Podcasts about Five Civilized Tribes

Send us a textAt the age of eight, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (later known by her pen name Zitkála-Šá) left her Yankton Dakota reservation to attend a missionary boarding school for Native Americans, a harsh and abusive experience about which she eventually wrote a series of articles published in The Atlantic Monthly. Jessi Haley, editorial director of Cita Press (which just published a free anthology of the author's work) joins Yankton Dakota poet Erin Marie Lynch to discuss how Zitkála-Šá's sense of cultural displacement impacted her life and literary output.Mentioned in this episode:Free edition of Planted in a Strange Earth: Selected Writings of Zitkála-Šá by Cita PressCita Press's Substack newsletter on Zitkála-ŠáRemoval Acts by Erin Marie LynchZitkála-ŠáElla Cara DeloriaStanding Rock Sioux TribeYankton Dakota peopleSugarcane 2024 documentaryAir/Light magazineJoe Biden's October 2024 federal apology to Indigenous AmericansCarlisle Indian Industrial SchoolRichard Henry PrattEarlham CollegeThe Sun Dance OperaPBS's “Unladylike” documentary episode on Zitkála-ŠáKillers of the Flower Moon by David Grann “Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery” by Zitkála-ŠáP. Jane Hafen's Support the showFor episodes and show notes, visit: LostLadiesofLit.comDiscuss episodes on our Facebook Forum. Follow us on instagram @lostladiesoflit. Follow Kim on twitter @kaskew. Sign up for our newsletter: LostLadiesofLit.com Email us: Contact — Lost Ladies of Lit Podcast

Rebecca and Tori continue to chat about Echo, this time episodes 3 and 4. We cover the history of the Lighthorsemen, discuss the psychology of various things, ponder the nature of Maya's powers and continue our love affair with the series.Restricted Access Resources"Choctaw." In Americas, 3rd ed., 152-157. Vol. 2 of Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2017. Gale eBooks (accessed February 6, 2024). https://link-gale-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/apps/doc/CX3648200147/GVRL?u=wash_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=725a5fe6.Davis, Karl, and Rose Stremlau. "Pitchlynn, Peter (Choctaw, 1806–1881)." In Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green, The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast, 191-192. The Columbia Guides to American Indian History and Culture. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2001. Gale eBooks (accessed February 6, 2024). https://link-gale-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/apps/doc/CX2537200133/GVRL?u=wash_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=03b8a1b0."Five Civilized Tribes." In Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, 2nd ed., edited by Thomas Riggs, 444-445. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2015. Gale eBooks (accessed February 6, 2024). https://link-gale-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/apps/doc/CX3611000320/GVRL?u=wash_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=0375dc04.Fixico, Donald L. "The BIA in the Department of the Interior and Grant's Peace Policy." In Bureau of Indian Affairs, 23-43. Landmarks of the American Mosaic. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012. Gale eBooks (accessed February 6, 2024). https://link-gale-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/apps/doc/CX2721200012/GVRL?u=wash_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=250fc8ce.Podcastica | EchoComic Basics: Why Didn't Kingpin Learn ASL?Echo used deaf creative team to 'inject authenticity' into new Marvel showThings You Didn't Know about Echo and Kingpin's RelationshipLevain BakeryChoctaw DictionaryThe Choctaw Dictionary - Choctaw Nation of OklahomaHow Many Trails of Tears Were There? - Yale University PressMSN: The True Story Behind Echo's LighthorsemenLighthorse (American Indian police) - Wikipedia

Welcome to the Hidden History of Texas. this is Episode 39 – The Cherokee – The  "Principal People” Forced out of their ancestral homes in what is now the American Southeast by pressure from Anglo Europeans, the Cherokee, or as they call themselves the Ani-Yunwiya, or the principal people, came  to settle in what is now East Texas. Used Under Professional License via Vecteezy Their ancestral lands included a large percentage of the southern Appalachian highlands, which included segments  of Virginia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. They were an agricultural people and the similarities between their Iroquoian language and tribal  migration legends tend to indicate that the tribe originated further to the north of their traditional settled homeland. It was approximately 1540 when Europeans first encountered the Cherokees, that was when Hernando De Soto's party traveled through their lands. After that 1st and brief encounter it would be more than a hundred years before they had any additional significant interactions with Europeans. It was in the 1670s that prolonged contact between the Cherokees' and the Europeans took place. The Cherokees  quickly adapted many of the basic and fundamental material elements of European culture to their own society. This tendency in turn led the Anglo Europeans  to call them, the "Five Civilized Tribes." In response to their, what was a successful attempt to adapt to their Anglo-European neighbors, they established a constitutional government with a senate, a house of representatives, and an elected chief. In 1821, Sequoyah, AKA George Gist or George Guess, took the tribe's spoken words and created a written language. The Cherokee placed a high value on education and in many instances-maintained schools for their children. While it is true that the Cherokees did derive some advantages from interaction with Europeans, those advantages were far outweighed by the negative effects of that contact. Due to the European desire for territory and empire building, the Cherokee were often decimated by wars, epidemics due to the new diseases introduced by the Europeans, and food shortages. Put together these all caused the population to decline, the area of their territory reduced, and a general weakening of their  group identity. In an attempt to maintain their culture, between the years 1790 and 1820, many Cherokees voluntarily migrated west of the Mississippi River. These peoples selttled in what is now Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. Eventually those who had tried to remain on their ancestral land in the Southeast were ultimately forced to move west due to the implementation of  the 1830 United States Indian removal policy. Between the years 1838 and 1839, 16,000 to 18,000 Cherokees were forcibly marched to their new home in northeastern Indian Territory. An estimated 4,000 individuals died on the march, which we now know as the Trail of Tears. It was in 1807  when Cherokees were first reported in Texas, that took place when a small band, probably from one of the Arkansas settlements, established a village on the banks of the Red River. In the summer of that year, a delegation of Cherokees, Pascagoulas, Chickasaws, and Shawnees sought permission from Spanish officials in Nacogdoches, to permanently settle members of their tribes in that province. Hoping to use the group as a buffer against further expansion by the Americans, the Spanish authorities approved the request. For the next few years a small number of Cherokees drifted in and out of Texas. Between 1812 and 1819, the population of Arkansas began to increase and once again the Cherokees were forced to migrate and more of them migrated into Southern Arkansas. But by 1820,  they could no longer avoid American competition for the land. At the same time Anglo-Americans had established seven settlements in the valley of the Red River, and the Cherokees decided to move even further south.

The Five Civilized Tribes have rejected an invitation to serve on a task force created to address Governor Stitt's concerns about the impact of the McGirt decision.

This Week in Oklahoma Politics, KOSU's Michael Cross talks with Republican Political Consultant Neva Hill and Civil Rights Attorney Ryan Kiesel about an announcement from State Superintendent Ryan Walters about his intention to cut ties with organizations which provide resources and training to schools, Oklahoma's Five Civilized Tribes uniting in a boycott against Governor's Stitt's task force on McGirt and an end to tribal license tag citations issued by the Oklahoma Highway Patrol.The trio also discusses the Oklahoma Turnpike Authorities plan to challenge a state law removing some of the governor's power over the board overseeing the agency and the Secretary of Transportation getting recommended for a $60,000 pay increase.Mentioned in this episode:Oklahoma State Medical Association

"...Hear now the tales of the past. Sing of the ancient times andthe bright morning and golden afternoon of our lives. For in thetime before the Wyrmcomers, we did not yet fear the coming of thenight. Our voices lit the darkness then as we sang of our triumphsand sorrows. My song tonight holds within it the tales of those times, of little brother Wendigo and elder brother Uktena. Thesetales may show our power and our pride and our love for our landsand Kin. Yet, it is the one who is absent of whom I truly sing, forif we heed not the tale I tell, there will be none of us left to sing thegreatest song of sorrow, known to us as the Croatan Song."--Greenwoman Threepaws, elder of the Sept    Wisdom Keeper of the CherokeeAuthors: Bill Bridges (Croatan), Jackie Cassada (Uktena)and Nicky Rea (Wendigo)Authors' Special Thanks:To Beth Bostic for her assistance in locating the historyof the Five Civilized Tribes and ideas for StorytellingSupport the showhttps://linktr.ee/25YearsOfVtM

Also, here is your opportunity to learn a little about the Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma! Contact me at: DBJ@MLMMailbag.com (Most severe critic: A+)   Inspired by: "MEDICARE FOR THE LAZY MAN 2022; Simplest & Easiest Guide Ever!" on Amazon.com. Return to leave a short customer review & help future readers. Official website: https://www.MedicareForTheLazyMan.com

During his military career, Andrew Jackson won several ruthless victories over indigenous people. After becoming president in 1829, he waged political war against them, too. Jackson championed “Indian removal” – the forced displacement of Native Americans to make way for white settlers. And none would feel the brunt of Jackson's policies more than the groups known as the “Five Civilized Tribes” – the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole.Listen ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App. https://wondery.app.link/historytellersPlease support us by supporting our sponsors!Zip Recruiter- For an easier way to find the right jobs and connect with great employers, go to ziprecruiter.com to sign up for FREE!Sleep Number- Special offers for a Limited Time are available at sleepnumber.com/tellers!See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

LSD is a powerful, mind-bending drug. Only a crazy person would try and tell a coherent and compelling two-hour-plus historical narrative while frying their brain on the equivalent of four hits of acid. And well... I am that crazy person. Today, to celebrate the 300th episode of Timesuck, I try and pull this story off immediately after dropping two double-hits of LSD. And things get.... weird. Also, what an amazing story! Bass Reeves' name and story are finally getting more exposure and it's about damn time! There's a good reason some people think Bass is the real-life inspiration for the Lone Ranger. This guy was a borderline superhero. Quick on the draw, fearless, and possession a relentless sense of justice, if you were and outlaw and Bass had ahold of your warrant.... you were as good as caught. Or as good as dead. The man was like a Wild West Boba Fett. He was the best at one of the hardest jobs in the Wild West  - a Deputy Marshal tracking down wanted men - and the occasional wanted woman - in Indian Territory, an especially lawless land that sat where present day Oklahoma now stands. Adventure awaits in today's yip, yip, yaw episode of Timesuck. Bad Magic Productions Monthly Patreon Donation:  The Bad Magic Charity for June is The Rainbow Railroad. We're donating a TBD amount. Founded in 2006, the Rainbow Railroad  assists LGBTQI+ people who face persecution because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. Rainbow Railroad's main goal is to help those who are in danger by relocating them to a safer country or a safe house. To get involved, learn more, or request help - go to rainbowrailroad.org TICKETS FOR HOT WET BAD MAGIC SUMMER CAMP!  Go to www.badmagicmerch.comWatch the Suck on YouTube: https://youtu.be/F141Eiva4zcMerch: https://www.badmagicmerch.comDiscord! https://discord.gg/tqzH89vWant to join the Cult of the Curious private Facebook Group? Go directly to Facebook and search for "Cult of the Curious" in order to locate whatever happens to be our most current page :)For all merch related questions/problems: store@badmagicproductions.com (copy and paste)Please rate and subscribe on iTunes and elsewhere and follow the suck on social media!! @timesuckpodcast on IG and http://www.facebook.com/timesuckpodcastWanna become a Space Lizard?  Click here: https://www.patreon.com/timesuckpodcastSign up through Patreon and for $5 a month you get to listen to the Secret Suck, which will drop Thursdays at Noon, PST. You'll also get 20% off of all regular Timesuck merch PLUS access to exclusive Space Lizard merch. You get to vote on two Monday topics each month via the app. And you get the download link for my new comedy album, Feel the Heat. Check the Patreon posts to find out how to download the new album and take advantage of other benefits.

On this episode I chatted with Governor Bill Anoatubby. He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2004 and a fun fact. When Governor Anoatubby took office in 1987, the Chickasaw Nation included 250 employees and an $11 million operating budget. Twenty years later the tribe included nearly 4,500 employees and an annual budget approaching $300 million.  Governor Bill Anoatubby grew up in Tishomingo where he attended Tishomingo High School, playing on the football team and graduating in 1964. He attended Murray State College and graduated from East Central State College (now East Central University) in 1972 before serving in the Oklahoma Army National Guard. He began working for the Chickasaw Nation as director of tribal health services in 1975, becoming Lieutenant Governor in 1979 and Governor in 1987. Anoatubby has been instrumental in the development of numerous businesses owned and operated by the Chickasaw Nation and under his leadership the tribe was the first to successfully compact for its own health system. Anoatubby became a member and leader of the inter-tribal council of the Five Civilized Tribes since 1978, remaining active in a wide range of organizations including the Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission, Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Advisory Committee of the U.S. Department of Interior, Leadership Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma Foundation for Excellence. He is also the longtime chairman of the Native American Cultural and Educational Authority. For more information on the Chickasaw Nation go to:  https://chickasaw.net This episode is presented by the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, telling Oklahoma's story through its people since 1927. For more information on the Oklahoma Hall of Fame go to www.oklahomahof.com or follow them on instagram for daily updates www.instagram.com./oklahomahof  #thisisoklahoma

What are you doing in April?   We are discussing some of the fun events happening throughout Oklahoma during the month of April.  If you want to find something new to do this month, check out the show.   A spring tradition in Idabel, the Dogwood Days Festival features something for everyone and prides itself on providing good, old-fashioned family entertainment. Bring the entire family and enjoy a bike show, chainsaw carving demonstrations, free concert, scavenger hunt, dance troupes, and even a lawn and garden show.   Idabel Discover flower power in Idabel, Oklahoma, the "Dogwood Capital of Oklahoma", where springtime tours showcase the area's champion blooming dogwood trees. See Native arts from Oklahoma and all over the world at the Museum of the Red River, where visitors can also view a dinosaur skeleton discovered in the area.   The Made in Oklahoma Festival in Seminole is a great opportunity to browse food, wine, crafts and a number of other products that are Oklahoma grown and Oklahoma made. Local crafters will display and sell their homemade wares, and a wide assortment of food vendors will offer delicious eats on Main Street.   Seminole Named after the Seminole Nation, one of the Five Civilized Tribes that settled in the area, Seminole, Oklahoma is home to Seminole State College and the challenging Jimmie Austin Municipal Golf Course. Oil played a starring role in Seminole's local history, as the Greater Seminole Area was once one of Oklahoma's 22 "giant" oil fields.   The annual Holy City of the Wichitas Easter Passion Play is a narrated dramatization of the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The "Prince of Peace" Easter Pageant is the longest-running of its kind in the United States.   Located in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge just 22 miles northwest of Lawton, the Holy City of the Wichitas stands on a 66-acre area that looks much like Israel during Biblical times.   The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is a one-of-a-kind destination in southwest Oklahoma. Located near Cache and Lawton, the refuge spans over 59,000 majestic acres and is home to free range buffalo, Texas longhorn cattle, prairie dogs, elk and deer.   Lawton, Oklahoma is your passport to adventure. Learn area history at The Museum of the Great Plains, which features archaeological and cultural artifacts and a trading post replica. Read a chapter of Oklahoma's rich military history at Fort Sill National Historic Landmark & Museum, an active Army fort established in 1869, where you'll find a museum that's comprised of 26 historic buildings and the gravesite of famous Apache chief, Geronimo.   The annual 89er Days Celebration commemorates the Land Run of 1889 and the birth of Guthrie. On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of excited Victorian-era land seekers lined the borders of the Unassigned Lands of central Oklahoma in preparation for the first of five land runs in the state.   Guthrie started as Oklahoma's territorial capital, Guthrie's ongoing restoration efforts make the town's downtown area the largest Historic Preservation District in the nation.   Celebrate the town that inspired the 1984 movie "Footloose" with a trip to Elmore City's Footloose Festival. This event commemorates the famous 1980 prom that ended the ban on dancing and inspired the community to get up and dance. Pull your favorite retro clothes out of your closet and enter the '80s Outfit Contest to compete for a trophy.   Elmore City is a town in Garvin County. The first business in Elmore City was opened by Jasper N. Black in an area just northeast of what is now Elmore City. Historians state that after Black opened his supply store in 1890 on Rock Creek, the number of settlers quickly grew and a community was formed called Banner. Banner quickly spread to the southwest and a post office was established and the name changed to Elmore for J. O. Elmore, another prominent business man. The word city was added to Elmore after the name was confused with Elmer in Jackson County. The city was incorporated as a community in 1898.   The annual Mural Fest 66 will bring live artists to Miami, a popular Route 66 destination, for a celebration of the arts along the Mother Road. Gather in the heart of downtown Miami to see large murals come to life on side-by-side buildings. Oklahoma artists will add their artwork to forthcoming murals during this event.   Pronounced My-am-uh, the city of Miami, Oklahoma is named after the Indian tribe that settled at the juncture of the Neosho and Spring Rivers. Route 66 winds through Miami's downtown area, where the Coleman Theatre, a Mother Road landmark built in 1929, was recently refurbished.   #TravelOK #onlyinokshow #Oklahoma #MadeinOklahoma #oklaproud #podcast #okherewego #traveloklahoma #events  #April #festival #concert #music #idabel #seminole #holycity #easter #mountains #wildlife #lawton #89ers #Guthrie #chuckwagon #chickasawcountry #elmorecity #footloose #dance #mural #miami

When the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee (or Creek), and Seminole Nations – known as “The Five Civilized Tribes” by white settlers – were forcibly moved from their lands in the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), they brought their possessions with them, including the people of African descent whom they had enslaved. After the Civil War, these slaves were freed and freedpeople were included in the allocation of Native lands undertaken by the Dawes Commission, making them the one group of former slaves to receive some reparations. However, like freedpeople in the South, their status and rights were often precarious and changed over time, especially with the establishment of Oklahoma statehood in 1907. To learn more, I'm joined by Dr. Alaina E. Roberts, Assistant Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh, and author of I've Been Here All the While: Black Freedom on Native Land. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is: “Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, Date Unknown; Oklahoma Historical Society.” Additional Sources: “Freedmen History,” Oklahoma Historical Society. We're not going anywhere': Choctaw Freedmen cite history, ties to Tribal Nation in fight for citizenship, by Allison Herrera, KOSU, September 22, 2021. “Black Freedmen struggle for recognition as tribal citizens,” by Sean Murphy, AP News, May 1, 2021. “7 questions about Freedmen answered,” by Brian Oaster, High Country News, October 11, 2021. “Tribes to Confront Bias Against Descendants of Enslaved People,” by Chris Cameron and Mark Walker, The New York Times, May 28, 2021. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jazz Ahead 149 - Playlist: 1. Sometimes I forget how summer looks on you, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..2. Nyuzura, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..3. Touch, don't Scroll, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..4. I once Carried A Blossom, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..5. In Tongues and Droves, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..6. Pyre, Ghost Horse, Live at Area Sismica, Hora Records, 2021..7. Five Civilized Tribes, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..8. A Letter From The Past, Bu.Re_ & Carlos Ferreira, Momentary Ghosts, Atlantic Rythms, 2021..9: Cracked Surface, Bu.Re_ & Carlos Ferreira, Momentary Ghosts, Atlantic Rythms, 2021..10. Everything Works, PBB Bread And Fox, Disease Our Music, Autoproduzione, 2021

Jazz Ahead 149 - Playlist: 1. Sometimes I forget how summer looks on you, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..2. Nyuzura, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..3. Touch, don't Scroll, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..4. I once Carried A Blossom, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..5. In Tongues and Droves, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..6. Pyre, Ghost Horse, Live at Area Sismica, Hora Records, 2021..7. Five Civilized Tribes, Ben Lamar Gay, Open Arms to Open Us, International Anthem, 2021..8. A Letter From The Past, Bu.Re_ & Carlos Ferreira, Momentary Ghosts, Atlantic Rythms, 2021..9: Cracked Surface, Bu.Re_ & Carlos Ferreira, Momentary Ghosts, Atlantic Rythms, 2021..10. Everything Works, PBB Bread And Fox, Disease Our Music, Autoproduzione, 2021

Early interactions between the Native American tribe of the American south east and the European invaders. Please Rate and Review the podcast To contact me: Email: distortedhistorypod@gmail.com Twitter @DistortedHistor https://twitter.com/DistortedHistor If you would like to support the podcast: ko-fi.com/distortedhistory

"The Trail of Tears was part of a series of forced displacements of approximately 60,000 Native Americans of the Five Civilized Tribes between 1830 and 1850 by the United States government known as the Indian removal. Tribal members "moved gradually, with complete migration occurring over a period of nearly a decade." --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/theysusannamaeohagan/support

Writer, musician, and political activist Zitkála-Šá, also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was born on February 22, 1876, on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where she lived until she was eight. When Zitkála-Šá was eight years old, missionaries came to the reservation to recruit children to go to White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute. Despite her mother's pleading, Zitkála-Šá begged to go to the school with her older brother. She later wrote that she regretted the decision almost immediately, but after three years in the boarding school she no longer felt at home on the reservation either. Throughout her life Zitkála-Šá continued to live in two worlds, using her writing and speaking to advocate for the rights of Native Americans. She taught at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, the most well-known of the off reservation boarding schools, where she came into conflict with the school's founder and headmaster Colonel Richard Henry Pratt, whose motto was “Kill the Indian, save the man.” She studied violin and wrote articles in Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Monthly, critical of the boarding schools and the trauma the children experienced. Prof. William F. Hanson of Brigham Young University she wrote an opera, the Sun Dance Opera, based on the sacred Sioux ritual that had been banned by the federal government.  In 1926, Zitkála-Šá and her husband, Captain Raymond Bonnin, who was also Yankton Dakota, co-founded the National Council of American Indians to "help Indians help themselves" in government relations. Many conflicts had to be resolved by Congress and the Bonnins were instrumental in representing tribal interests. Zitkála-Šá was the council's president, public speaker, and major fundraiser, until her death in 1938. To help us learn more, I'm joined by Dr. P. Jane Hafen (Taos Pueblo), Professor Emerita of English at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and the editor of two books of Zitkála-Šá's writings: ​​Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera and "Help Indians Help Themselves": The Later Writings of Gertrude Simmons-Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa), who graciously assisted in fact checking the introduction to this episode. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is: “Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist, c. 1898,” by Gertrude Kasebier, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Recommended Organization for Donation: Native American Rights Fund Additional Sources and Links: American Indian Stories, Zitkála-Šá Impressions of an Indian Childhood by Zitkála-Šá Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery by Zitkala-S̈a, Charles H. Fabens, and Matthew K. Sniffen. Office of the Indian Rights Association, 1924.  Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native American Author, Musician, and Activist by Gina Capaldi (Author) and Q. L. Pearce (Author) Zitkala-Ša (Red Bird / Gertrude Simmons Bonnin), National Park Service “Zitkála-Šá: Trailblazing American Indian Composer and Writer” [video], UNLADYLIKE2020: THE CHANGEMAKERS, PBS. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Episode discussion topics Royal racism? Say it ain't so! They just came to civilize the savages of the world. Bless their hearts. Our Declaration of Independence from the crown was done by Englishmen for their own betterment at the time. The "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeastern colonies (credit to National Geographic) were among the earliest examples of a people terrorized for their success because it challenged notions of European exceptionalism and white male supremacy. Wikipedia also covers this a little differently. A cake so nice, we had to use it twice! Back from episode 8 by popular demand, an image we reference during this episode time and again. Forget the reference to Capitalism and just examine the layers. (see the episode home page) Have you heard of the Homestead Act? Check it out here and gain a sense of appreciation for the power of agency and freedom that could come with land ownership. Plus counties get to collect taxes to improve our whole nation. Of course, it was too democratic to survive our republic. Your hosts: Michael V. Piscitelli and Raymond Wong Jr. More info The lower layers of the cake get cut into many, many, pieces. This is the quintessential and timeless strategy of "divide and conquer." The art of pitting us against ourselves and our own interests. This serves the prevailing power structure well. Judas and the Black Messiah is a must-see movie for our time. It speaks to the past, present, and the future of our society, if it is ever to rise above and fulfill a long overdue promise for all Americans. Warning: the truth can be painful. AHOY-HOY! Here's a nice and concise video featuring the history of the word which is just good fun. Here's Charles Montgomery Burns's version. Learn more and reach out Head to Citizens Prerogative for additional information and log in or sign up to leave a comment. Don't forget to join our free newsletter and get 10% off at our shop! Go the extra mile by supporting us through Patreon. Please contact us with any questions or suggestions. Special thanks Our ongoing supporters, thank you! Our sponsor CitizenDoGood.com. Graphic design by SergeShop.com. Intro music sampled from “Okay Class” by Ozzy Jock under creative commons license through freemusicarchive.org. Other music provided royalty-free through Fesliyan Studios Inc. 

Is your only cultural reference to the Sooner state the old Rogers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma!? Or maybe you’re a sports fan and you’re familiar with the Oklahoma City Thunder basketball team. Today, Trent England Executive Director of Save Our States and fellow at Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs discusses his journey to living in Oklahoma, the culture and politics of the state, a little bit of history, and takes a dive into what makes Oklahoma unique. Whether you know nothing about Oklahoma or it’s your favorite state in the union, this is an episode you won’t want to miss.    You can learn more about Trent’s work to save the Electoral College at https://saveourstates.com/    You can also keep up with him through his work at the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs    American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America by Colin Woodard   Curious who the Five Civilized Tribes were? Encyclopedia Britannica can help!   The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation supports smarter agriculture practices    Plan your next vacation to the Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum!    August Metcalfe’s art and history can be found at http://www.metcalfemuseum.org/  

“W. Noel Robbins is a warm and generous — yet incisive and driven spirit. And her writing reflects those qualities and much, much more.” -Bobby Bermea ARTIST BIOW. Noel Robbins is a native of Tulsa, Oklahoma but came of age in Detroit, Michigan. She has written poetry since an early age and published throughout her academic life. She is working on her first novel. W. Noel is also trained in a wide range of dance traditions, including social dance  traditional dance forms including Native American tribal dance (Five Civilized Tribes of the Mid-Continental United States) and folkloric dances of the African and Afro-Cuban diaspora. She is currently an advanced social Latin ballroom dancer who began training for performance in 1990. W. Noel is a lover of human culture and a student of nature. When she’s neither on the clock nor the dance floor, she can often be found studying cosmology and metaphysics, drinking coffee, doing yoga, or re-organizing her desk shelves for improved chi flow.

Simon Winchester discusses Francis Galton, the Aaland Islands and the Needham Question Author Simon Winchester discusses with Ivan six things which he thinks should be better known. Simon Winchester is the acclaimed author of many books, including The Professor and the Madman, The Men Who United the States, The Map That Changed the World, The Man Who Loved China, A Crack in the Edge of the World, and Krakatoa, all of which were New York Times bestsellers and appeared on numerous best and notable lists. In 2006, Winchester was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Her Majesty the Queen. He resides in western Massachusetts. You can learn more on his website: www.simonwinchester.com. The Antikythera Mechanism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpLcnAIpVRA The Needham Question https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/08/14/the-passions-of-joseph-needham/ The Five Civilized Tribes https://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-fivecivilizedtribes/ The Skaergaard Intrusion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaergaard_intrusion Francis Galton https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n23/andrew-berry/whenever-you-can-count 6.The Settlement of the Aaland Island Dispute https://projects.au.dk/inventingbureaucracy/blog/show/artikel/the-aaland-islands-question-a-league-success-story/ This podcast is powered by ZenCast.fm

What was happening on Turtle Island this year? Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/user?u=19470381)

In this Thanksgiving episode Enkeshi and Angela explore the relations between black folks and the Cherokee nation. Listen as they talk to Marilyn Van, President of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association and dig deeper into the indigenous history. 

Jazz Ahead 98 - Playlist: 1. Carillon, Figli di Pulcinella, Figli di Pulcinella, Autoproduzione, 2015..2. Theme Nothing, Jaimie Branch, Fly or Die, International Anthem, 2017..3. Hold, Maria Faust, Sacrum Facere, Organ, Stunt Records, 2020..4. Zapatoca, Alessandro Lanzoni, Seldom, CAM Jazz, 2014..5. Play, Clock's Pointer Dance, Clock's Pointer Dance, UR Records, 2017..6. Miss Nealie Burns, Ben LaMar Gay, Downtown Castle Can Never Block The Sun, International Anthem, 2018..7. Black Pipes Suite Word Of Mouth, On Dog, Dielectric, Ilkmusic, 2020..8. Five Civilized Tribes, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand, 2019..9. The Eleventh Hour, James Brandon Lewis, An Unruly Manifesto, Relative Pitch Records, 2019..10. Styx, Aarset/Petrella/Rabbia, Lost River, ECM, 2019..11. Vienna, Juan Pastor Chinchano, El Regreso, Quinto Pulso, 2019..12. Oitava Hora, Romulo Froes, Disco das Horas, YB Music, 2018

Jazz Ahead 98 - Playlist: 1. Carillon, Figli di Pulcinella, Figli di Pulcinella, Autoproduzione, 2015..2. Theme Nothing, Jaimie Branch, Fly or Die, International Anthem, 2017..3. Hold, Maria Faust, Sacrum Facere, Organ, Stunt Records, 2020..4. Zapatoca, Alessandro Lanzoni, Seldom, CAM Jazz, 2014..5. Play, Clock's Pointer Dance, Clock's Pointer Dance, UR Records, 2017..6. Miss Nealie Burns, Ben LaMar Gay, Downtown Castle Can Never Block The Sun, International Anthem, 2018..7. Black Pipes Suite Word Of Mouth, On Dog, Dielectric, Ilkmusic, 2020..8. Five Civilized Tribes, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand, 2019..9. The Eleventh Hour, James Brandon Lewis, An Unruly Manifesto, Relative Pitch Records, 2019..10. Styx, Aarset/Petrella/Rabbia, Lost River, ECM, 2019..11. Vienna, Juan Pastor Chinchano, El Regreso, Quinto Pulso, 2019..12. Oitava Hora, Romulo Froes, Disco das Horas, YB Music, 2018

Angela Walton-Raji is known nationally for her research and work on Oklahoma Native American records.  Her book Black Indian Genealogy Research, African Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes, is the only book of its kind focusing on the unique record sets pertaining to the Oklahoma Freedmen.  Angela has published two volumes called Freedmen of the Frontier from a blogging project that unfolded in 2017. The goal was to document 52 families from Indian Territory in 52 weeks.By the end of that year, 52 family histories had been placed on the African-Native American Genealogy blog. The families covered in the books are Indian tribal Freedmen---people who were once enslaved by Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole Indians. Many of the elders in some of the families highlighted, were people who were brought to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears is the same journey that forced those tribes from their homes in the southeast to the west. The lesser known story is that those five tribes, including the tribal chiefs took enslaved black people with them. The Freedmen are the people freed by the treaty of 1866, and who lived their lives in Indian Territory from that time, onward. In 2018, it was decided to put those 52 family stories into a book manuscript. When the stories were tweaked and consolidated there were more than 500 pages of data in the project. Angela then decided to divide the book into two volumes. Volume 1 documented Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Freedmen. Volume 2 documented Creek and Seminole Freedmen.   Opening music: Sweet Mellow Spice by AK Alexander Productions, Inc.  

McGirt v Oklahoma, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which ruled that, as pertaining to the Major Crimes Act, much of the eastern portion of the state of Oklahoma remains as Native American lands of the prior Indian reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes, never disestablished by Congress as part of the Oklahoma Enabling Act of 1906. McGirt was related to Sharp v Murphy, heard in the 2018–19 term on the same question but which was believed to be deadlocked due to Justice Neil Gorsuch's recusal due to having prior judicial oversight of the case. Sharp was decided per curiam alongside McGirt. Background. Prior to its statehood in 1907, about half of the land in Oklahoma in the east, including the Tulsa metro area today, had belonged to the Five Civilized Tribes. There had been several decades of warfare and conflict during the 19th century over these lands between the Native Americans and the United States, including the Trail of Tears. By 1906, the United States Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act which had been taken to disestablish the reservations, and enabling Oklahoma's statehood. The former reservation lands, those of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as the other tribes in the state, were allocated into areas by tribe that were given suzerainty governing rights to the tribe to handle internal matters for Native Americans within the boundaries, but otherwise having the state retain jurisdiction for non-Native Americans and for all other purposes such as law enforcement and prosecution. In Sharp v Murphy, Patrick Murphy, a descendant of the Native Americans, admitted to committing murder in the state of Oklahoma, and was subsequently tried by the state courts around 2015. During these trials, Murphy argued that the language of the Oklahoma Enabling Act did not specify that the Native American reservations were disestablished, and because he had committed the murder within the Muscogee reservation territory, that his crime was subject to federal jurisdiction and not state under the Major Crimes Act. This argument was rejected by the state and on its first appeal within the federal courts, but at the Tenth Circuit in 2017, the court found in favor of Murphy's argument that the Enabling Act did fail to disestablish the territories, and thus Murphy should have been prosecuted by the federal courts. The state petitioned to the Supreme Court in 2018, which accepted to hear the case. However, as Justice Neil Gorsuch was part of the Tenth Circuit panel that heard the case on appeal, he recused himself from all hearings on the case. With only eight Justices hearing the case, the case remained unresolved at the end the of 2018–2019 term; the Court had stated plans to hold another hearing on the case in the 2019–20 term but had not set a date. Many court analysts believed the case to be deadlocked due to Gorsuch's recusal. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

The National Archives at Fort Worth, Texas, contains a large amount of material pertaining to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole Indians, also known as the Five Civilized Tribes. CHEROKEES. The Cherokee Nation, largest of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, is a people of Iroquoian lineage. The Cherokee, who called themselves "Ani'-Yun' wiya" or "Principal People", migrated to the Southeast from the Great Lakes Region. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/native-americans-jews-the-lost-tribes-episode/

The racial tensions that led to the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 did not begin in 1921. They began decades before the city of Tulsa and the state of Oklahoma were formed. Episode 1 will look back at the various ethnic groups that inhabited Indian Territory and later the state of Oklahoma in the 19th century, how they contributed to the foundation of the state, including Tulsa, and how the racial as well as socio-economic dynamics of the region at the time were related to the Tulsa Race Massacre. Guests include Dr. Bob Blackburn, who is the Executive Director of the Oklahoma Historical Society, as well as Eugene Harrod, who currently works as Adjunct Professor at The College of the Muscogee Nation. Historical artifacts include an audio recording of an interview between Tulsa author and historian, Eddie Faye Gates, and a woman named Thelma DeEtta Perryman Gray, who is a descendant of some of Tulsa's founders. Her great grandfather was Lewis Perryman, who is considered one of the founding fathers of what became known as "Tulsey Town." Musical Attributions 1. Glueworm Evening Blues (ID 994) by Lobo Loco License, disclaimer and copyrite information. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Linked to music: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco/Welcome/Glueworm_Blues_ID_994 2. Title: Driving to the Delta (ID 923) by Lobo Loco License, disclaimer and copywite information: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco/Welcome/Driving_to_the_Delta_ID_923_1563 Link to music: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco/Welcome/Driving_to_the_Delta_ID_923_1563 3. Spirit Inside (ID 819) by Lobo Loco License, disclaimer and copyright information: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/0) Link to music: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco/Tree_of_Meditation/Spirit_Inside_ID_819 4. African Moon by John Bartmann Link to license, disclaimer and copyright information: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Link to Music: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/John_Bartmann/Public_Domain_Soundtrack_Music_Album_One/african-moon

Angela Walton Raji is a researcher/ author from Fort Smith, Arkansas In 1997 Angela launched the African-Native American Web site. The page had developed out of my research and work with the records that document the Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes. This enormous record set became the basis of my work with “Black Indian” records and eventually formed the basis of my book, Black Genealogy Research. African American Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes. In the past 12 years, my research has expanded to include the history and documentation of blended African & Native American families in more states. As a genealogist, the focus remains on providing the evidence and properly citing the sources in order to tell the family story. As I have become more familiar with resources for documentation of African American families that were associated with people from multiple Native American communities, I have expanded the focus of my research to include genealogical resources for families beyond Indian Territory. The focus will remain on relying upon standard genealogical methodology that will lead to the proper documentation of one's family history. The page will discuss and include record sets that are essential to construct one's family history. Be sure to check out the following link. African-Native American Genealogy Blog: n-nativeamerican.blogspot.com or For Choctaw and Chickasaw Freedmen: http://choctawfreedmenlegacy.blogspot.com/ Terry Ligon was born and reared in the community of Watts in Los Angeles County California. He has received degrees from the University of San Francisco and the Academy of Art College located in San Francisco, CA. Over the past 30 years Mr. Ligon has been widely accepted in the genealogical community as a specialist of Indian Territory Freedmen Mr. Ligon has been an avid genealogical and historical researcher since 1989 when he was given a treasure trove of family photos, letters and documents that contained faces of people he was not familiar with. So began his remarkable journey into a family genealogy that included an oral history that his father had an Indian grandmother. Mr. Ligon was able to confirm for his father prior to his death in 1999 that his grandmother Bettie Ligon was considered herself to be a Chickasaw Indian. This discovery led to Terry's lifelong research into a lawsuit known as Equity Case 7071 which involved approximately 1500-2000 people seeking to be recognized as Chickasaw or Choctaw citizens by blood and entitled to receive three hundred and twenty acres of land based on their ancestry. When Terry's father gave him the family's heirlooms he also gave him a responsibility to share the information with his siblings. Little did his father know it would lead to Terry sharing his discoveries with many people who had similar family history? There was one more request or demand his father gave him and that was to write a book on his research. Based on all of his research and the promise he made to his father, Mr. Ligon is in the process of writing a book about his remarkable journey to discover his family's genealogy and history as well as documenting his father's Indian Grandmother Bettie Love-Ligon. To reach Mr. Ligon 925-529-1069 estelusti@aol.com www.blackandredjournal.blogspot.com www.bettieslist.blogspot.com

Today, we take a look at the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the meaning of the "Five Civilized Tribes", as well as what I think is such an interesting piece of history - how/why there are so many wild horses in the western US. (If you've ever flown into Lake Tahoe, you've seen the signs in the airport talking about mustangs. Today, we learn how they got there). For more w/ The Spaniard:   Subscribe to The Spaniard Show's email list: https://charliespaniard.com/email Support The Spaniard Show - https://patreon.com/charliespaniard Website/Bookings/Reading List: https://charliespaniard.com Book: https://amzn.to/2QPcf1P Facebook: https://facebook.com/charliespaniard Twitter: https://twitter.com/charliespaniard Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/charliespaniard Youtube: https://youtube.com/user/charliespaniard   Subscribe to The Spaniard Show: iTunes - https://apple.co/2kxob7j Google Play - https://play.google.com/music/listen?u=0#/ps/Irpy2px7edqbwiwpil2ab2jq4me Stitcher - https://bit.ly/2qUBRPb OR search "Spaniard Show" on any podcast app

Playlist: 1. Haden is Beauty, James Brandon Lewis, An Unruly Manifesto, Relative Pitch Records, 2019..2. Hydraulic Empire, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..3. Five Civilized Tribes, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..4. Forest For Trees, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..5. Beyond All Limits, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..6. Curse Fraction, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..7. Life, Matthew Halsall, Oneness, Gondwana Records, 2019

Playlist: 1. Haden is Beauty, James Brandon Lewis, An Unruly Manifesto, Relative Pitch Records, 2019..2. Hydraulic Empire, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..3. Five Civilized Tribes, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..4. Forest For Trees, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..5. Beyond All Limits, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..6. Curse Fraction, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..7. Life, Matthew Halsall, Oneness, Gondwana Records, 2019

Playlist: 1. Haden is Beauty, James Brandon Lewis, An Unruly Manifesto, Relative Pitch Records, 2019..2. Hydraulic Empire, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..3. Five Civilized Tribes, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..4. Forest For Trees, Ghost Horse, Trojan, Auand/Mathematics, 2019..5. Beyond All Limits, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..6. Curse Fraction, Steve Lehman, The People I Love, Pi Recordings, 2019..7. Life, Matthew Halsall, Oneness, Gondwana Records, 2019

The only full blood American Indian to serve in the Oklahoma Legislature, Enoch Kelly Haney was elected as a state legislator and a senator. He became the Vice Chair of Appropriations his second term in the House before becoming the Chairman of the Appropriations committee in the Oklahoma State Senate. After over twenty years in the state legislature from 1980 to 2002, Kelly became the Principal Chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma in 2005 and served a four-year term.Kelly Haney is an internationally recognized artist who has exhibited throughout the United States, England, Austria, and Asia and has received the title of Master Artist of the Five Civilized Tribes. In addition to decades of success as a painter, Kelly became the creator of the 22-foot bronze sculpture, The Guardian, that was chosen to top the Oklahoma State Capitol Dome. He was also commissioned to create the Chickasaw Warrior at the Chickasaw Nation Headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma. This comes from an artist who was never formally trained in sculpting and started at age six using the red clay from his front yard.

Synopsis: This week on "Learn Me Something," Aaron and Rich delve into the "Trail of Tears," which refers to the perilous journey of the "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast who were forced from their ancestral homelands to a designated zone in the west. Make sure to signup for Audible today to get your FREE audio book and 30-day trial. Please support our podcast by making a sustaining monthly donation. Please also check out our GoFundMe campaign as we're trying to raise enough money to help cover our studio build costs. Duration: 36:40:00 Present: Aaron Stewart, Rich Plumb Episode Links The Trail Of Tears: Government-Approved Ethnic Cleansing That Removed 100,000 Native Americans From Their Ancestral Lands Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears The Untold Truth of The Trail of Tears Trail of Tears Map Trail of Tears Facts Follow your hosts, guests, and the show on Twitter @LMSPodcast on Twitter Learn Me Something on Facebook @HologramRadio for updates on other interesting podcasts Subscribe to Learn Me Something! Get Learn Me Something on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Stitcher, TuneIn, RadioPublic, or via RSS.  

Angela Walton is a descendant of Choctaw Freedmen--former people enslaved in the Choctaw Nation, by Choctaw Indians. Since discovering her family records in 1991 at the National Archives, she has devoted herself over the years to research Freedmen from all of the former slave-holding tribes of Oklahoma. These are Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole Nations. She is the only nationally known genealogist  who has this specialty, and she had developed a unique perspective of telling stories about the former slaves--the Freedmen from these tribes. Her new book is "Freedmen of the Frontier," which grew out of a project in 2017 where she documented 52 Freedmen families, over 52 weeks---the entire year. In 2018, she decided to turn those 52 blog posts into a 2-volume book set reflecting stories of these 52 families she profiled. She is a blogger, and podcaster and she claims both Arkansas and Oklahoma as her home states. She has a degree in Spanish from St. Louis University and a Master of Education from Antioch. She is currently working on a memoir about her journey to document the Oklahoma-based Freedmen, and her own African-Choctaw family. Her research continues at the National Archives in Washington DC, and also from Maryland where she continues to research and write.

Today we are kickin’ it old school regarding our drink! The Gin Punch (https://www.beyondreproachpod.com/the-cocktails/2019/2/12/individual-gin-punch) we're sipping on is our adaptation of a classic punch from the 1820s. It also happens to taste like a boozy lemon-flavored San Pellegrino! Salute! Also covered: The hilariously lame origin story of the Tom Collins, Old Hickory vs. delicious hickory sausages, Stephanie’s firing of Tux for not speaking Thai, Tux’s love of movies from the 40s, Nigerian scams, yellowface, and Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Stephanie’s scandal is a foundational one about the Cherokee Nation’s Trail of Tears, that massive genocidal redistribution scheme in which a native people, who had won their sovereignty case in front of the Supreme Court, lost everything they had because the executive branch refused to follow the judiciary. Who knew that could happen? Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears (https://www.thoughtco.com/the-trail-of-tears-1773597) Five Civilized Tribes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes) Transcript of President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress 'On Indian Removal' (1830) (https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=25&page=transcript) Tux’s scandal details that time when Abraham Lincoln, during the midst of the civil war, made time to diplomatically say “thanks, but no thanks” to a very elaborate gift of elephants the King of Siam was trying to send his way.  Wiki - History of Thailand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand#Early_modern_period) Letter from King Mongkut of Siam to President James Buchanan (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6923529) Lincoln Rejects the King of Siam's Offer of Elephants (https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/lincoln-rejects-king-siams-offer-elephants) To learn more about Beyond Reproach and to get the full show notes, check out our site (https://www.beyondreproachpod.com/) . Questions? Feedback? Correction? Delicious compliment sandwich? Send an email or voice memo to: BeyondReproachPod@gmail.com (mailto:mailto:BeyondReproachPod@gmail.com) Follow us at: Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/beyondreproachpod/) / Twitter (https://twitter.com/ReproachBeyond) / Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/beyondreproachpod/) You can find us on: Apple Podcasts (https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/beyond-reproach/id1437823298) / Stitcher (https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/beyond-reproach) / Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/show/7y30zkxzKOD31XGCekJorX) Don’t forget to rate, review, & subscribe y’all!

Governor Bill Anoatubby’s childhood was spent in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, where he graduated from Tishomingo High School in 1964. He attended Murray State College and graduated from East Central State College before serving in the Oklahoma National Guard. He began working for the Chickasaw Nation as director of tribal health services becoming lieutenant governor in 1979 and governor in 1987.Governor Anoatubby has been instrumental in the development of numerous businesses owned and operated by the Chickasaw Nation. Under his leadership, the tribe was the first to compact successfully for its own health system. Anoatubby has been a member leader of the inter-tribal council of the Five Civilized Tribes since 1978, remaining active in a wide range of organizations, including the Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission and the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Advisory Committee within the U.S. Department of the Interior. He is also the longtime chairman of the Native American Cultural and Educational Authority

Season 3, Episode 31 In 1861, the Five Civilized Tribes — the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Seminoles — would be faced with the decision of staying neutral or choosing a side in the Civil War. To understand their decision, Chris Calton takes a look at the long history of Indians becoming, in the eyes of Americans, "civilized". Chris Calton recounts the controversial history of the Civil War. This is the 31st episode in the third season of Historical Controversies. You may support this podcast financially at Mises.org/SupportHC.

                          Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The American West. Let’s dive in.   How was Hayes different than other presidents? Rutherford B Hayes - Presidential Podcast Gabe - Ruther B Hayes actually was the first president to celebrate easter thing he also promised only to go one term which he did and his wish was to restore faith that he says was lost since Lincoln was shot. Today historians refer to him as an average president. Skylar -Hayes won the electoral vote but Tilden won the popular vote, causing the Compromise of 1877, that we talked about in the previous episode. Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States. He served from 1877 to 1881. He was born in Delaware, Ohio on October 4th, 1822. He was part of the Republican Party. Before becoming president he was a lawyer, like former president Abe Lincoln. He was an abolitionist and mostly helped defend runaway slaves. 3.- Blake - Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the U.S. Hayes was the governor of Ohio before becoming the president. The election of 1876 was a disputed one as Hayes’ opponent Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote but Hayes had won the most electoral votes. - Ethan - His Vice President was William A. Wheeler.  He took office at the end of the Reconstruction Era which was the literal reconstruction of the U.S. after the Civil War. Like Gabe said he tried to take over where Lincoln left off. Hayes was probably one of Lincoln’s greatest supporters. Ben- Unlike many iconic presidents, Rutherford was not self-taught, he graduated from Harvard and studied law. His first few cases were about runaway slaves. 6.Ricky-Rutherford B Hayes was an extrovert and love to be around people. He was part of the Republican Party and like everyone has already said, he won the popular vote. Hunter- Rutherford B. Hayes’ presidency was from 1877-1881 he was pretty popular as an extrovert like Ricky has said he won the popular vote and like Skylar has said he also won the electoral vote.` Elijah- Rutherford B. Hayes’ was a abolitionist. He fought in the civil war as part of the union army and fought against slavery. He served as capacity of judge advocate on the field headquarters for his time in the civil war. The Gold Rush  Gabe - The Gold was found by John Sumter in 1848 who found flakes in a river well that got out and everyone was coming for some gold in 1849 they were called forty niners It even says that people were coming from asia australia europe and latin america for the gold well 1850 california became a state, established a government and joined the union. Most the prospectors made nothing some were successful most were not though there was no law enforcement sanitation crime rates were extremely high in goldfields and one camp even exploded. Most of the time the shopkeepers would make more than the actually prospectors because they charged so high for equipment and the shopkeepers became the rich ones. Skylar - The Gold Rush was a very big deal. Like gabe said people came from different  countries like Asia and Europe. Over 300,000 people came from the surrounding states and countries. The new sources of transportation like steamboats and railroads were making it easier than ever to get to the gold, before it was welcomed into the Union as the 31st state on september 9th, 1850. - Blake - A lot of people know what the Gold Rush is but not many people know the true violence behind the money. As soon as gold was found in California people from all over migrated to hopefully strike rich and have a profitable life, unfortunately this was not the case for all miners. Because of this discovery of gold it led to immigration and these immigrants were treated terribly as Nativism had become a very common thing. - Ethan - Small amounts of people became rich. But people kept saying “oh we’re about to hit gold, we don’t need food”. Those people either got lucky or died trying. People kept getting robbed because of the area and there were few good places to stay because it was only recently discovered. Vigilante`s were the only way to keep people from getting robbed. Too bad Batman’s only a comic...or was he? (Ricky- like John Marston? :) are you using this?) 5.Ben- A popular event in history changed the state of California and its population, literally, they kill off most of California’s native population. After the gold rush many forty-niners moved to alaska or australia because gold was found in both places. Ricky-The California Gold Rush was a period in between 1848 and 1855 in Sutter's Mill. 7.Hunter- lamborghinis are pretty expensive Gabe  nowadays cars like that can go up to nearly 600,000 dollars. Or at least the one i was looking at it was a convertible with a nice chrome black finish but enough about that. The cali gold rush was a really big one and it started a lot of robberies it went on  for seven whole years. I know lol i've looked up prices lololol - gabe Elijah- The California Gold Rush was not just a gold mine literally but also a entrepreneur gold mine. The many ways people made money off of the miners and just the region is amazing. Levi jeans were made at the time for miners so the jeans could be worn more and go though more wear and tear. Women were working inns for the miners and made money that way. The whole gold rush was a big way for people to make money and live the american dream of manifest destiny. Do you think he was a good or bad president? Grover Cleveland - Presidential Podcast  Gabe - Grover Cleveland was a democrat American politician and lawyer he was the only president in history to serve two non consecutive terms as 22nd president and the 24th president. He won the popular vote for three presidential elections 1884 1888 1892 He and woodrow wilson were the only two democrats to be elected during the era of republican. - Blake - The 22nd and 24th president of the United States was Grover Cleveland he was the only president to serve 2 non consecutive terms in history. Cleveland was a big guy around 300 pounds at the beginning of his first term he was the second largest president behind William Taft. Skylar - Grover Cleveland was born March 18th, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. Cleveland didn’t get along with the media well because they wrote negative things about him. He didn’t get started in politics until he was 44, but he was a successful lawyer beforehand, just like Lincoln, like gabe said. He was part of the democratic party, and was a lawyer like Lincoln as well, just like Gabe said. He was elected as the mayor of Buffalo in 1881, Governor of New York in 1882, and then became president in 1883.   4.- Ethan - His full name was Stephen Grover Cleveland. He was the leader of the Bourbon Democrats. They opposed things like Free Silver. Free Silver was kind of the opposition against using silver in our coins, trying to maintain the gold standard. Other things they didn’t like were high tariffs, inflation, and imperialism. Imperialism was basically extending the country’s power through brute force and or diplomacy. 5.Ricky-Grover Cleveland was a big man as Blake has said, but he was comical and funny in his social interventions but, he was really really serious in his political convention. Ben- A big part of his life was cancer, he found out he had a tumor in the roof of his mouth in the June of 1893. But, the thing was, he didnt want the press to know, because cancer was so scary and deadly at the time. Luckily, he survived and got the tumor cut off on a boat. The cover up was that he got a dental procedure that removed two teeth, which was true, but it was because of the tumor removing process. He also died on June 24, 1908, and his famous last words were, “I have tried so hard to do right.” 7. Elijah- Stephen Grover Cleveland, part of the democratic party. In his first term he vetoed 414 congressional bills. When he first started politics he was a sheriff in New York. After finishing his two terms he went into law and then ran for mayor. He became the mayor of Buffalo in 1882.  After that he ran for governor and won. He kept moving forward as he went to president.   Who were the exodusters? The Homestead Act and the exodusters  Gabe - The Homestead Act was when the government gave away huge amounts of land to certain citizens you could not apply for a homestead if you beared arms against America which meant no confederate soldiers could apply and you had to be over 21. later they even allowed immigrants to apply you would get around 160 acres of land which is a lot i have seen 80 acres 160 is twice that its massive you got this land if you kept your promise which meant you would farm the land for 5 years. Even African Americans Could apply for a Homestead Act. - Blake - The Exodusters were a group of people mostly former slaves who were subject to racial violence and repression when in reality all they wanted was a plot of land to start a family and live prosperously. Skylar - The Homestead Act was was put into place in 1862. It stated that anyone who wanted to become a citizen could have around 160 acres of land, if they would farm it. The big debate was between slave owners who thought only slave owners should get the new land in the west to farm on. There were only to things you had to promise other than promising to farm the land was to borne arms against the United States Government and to never give aid and comfort to it’s enemies. 4.- Ethan - The Exodus of 1879 was a mass migration of African Americans leaving the South. Thus, that group of people became known as the exodusters. Inspiration for the name came from the book of the Bible, Exodus. These people settled in modern day Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. 5.Ricky-Exodusters were former slaves in the South who then moved into the West in two places like Oklahoma Kansas Colorado. The Homestead Act helped this. Because of the Homestead Act granting millions of acres of land Exodusters could build settlements. This was stuff like the Oklahoma land run. Ben- Almost a century after they started, the government gave over one and a half million homesteads away, which was 10% of all American land. Hunter- The homestead act was just three years before the gilded age so 1862. all U.S. citizens who did not bear arms against the U.S. were able to apply for a homestead wich like Gabe and multiple others have said they gave 160 whole acres to women, immigrants, freed slaves, and after a while ex-confederate soldiers. Elijah-The homestead act was signed May, 20th 1862 by President Lincoln. This granted 160 acres of land in the West as homestead to anyone who is the head of the family or someone who is 21 and is a citizen of the USA. This became a way for ex-confederate soldiers were able to apply for homestead as much as freed slaves.   The reservation system  Gabe - The Appropriation Act of 1851 Made it where we could put indians in a reserve In oklahoma so they wouldn't come on land americans wanted to settle. Which also sparked the reservation system for reserves in other states for indians so the americans could settle and the indians could be in there own LITTLE spot. Skylar - The Indian Reservation System started in 1851 to keep the indians off the land these new “americans” wanted to settle on. The reservations were made so indians would have a small piece of land to live on. Even though they had been living there hundreds of years before the Europeans took over and pretended it was their land. I think it was really dumb to do this because it wasn’t really their land. They were basically treating them like slaves saying, that this is where you are going to live because these new settlers want to live there. 3.- Ethan - A lot of Native Americans didn’t like the system so thus started the Indian Wars. With a lot of bloodshed done,  Americans stand victorious in relocating the Indians. Ulysses S. Grant tried bringing Indians into mainstream American society. - Blake - Oh boy well as a lot of people know five Native American tribes came together to form the Five Civilized Tribes which consisted of the Cherokee (represent), Creek, Chickasaw. Seminole and Choctaw. This was the main group of Native Americans that were relocated to modern day Oklahoma 5.Ricky-as everyone already said in 1851 the reservation of Indians was basically just the US saying you can stay on this land but we're taking this land. The Dawes Act in 1887 of dismantled reservation giving each tribe plots of land. Ben- After the Indian Removal Act it was a strange time for the Native Americans. The white people thought since they took whatever they wanted before, they could do it again. It was a dark time for American morals.They could govern their tribes but that didn’t protect them from poverty and other terrible things. Hunter- The reservation system was a system in which native americans were not allowed to step foot in European-American settlements. During this time in American history the whites thought like Ben has said take what they want when they want it. Elijah- The Indian reservation system was put in place to keep land for whites that were moving westward with their philosophy as manifest destiny. The movement westward was always the american dream at the time and this was a way to do it. This caused a lot of hostility from the indians towards the expansionists. This is what helped cause the Indian wars.      Do you think this was good or bad for the Indians and why? The Dawes Act  Gabe -  The Dawes act Passed by Grover Cleveland allowed Him to destroy the reservations and make indians come into american society which i think was better i mean did you hear what was happening in those reserves pretty bad stuff. Then they would give land to certain indians and they became US citizens the rest i believe were classified as immigrants or something of that sort. This applied to all except the 5 civilised tribes but they didn't accept some free allotments of land so we passed the curtis act that allowed the Dawes act to apply to the 5 tribes and they also took the 5 tribes land and let white men settle there. Skylar - The Dawes Act was passed in 1887. Cleveland put this act into place to make indians come back into the American Society because like gabe said stuff was getting pretty bad. Instead of reservations they gave plots to certain tribes instead of having all different tribes in one small piece of land. I think this was a good idea because some tribes don’t get along with each other hence why they weren’t all one huge tribe, but rather many smaller groups of people that got along. 3.- Ethan - The Dawes Act was also known as Dawes Severalty Act or the General Allotment Act. It was signed on January 8th, 1887. It allowed president Grover Cleveland to take tribal lands from the Native Americans to make them American citizens. Cleveland basically was saying that the only way that they could earn citizenship was by giving up traditions. - Blake - More about my tribe yay. Originally the Dawes Act did not apply to the Five Civilized Tribes because they had already been cooperative with the government. Ricky-the Dawes Act just basically made some Indian tribes U.S citizenship. Ben- The white people thought that to stop the conflict they must break up the land, because that is what most indians fought about at the time, I think. This made the native americans spread out, and eventually make them become normalized in today’s society. 7. Elijah-The dawes acts basically helped native americans become US citizens but at the same time stripped the native americans from their tribal land.  This divided the european settlers and the native americans even more. Why were so many immigrants flooding into America? Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion  Gabe - Mexicans and Chinese became colliding with americans in there westward expansion. Most of the Mexicans and Chinese had to make enclaves in places to get jobs without losing them because of racist people Skylar - There wasn’t many immigrants in 1820, but with the gold rush, new jobs, new choices, by 1880 there were over 800,000 people who came to the US who were just chinese. New mexicans were also coming into the country and both of these new races needed jobs, but a lot of shop owners would give them jobs because they were mexican or chinese. 3.- Ethan - In the 1820s the Chinese started slowly entering America. By 1849 there were only about 650 Chinese immigrants in America. But then the Gold Rush came into play and by 1852 25,000 Chinese immigrants were in America. In 1880, the Chinese immigrant population increased to 3,000 - Blake - With westward expansion came conflict as Americans began fulfilling the manifest destiny and mining the California Gold Rush. The conflict was not only with the Natives but with Mexicans and Chinese. Ricky-With westward expansion came the fight for land and rights. Las Gorass Blancas was a group of Mexican rebels that fought against United States westward expansion and Manifest Destiny principles. They burned down houses, crops, and killed people. Ben- The rural booms pulled in immigrants from far and wide, but once they sailed across the ocean, they found couldn’t get enough resources to go back to their own country or continent. This caused many of them to have to work very menial jobs since no other employers would hire them like Skylar said. 7. 8.Elijah-During the 1890s the immigration of mexicans and chinese people were moving to america and becoming americans. But on both sides there was also a lot of resistance. As the Gold Rush ended americans populated california and were looking for outward expansion. This was to Mexico and China. Mexico had hostel movement towards(with the Mexican american war) americans and so did China (with the boxer rebellion)   Why did the Indians start the war? The Indian Wars and the Battle of the Little Bighorn  Gabe - The indian wars were wars fought because the indians did like being moved or have there land destroyed by americans so they fought massive battles in the end America won because they rock and nothing can destroy them and the indians were moved and lots of them died some which accepted land allotments became US citizens though so that's good. The last Indian war battle was at little bighorn where general custer made his great fail and got defeated by the indians which for some reason marked the ending of the indian wars Skylar - the Indian Wars were basically the whites against indians. They fought over land and natural resources. Of course the indians wanted it because it was their whole country before these new europeans came and settled there. The whites wanted it to build houses, new jobs, and farming, but the indians wanted it so they could live on it. They didn’t plan to make more jobs available to the new US citizens. - Ethan - The Battle of Little Bighorn(little contradiction) was also known as Custer’s Last Stand. That was the last battle of the Indian Wars. The Sioux(pronounced sue) Wars lasted from 1854 to 1890. In 1875, gold was discovered in Black Hills South Dakota. This brought miners into Indian territory. The Black Hills were hunting grounds for the Sioux, so the miners pleaded the US Army for protection. The Army responded with war, The Great Sioux Wars to be precise. It lasted from 1876-1877. - Blake - Oooo where do I start with you white people. The Indian Wars were a result of White People attempting to fulfill the manifest destiny by expanding westward and moving the Native Americans out. 5.Ricky- The battle of Little Bighorn was basically 6.ben- You can really tell how hard the Indians fought for their land, they had the power to keep up against the US military forces that attacked them, I think it’s because they just knew the land. 7.  Elijah-The Indian Wars was a revolt of the Indians against the white people with there manifest destiny. This was a war for land and resources. The whites were trying to move more westward and the indians resisted and that is where there war started.   What happened at the battle of wounded knee? The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee  Gabe -  The Ghost Dance was a way for the indians to remember there tribal ways after the americans came and destroyed everything and the battle of wounded knee was were americans 7th cavalry slaughtered indiscriminately hundreds of sioux men women and children. Skylar - when there was a solar eclipse on january 1st, 1889 a shaman who was apart of the Paiute tribe said God showed him love peace through a dance called the Ghost Dance. Like gabe said it was a way for the indians to remember the dead and they could actually see their family who had passed away. 3.- Ethan - On December 29th, 1890, the US 7th Cavalry Regiment ambushed a Sioux Indian camp nearby Wounded Knee Creek. The Regiment tried to disarm the Sioux, but while doing so a shot was fired and that sent the Sioux into chaos, while the US Army massacred many men, women, and even children. These soldiers were exonerated and 20 soldiers were given medals of honor.( People can call me crazy, but I support almost whatever the US Army, Air Force, and Navy do. They were just doing their jobs, and they did them well.) - Blake - I’ll be talking about the aftermath of this and how you white people still couldn’t keep us down. After the wounded knee massacre the unit that had caused the scuffle had been pardoned and some had even been given a Medal Of Honor the most prestigious of military awards. But even after everything there are still over 2.9 million Natives in the U.S. Ben- You can cut down a tree but it’s even harder to get the roots out. The ghost dance spread a little bit of hope throughout the Indian culture, causing a pulse of resistance, the wars were starting to end, and the indians weren’t gonna give up. 6. 7. Elijah- The ghost dance was a vision of love and peace that was from God. This was a movement that was very spiritual. This was all about reuniting the indian tribes and coming together. The goal was banishment of all evil in the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

                          Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students. Last time on the show…   Today we discuss The American West. Let’s dive in.   How was Hayes different than other presidents? Rutherford B Hayes - Presidential Podcast Gabe - Ruther B Hayes actually was the first president to celebrate easter thing he also promised only to go one term which he did and his wish was to restore faith that he says was lost since Lincoln was shot. Today historians refer to him as an average president. Skylar -Hayes won the electoral vote but Tilden won the popular vote, causing the Compromise of 1877, that we talked about in the previous episode. Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the United States. He served from 1877 to 1881. He was born in Delaware, Ohio on October 4th, 1822. He was part of the Republican Party. Before becoming president he was a lawyer, like former president Abe Lincoln. He was an abolitionist and mostly helped defend runaway slaves. 3.- Blake - Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president of the U.S. Hayes was the governor of Ohio before becoming the president. The election of 1876 was a disputed one as Hayes’ opponent Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote but Hayes had won the most electoral votes. - Ethan - His Vice President was William A. Wheeler.  He took office at the end of the Reconstruction Era which was the literal reconstruction of the U.S. after the Civil War. Like Gabe said he tried to take over where Lincoln left off. Hayes was probably one of Lincoln’s greatest supporters. Ben- Unlike many iconic presidents, Rutherford was not self-taught, he graduated from Harvard and studied law. His first few cases were about runaway slaves. 6.Ricky-Rutherford B Hayes was an extrovert and love to be around people. He was part of the Republican Party and like everyone has already said, he won the popular vote. Hunter- Rutherford B. Hayes’ presidency was from 1877-1881 he was pretty popular as an extrovert like Ricky has said he won the popular vote and like Skylar has said he also won the electoral vote.` Elijah- Rutherford B. Hayes’ was a abolitionist. He fought in the civil war as part of the union army and fought against slavery. He served as capacity of judge advocate on the field headquarters for his time in the civil war. The Gold Rush  Gabe - The Gold was found by John Sumter in 1848 who found flakes in a river well that got out and everyone was coming for some gold in 1849 they were called forty niners It even says that people were coming from asia australia europe and latin america for the gold well 1850 california became a state, established a government and joined the union. Most the prospectors made nothing some were successful most were not though there was no law enforcement sanitation crime rates were extremely high in goldfields and one camp even exploded. Most of the time the shopkeepers would make more than the actually prospectors because they charged so high for equipment and the shopkeepers became the rich ones. Skylar - The Gold Rush was a very big deal. Like gabe said people came from different  countries like Asia and Europe. Over 300,000 people came from the surrounding states and countries. The new sources of transportation like steamboats and railroads were making it easier than ever to get to the gold, before it was welcomed into the Union as the 31st state on september 9th, 1850. - Blake - A lot of people know what the Gold Rush is but not many people know the true violence behind the money. As soon as gold was found in California people from all over migrated to hopefully strike rich and have a profitable life, unfortunately this was not the case for all miners. Because of this discovery of gold it led to immigration and these immigrants were treated terribly as Nativism had become a very common thing. - Ethan - Small amounts of people became rich. But people kept saying “oh we’re about to hit gold, we don’t need food”. Those people either got lucky or died trying. People kept getting robbed because of the area and there were few good places to stay because it was only recently discovered. Vigilante`s were the only way to keep people from getting robbed. Too bad Batman’s only a comic...or was he? (Ricky- like John Marston? :) are you using this?) 5.Ben- A popular event in history changed the state of California and its population, literally, they kill off most of California’s native population. After the gold rush many forty-niners moved to alaska or australia because gold was found in both places. Ricky-The California Gold Rush was a period in between 1848 and 1855 in Sutter's Mill. 7.Hunter- lamborghinis are pretty expensive Gabe  nowadays cars like that can go up to nearly 600,000 dollars. Or at least the one i was looking at it was a convertible with a nice chrome black finish but enough about that. The cali gold rush was a really big one and it started a lot of robberies it went on  for seven whole years. I know lol i've looked up prices lololol - gabe Elijah- The California Gold Rush was not just a gold mine literally but also a entrepreneur gold mine. The many ways people made money off of the miners and just the region is amazing. Levi jeans were made at the time for miners so the jeans could be worn more and go though more wear and tear. Women were working inns for the miners and made money that way. The whole gold rush was a big way for people to make money and live the american dream of manifest destiny. Do you think he was a good or bad president? Grover Cleveland - Presidential Podcast  Gabe - Grover Cleveland was a democrat American politician and lawyer he was the only president in history to serve two non consecutive terms as 22nd president and the 24th president. He won the popular vote for three presidential elections 1884 1888 1892 He and woodrow wilson were the only two democrats to be elected during the era of republican. - Blake - The 22nd and 24th president of the United States was Grover Cleveland he was the only president to serve 2 non consecutive terms in history. Cleveland was a big guy around 300 pounds at the beginning of his first term he was the second largest president behind William Taft. Skylar - Grover Cleveland was born March 18th, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. Cleveland didn’t get along with the media well because they wrote negative things about him. He didn’t get started in politics until he was 44, but he was a successful lawyer beforehand, just like Lincoln, like gabe said. He was part of the democratic party, and was a lawyer like Lincoln as well, just like Gabe said. He was elected as the mayor of Buffalo in 1881, Governor of New York in 1882, and then became president in 1883.   4.- Ethan - His full name was Stephen Grover Cleveland. He was the leader of the Bourbon Democrats. They opposed things like Free Silver. Free Silver was kind of the opposition against using silver in our coins, trying to maintain the gold standard. Other things they didn’t like were high tariffs, inflation, and imperialism. Imperialism was basically extending the country’s power through brute force and or diplomacy. 5.Ricky-Grover Cleveland was a big man as Blake has said, but he was comical and funny in his social interventions but, he was really really serious in his political convention. Ben- A big part of his life was cancer, he found out he had a tumor in the roof of his mouth in the June of 1893. But, the thing was, he didnt want the press to know, because cancer was so scary and deadly at the time. Luckily, he survived and got the tumor cut off on a boat. The cover up was that he got a dental procedure that removed two teeth, which was true, but it was because of the tumor removing process. He also died on June 24, 1908, and his famous last words were, “I have tried so hard to do right.” 7. Elijah- Stephen Grover Cleveland, part of the democratic party. In his first term he vetoed 414 congressional bills. When he first started politics he was a sheriff in New York. After finishing his two terms he went into law and then ran for mayor. He became the mayor of Buffalo in 1882.  After that he ran for governor and won. He kept moving forward as he went to president.   Who were the exodusters? The Homestead Act and the exodusters  Gabe - The Homestead Act was when the government gave away huge amounts of land to certain citizens you could not apply for a homestead if you beared arms against America which meant no confederate soldiers could apply and you had to be over 21. later they even allowed immigrants to apply you would get around 160 acres of land which is a lot i have seen 80 acres 160 is twice that its massive you got this land if you kept your promise which meant you would farm the land for 5 years. Even African Americans Could apply for a Homestead Act. - Blake - The Exodusters were a group of people mostly former slaves who were subject to racial violence and repression when in reality all they wanted was a plot of land to start a family and live prosperously. Skylar - The Homestead Act was was put into place in 1862. It stated that anyone who wanted to become a citizen could have around 160 acres of land, if they would farm it. The big debate was between slave owners who thought only slave owners should get the new land in the west to farm on. There were only to things you had to promise other than promising to farm the land was to borne arms against the United States Government and to never give aid and comfort to it’s enemies. 4.- Ethan - The Exodus of 1879 was a mass migration of African Americans leaving the South. Thus, that group of people became known as the exodusters. Inspiration for the name came from the book of the Bible, Exodus. These people settled in modern day Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. 5.Ricky-Exodusters were former slaves in the South who then moved into the West in two places like Oklahoma Kansas Colorado. The Homestead Act helped this. Because of the Homestead Act granting millions of acres of land Exodusters could build settlements. This was stuff like the Oklahoma land run. Ben- Almost a century after they started, the government gave over one and a half million homesteads away, which was 10% of all American land. Hunter- The homestead act was just three years before the gilded age so 1862. all U.S. citizens who did not bear arms against the U.S. were able to apply for a homestead wich like Gabe and multiple others have said they gave 160 whole acres to women, immigrants, freed slaves, and after a while ex-confederate soldiers. Elijah-The homestead act was signed May, 20th 1862 by President Lincoln. This granted 160 acres of land in the West as homestead to anyone who is the head of the family or someone who is 21 and is a citizen of the USA. This became a way for ex-confederate soldiers were able to apply for homestead as much as freed slaves.   The reservation system  Gabe - The Appropriation Act of 1851 Made it where we could put indians in a reserve In oklahoma so they wouldn't come on land americans wanted to settle. Which also sparked the reservation system for reserves in other states for indians so the americans could settle and the indians could be in there own LITTLE spot. Skylar - The Indian Reservation System started in 1851 to keep the indians off the land these new “americans” wanted to settle on. The reservations were made so indians would have a small piece of land to live on. Even though they had been living there hundreds of years before the Europeans took over and pretended it was their land. I think it was really dumb to do this because it wasn’t really their land. They were basically treating them like slaves saying, that this is where you are going to live because these new settlers want to live there. 3.- Ethan - A lot of Native Americans didn’t like the system so thus started the Indian Wars. With a lot of bloodshed done,  Americans stand victorious in relocating the Indians. Ulysses S. Grant tried bringing Indians into mainstream American society. - Blake - Oh boy well as a lot of people know five Native American tribes came together to form the Five Civilized Tribes which consisted of the Cherokee (represent), Creek, Chickasaw. Seminole and Choctaw. This was the main group of Native Americans that were relocated to modern day Oklahoma 5.Ricky-as everyone already said in 1851 the reservation of Indians was basically just the US saying you can stay on this land but we're taking this land. The Dawes Act in 1887 of dismantled reservation giving each tribe plots of land. Ben- After the Indian Removal Act it was a strange time for the Native Americans. The white people thought since they took whatever they wanted before, they could do it again. It was a dark time for American morals.They could govern their tribes but that didn’t protect them from poverty and other terrible things. Hunter- The reservation system was a system in which native americans were not allowed to step foot in European-American settlements. During this time in American history the whites thought like Ben has said take what they want when they want it. Elijah- The Indian reservation system was put in place to keep land for whites that were moving westward with their philosophy as manifest destiny. The movement westward was always the american dream at the time and this was a way to do it. This caused a lot of hostility from the indians towards the expansionists. This is what helped cause the Indian wars.      Do you think this was good or bad for the Indians and why? The Dawes Act  Gabe -  The Dawes act Passed by Grover Cleveland allowed Him to destroy the reservations and make indians come into american society which i think was better i mean did you hear what was happening in those reserves pretty bad stuff. Then they would give land to certain indians and they became US citizens the rest i believe were classified as immigrants or something of that sort. This applied to all except the 5 civilised tribes but they didn't accept some free allotments of land so we passed the curtis act that allowed the Dawes act to apply to the 5 tribes and they also took the 5 tribes land and let white men settle there. Skylar - The Dawes Act was passed in 1887. Cleveland put this act into place to make indians come back into the American Society because like gabe said stuff was getting pretty bad. Instead of reservations they gave plots to certain tribes instead of having all different tribes in one small piece of land. I think this was a good idea because some tribes don’t get along with each other hence why they weren’t all one huge tribe, but rather many smaller groups of people that got along. 3.- Ethan - The Dawes Act was also known as Dawes Severalty Act or the General Allotment Act. It was signed on January 8th, 1887. It allowed president Grover Cleveland to take tribal lands from the Native Americans to make them American citizens. Cleveland basically was saying that the only way that they could earn citizenship was by giving up traditions. - Blake - More about my tribe yay. Originally the Dawes Act did not apply to the Five Civilized Tribes because they had already been cooperative with the government. Ricky-the Dawes Act just basically made some Indian tribes U.S citizenship. Ben- The white people thought that to stop the conflict they must break up the land, because that is what most indians fought about at the time, I think. This made the native americans spread out, and eventually make them become normalized in today’s society. 7. Elijah-The dawes acts basically helped native americans become US citizens but at the same time stripped the native americans from their tribal land.  This divided the european settlers and the native americans even more. Why were so many immigrants flooding into America? Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion  Gabe - Mexicans and Chinese became colliding with americans in there westward expansion. Most of the Mexicans and Chinese had to make enclaves in places to get jobs without losing them because of racist people Skylar - There wasn’t many immigrants in 1820, but with the gold rush, new jobs, new choices, by 1880 there were over 800,000 people who came to the US who were just chinese. New mexicans were also coming into the country and both of these new races needed jobs, but a lot of shop owners would give them jobs because they were mexican or chinese. 3.- Ethan - In the 1820s the Chinese started slowly entering America. By 1849 there were only about 650 Chinese immigrants in America. But then the Gold Rush came into play and by 1852 25,000 Chinese immigrants were in America. In 1880, the Chinese immigrant population increased to 3,000 - Blake - With westward expansion came conflict as Americans began fulfilling the manifest destiny and mining the California Gold Rush. The conflict was not only with the Natives but with Mexicans and Chinese. Ricky-With westward expansion came the fight for land and rights. Las Gorass Blancas was a group of Mexican rebels that fought against United States westward expansion and Manifest Destiny principles. They burned down houses, crops, and killed people. Ben- The rural booms pulled in immigrants from far and wide, but once they sailed across the ocean, they found couldn’t get enough resources to go back to their own country or continent. This caused many of them to have to work very menial jobs since no other employers would hire them like Skylar said. 7. 8.Elijah-During the 1890s the immigration of mexicans and chinese people were moving to america and becoming americans. But on both sides there was also a lot of resistance. As the Gold Rush ended americans populated california and were looking for outward expansion. This was to Mexico and China. Mexico had hostel movement towards(with the Mexican american war) americans and so did China (with the boxer rebellion)   Why did the Indians start the war? The Indian Wars and the Battle of the Little Bighorn  Gabe - The indian wars were wars fought because the indians did like being moved or have there land destroyed by americans so they fought massive battles in the end America won because they rock and nothing can destroy them and the indians were moved and lots of them died some which accepted land allotments became US citizens though so that's good. The last Indian war battle was at little bighorn where general custer made his great fail and got defeated by the indians which for some reason marked the ending of the indian wars Skylar - the Indian Wars were basically the whites against indians. They fought over land and natural resources. Of course the indians wanted it because it was their whole country before these new europeans came and settled there. The whites wanted it to build houses, new jobs, and farming, but the indians wanted it so they could live on it. They didn’t plan to make more jobs available to the new US citizens. - Ethan - The Battle of Little Bighorn(little contradiction) was also known as Custer’s Last Stand. That was the last battle of the Indian Wars. The Sioux(pronounced sue) Wars lasted from 1854 to 1890. In 1875, gold was discovered in Black Hills South Dakota. This brought miners into Indian territory. The Black Hills were hunting grounds for the Sioux, so the miners pleaded the US Army for protection. The Army responded with war, The Great Sioux Wars to be precise. It lasted from 1876-1877. - Blake - Oooo where do I start with you white people. The Indian Wars were a result of White People attempting to fulfill the manifest destiny by expanding westward and moving the Native Americans out. 5.Ricky- The battle of Little Bighorn was basically 6.ben- You can really tell how hard the Indians fought for their land, they had the power to keep up against the US military forces that attacked them, I think it’s because they just knew the land. 7.  Elijah-The Indian Wars was a revolt of the Indians against the white people with there manifest destiny. This was a war for land and resources. The whites were trying to move more westward and the indians resisted and that is where there war started.   What happened at the battle of wounded knee? The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee  Gabe -  The Ghost Dance was a way for the indians to remember there tribal ways after the americans came and destroyed everything and the battle of wounded knee was were americans 7th cavalry slaughtered indiscriminately hundreds of sioux men women and children. Skylar - when there was a solar eclipse on january 1st, 1889 a shaman who was apart of the Paiute tribe said God showed him love peace through a dance called the Ghost Dance. Like gabe said it was a way for the indians to remember the dead and they could actually see their family who had passed away. 3.- Ethan - On December 29th, 1890, the US 7th Cavalry Regiment ambushed a Sioux Indian camp nearby Wounded Knee Creek. The Regiment tried to disarm the Sioux, but while doing so a shot was fired and that sent the Sioux into chaos, while the US Army massacred many men, women, and even children. These soldiers were exonerated and 20 soldiers were given medals of honor.( People can call me crazy, but I support almost whatever the US Army, Air Force, and Navy do. They were just doing their jobs, and they did them well.) - Blake - I’ll be talking about the aftermath of this and how you white people still couldn’t keep us down. After the wounded knee massacre the unit that had caused the scuffle had been pardoned and some had even been given a Medal Of Honor the most prestigious of military awards. But even after everything there are still over 2.9 million Natives in the U.S. Ben- You can cut down a tree but it’s even harder to get the roots out. The ghost dance spread a little bit of hope throughout the Indian culture, causing a pulse of resistance, the wars were starting to end, and the indians weren’t gonna give up. 6. 7. Elijah- The ghost dance was a vision of love and peace that was from God. This was a movement that was very spiritual. This was all about reuniting the indian tribes and coming together. The goal was banishment of all evil in the world. That’s all we have time for today. Thanks for joining us in this emancipation from the box, that is learning.

During his political rise, Jackson distinguished himself with his ability to exact ruthless military victories over indigenous people. As President Native Americans felt the brunt of this power. Whatever his achievements during his lifetime, his legacy is forever "Indian removal" from lands they'd originally inhabited to make way for white settlers.And none would feel the brunt of Jackson’s force more than the groups known as the Five Civilized Tribes—“civilized,” white settlers believed, because they raised animals and farmed.Support us by supporting our sponsors!

October 16, 2017 - The Cherokee Freedman - One of the little explored parts of our history is the enslavement of African-descended people by the Native American nations known as the Five Civilized Tribes. In August 2017, after years of legal battles, a lawsuit was won by the descendants of some of these slaves, called the Cherokee Freedman, which allows them full citizenship in the Cherokee nation. We talk with Jenni Monet, Marilynn Vann, Jon Velie, and Perline Boyattia.

Native Opinion Episode 95 “WHY DO WE STILL INSIST ON HELPING THEM?” How to Reach our show: hosts@nativeopinion.com Twitter: @nativeopinion Facebook: Our Facebook Page Webpage: Our Website: www.nativeopinion.com Youtube: https://www.Youtube.com/c/NativeOpinion Leave us a voice mail: Call us! (860) 381-0207   ***OUR GUEST FOR THIS EPISODE IS MARILYN VANN*** GUEST BIO: Marilyn Vann serves as President and a director of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association, a non-profit corporation which educates the public on the history, culture, and political rights of the African Indian peoples of the 5 nations (formerly known as the Five Civilized Tribes) whose ancestors were enrolled as “freedmen” tribal members by the US government Dawes Commission approximately 100 years ago. Marilyn is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. She is a descendant of Joseph Vann and Rider Fields, who were native Cherokee citizens by blood who immigrated to what is now Eastern Oklahoma prior to 1840, her father, a member of the Cherokee nation was born in what is now Nowata County and was listed on the Dawes “Final Rolls” of Cherokee citizens, the base tribal rolls prepared and recognized by the United States government and the Cherokee nation at the turn of the 20th century. As a non-profit board member, Marilyn has organized fundraisers and educational workshops on tribal history and genealogy. She organizes educational meetings throughout Eastern Oklahoma pertaining to tribal issues. Vist the Freedman Cherokee Website: SOURCE: http://www.freedmen5tribes.com/   ***LISTENER FEEDBACK*** Listener Lee Provided an Article to the show: TITLE: Canada First Nations declare drugs state of emergency SUB-TITLE: Seven Canadian indigenous tribes have declared a state of emergency due to a worsening drug crisis. AUTHOR: BBC NEWS SOURCE: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41192817   ***MUSIC IN THIS EPISODE*** Artist: Maimouna Youssef (with support by Dj Dummy & Raquel Ra Brown) TRACK: Good Fight (From the album entitled “Vintage Babies” Bio: Maimouna Youssef aka "Mumu Fresh" is a Grammy nominated seasoned singer, emcee, songwriter, and producer. She received a Grammy nomination for her contribution on the Roots hit “Don’t Feel Right” in 2007 for best rap song and has since taken off as an independent artist. This is the right place for all things fresh! Welcome to the Movement!!! This track just dropped on August 29th and is produced by Maimouna Youssef & Andre Smith. Find more for her music at: SOURCE: https://maimounayoussef.bandcamp.com *We thank Listener Binah for the music suggestion this week*   ***NATIVE AMERICAN MUSIC AWARDS*** VOTING NOW OPEN! VOTE HERE: SOURCE: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/NATIVEMUSICAWARDS   ***ARTICLES PRESENTED IN THIS EPISODE*** Title: What Percentage Indian Do You Have to Be in Order to Be a Member of a Tribe or Nation? SUB-TITLE: 50 or 25 percent blood quantum or lineal descent, every tribe has its own criteria for mandatory percentage Indian AUTHOR: Sonny Skyhawk  DATE: July 8, 2017 SOURCE: https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/native-news/what-percentage-indian-do-you-have-to-be-in-order-to-be-a-member-of-a-tribe-or-nation/?utm_content=buffer3d735&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer   TITLE: Talking Stick and Feather: Indigenous Tools Hold Sacred Power of Free Speech SUB-TITLE: These two time-honored tools were well thought out and created by indigenous leaders AUTHOR: Joan Tavares Avant  DATE: August 15, 2017 SOURCE: https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/talking-stick-and-feather-indigenous-tools-hold-sacred-power-of-free-speech/?utm_content=bufferbcd51&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer   ***ARTICLES DISCUSSION AROUND BURNING MAN*** TITLE: Fake “Powwow” At Burning Man Has Indian Country Raising its Eyebrows AUTHOR: Jazmyn Espinoza-Church DATE: September 6th, 2017 SOURCE: http://www.powwows.com/fake-powwow-burning-man-indian-country-raising-eyebrows/?utm_sq=fjasel9gok&utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=PowWows.com&utm_term=smarterqueue&utm_content=New+Posts TITLE: First Nations Bring Power of Prayer to Burning Man DATE: 09/01/2017 AUTHOR: Jacob Devaney SOURCE: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/first-nations-bring-power-of-prayer-to-burning-man_us_59a9720ae4b0bef3378cd7d8   The Burning Man Official Website: SOURCE: https://burningman.org/event/brc/2017-art-theme-radical-ritual/   The Global Drum Prayer Official Website: SOURCE: https://globaldrumprayer.com/home Deaths that have occurred by non-natives trying to simulate our ceremonies: SOURCE: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2361872/Sweat-lodge-leader-led-retreat-died-freed-prison-today.html The Unify Peace Network Website: SOURCE: http://www.home.unify.org   AUDIO from The Global Drum Prayer, broadcast by “UNIFY networks” SOURCE: http://mixlr.com/unify-global/showreel/global-drum-prayer-aug-29/   Please see our facebook page for video related to this episode segment: SOURCE: www.facebook.com/nativeopinionpodcast   ***MAIN NEWS CONTENT SEGMENT*** TITLE: A Repeal of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act Is ‘Misguided’ SUB-TITLE: Rep. Raúl Grijalva’s comments misleading rhetoric and fear-stoking DATE: February 3, 2017 SOURCE: https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/opinions/repeal-indian-health-care-improvement-act-misguided/   TITLE: Trump Administration Ends Affordable Care Act Contracts In 18 Cities AUTHOR: Carla K. Johnson  DATE: JULY 20, 2017  SOURCE: http://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/trump-admin-pulls-aca-contracts

  Native Opinion Episode “EPISODE 86 THE STRUGGLE IS REAL. Just Wait!” How to Reach our show: hosts@nativeopinion.com Twitter: @nativeopinion Facebook:facebook.com/nativeopinionpodcast/ Webpage: nativeopinion.com Youtube: https://www.Youtube.com/c/NativeOpinion Leave us a voicemail: Call us! (860) 381-0207   Our Guest this episode is Marilyn Vann, President of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association. And President of African Indians of the 5 Civilized Tribes Foundation 10 2016 Marilyn serves as President and a director of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association, a non-profit corporation which educates the public on the history, culture, and political rights of the African Indian peoples of the 5 Nations (formerly known as the Five Civilized Tribes) whose ancestors were enrolled as “freedmen” tribal members by the US government Dawes Commission approximately 100 years ago. Marilyn is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. She is a descendant of Joseph Vann and Rider Fields, who were native Cherokee citizens by blood who immigrated to what is now Eastern Oklahoma prior to 1840.  Her father, a member of the Cherokee nation was born in what is now Nowata County and was listed on the Dawes “Final Rolls” of Cherokee citizens, the base tribal rolls prepared and recognized by the United States government and the Cherokee nation at the term of the 20th century. Marilyn Vann graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Science in Petroleum Engineering with Distinction. She is the first known Female having African Descent to graduate from that discipline at the University of Oklahoma. After two years of employment with Exxon Mobil as an engineer, she was employed as a Federal Government Treasury Department engineer for 32 years in Oklahoma City before retirement. This employment included 8 years as a team leader with short-term management assignments. As a nonprofit board member, Marilyn has organized fundraisers and educational workshops on tribal history and genealogy. She organizes educational meetings throughout Eastern Oklahoma pertaining to tribal issues. To Learn More: Descendants of Freedmen website: www.freedmen5tribes.com Freedmen of the Five Tribes Facebook page Email: mkvann@gmail.com Phone: 405-227-9810     ARTICLE 1: TITLE: Governor signs Native regalia bill AUTHOR: Associated Press Published: 21 April 2017 SOURCE: https://www.nativetimes.com/current-news/14517-governor-signs-native-regalia-bill   ARTICLE 2: TITLE: Genetic Continuity Study Backs Up Oral Histories AUTHOR: Alexander Ewen DATE: April 25, 2017 SOURCE: https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/traditional-societies/genetic-continuity-study-backs-oral-histories/   MUSIC BREAK… ARTIST: KOMPLEX KAI TRACK PLAYED: Rise Up ARTISTS WEBSITE: http://www.komplexkai.com   ARTICLE 3: TITLE: President Trump promises 'freedom' for tribes seeking to exploit their resources DATE: Thursday, June 29, 2017 SOURCE: https://www.indianz.com/News/2017/06/29/president-trump-promises-freedom-for-tri.asp      

Bernice Bennett welcomes Angela Walton-Raji for a discussion on the Challenges and Opportunities  in  African American Genealogy.   Angela Walton-Raji is known nationally for her research and work on Oklahoma Native American records.  Her book Black Indian Genealogy Research, African Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes, is the only book of its kind focusing on the unique record sets pertaining to the Oklahoma Freedmen.  A founding member of the well known AfriGeneas.com, webite, Ms. Walton-Raji is also a genealogist specializing in information for beginners, via daily and weekly online genealogy chats on AfriGeneas.com. She also serves as the host of a weekly genealogy podcast, The African Roots Podcast a number of instructional videos and has been used in recent years as a genealogical consultant on several video documentaries. Ms. Walton-Raji combines her skills as a genealogist with a warm on camera personality that brings comfort to her viewers through and her video channels on YouTube, while providing her viewers with useful information. Her African Roots TV, and Beginning Genealogist channels have both brought new insights to hundreds of viewers nationwide.    

Genealogist Angela Walton-Raji has committed herself to sharing information with the descendants of the Freedmen of Indian Territory--which is now Oklahoma. She is the author of  the book Black Indian Genealogy Research: African American Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes. The book serves as a guide to researching the history and lives of the 20,000 Freedmen of Indian Territory, who have been deleted from American history. She is also the author of the http://african-nativeamerican.blogspot.com. The Dawes Commission, named after Henry C. Dawes who chaired the commission, consisted of a process that would lead to a redistribution of land to those who already owned it among the Five "Civilized" Tribes. Understand that land was held in common by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Dawes Enrollment process was created to determine who would be eligible for allotted parcels of land. Eligibility involved providing "proof" that one had been a part of the tribe for several decades, and especially in those years immediately following the Civil War. So one had to prove that one had been a part of the Indian Community since 1866. For those whose ancestors were enslaved by members of the Tribes, (the Freedmen)  they had to often provide proof that their former enslaver was a member of the tribe.

Genealogist Angela Walton-Raji has committed herself to sharing information with the descendants of the Freedmen of Indian Territory--which is now Oklahoma. She is the author of  the book Black Indian Genealogy Research: African American Ancestors Among the Five Civilized Tribes. The book serves as a guide to researching the history and lives of the 20,000 Freedmen of Indian Territory, who have been deleted from American history. She is also the author of the http://african-nativeamerican.blogspot.com. The Dawes Commission, named after Henry C. Dawes who chaired the commission, consisted of a process that would lead to a redistribution of land to those who already owned it among the Five "Civilized" Tribes. Understand that land was held in common by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Dawes Enrollment process was created to determine who would be eligible for allotted parcels of land. Eligibility involved providing "proof" that one had been a part of the tribe for several decades, and especially in those years immediately following the Civil War. So one had to prove that one had been a part of the Indian Community since 1866. For those whose ancestors were enslaved by members of the Tribes, (the Freedmen)  they had to often provide proof that their former enslaver was a member of the tribe.

The Five Civilized Tribes were the five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—that were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. The Mississippian culture was a mound building Native American urban culture that flourished in the South and Eastern United States before the arrival of Europeans. The Dawes Rolls, also known as the "Final Rolls", are the lists of individuals who were accepted as eligible for tribal membership in the "Five Civilized Tribes": Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. (It does not include those whose applications were stricken, rejected or judged as doubtful.) Those found eligible for the Final Rolls were entitled to an allotment of land, usually as a homestead.

Most readers are probably more familiar with the context of slavery or captivity in the context the African slave trade than in the Americas. Some may assume that slavery in the Americas was exclusively a phenomenon that became institutionalized into chattel slavery and racially codified exclusively against African Americans by the seventeenth-century.  There has been increased scholarly attention over the last decade to expand our ideas of slavery, including scholarship about enslavement of African Americans within the “Five Civilized Tribes.”  However, there has been little focus on the long and nuanced history of Native American captivity practices. Historian Christina Snyder argues that we have to re-imagine the history of captivity by understanding the evolution of such practices amongst Native Americans in her prize-winning book, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Harvard University Press, 2010).  Captivity practices existed amongst many indigenous nations from the pre-Columbian era throughout the nineteenth-century.   She broadly describes the evolution of these  practices from incorporating captives into kin networks, and to shifting notions of slavery that became codified by race.   She begins her work by vividly describing Mississippian indigenous cultures of the pre-Columbian era, including the fascinating history of Cahokia, and the captives who were buried in these mounds. She also discusses the roles of Native American women, including Cherokee “beloved women” would were closely involved in determining the fate of captives.   Her work is captivating and extensive, and greatly contributes to the historiography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Most readers are probably more familiar with the context of slavery or captivity in the context the African slave trade than in the Americas. Some may assume that slavery in the Americas was exclusively a phenomenon that became institutionalized into chattel slavery and racially codified exclusively against African Americans by the seventeenth-century.  There has been increased scholarly attention over the last decade to expand our ideas of slavery, including scholarship about enslavement of African Americans within the “Five Civilized Tribes.”  However, there has been little focus on the long and nuanced history of Native American captivity practices. Historian Christina Snyder argues that we have to re-imagine the history of captivity by understanding the evolution of such practices amongst Native Americans in her prize-winning book, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Harvard University Press, 2010).  Captivity practices existed amongst many indigenous nations from the pre-Columbian era throughout the nineteenth-century.   She broadly describes the evolution of these  practices from incorporating captives into kin networks, and to shifting notions of slavery that became codified by race.   She begins her work by vividly describing Mississippian indigenous cultures of the pre-Columbian era, including the fascinating history of Cahokia, and the captives who were buried in these mounds. She also discusses the roles of Native American women, including Cherokee “beloved women” would were closely involved in determining the fate of captives.   Her work is captivating and extensive, and greatly contributes to the historiography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Most readers are probably more familiar with the context of slavery or captivity in the context the African slave trade than in the Americas. Some may assume that slavery in the Americas was exclusively a phenomenon that became institutionalized into chattel slavery and racially codified exclusively against African Americans by the seventeenth-century.  There has been increased scholarly attention over the last decade to expand our ideas of slavery, including scholarship about enslavement of African Americans within the “Five Civilized Tribes.”  However, there has been little focus on the long and nuanced history of Native American captivity practices. Historian Christina Snyder argues that we have to re-imagine the history of captivity by understanding the evolution of such practices amongst Native Americans in her prize-winning book, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Harvard University Press, 2010).  Captivity practices existed amongst many indigenous nations from the pre-Columbian era throughout the nineteenth-century.   She broadly describes the evolution of these  practices from incorporating captives into kin networks, and to shifting notions of slavery that became codified by race.   She begins her work by vividly describing Mississippian indigenous cultures of the pre-Columbian era, including the fascinating history of Cahokia, and the captives who were buried in these mounds. She also discusses the roles of Native American women, including Cherokee “beloved women” would were closely involved in determining the fate of captives.   Her work is captivating and extensive, and greatly contributes to the historiography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Most readers are probably more familiar with the context of slavery or captivity in the context the African slave trade than in the Americas. Some may assume that slavery in the Americas was exclusively a phenomenon that became institutionalized into chattel slavery and racially codified exclusively against African Americans by the seventeenth-century.  There has been increased scholarly attention over the last decade to expand our ideas of slavery, including scholarship about enslavement of African Americans within the “Five Civilized Tribes.”  However, there has been little focus on the long and nuanced history of Native American captivity practices. Historian Christina Snyder argues that we have to re-imagine the history of captivity by understanding the evolution of such practices amongst Native Americans in her prize-winning book, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Harvard University Press, 2010).  Captivity practices existed amongst many indigenous nations from the pre-Columbian era throughout the nineteenth-century.   She broadly describes the evolution of these  practices from incorporating captives into kin networks, and to shifting notions of slavery that became codified by race.   She begins her work by vividly describing Mississippian indigenous cultures of the pre-Columbian era, including the fascinating history of Cahokia, and the captives who were buried in these mounds. She also discusses the roles of Native American women, including Cherokee “beloved women” would were closely involved in determining the fate of captives.   Her work is captivating and extensive, and greatly contributes to the historiography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Marilyn Vann serves as president and a director of the Descendants of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes Association, a nonprofit corporation that educates the public about the history, culture, and political rights of the African Indian peoples of the five nations (formerly known as the Five Civilized Tribes) whose ancestors were enrolled as “freedmen” tribal members by the US government Dawes Commission approximately 100 years ago. She is the lead plaintiff in a federal lawsuit against the US government department of interior, Vann et al. Versus Norton, which deals with the enforcement of the 1866 treaty rights of the Cherokee Indian Freedmen Peoples in accordance with the Cherokee Nation constitution. Marilyn has written articles pertaining to the Indian freedmen issue for the Native American Times, the Muskogee Daily Phoenix, and the Oklahoma Eagle. Marilyn has also been featured in the Los Angeles Times and Wired Magazine, the Daily Oklahoman, the New York Times, and www.indianz.com.    Marilyn, a member of the Cherokee Nation, is a descendant of Joseph Vann and Rider Fields, who were native Cherokee citizens by blood who immigrated to what is now eastern Oklahoma before 1860.  Marilyn Vann graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a Bachelor of Science in petroleum engineering with distinction. She is the first known female of African descent to graduate from that discipline at the University of Oklahoma. She has been employed with the federal government as an engineer for the past twenty-four years in Oklahoma City. Marilyn can be reached at the Descendants of Freedmen website, www.freedmen5tribes.com

Marilyn Vann, President of DFSCTA and lead plaintiff in Vann et al versus Kempthorne to discuss the issues surrounding the Freedmen of the 5 Civilized Tribes Early in the 1800s, some Cherokees acquired slaves, and in the 1830s, enslaved African Americans accompanied the Cherokees when the federal government forced them to move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), where the tribe struggled to rebuild its culture and institutions. By 1861, there were 4,000 black slaves living among the Cherokees. After the Civil War, the tribe signed a treaty that granted former slaves, or freedmen, “all the rights of Native Cherokees.” But in 2007, Cherokees amended their tribal constitution, making “Indian blood” a requirement for citizenship. As a result, some 2,800 descendants of Cherokee freedmen were excluded from membership. Marilyn Vann, a Cherokee Freedmen, says, "The stripping of my vote and identity as a Cherokee fills my heart with sorrow and rage. How can the United States recognize my Tribe’s government and fund millions of dollars of aid to it, when it denies me my most precious asset, the right to vote for my elected officials and decide major Constitutional reform. I not only feel less of a Cherokee today but less of an American." http://www.freedmen5tribes.com/index.html http://turtletalk.wordpress.com/2007/11/27/marilyn-vann-talk-materials/