000s of vines. Well, yeah, we're talking a lot of cuttings and in generally speaking from an increased block or rootstock increase block, you might expect to get say 100 cuttings from every mother vine or every increased block vine 100 cuttings for the rootstock. And for the scion material, the Cabernet, the Viognier whatever it might be, you're probably going to get somewhere from 50 buds or 50 cuttings per vine up to maybe 500 cuttings per vine for some very vigorous clones such as maybe Pinot Noir or Cabernet, Sauvignon Blanc we sometimes see 500 cuttings per vine. Craig Macmillan 3:40 How many samples are you taking how many pieces of wood are you taking in? What are you testing them for and how? James Stamp 3:47 We with the advent or the discovery of Red Blotch, it became clear that the only way to produce vines that are free of Red Blotch disease is to test every plant that is used as a source of materials for that for that finished product. So if you do the math, nurseries will graft anywhere from 1.5 times, one and a half times to two times the amount of vines per finished product. So if you have an order for 10,000 vines, they might refer 20,000 vines. So we have to test enough mother vines or increase block vines which is the correct term, to provide us with 20,000 rootstock cuttings and 20,000, say Cabernet Sauvignon buds. Let's say you've got just for example, a Cab Sauvignon plant that's giving you 500 buds per vine and you want 20,000, you want 20,000 bugs, then you've got to test 40 plants to get 20,000 buds. 40 times 500 is 20,000. Depending on the size of the plant, if its is a large established plant, we want to take more cuttings per vine than if it's a smaller plant, because viruses are not evenly distributed within the mother vine or the increase block vine. So if it's a larger vine, we might take four pieces per vine. If it's a smaller vine we might take two pieces per vine. So that's roughly sort of math that's involved in deciding how many samples we take. We are taking 1000s of pieces of cutting and putting them together into samples that we then test for a range of pathogens. And generally speaking, there are roughly 15 or so, 16 pathogens that fall on our testing list. And they include all the common viruses, the leaf roll viruses, the vitiviruses, A, B, D, Red Blotch virus, Fan Leaf virus, we also test the Pierce's Disease, we also test for Agrobacterium Vits, which is the causative agent of crown gall disease, which is a bacterium. And our pathogen panel depends on really the program that we're involved with. If we're, if we're working with materials where we have a good history of testing, we might adjust the panel slightly. It also depends on the budget, if a client has a limited budget, then we will focus on viruses that we think we'll find or viruses that we have found in the past. So but generally speaking, we have a pathogen panel of roughly 15 to 16 organisms that we look for routinely. Craig Macmillan 6:27 And in so it sounds like you're using a composite sample, like you may do a composite sample of rootstock and the comparison sample of scion. James Stamp 6:34 Exactly, yes. Craig Macmillan 6:36 Does that composite sample comprise a sample from every one of the vines involved? James Stamp 6:43 Yes. Craig Macmillan 6:44 So when I get a result back, I can be confident that all the plants that provided the rootstock or the scion are clean. James Stamp 6:52 Well, clean is, you know, clean is a word that you will not get anybody, you know, real scientists to use. Okay, these are all virus test negative. It's, you know, it's hard to prove a negative, but the sampling that we do shows that the vines, or the pieces of tissue that we've tested are negative for the virus. And they know and we were sampling for a wide range of pathogens, but it's to say it's clean, to say it's 100% guaranteed not to have viruses. It's something that people don't do because you're it's really, it's really hard to prove a negative. But we've we're sampling, we're sampling every plant and every plant is testing negative. And therefore, we can assume that those plants do not contain the viruses that we're testing for or the pathogens that we're testing for. Craig Macmillan 7:35 Excellent. I think that's a really important distinction to make various negative versus cleaning in quotes. So that's the so the points along the way, we've got the rootstock, we've got the scion, is there inspection, testing, investigation as we go through the grafting process and the callusing process and the greenhouse process? James Stamp 7:53 Well, really the first, the first step in the process to produce high quality plants is to visually evaluate the scion increase blocks before you test them. So there's no point in spending a lot of money on testing plant materials that don't look good. So we go to the nurseries that we have orders with for the following year, or the year after that. We go to those nurseries and look at their scion increased blocks in October. So we look in October 2021. At the Cab 47, or the Cab 30 or the Sauvignon Blanc 01 or the Pinot Noir, you know 777, and we find contiguous rows and contiguous sets of vines that look healthy. If they look good. In other words, they don't look like the disease, they don't look like they're struggling to grow. Because if a plant is looking diseased, or looking like it's having a hard time growing, that would not be the sort of material you want to select for high quality vine production. So if we see any issues with the vines during our October walkthrough, then we do a couple of things. One, well the nursery is usually with us so the nursery will then want to check those vines and test them or remove them, test them and remove them if necessary, to see if they are virus or there's something else wrong with them. And then once we find clean vines, then we will test them. So the first thing to do is find the clean plants, and this is done in October. Test them. We tag the plants so that we make sure we put our labels on plant materials that we want to graft. And then we see those materials getting harvested and then moved into cold storage and then we're at the nursery when those materials are grafted. So that we can see that the materials we tested and viewed in October and November are now actually on the grafting bench at the nursery February and March of the following year. Craig Macmillan 9:47 That's impressive. That is very impressive. Yeah, and I'm assuming you've had good luck with it as it sounds like you couldn't be any more fastidious. James Stamp 9:55 You know, it was really an eye opening moment, I think for me, when Red Blotch became a problem, as you know, it was in late 2012. And we have a lot of plant materials that we were to test for Red Blotch because the new PCR test was made available at that point in time. And it was clear that sampling increased block vines, on a sort of a random basis, sampling the plants in the nursery, the nursery vineyard that gives you the cuttings, not sampling every plant, but sampling say, even I'd say 95% level of confidence with a 5% confidence interval, you're still only sampling a very small amount of plants that are going to be used to give you the cuttings that you need. So the only way to detect the virus, which might only be present in a few plants, but if you're getting 400 cuttings from those one or two plants are infected, you're actually you know, producing a lot of virus that can be contaminated. So the only way to do it is to test every plant. Craig Macmillan 10:53 Right. And then is there some additional quality control once they come out of the nursery for you? James Stamp 10:59 I mean, nursery production is a very primitive craft, if you will. It's still very, very basic. It's basically putting rootstock and science together and allowing them to graft and providing good conditions for that. And what they want is they want to first of all the cuttings should be have high carbohydrate reserves. So they're strong cuttings. They actually have a good wood to pith ratio. So a small amount of pith, a good amount of wood, which represents good carbohydrate reserves. They should be grown in a way that produces cuttings that are good for grafting rather than growing these cuttings in a way that is good for fruit production. And so we want to see what's going on right from the very beginning. So I actually just gave a presentation the other day. And my first slide on the presentation says that what does every grower want? Every grower wants, or what they really want is no surprises. And that is high quality vines being available, in the right amount, on time and of good quality. Because the last thing a grower wants is to hear from a nursery when they call up and say, you know what, my 10,000 grafted vines delivered in a couple of weeks time and they say, well, we've only got 1000. So what we do, and it's really it's really it really sort of comes with the territory that if you're going to be involved in trying to produce high quality, disease test negative vines, then really in a way, it's I feel like it's on us to make sure the plants exist as well. If you will. Craig Macmillan 12:22 So yeah, absolutely. James Stamp 12:24 And on the one hand, we you know, we always have this provision that if we do a lot of testing and the plants are diseased at the end of the process, well, then we're not going to plant them. But we do want to make sure that the plants are available for all we can. So we keep we keep very close track on the way these vines are growing after grafting. And so we'd like to see how many plants of the 10,000, that grafted, get grafted, how many get planted up. So maybe in order for 5000 vines 10,000 get grafted, but only 7500 get grafted up. Well, that's actually a good number. But if you graft 10,000 vines, and the only plant 1000 vines up, you know, within four or five weeks of grafting that you've got a problem. And so it's part of our program is to how to solve that problem. So we need to be in touch with the nurseries right, all the time so that if there's a problem, we have time to fix it so that our clients have no surprises. And maybe they have to spend more money perhaps on testing more materials because we found virus, or it may be that the nursery had a bad take, in which case we have to graft more materials. But ultimately, we want to make sure that our clients plant the vines they want on time, and that those vines are of good quality. So what we do is work to solve problems as they develop. And you know, over the years, we haven't had very many problems. But again, I think we paid close attention to what's going on. Craig Macmillan 13:41 And suddenly, it just occurred to me, so how many tests per 1000 or 10,000 plants when we're when we're talking about the finished product, how many samples went into, how many tests went into per per 1000, or per 10,000, or whatever? James Stamp 13:55 You know, it's very variable. Let's say if you're, we're testing for 15 to 15, or 16 different pathogens, and we may be testing, one set of testing at least two plants for every 100 finished product. So if you've got say 1000 vines then, we're probably testing protesting 20 upfront vines, for every 1000 vines of finished, but actually 20 times, multiply that by two. So 20 rootstock and 20 scion approximately. So we're testing roughly 40 plants for every 1000 finished plants. Those 40 plants are being tested for, say 16 pathogens. So it's 40 times 60. If you do that multiple it's you know, 3200 or something like that, or whatever it is. That's a rough idea. Craig Macmillan 14:44 Of actual individual samples, test. I'm gonna pay so much per test, it's going to be 1000s of tests? James Stamp 14:52 Yeah, I mean, we test 1000s of samples. Craig Macmillan 14:55 I guess. Wow. James Stamp 14:56 We have a pretty large business. I think we were probably the The largest business of its kind that does this type of work, I think. Probably anywhere in the world, I guess. And, you know, it involves a lot, it's a lot, it's a lot of work, especially when you're dealing with a biological system like this, which is open to all sorts of climates and you know, biological impact. You know, drought one year can have a, some sort of weird impact the next year. So just like, you know, getting your fruit every year when you're growing your grapevines is difficult, convoluted, it's based on many different parameters. It's the same thing with producing grafted vines. A lot of different parameters affect the look of the finished product. In fact, this year, we looked at a bunch of dormant routings, and they were really super high quality this year did very, very nice, dormant routings this year with just very good internal approach. So not only is the virus testing and the pathogen testing, we've talked about, the other side of what we do is physical quality. We're involved in selecting the best plants that come through the propagation cycle. So for example, if you grafted 10,000 vines, you have an order for 5000 vines, you have 7500 vines that make it through to the finished product line. Well, we want to select the best 5000 of those 7500. And that involves having a good understanding of the parameters that are involved with a grapevine finished product, which include things like does it have a good root system? Does it have a properly healed graft union? Are the wounds on the rootstock shaft properly healed? Do you have good caliper? Do you have good lignification of the shoot spur? And all those, those different facets of the finished product are related to the pathogenic load of the vine when you start off. So if you if you're starting from materials that have high levels of fungal pathogens, and fungal pathogens are everywhere, in the nursery production cycle. And so the way to ensure you have best product is just is to select pathogens that have very good, that have demonstrated very, very good wound healing. Because those vines won't heal their wounds properly, they won't have good graft wounds, they won't have good root systems. They will have rootstock shaft disbudding sites that are not calloused over, they will have lesions running down from the graft union and running up from the base of the plant if they'd been developed or propagated from poor quality plant material. So the physical quality of the vine and vine and the pathogen status of the virus sort of closely interwoven. Craig Macmillan 17:28 So this involves looking at every single vine? James Stamp 17:31 No, actually it involves, what we do is we we sample every increase block vine that is used to produce the vine. And then we look at the finished product by sampling the finished product in terms of its physical evaluation. And I've been doing this, I mean, I started doing this in 1999. And in 1999, I looked at 1000s and 1000s and 1000s of finished product. And you know, you look at finished product, and you just like anything else, you really get to know what finished product looks like looks like. You get to know, you know what a batch of plants looks like. You know, you get to know how many vines you need to look at, to know in other words, to feel comfortable that you're looking, that what you're looking at is representative of the rest of it. And so you use that information, that experience to help you to determine how to evaluate finished product. Craig Macmillan 18:19 And so regarding, actually regarding methodology, it sounds to me like you have a fairly set methodology that you have tested over using years and years. And there's a quantification component to this as well. So you can say we found this percentage of this as opposed to that, as opposed to that. James Stamp 18:36 That's exactly right. Yeah. So I think if you would, I mean, you know, things have changed. And we today, we don't get to look at much finished product that we haven't been involved with, right from the very beginning. But sometimes we do and it's always interesting to do that. Because I mean, obviously there's different types of finished product, the potted plants, and then there are dormant bareroot, finish plants. Any any batch of vines that get delivered are going to have some type of defect. The question is, what are those defects and what proportion of the finished product has those defects. So for example, if it's if it's a if it's a severe problem, we'll cancel the order. If it's if it's a severe problem, but in a very small amount of plants, and we know how to identify that problem, then we can have the nursery go back and grade out the bad vines, or we can grade out the bad vines ourselves and take the good vines and get rid of the bad vines. Or we can advise our clients who maybe are buying vines from a nursery I will tell them well this is how you identify the problem in these vines by doing this type of physical manipulation of the plant. It'll tell you what's right or what's wrong with it. But generally speaking, our plants when they've been through our program are very high physical quality with a very small amount of defects or zero defects. Obviously, there's always gonna be some defects. And you really are the final line of defense is the guy who's planting the vine. But our goal is to to sell to our clients vines, the pathogen test negative or very high quality, where there will be no rejects or planting time. Craig Macmillan 20:07 So let's move into the field. So you also conducted valuations of newly planted and established vineyards for their performance, presumably in the face of pathogen load. How do you conduct these kinds of evaluations? What kind of methodology do you use? James Stamp 20:22 I have to say, I don't do we don't do this, as much as we used to do this was a much bigger part of our portfolio maybe 10, 15 years ago than it is now. And we used to get called out to look at vines, vineyards that have been recently planted. And say, you know, it's a two year old vineyard, and a three year old vineyard. What do we try to do is to, you know, it's important to look at the venue and at the right time of the year. If it's potentially a virus problem, then you want to look at that vineyard in October, when you can see symptoms of virus, they may be well apparent. But the first thing to do is to try and if there's a problem in a vineyard, maybe it's just performing improperly. Is to try and link any visual performance issues with any particular physical attributes that the plant might have, or they may be associated with the site. Simply put, if you've got vines that are growing properly, than those vines that aren't grown properly, have bad graft unions, or have they been planted improperly. And they've got a J rooted root system. I tried to look at the vineyard and say split into say, three into three categories: good vine performance, bad pine vine performance, and say intermediate vine performance. And trying to correlate those different types of wind performance with either a site issue which might be a soil, irrigation, utilization, fungal pathogens, weeds. And then also compare that with just the vine itself. And this oftentimes involves sacrificing vines, but taking, digging that vine up and looking at the root system, looking at the grafting. And it's actually very easy to tell by looking at vines, whether or not the issue that you're seeing is a result of the vine being imperfect at the time of planting, or whether it's more like you know, whether it's related to the way it was planted or where it was planted. Craig Macmillan 22:09 That is really, really fascinating. We've kind of run out of our time here, I want to thank you again, James Stamp, Stamp Associates, Viticulture Inc,. There's obviously a lot of work to continue to do. And the work that you folks are doing is wonderful. And I hope that more people will start thinking along the same lines, at the very least I hope the philosophy spreads. Is there one thing you would recommend to our listeners? James Stamp 22:32 Yeah, I think what's it's a, it's a big one thing with with sub parts. It really is to pay attention to where your plant materials coming from. To have a really good communication with the nursery. If nothing else, sample the finished finished product for Red Blotch and Leaf Roll Three, which are the two viruses that have the biggest impact on vine performance. And the two viruses that are very easily vectored in the industry. Craig Macmillan 22:59 That's great. Where can we find out more about you? James Stamp 23:02 We have a website, the website is JamesStamp.net. There's all our, that we have. We've written a bunch of articles about what we do. We give presentations fairly frequently. And so some of that information is on there. And we have a website and of course, phone number, email, of course all that's there. Craig Macmillan 23:20 Perfect. Fantastic. Well, I want to thank you again, James, and I want to thank our listeners for listening to Sustainable Winegrowing with the new team. Again, my name is Craig Mcmillan, your host and we look forward to having you download us again. Transcribed by https://otter.ai
We're discussing our food plot strategies for this spring planting and how we're trying new things! Over the years we've never been scared to try new things while never forgetting what's worked. One thing is true , the Heritage blend from Stratton seed company is a killer spring food plot blend, but we always like to try something new. We've grown to love perennial food plots for year round usage but there is a portion of the fall when standing grain is dynamite. We're looking to put standing grain and perennial clovers together and see what happens!
With the prevalence of Leaf Roll Three, Red Blotch, and other viruses, accurate and timely detection of viruses in grapevines has never been more imperative. Alan Wei, Owner and Lab Manager at Agri-Analysis LLC in Davis California explains how his lab is using next generation sequencing (NGS) to find new viruses. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the widely accepted method for testing for viruses. This process tests for one gene at time. Next generation sequencing allows labs to test multiple genes at a time and get results much faster. References: 20: Dr. Mark Fuchs | Red Blotch Virus in Grapevines 49: Stopping the Spread of Red Leaf Viruses 71: New Techniques to Detect Grapevine Leafroll Disease Agri-analysis LLC Donate: Juan Nevarez Memorial Scholarship Grape Program at Foundation Plant Services Leafroll 3 Virus (GLRaV3) AKA Grapevine Leafroll Disease in Washington Next Generation Sequencing (Deep Sequencing) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Testing Red Blotch Virus SIP Certified Sustainable Ag Expo November 14-16, 2022 Get More Subscribe wherever you listen so you never miss an episode on the latest science and research with the Sustainable Winegrowing Podcast. Since 1994, Vineyard Team has been your resource for workshops and field demonstrations, research, and events dedicated to the stewardship of our natural resources. Learn more at www.vineyardteam.org. Transcript Craig Macmillan 0:00 My guest today is Alan Wei, who's owner and lab manager of Agri Analysis LLC in Davis, California. Alan, thanks for being on the show. Alan Wei 0:10 Thank you very much, Craig, for hosting me. And I'm very delighted to be here. And I want to use this opportunity to say hello to listeners as well. Craig Macmillan 0:19 So Alan, I want to have you on the show, because I want to talk about anything that's new and exciting in the world of grapevine virology, and a lot of research and a lot of development in industry with labs like your own. So, what's what's what's happening out there, what's going on with detection of viruses these days? Alan Wei 0:36 There is a International conference on grapevine viruses that's held every three years. So last time was 2018, in Chile. And the second, the following time was supposed to be 2021 in Greece, and unfortunately, that was canceled due to the obvious reasons, and then was supposed to be happening this year. And by the way, is not happening, and it's postponed until next year. So as a result, we have not, the researchers in this field have not been able to meet to report the latest grapevine viruses. Just to mention something that in the literature, for example, there are two or three new DNA viruses being discovered and reported. In fact, in grapevines, but their practical consequences are known. So we probably don't want to get in too much into them. Craig Macmillan 1:33 Maybe not, but I think this is an interesting thing because for instance, red blotch, caught everybody by surprise. And so how are these new...how are these these new viruses, how are they found, if you are looking forward, you're looking for other things, what kind of technology they're using to find this new stuff? Alan Wei 1:49 Typically, they're found by deep sequencing, also known as NGS Next Generation Sequencing. Researchers are always trying to look for the frontiers of why viruses virology by applying these methods and find this new viruses, but their practical impact needs to be validated, study to further be before we alarm growers. And red blotch was found a similar way. With the exception that the red blotch phenomena, and the disease was known to growers for years without the assay and the way the branch was first reported, or discovered through NGS that was, you know, the "wow" moment to growers. Yeah, we do now know what is causing this read leaf in my vineyard. Craig Macmillan 2:43 Tell me a little bit more about NGS, it sounds like this is gonna be an important technology for us, this deep sequencing. Alan Wei 2:48 Yeah, definitely. Deep sequencing is very widely used in the research community. And, when was that, in December meeting hosted by FFPS, they reported that NGS is going to be accepted by regulators like APHIS as a alternative way of testing materials coming from overseas. Which means shortened time and rapid, faster deployment of foreign important materials in in this country, or practically to growers hands. Yeah, the technology is definitely upcoming, and we're looking to possibly deploy it for routine use. We need to hear more feedback before we really do it. Craig Macmillan 3:41 This is obviously a very complicated technology, but like in a sense, can you explain what it is? Alan Wei 3:48 PCR is the way that accepted method in testing viruses or microbial in general. Compared to PCR, which tests one gene at a time, NGS would allow you to test multiple genes at a time. Because through the use of small, small redundant primers, which amplify many sometimes millions of hundreds of millions of fragments of the gene, which can parallelize sequenced with that data, and coupled with information, analysis, informatics, you can extract new new information from your sample, including new viruses, new bacteria. Craig Macmillan 4:38 So essentially, I've got a sample of plant material. And I run it through this NGS process, and it comes back and says, hey, there's genetic material in here that doesn't belong here. This is not grapevine, or hey, visit genetic material that's associated with some virus or something like that. And that's the flag that I get. And I get it from the whole picture. I'm not doing it like like you say gene by looking at for specific genes, I'm getting a kickback, I'm saying hey, there's there's a variety of things or whatever genes we weren't, wouldn't even thought to look for. Alan Wei 5:10 Exactly, exactly. You're right. And then that gene can be not not only you find genes and not belong to the grapevine, which we considered as, you know, the background gene, by further analysis of that, that special gene, you can assign them to, to pathogens, basically, different types of pathogens. Craig Macmillan 5:30 Gotcha. Yeah, that definitely speeds up the process a lot and makes it possible to catch things in finer net than we ever would have been able to do before. So that's pretty exciting. Alan Wei 5:38 Yes, def definitely. Craig Macmillan 5:40 Coming to red blotch, this is continues to be, you know, a very hot topic, obviously, it continues to be an issue in the field and continues to be an issue in other places. Is there anything new that we've learned regarding the Red Blotch Virus in any realm, anything about how it moves, its symptomology, new means of detection, anything like that? Alan Wei 6:08 I have a list of articles that just simply published during the past a couple of years, and researchers from you know, several major universities have really dived deep into the physiology, the virology, their impact on wine quality, in aspect of, of a rather large virus. They're really fascinating. From a practical standpoint, though, the progress has been less because what was reported to us few years ago remain the same, which which you know, very well. Which means rogueing, you know, rogueing your infected vines as aggressively as possible. Sourcing for clean materials as diligently as possible to prevent any viruses infecting material being planted. And once they do present in your vineyard take them out as quickly as possible. And also, although we know the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper is the vector for red blotch. And folks don't recommend you spray against this particular insect because it is not a very efficient transmitter of the virus. Grapevine is not its preferred host. So those information were already known through talks by various speakers in the past. Craig Macmillan 7:33 We were talking about spread. And this is something that is absolutely puzzling to me, in years of field checking, I had never once seen this Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper. But I have talked to people who have. And they apparently are very reclusive, they will move away from you, the signs of the damage and very subtle, they do this little kind of girdling thing in the leaves. I just feel like there's just kind of be another vector. I mean, just I just feel to kind of be another vector. I mean, is there is there anything new in that world? I mean, we've identified the one but it seems kind of mysterious. And I'm thinking about the spread at the Russell Ranch, that finish and plant services ranch where we've not only identified it, but they were able to see that was spreading, attributed to the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper, correct me? Alan Wei 8:19 I completely agree with you. Yeah, we don't see too many of our tree hoppers in the field. Yet spread in Russell Ranch has been phenomenal. It's more like, more exponential increase year after year, since 2018. So it is a mystery. If some of you, listeners, went to the seminar by UC Davis in early December, particularly the presentation by Professor Kent Daane, then the entomologists have been looking at a number of potential hosts. But unfortunately, they either have not been proven yet or, most of them were disproven to be a potential host. So we're still in that regard., virtually in the context of Russell Ranch, it is a complete mystery. You would think through the very aggressive management by FPS, you know, any presence over vectors were eliminated. And any source of vectors were eliminated. We have but yet they see this exponential growth in terms of infected vines, which, which stopped Russell Ranch from operation, basically. Craig Macmillan 9:40 Yeah, exactly. And I was actually looking at a table for one of your publications earlier today, and it looks like it went from zero to exponential like there was no nothing was detected for a couple of years or two. Then blammo! And I've been thinking about the same thing happening in other vineyards, I'm familiar with. And obviously just underlines how big of a threat red blotch is because we don't understand, you know, a lot, there's a lot we don't understand about it. So that means you got to sample. That you should rogue vines when you see them. But also you got to be sampling. Are there any is there anything new in the way of sampling protocols? Because I know that the distribution of the virus varies quite a bit between different parts of the plant different times of year and whatnot. So it's easy to miss it. What's the what's the best recommendation these days, if I wanted to test some lines, asymptomatic vines for red watch? Alan Wei 10:31 Yeah, we still recommend growers to sample cane materials, because in our analysis, you know, relative concentration in different parts of the vine, the cane materials has highest concentration of virus tighter level. And we also suggest growers to consider combine cuttings from different vines to make a what's called a composite sample. Therefore, they can you know, cost, testing costs can be reduced, and their testing budget can be maximized. And of course, you know, the testing objectives dictate how high your sample. Sometimes growers want to test the individual vines to really zoom in to which vine is exactly is infected, that you can only do that by testing individual vines. But the composite testing gave you the first level of screening. To see if you composite ten vines into one sample, and the entire sample would be positive. But if you want to zoom in which vine, but you're gonna want to use positive so that you can take it out, then you will do individual testing after the first round over the course screen, if you will. Craig Macmillan 11:44 Yeah, so the strategy would be basically like test the vineyard. And then if you find that something, then you drill down, and you can get it down to decide kind of what area where the individual vines are. That's a very, very smart technique. It's a really great idea. How sensitive are the detection techniques these days? So like, if I've got a if I have 10 vines out of 1000, and I sample and I sampled 10 vines, and I hit one of them, one of the infected ones, is that enough to show up in in the in the analysis? Alan Wei 12:15 Yeah, definitely. So if there's only one out of 10 cuttings is positive, and that means practically you're diluting the by 10 times, it is very much detectable. Craig Macmillan 12:27 Is there a lower detection limit? Alan Wei 12:28 Yeah, when there's a theoretical detection limit, and then there's a practical detection limit. If we do a back of the envelope calculation, a PCR method would allow you to detect one copy without the problem. But then of course, practically, there are other considerations such as whether you know, the one copy, you can sample that one copy into your PCR tube to begin with, because you know, if there's a one copy per microliter, and the way you want to use a two microliter in a PCR mix, you may or may not be able to transfer that one copy from a sample to the PCR tube to begin with. And even if you do, there may be potential inhibitors that present in grapevine material that could potentially influence your sensitivity as well. So there's a practical detection limit, and there's their theoretical detection limit issues. But overall, you know, we have found the red blotch detection to be not a problem, because typically the virus titer is high enough to be detected, even if you compounded multiple vines or cuttings into one sample. Craig Macmillan 13:33 That's good. That's very, very useful, very, very useful. I would love to move on to kind of other viruses because it's red blotch is not the only game in town these days. Leaf Roll complexes and Leaf Roll viruses, there's still a problem correct? Alan Wei 13:44 Especially Leaf Roll Three is very much that the top of our problems still and because you know the vaccine is very well known. It's very prevalent. Inoculum widespread to the percentage of vines tested positive for Leaf Roll Three that are coming through our lab is roughly about 15 percent. So Leaf Roll Three is very much prevalent. There have been some really nice talks, organized before the pandemic was by the Lodi growers group. There are some talks from including from South Africa. Recently from Red Blotch symposium where there's some presentations on Leaf Roll Three as well. So Leaf Roll Three is very much a serious problem. And growers need to be very vigilant against the Leaf Roll Three from from new planting materials to management of existing vineyards. Craig Macmillan 14:37 So let's say I've got a vineyard and I'm seeing some symptoms. I'm seeing some red leaves or I'm seeing some bronzing or I'm seeing something, and I've looked at the nutritional situation, I've ruled out either toxicity or deficiency. So I'm not thinking hey, you know, maybe this is a virus issue. Can you take samples of vines and just bring them to a lab and say, please help me? Can you tell me what this might be? I know we just talked about the deep sequencing. Is that, I'm not gonna say that technology. But like if I brought you some material and I said this has got a problem, how would you go about diagnosing it? Alan Wei 15:14 Oh, definitely. That's what we do every day. Most of our work is focused on helping growers find out what is possible cause of a programmatic vine in their vineyard. They will send in the samples, either individual vines or composite samples. We have a panel, what's called a combo panel that covers the 11 viruses, 11 major viruses. Leaf Roll Roll 1, 2, 3, 4, and two or three viruses, and of course, Red Blotch, and Fan Leaf, Pierce's. And then also Pinot Gris virus. That is the most frequently requested a panel. And by doing that panel, we typically find out if it's a virus issue. Craig Macmillan 15:58 That's very useful. It's very, very good to know. In relation to grapevine viruses, or just diseases overall, what is the one thing you would recommend to the listeners that they should keep in mind? Alan Wei 16:08 I think that you already touched on this earlier. You know, one thing is, if they see problems in the vineyard, they should consider the sample and test to validate whether they're viruses or not. And if they're considering to plant new materials, they should be very vigilant to to ask questions of the nurseries, and also do their own independent homework. And the you will be interviewing Dr. James Samp in another session. He can tell you more about how he go about sourcing for cleaning materials for his clients, which are very quality conscious. Craig Macmillan 16:47 Yeah, we're really looking forward to that conversation, Much like I was looking forward to this one. You know, this reminds me of something. You hear the word tighter a lot. And I don't think I fully understand what it means. I know that it's important and seems to be coming up a lot. Can you explain the concept and why it's important and what it means for us practically? Alan Wei 17:09 Yeah, I'm so glad you brought this topic up. You know, you and I have been serving on AVF committee, Grant Review Committee for a number of years. And last week, we had our review meeting for this year, and the subject came up. You know, we can talk about different aspects of Red Blotch impact in wine quality, wine physiology, you know, readily and so on and so forth. If we want to contribute one single factor of all of this different symptomology, it would be the virus tighter level. The virus tighter means the number of particles in the vine. If the vine is only infected with a smaller number of particles, its response to the virus is going to be different than the vines that are infected with larger or large number of particles. In our experience, the virus level in different vines can be very much different. I'm not talking about different by you know, 50 percent, or two or three fold. I'm talking about several orders of magnitude. There is a poster right behind me, which you cannot see. But we did a measurement of three infected vines. One, with clean, non effective. Another one is chosen for medium Red Leaf symptom. Another one, it's very heavily Red Leaf symptom. And virus level, the obviously the non infected vine was zero. And then the mediumly infected vine was about one or 200. And then heavily infected vine, was one hundred thousand in relative copy numbers. So this tells you that you know, this virus kinda level concentration level in the vine, really affect symptomology as well as the vine performance and the barrel quality and obviously, eventually, wine quality. If we read the scientific literature, lots of studies report Red Blotch positive, Red Blotch negative, they did not talk about the virus tighter level. That's why we were so glad to see last week one of the research proposes to study the virus tighter level on different aspects of vine physiology and berry quality. I just think it was so so so important because the virus tighter will make it make a huge difference. Craig Macmillan 19:39 So we may be moving from a world of infected or not, to not, to more sick, less sick. Alan Wei 19:47 Yes, absolutely right. That is actually how we protect ourselves against the human viruses as well. You know, our vaccine does not completely protect us from infection. But it does protect us from viruses being propagated in high numbers in our body. Therefore, our symptoms of the infection in the individual is much less. And the ability for that individual to infect others are much less. Simply because of the lower virus tighter level in an infected person and similarly is true in grapevines. Craig Macmillan 20:24 So plants and animals are obviously very different organisms and where an animal has an immune system plants do not, they do not have an immune defense system. Is that correct? Alan Wei 20:35 Yes, you're right, correct. But they do have basic defense system against foreign organisms. One of them is the RNAi system. So speaking of that, you know, the simple symptomology in response to Red Blotch, and most of it is a total response, as a result of virus infection. The RNAi defense system gets activated. For example, the accumulation of the sugar of the raisin should be gradually, in a normal process, will be gradually moving towards the berries. But in Red Blotch, in fact, in vines, they are accumulated in leaves. Not moving toward the sugars. And the same for anthocyanins. That's why we see this red leaf. And those red color should be you know, in the berries, but they're not. They get stuck together, accumulating in leaves. It's fascinating. Unfortunately, we are still at the beginning of understanding all of this. Some reports are gradually coming out. Craig Macmillan 21:40 And so I want to make sure that I understand kind of how this works. So there's a grapevine that becomes infected. However way. The virus is very, very tiny bits of genetic material. Unlike, unlike a bacteria, which has a cell wall. Viruses don't have that they're just genetic material. The plant recognizes that somehow. And then RNA is the material that is produced from genes, the genes or have a have a sequence and then when that is reproduced that goes out into the world as RNA. Is that right? Alan Wei 22:17 Yes, the RNA is inside the host. And in response to a virus infection. And the defense mechanism get activated, which involves what is called enzymes. These RNA into smaller pieces, typically 20 nucleotide long. And they are, they are the what's called the interference RNA, or RNAi which inhibit the host from propagation inside the plant. Craig Macmillan 22:48 This is just, we need to wrap up for time, but I just have been thinking about this for years. And that is, where do these viruses come from? Where, how do they, how do they show up? What are these plant viruses? What? Are they jumping from other plants as a mutation of one into another? Or...do we know? Do I have any idea where these things come from? Because it seems like it's not just a question of finding it. Seems it's got to come from someplace. Alan Wei 23:14 Yeah, that's that's a really good question. I you know, you have biology, you have a load viruses, and obviously, RNA. Some viruses are readier to evolve, to change, to mutate. And that's why we see so many different mutants in the COVID virus family. And this is Red Blotch, is a DNA base virus, which have shown less mutation. And so far, we only seen two mutants, two clay types. And they practically they don't have much difference. As far as the, you know, the origin and the evolution. We need to have folks like Mark Fuchs to answer that. Craig Macmillan 23:55 At Cornell. Well, that's fantastic. That's that's our future. That's where, that's where we're going. Well, I think we've covered everything. Where can people find out more about you? Alan Wei 24:03 We have a website, agri-analysis.com. And then they could call us or email us anytime. We're here to help growers to build a better and clean vineyard so that they can make the best wine possible for the for their clients. Yes, sorry, Craig for the background noise. I think folks who are preparing samples as we speak. Craig Macmillan 24:26 I want to thank you Alan, our guest today has been Alan Wei, Owner and Lab Manager at Agri-analysis, David California. Thanks so much. This is really fascinating conversation. Alan Wei 24:35 Thank you very much Craig for hosting me. Continue to the great job. I'm so glad you're back at the Vineyard Team. You guys. You guys are wonderful team and doing great job. I'm very pleased to be here. Craig Macmillan 24:44 Thank you. I appreciate that. Transcribed by https://otter.ai
In this episode- Matt and Allie talk to Dr. Metzler about old and new techniques for repairing and rehabilitating the ACL. Learn about Dr. Metzler's background, education and career with OrthoCincy and the years of research he has put into his techniques to become the successful surgeon he is today. **A few minutes of audio in this episode become spotty, but don't worry it evens out!**Did you know that you don't need a doctor's prescription to receive physical therapy? The laws of Direct Access allow you to receive physical therapy without a referral and still use your insurance benefits! Learn more on how Direct Access can help YOU!Our website: https://www.oxfordphysicaltherapy.com/
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