Podcasts about RuBisCO

FREEDOM - HEALTH - HAPPINESSThis podcast is highly addictive and seriously good for your health.SUPPORT DOC MALIK To make sure you don't miss any episodes, have access to bonus content, back catalogue, and monthly Live Streams, please subscribe to either: The paid Spotify subscription here: https://creators.spotify.com/pod/show/docmalik/subscribe The paid Substack subscription here: https://docmalik.substack.com/subscribeThank you to all the new subscribers for your lovely messages and reviews! And a big thanks to my existing subscribers for sticking with me and supporting the show! ABOUT THIS CONVERSATION: What if the mineral you've been told to fear is actually the one you need most?This conversation with Morley Robbins flips the script on everything you thought you knew about minerals. Yes, magnesium is essential, but according to Morley, copper might just be the missing key to your health.We explored how copper fuels energy production at the cellular level, not the quick fix kind, but real mitochondrial energy that supports brain function, immune resilience, and overall vitality. The key? Ceruloplasmin, what Morley calls the "master antioxidant," the enzyme that keeps oxidative stress and iron overload in check."Anemia is a myth," he said. Most people aren't low in iron, they're low in bioavailable copper, which means iron can't be used properly. The result? Fatigue, inflammation, and accelerated aging.We also looked at how modern farming has stripped copper from our soil, leaving even the best diets lacking. And without enough vitamin A, your body can't activate the copper it does have.There's more, Rubisco, mitochondria, retinol, cancer risk, and the strange comfort people find in broken medical narratives. As Morley puts it, "Pursue the truth, especially the ones medicine forgot."Feeling tired, foggy, or stuck with vague diagnoses? Tune in.Understanding copper could change how you see health, and yourself.Doc xLinksWebsite https://therootcauseprotocol.com Instagram https://www.instagram.com/therootcauseprotocol IMPORTANT INFORMATIONAFFILIATE CODESWaterpureI distill all my water for drinking, washing fruit and vegetables, and cooking. If you knew what was in tap water, so would you!https://waterpure.co.uk/docmalik BUY HERE TODAYHunter & Gather FoodsSeed oils are inflammatory, toxic and nasty; eliminate them from your diet immediately. Check out the products from this great companyhttps://hunterandgatherfoods.com/?ref=DOCHG BUY HERE TODAYUse DOCHG to get 10% OFF your purchase with Hunter & Gather Foods.IMPORTANT NOTICEIf you value my podcasts, please support the show so that I can continue to speak up by choosing one or both of the following options - Buy me a coffee If you want to make a one-off donation.Join my Substack To access additional content, you can upgrade to paid from just £5.50 a monthDoc Malik Merch Store Check out my amazing freedom merchTo sponsor the Doc Malik Podcast contact us at hello@docmalik.comCheck out my website, visit www.docmalik.com

The most abundant protein on the planet is an enzyme called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, better known as RuBisCO.  Its critical role in photosynthesis makes life as we know it on earth possible.  What it does is convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the organic matter contained in plants. Getting plants to take up more carbon […]

Fern Ho, CEO and Co-Founder of The Leaf Protein Co. joins us to talk about a protein source you may have not heard about yet!We cover: What is leaf protein? The extraction process Global competitor landscape Other plants and their protein extraction Commercialising leaf proteinWhat stage is Leaf Protein Co. currently at? How is your product performing once applied to different formats and food matrices? What the future holds for Leaf Protein Co The future of the protein industry One-liners you don't want to miss:“Rubisco protein enzyme can be found in pretty much any leaf of any pant on earth and this is how it comes to be this most abundant protein on earth.”“To date is hasn't been commercially made available. That's potentially the nut we are trying to crack is to bring to market this amazing plant protein.” Support the show

Send us a textCan the future of our food systems be saved by a humble aquatic plant? Join us as we sit down with Tony Martens, co-founder of Plantible Foods, who believes it can. Plantible's innovative plant protein, Ruby, derived from the sustainable Lemna plant, may hold the key to revolutionizing agriculture and food production. Tony shines a spotlight on the pressing environmental issues of our current food systems, from greenhouse gas emissions to water consumption and biodiversity loss. Discover the fascinating journey of Rubisco protein, a nutritional powerhouse found in leafy greens, which Plantible has harnessed to outperform traditional animal proteins. Tony shares their pivot to a focus on sustainable food production, unveiling the health benefits and their innovative extraction process of Rubisco. We also explore the transition from traditional agricultural methods to more efficient crops like Lemna, alongside broader market trends demanding better labeling and ingredient transparency in plant-based foods.Scaling a startup is no small feat, and Tony's story is packed with entrepreneurial grit. From early days in a small R&D facility to navigating the pandemic's hurdles and securing significant commercial agreements, Tony's experiences offer invaluable lessons.Tony Martens: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tonydmartens/Plantible Foods: https://www.plantiblefoods.com/Producer: Anand Shah & Sandeep ParikhTechnical Director & Sound Designer: Sandeep Parikh, Omar NajamExecutive Producers: Sandeep Parikh & Anand ShahAssociate Producers: Taryn TalleyEditor: Sean Meagher & Aidan McGarveyWebsite: https://www.position2.com/podcast/Rajiv Parikh: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajivparikh/Sandeep Parikh: https://www.instagram.com/sandeepparikh/Email us with any feedback for the show: spark@postion2.com

Today, you'll learn about a new anxiety-free way to collect blood samples modeled on the sucking power of leeches, the super carbon-gobbling power of blue-green algae, and a new understanding of how asthma happens - and maybe how to stop it. Leeches & Blood Tests “Blood diagnostics modeled on leeches.” by Fabio Bergamin. 2024. “Prevalence, causes, impacts, and management of needle phobia: An international survey of a general adult population.” by Kimberly Alsbrooks & Klaus Hoerauf. 2022. “ A Bioinspired and Cost-Effective Device for Minimally Invasive Blood Sampling.” by Nicole Zoratto, et al. 2024. Algae & Carbon “Scientists unlock key to breeding ‘carbon gobbling' plants with a major appetite.” Scimex. 2024. “Light and carbon: Synthetic biology toward new cyanobacteria-based living biomaterials.” by Isabella M. Goodchild-Michelman, et al. 2023. “Cyanobacterial a-carboxysome carbonic anhydrase is allosterically regulated by the Rubisco substrate RuBP.” by Sacha B. Pulsford, et al. 2024. Asthma Cause “Chronic asthma could be caused by cell overcrowding in the airways.” by Monique Brouillette. 2024. “Asthma Surveillance Data.” CDC. 2021. “Bronchoconstriction damages airway epithelial by crowding-induced excess cell extrusion.” by Dustin C. Bagley, et al. 2024. Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Biotech cosmetic ingredient production methods are a promising alternative to both naturals and synthetics as we've understood them in the past. Which is why more and more often, beauty makers looking for environmentally sustainable supply chain solutions are choosing actives made using cell culture technology. This week on the CosmoFactory podcast, we learn about traceable ingredient production, plant cell technology, biodiversity preservation, competitive pricing strategy, and more. Our guest is José Pablo García, Co-Founder and CEO of Rubisco Biotechnology, a startup headquartered in Chile that specializes in the development, production, and marketing of high-value active ingredients from cell culture technology. The company stands out as an advocate for environmentally sustainable alternative methods to cosmetic ingredient production, and as a collaborative partner to biotech producers and beauty makers alike. If you appreciate this episode, SUBSCRIBE to the CosmoFactory podcast & please LEAVE US A REVIEW today. With your help, even more cosmetic industry professionals can discover the inspiring interviews we share on CosmoFactory! ABOUT CosmoFactoryBeauty industry stakeholders listen to the CosmoFactory podcast for inspiration and for up-to-date information on concepts, tactics, and solutions that move business forward. CosmoFactory – Ideas to Innovation is a weekly interview series for cosmetics and personal care suppliers, finished product brand leaders, retailers, buyers, importers, and distributors. Each Tuesday, CosmoFactory guests share experiences, insights, and exclusive behind-the-scenes details—which makes this not only a must-listen B2B podcast but an ongoing case study of our dynamic industry. Guests are actively working in hands-on innovation roles along the beauty industry supply chain; they specialize in raw materials, ingredients, manufacturing, packaging, and more. They are designers, R&D or R&I pros, technical experts, product developers, key decision makers, visionary executives. HOST Deanna UtroskeCosmetics and personal care industry observer Deanna Utroske hosts the CosmoFactory podcast. She brings an editorial perspective and a decade of industry expertise to every interview. Deanna is also Editor of the Beauty Insights newsletter and a supply-side positioning consultant. She writes the Global Perspectives column for EuroCosmetics magazine, is a former Editor of CosmeticsDesign, and is known globally for her ability to identify emerging trends, novel technologies, and true innovation in beauty. A PRODUCTION OF Cosmoprof Worldwide BolognaCosmoFactory is the first podcast from Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna, taking its place among the best B2B podcasts serving the global beauty industry.   Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna is the most important beauty trade show in the world. Dedicated to all sectors of the industry, Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna welcomes over 250,000 visitors from 150 countries and regions and nearly 3,000 exhibitors to Bologna, Italy, each year. It's where our diverse and international industry comes together to build business relationships and to discover the best brands and newest innovations across consumer beauty, professional beauty, and the entire supply chain. The trade show includes a robust program of exclusive educational content, featuring  executives and key opinion leaders from every sector of the cosmetics, fragrance, and personal care industry. Cosmoprof Worldwide Bologna is the most important event of the Cosmoprof international network, with exhibitions in Asia (Hong Kong), the US (Las Vegas and Miami), India (Mumbai) and Thailand (Bangkok). Thanks to its global exhibitions Cosmoprof connects a community of more than 500,000 beauty stakeholders and 10,000 companies from 190 countries and regions. Learn more today at Cosmoprof.com 

A gripping narrative set in a post-apocalyptic Detroit where society has crumbled, and the city is teeming with desperate survivors. The story follows Filipo, an elderly man stranded in the real world after living most of his life in virtual reality. As he struggles with the harsh conditions and the loss of essential supplies to a ruthless gang, he finds hope in the form of Pen, a resourceful individual who provides him with food and water. The interaction between these characters highlights the dire circumstances and the small acts of kindness that keep hope alive.Pen, the food brewer, becomes a beacon of hope for many. He not only aids Filipo but also embarks on a quest to find resources and help others survive the catastrophic conditions. His journey through the forested remnants of old neighborhoods and his encounters with other survivors illustrate the resilience and ingenuity required to adapt and survive in this new world. Pen's determination to find cooling units and create food from available plant materials shows his commitment to helping his community withstand the extreme heat and scarcity of resources.The story delves into the lives of other characters like Merch, who runs a gaming hall and dreams of creating an AI to excel in video games. His interactions with the children in the gaming hall and his subsequent struggle for survival in the tunnels reflect the broader theme of adaptation and the clash between past comforts and current necessities. Merch's ingenuity and the harsh reality he faces underscore the drastic changes the world has undergone.As Pen navigates this treacherous landscape, he confronts personal tragedies and moments of desperation. His efforts to reach his family, the loss he suffers, and his relentless pursuit to provide for them paint a poignant picture of the human spirit's endurance. The emotional weight of these experiences is palpable, making the reader empathize with the characters' plight and root for their survival.A tale of survival, resilience, and the enduring human spirit in the face of overwhelming adversity. The story's richly detailed setting, complex characters, and interwoven narratives create a compelling and immersive experience. It serves as a reminder of the fragility of civilization and the strength that lies in unity and compassion amidst chaos.Virtual Reality (VR) Systems: Used extensively by characters like Filipo, who spent most of his life in VR. These systems also include VR girlfriends and other VR social interactions .Prosthetic Arms: Advanced prosthetics that require subscription keys to function. A character is mentioned to have hacked a prosthetic arm to bypass these keys .AI and Gaming: Merch uses an open-source app to record human gameplay data to train an AI. He aims to create an AI that can play games indistinguishably from humans to reach higher character levels .Food Brewer Technology: Pen uses brewing technology to create food from plant materials. This includes a process for making "burger-tasting" food items from raw ingredients .Cooling Units and Suits: Developed by Merch, these units and suits use air-blowing systems to keep the wearer cool, crucial for survival in extreme heat .Hydrogen-Powered Generators: Used to power cooling systems in emergency trailers. They consume hydrogen canisters to provide electricity for cooling during heatwaves .BritLight Panels: Light-emitting slabs that hold a static charge and can be recharged by rubbing fabrics together. These panels are used for illumination in the dark underground areas where survivors reside .AR Glasses: Augmented Reality glasses worn by Pen, which tag animal and plant locations, identify plant types, and provide night vision. They enhance his ability to forage and navigate through the forested areas .VR Dots: Tiny RF chips implanted in faces to enable video calls by mapping facial expressions, allowing realistic 3D portraits of the speaker without needing to aim cameras .Eco-Terrorist Engineered Plants: Genetically modified plants with enhanced RuBisCO enzymes and nitrogen-fixing capabilities, designed to grow rapidly and thrive in harsh environments. These plants are a result of eco-terrorism, aimed at reforesting urban areas but causing ecological imbalance .Many of the characters in this project appear in future episodes.   Using storytelling to place you in a time period, this series takes you, year by year, into the future. From 2040 to 2195. If you like emerging tech, eco-tech, futurism, perma-culture, apocalyptic survival scenarios, and disruptive science, sit back and enjoy short stories that showcase my research into how the future may play out.   This is Episode 54 of the podcast "In 20xx Scifi and Futurism." The companion site is https://in20xx.com where you can find a timeline of the future, descriptions of future development, and printed fiction.These are works of fiction. Characters and groups are made-up and influenced by current events but not reporting facts about people or groups in the real world.Copyright © Leon Horn 2021. All rights reserved.

Prepare to be shocked as we expose the deceptive world of sports supplements, revealing that only 11% of the 60 tested products contained an accurate amount of the ingredients listed on the label. With prohibited compounds lurking in 7 of these supplements, we question how these inaccuracies bypass the FDA's attention. But it's not all gloom and doom; we also dive into the commendable efforts made by organizations to ensure these supplements are accurately represented.We also look at a study that mapped dog brains after hearing human and dog sounds.  What do you think the findings were?  You'll have to listen to find out!Our guest for this episode is the dynamic Grant Steiner, a biochemistry PhD candidate at Loyola Chicago. His personal encounter with a cancer scare at 13 fostered his fascination with foundational sciences and their role in understanding the human body. And that's just the tip of the iceberg! Grant's current research on cyanobacteria, photosynthesis, and the Great Oxygenation Event offers intriguing insights into the planet's history and future. We also touch on his studies on carbon capture as a climate change mitigation strategy and the critical role of Rubisco, the most abundant protein on Earth.Adding a touch of warmth and humor, we slide into discussions about Grant's lifelong love for animals, starting with his beloved pet, Shelby. Discover how pet ownership can cultivate empathy for animals. We emphasize the importance of engaging young minds in STEM and environmentalism, and the significant role of voting in shaping these fields. And of course, no show can end without some laughter, so we wrap up with a light-hearted conversation about Annalise's donut-craving cats, Mouse and Larry. So, brace yourself for an exciting mix of science, pet tales, and environmental advocacies!Here is the link for Bark and Beyond!Bark and Beyond!(use the code BUNSEN to save 10%)Bunsen and Beaker Links:The Ginger Stuffie is on presale so check the link here:www.bunsenbernerbmd.comAlso use the code BEAKER5 to save FIVE bucks off a Beaker stuffie in July!Join The Paw Pack to Support The Show!https://bunsenbernerbmd.com/pages/paw-pack-plus-communityThe Bunsen and Beaker Website has adorable merch with hundreds of different combinations of designs and apparel- all with Printful- one of the highest quality companies we could find!www.bunsenbernerbmd.comSign up for our Weekly Newsletter!Our Spaces Sponsor: Bark and Beyond Supplyhttps://barkandbeyondsupply.com/Bunsen and Beaker on Twitter:Bunsen and Beaker on TikTok:Bunsen and Beaker on FacebookInstaBunsandBeaksSupport the showFor Science, Empathy, and Cuteness!Being Kind is a Superpower.https://twitter.com/bunsenbernerbmd

John Penno and Maury Leyland started Leaft Foods to create a new food system by capturing the most abundant protein on the planet - Rubisco from green leaves. Leaft integrates with existing farming systems, extracting the Rubisco from common forage crops & producing a high-quality silage feed as a co-product.  This reduces the total nitrogen loading in the farming system & lessens the carbon footprint of farming while producing products that taste good with high nutritional value.  www.leaftfoods.com 

The interest in cleaner and better-for-you snacks shown by big food and beverage brands, including Mondelez, Nestle and Vitasoy, is paving the way for a new specialised area of plant-based proteins to enter the market, namely the RuBisCo leaf protein.

The interest in cleaner and better-for-you snacks shown by big food and beverage brands, including Mondelez, Nestle and Vitasoy, is paving the way for a new specialised area of plant-based proteins to enter the market, namely the RuBisCo leaf protein.

Sydney-based New Zealander Dr Matt Baker returns for a chat about some of the latest science news. This week: there are reports that ancient Mars may have had an environment capable of harbouring an underground world teeming with microscopic organisms and, what is probably the most abundant enzyme back on Earth: Rubisco.

Magic mushrooms are giving researchers hope in treating conditions like anxiety and depression, a new study may have found the key to increasing photosynthesis efficiency in plants, and research shows that we love being reached out to by old friends! Mushrooming Minds'They Broke My Mental Shackles': Could Magic Mushrooms be the Answer to Depression? by Josh Jacobshttps://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jun/10/magic-mushrooms-treatment-depression-aztecs-psilocybin-mental-health-medicinePsilocybin Produces Substantial and Sustained Decreases in Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial by Roland R. Griffiths, et al.https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881116675513Rapid and Sustained Symptom Reduction Following Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Life-Threatening Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial by Stephen Ross, et al.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512Psilocybin-Induced Decrease in Amygdala Reactivity Correlates with Enhanced Positive Mood in Healthy Volunteers by Rainer Kraehenmann, et al.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010Therapeutic Mechanisms of Psilocybin: Changes in Amygdala and Prefrontal Functional Connectivity during Emotional Processing after Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression by Lea J. Mertens, et al.https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881119895520Limbic System: Amygdala by The University of Texas McGovern Medical Schoolhttps://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s4/chapter06.htmlSuper Plants Scientists Resurrect Ancient Enzymes To Improve Photosynthesis by Krishna Ramanujanhttps://cals.cornell.edu/news/2022/04/scientists-resurrect-ancient-enzymes-improve-photosynthesisImproving the Efficiency of Rubisco by Resurrecting Its Ancestors in the Family Solanaceae by Myat T. Lin, et al.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm6871Scientists Take Step to Improve Crops' Photosynthesis, Yields by Krishna Ramanujanhttps://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/08/scientists-take-step-improve-crops-photosynthesis-yieldsSmall Subunits Can Determine Enzyme Kinetics of Tobacco Rubisco Expressed in Escherichia Coli by Myat T. Lin, et al.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00761-5Plz Call Your Friends“Unexpectedly reaching out to a friend is more appreciated than people assume, new study shows” by Douglas Heingartnerhttps://www.psychnewsdaily.com/reaching-out-more-appreciated-than-assumed/“The Surprise of Reaching Out: Appreciated More Than We Think” by Peggy J. Liu, SoYon Rim, Lauren Min, and Kate E. Minhttps://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspi0000402.pdfFollow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers.Find episode transcripts here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/mushrooming-minds-super-plants-plz-call-your-friends

Article: Alternative photosynthesis pathways drive the algal CO2-concentrating mechanism Journal: Nature Year: 2022 Guest: Adrien Burlacot Host: Arif Ashraf Abstract Global photosynthesis consumes ten times more CO2 than net anthropogenic emissions, and microalgae account for nearly half of this consumption. The high efficiency of algal photosynthesis relies on a mechanism concentrating CO2 (CCM) at the catalytic site of the carboxylating enzyme RuBisCO, which enhances CO2 fixation. Although many cellular components involved in the transport and sequestration of inorganic carbon have been identified how microalgae supply energy to concentrate CO2 against a thermodynamic gradient remains unknown. Here we show that in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the combined action of cyclic electron flow and O2 photoreduction—which depend on PGRL1 and flavodiiron proteins, respectively—generate a low luminal pH that is essential for CCM function. We suggest that luminal protons are used downstream of thylakoid bestrophin-like transporters, probably for the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2. We further establish that an electron flow from chloroplast to mitochondria contributes to energizing non-thylakoid inorganic carbon transporters, probably by supplying ATP. We propose an integrated view of the network supplying energy to the CCM, and describe how algal cells distribute energy from photosynthesis to power different CCM processes. These results suggest a route for the transfer of a functional algal CCM to plants to improve crop productivity. Art credit: Solène Moulin Cover art design and audio editing: Ragib Anjum --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/no-time-to-read-podcast/message

May the fourth be with you! Today, Summers and Kristy get personal while talking about reproductive rights and access to women's healthcare. They then commend Connecticut lawmakers, who are reacting to the surge of anti-abortion legislation with a bill that expands the kinds of medical practitioners who can offer abortion services within the state.  They also talk about an ancient enzyme that can help address food production concerns around the world. If you'd like to lend your voice to the Optimist Daily Update, send an email to: editorial@optimistdaily.com. Listen to the Optimist Daily Update with Summers & Kristy - Making Solutions the News!

Connaissez-vous la startup californienne Living Carbon ? Il est fort probable que non et pourtant, si son projet finit par aboutir, cela représenterait une petite révolution pour la protection de l'environnent. Car vous le savez, les arbres sont de précieux alliés comme les plantes et les océans pour séquestrer le carbone que nous émettons dans l'atmosphère. Cette quantité étant limitée, l'objectif de cette entreprise spécialisée dans les biotechnologies serait de modifier génétiquement les arbres pour augmenter cette capacité de stockage du CO2.Pour que les arbres capturent plus de carbone l'entreprise veut leur ajouter des gènes de citrouilles et d'algues vertes afin de stimuler la photosynthèse, ce qui mécaniquement augmenterait la quantité de carbone qu'ils sont capables de stocker. Pour rappel, la photosynthèse permet aux plantes de convertir le carbone en sucre et nutriments. Comme l'explique Yumin Tao, directeur scientifique de l'entreprise, le processus dépend essentiellement d'une enzyme centrale, appelée RuBisCo, qui extrait le dioxyde de carbone de l'air mais capture dans le même temps de l'oxygène. Cette réaction, nommée « oxygénation », produit une substance toxique appelé glycolate qui je cite gaspille non seulement de l'énergie, mais provoque une perte importante du carbone qui avait été capturé, et donc qui est à nouveau libéré dans l'air » fin de citation.Si Yumin Tao n'explique pas comment citrouilles et algues vertes permettraient concrètement d'atteindre un tel résultat, il affirme qu'en mêlant plantes et technologie, Living Carbon pourrait je cite « améliorer la biomasse de plus de 50 % [au sein de l'arbre], ce qui est probablement impensable avec les méthodes traditionnelles » fin de citation. Pour l'instant, l'expérience ne se limite qu'aux peupliers, puisqu'il s'agit d'une espèce facile à manipuler par la technologie mais aussi très bien connue des scientifiques. D'après les premiers résultats, les quantités de glycolate observées ont bien été réduites. Pour rappel le glycolate est une substance qui en gros force l'arbre à rejeter du carbone, comme on l'a vu précédemment. Ceci, la technique de Living Carbon ne pourrait pas être appliquée sur tous les arbres puisque je cite Yumin Tao « certains arbres qui contiennent essentiellement les mêmes éléments génétiques ont des taux de photosynthèse différents simplement à cause des interactions entre les gènes ». Son partenaire, l'Université de l'Oregon va maintenant entrer dans une phase de quatre année de tests en pleine nature pour confirmer les résultats obtenus en laboratoire. À terme, Living Carbon espère pouvoir augmenter durablement la capacité de stockage de carbone des arbres, et ainsi, contrer ou à minima limiter l'action des gaz à effet de serre. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Connaissez-vous la startup californienne Living Carbon ? Il est fort probable que non et pourtant, si son projet finit par aboutir, cela représenterait une petite révolution pour la protection de l'environnent. Car vous le savez, les arbres sont de précieux alliés comme les plantes et les océans pour séquestrer le carbone que nous émettons dans l'atmosphère. Cette quantité étant limitée, l'objectif de cette entreprise spécialisée dans les biotechnologies serait de modifier génétiquement les arbres pour augmenter cette capacité de stockage du CO2. Pour que les arbres capturent plus de carbone l'entreprise veut leur ajouter des gènes de citrouilles et d'algues vertes afin de stimuler la photosynthèse, ce qui mécaniquement augmenterait la quantité de carbone qu'ils sont capables de stocker. Pour rappel, la photosynthèse permet aux plantes de convertir le carbone en sucre et nutriments. Comme l'explique Yumin Tao, directeur scientifique de l'entreprise, le processus dépend essentiellement d'une enzyme centrale, appelée RuBisCo, qui extrait le dioxyde de carbone de l'air mais capture dans le même temps de l'oxygène. Cette réaction, nommée « oxygénation », produit une substance toxique appelé glycolate qui je cite gaspille non seulement de l'énergie, mais provoque une perte importante du carbone qui avait été capturé, et donc qui est à nouveau libéré dans l'air » fin de citation. Si Yumin Tao n'explique pas comment citrouilles et algues vertes permettraient concrètement d'atteindre un tel résultat, il affirme qu'en mêlant plantes et technologie, Living Carbon pourrait je cite « améliorer la biomasse de plus de 50 % [au sein de l'arbre], ce qui est probablement impensable avec les méthodes traditionnelles » fin de citation. Pour l'instant, l'expérience ne se limite qu'aux peupliers, puisqu'il s'agit d'une espèce facile à manipuler par la technologie mais aussi très bien connue des scientifiques. D'après les premiers résultats, les quantités de glycolate observées ont bien été réduites. Pour rappel le glycolate est une substance qui en gros force l'arbre à rejeter du carbone, comme on l'a vu précédemment. Ceci, la technique de Living Carbon ne pourrait pas être appliquée sur tous les arbres puisque je cite Yumin Tao « certains arbres qui contiennent essentiellement les mêmes éléments génétiques ont des taux de photosynthèse différents simplement à cause des interactions entre les gènes ». Son partenaire, l'Université de l'Oregon va maintenant entrer dans une phase de quatre année de tests en pleine nature pour confirmer les résultats obtenus en laboratoire. À terme, Living Carbon espère pouvoir augmenter durablement la capacité de stockage de carbone des arbres, et ainsi, contrer ou à minima limiter l'action des gaz à effet de serre. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today's episode is all about Corn! Raluca and Steve compare notes about that ubiquitous plant. Sponsored by RuBisCo!Show Notes!wikipedia on mămăligăEverything you need to know about NixtamalizationCultural ignorance paved the way for pellagraGorditas made in the comal (YouTube)Corn by Blake Shelton (YouTube)

What does algae photosynthesis have to do with solving food insecurity?  In this episode on crop improvement, @_applechew interviews Liat Adler (@noodlyscientist) to hear how algae can help us improve the photosynthesis efficiency of “land plants”!  Crop photosynthesis is not exactly perfect. One key enzyme in the mechanism called RuBisCo is slow and gets confused between carbon and oxygen: not what you want from your energy storage mechanism! Algae, however, have developed a system to improve both the speed and the accuracy of this process. The @McCormick_Lab is trying to integrate this system into land plants. That way, crops could use sunlight more efficiently, grow faster, and thus produce more food! Art by @donohoho, intro and editing by @_applechew

Introduction to Plant Physiology, 4th ed. Chapter 8. Calvin cycle, enzyme function, chloroplast function, Rubisco preferential binding. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/osuz504-tech/support

INCLUYE: IMPROVISACIÓN DE UMBALAMBA EN VIVO SOBRE LA PROTEÍNA RUBISCO En este épico programa con música en vivo, Eri nos cuenta sobre la proteína más abundante de la tierra.

Dr. Raber received his B.S. in biochemistry from Lebanon Valley College, PA and subsequently a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Southern California with an emphasis on developing new synthetic methodologies useful in pharmaceutical drug discovery and manufacturing efforts. Dr. Raber studied botanical phylogenetic relationships based on the RuBisCO enzyme's evolution while in college and was named to the USA Today 1997 All-USA College Academic Team for his research accomplishments in this area. Dr. Raber entered cannabis in 2010 and has published 5 peer-reviewed articles on cannabis topics. Dr. Raber has been invited to lecture about cannabis around the world, holds multiple patents on cannabis-based technologies, particularly pertaining to terpenes, and is often sought out by the press to comment on topics as he is recognized as one of the industry's scientific thought leaders. For more information about Jeff Raber go to https://cannabismanufacturers.org/team/jeffrey-c-raber-ph-d/

Dr. Raber received his B.S. in biochemistry from Lebanon Valley College, PA and subsequently a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Southern California with an emphasis on developing new synthetic methodologies useful in pharmaceutical drug discovery and manufacturing efforts. Dr. Raber studied botanical phylogenetic relationships based on the RuBisCO enzyme's evolution while in college and was named to the USA Today 1997 All-USA College Academic Team for his research accomplishments in this area. Dr. Raber entered cannabis in 2010 and has published 5 peer-reviewed articles on cannabis topics. Dr. Raber has been invited to lecture about cannabis around the world, holds multiple patents on cannabis-based technologies, particularly pertaining to terpenes, and is often sought out by the press to comment on topics as he is recognized as one of the industry's scientific thought leaders. For more information about Jeff Raber go to https://cannabismanufacturers.org/team/jeffrey-c-raber-ph-d/

Five points for anger, one for a ‘like': How Facebook's formula fostered rage and misinformation https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/26/facebook-angry-emoji-algorithm/ Os acidentes em filmagens que marcaram o cinema https://g1.globo.com/globonews/globonews-em-pauta/video/os-acidentes-em-filmagens-que-marcaram-o-cinema-9974289.ghtml Betül Kaçar on Paleogenomics and Ancient Life https://pca.st/gnddlhuh RuBisCO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO Molybdenum – Essential for life https://www.imoa.info/essentiality/molybdenum-essential-for-life.php See a Salamander Grow From a Single Cell in this Incredible Time-lapse | Short ... Read more

Photosynthesis has proven a useful tool in life's arsenal, but it isn't perfect. This is because one of its enzymes- RuBisCo for short- is not equipped to deal with our oxygenated world and as such sometimes creates toxic by-products which the organism then has to expend energy to deal with. However, some plants have evolved strategies to deal with this issue. Instead of simply working with vanilla-flavoured C3 photosynthesis, they have switched to alternative strategies known as C4 or CAM photosynthesis... Sources for this episode: 1) Cain, M. L., Bowman, W. D. and Hacker, S. D. (2011), Ecology (Second Edition). Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associated Ltd. 2) Campbell, N. A., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. and Reece, J. B. (2018), Biology: a global approach, 11th edition (Global Edition), Harlow, Pearson Education Limited. 3) Hirst, K. K., ThoughtCo (Updated 13/11/2019), Adaptations to Climate Change in C3, C4 and CAM Plants (online) [Accessed 27/07/2021]. 4) Thain, M. and Hickman, M. (2014), Dictionary of Biology (Eleventh Edition). London: Penguin Books Ltd.

Sally-Anne Buck a plant microbiologist from the Australian National University (ANU) joins Tom and Annie to discuss her work.

Episode 570 Monty Waldin interviews Tommaso Bojola of La Castellina Winery. About Tommaso: Tenute Squarcialupi - La Castellina di Tommaso Bojola is a winery which extends for 140 hectars, with 40 hectars of vineyard producing mainly Chianti Classico, located in the South West side of the valley, bordering with the town centre of Castellina in Chianti. The historical centre of the winery is the ancient Palazzo Squarcialupi (XV sec.), where there is an ageing cellar, the direct sale, the farm restaurant Taverna Squarcialupi and the Hotel Palazzo Squarcialupi. The Tenute Squarcialupi – La Castellina Farm originates from the powerful Squarcialupi family, in the medieval period, while he started the management of the winery in 1989, together with his wife Monica and later on with his son Cosimo. From 2008 they produced organic grapes and from 2020 organic wines too, authentic wines representing their territory. Together with his son Cosimo just graduated in oenology; together they are introducing new winemaking techniques such as the drying of the Merlot grapes (Supertuscan Reale), the late harvest (Ch. Class. Tommaso Bojola), the spontaneous fermentation (Ch. Class. Squarcialupi Annata), the longtime maceration (Ch. Class. Squarcialupi Riserva e Gran Selezione), the amphora vinification (Ch. Classico Cosimo Bojola) and the vinification without the addition of sulphites (Rubisco 2020). Find more about Tommaso and Cosimo by visiting: Website: www.lacastellina.it Facebook: facebook.com/fattorialacastellina Instagram: instagram.com/fattorialacastellina Let's keep in touch! Follow us on our social media channels: Instagram @italianwinepodcast Facebook @ItalianWinePodcast Twitter @itawinepodast Tiktok @MammaJumboShrimp LinkedIn @ItalianWinePodcast If you feel like helping us, donate here www.italianwinepodcast.com/donate-to-show/ Until next time, Cin Cin!

Ep 338 - Agriculture - Problem or Solution? Guest: Dr Jeff Seale   Agriculture and climate are inextricably connected, according to Jeff Seale, the Director of Climate Policy and Strategy at Bayer Crop Science. Agriculture is the number two contributor to atmospheric greenhouse gases.   The good news, according to him, is that agriculture can be a part of the solution. Seale says, “Essentially, it boils down to the things we can do on the farm to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in the soil. The soil, he says, has the potential to be the second largest carbon sink on the planet behind the ocean.   Seale goes on to ask out loud, "How do we leverage that?" Central to the answer is an understanding of the relationship between growing organisms and carbon in the photosynthetic process. All plants, grasses, trees, fruits, and vegetables utilize carbon as the cornerstone of their structure. The enzyme RuBisCo separates carbon from oxygen and keeps the carbon as the building block of the plant and returns the oxygen to the atmosphere.    Seale says, “The question is, how can we more effectively drive more of that carbon below the ground? As well as, once it's there, how do we keep it there?” He claims one of the exciting aspects of his work is determining how to work with microbial species that exist in the soil below the ground.    We invited agricultural climate specialist Dr. Jeff Seale to join us for a Conversation That Matters, Food For Thought episode, about working with plants to help reduce carbon in the atmosphere.     Please become a Patreon subscriber and support the production of this program, with a $1 pledge https://goo.gl/ypXyDs 

Arizona Üniversitesinde Moleküler Biyoloji ve Astronomi alanlarında çalışan Betül Kacar konuğum oldu. Kendisi aynı zamanda astrobiyoloji alanında NASA'nın yeni fonladığı gruplardan birinin başında. Astrobiyoloji neydi? Astrobiyoloji sevgiydi, emekti. Evrendeki yaşamın gelmişi geçmişi geleceği ve tüm olasılıkları hakkında bir alan. Mikrobiyolojiden, yıldız sistemlerinin incelenmesine kadar geniş bir ölçekte çalışan insanları buluşturan bu alandaki çalışmalar ve genel olarak bilime, hayata bakış hakkında uzun uzun konuştuk. Bazı kaynaklar (timecodelu linklere ek olarak):Aeon makalesi: Do we send the goo?Paleontolojinin limitleriSentetik biyoloji***Bölüm Sponsoru: WWF Market (Link) - https://wwfmarket.com/discount/FULARSIZPANDA .***Konular:(00:00) Fularsız haberler.(00:58) Betül Kacar kimdir necidir?(03:03) ICAR ve NASA Duyurusu.(06:09) Gezegenlerdeki yaşam izleri.(08:40) 3.5 milyar yıllık fosil: Jeolojik ve biyolojik kanıtlar.(11:49) Hücre makinesini bozmak.(13:39) 2 milyar yıllık davranışlar.(17:02) Vitalism: Yaşamın sınırı ve hiyerarşisi.(19:03) Kimyasal ağ yapısı.(22:00) Küçücük Rubisco enziminin koca atmosferi değiştirmesi.(27:00) Yeni bir Miller-Urey deneyi: Test tübüne radyasyonu basarsak.(28:15) Protospermia.(29:30) Etik.(31:40) "Prime Directive".(35:10) Bilim hem yavaş hem hızlı ilerliyor.(38:31) İyimserlik ve Fermi Paradoksu.(41:00) NASA etkisi.(46:00) Patreondan Soru: James Webb teleskobu.(46:15) Patreondan Soru: Nası bir bulgu önyargılarını zorlardı.(48:00) Kendine ilham vermek ve survivorship bias.(55:40) Patreon teşekkürleri. ***Patreon: Aylık veya hatta YILLIK destek verin, ikimiz de rahat edelim.Kitap: Safsatalar Ansiklopedisi (4. Baskı çıktı, hem de bu sefer bir kısmı ciltli).

Value: After Hours is a podcast about value investing, Fintwit, and all things finance and investment by investors Tobias Carlisle, Bill Brewster and Jake Taylor. See our latest episodes at https://acquirersmultiple.com/ Donate to the FinTwit Value vs Growth War here (it's for a good cause--The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention): https://www.gofundme.com/f/fintwit-war-value-vs-growth About Jake: Jake is a partner at Farnam Street. Jake's website: http://www.farnam-street.com/ Jake's podcast: https://twitter.com/5_GQs Jake's Twitter: https://twitter.com/farnamjake1 Jake's book: The Rebel Allocator https://amzn.to/2sgip3l About Bill: Bill runs Sullimar Capital Group, a family investment firm. Bill's website: https://sullimarcapital.group/ Bill's Twitter: @BillBrewsterSCG ABOUT THE PODCAST Hi, I'm Tobias Carlisle. I launched The Acquirers Podcast to discuss the process of finding undervalued stocks, deep value investing, hedge funds, activism, buyouts, and special situations. We uncover the tactics and strategies for finding good investments, managing risk, dealing with bad luck, and maximizing success. SEE LATEST EPISODES https://acquirersmultiple.com/podcast/ SEE OUR FREE DEEP VALUE STOCK SCREENER https://acquirersmultiple.com/screener/ FOLLOW TOBIAS Website: https://acquirersmultiple.com/ Firm: https://acquirersfunds.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Greenbackd LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tobycarlisle Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/tobiascarlisle Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tobias_carlisle ABOUT TOBIAS CARLISLE Tobias Carlisle is the founder of The Acquirer’s Multiple®, and Acquirers Funds®. He is best known as the author of the #1 new release in Amazon’s Business and Finance The Acquirer’s Multiple: How the Billionaire Contrarians of Deep Value Beat the Market, the Amazon best-sellers Deep Value: Why Activists Investors and Other Contrarians Battle for Control of Losing Corporations (2014) (https://amzn.to/2VwvAGF), Quantitative Value: A Practitioner’s Guide to Automating Intelligent Investment and Eliminating Behavioral Errors (2012) (https://amzn.to/2SDDxrN), and Concentrated Investing: Strategies of the World’s Greatest Concentrated Value Investors (2016) (https://amzn.to/2SEEjVn). He has extensive experience in investment management, business valuation, public company corporate governance, and corporate law. Prior to founding the forerunner to Acquirers Funds in 2010, Tobias was an analyst at an activist hedge fund, general counsel of a company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, and a corporate advisory lawyer. As a lawyer specializing in mergers and acquisitions he has advised on transactions across a variety of industries in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Australia, Singapore, Bermuda, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and Guam.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.04.282509v1?rss=1 Authors: Cheng, J., Li, B., Si, L., Zhang, X. Abstract: Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) tomography is a powerful tool for in situ structure determination. However, this method requires the acquisition of tilt series, and its time consuming throughput of acquiring tilt series severely slows determination of in situ structures. By treating the electron densities of non-target protein as non-Gaussian distributed noise, we developed a new target function that greatly improves the efficiency of the recognition of the target protein in a single cryo-EM image without acquiring tilt series. Moreover, we developed a sorting function that effectively eliminates the model dependence and improved the resolution during the subsequent structure refinement procedure. By eliminating model bias, our method allows using homolog proteins as models to recognize the target protein. Together, we developed an in situ single particle analysis (isSPA) method. Our isSPA method was successfully applied to solve structures of glycoproteins on the surface of a non-icosahedral virus and Rubisco inside the carboxysome. The cryo-EM data from both samples were collected within 24 hours, thus allowing fast and simple structural determination in situ. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Bedroom x RTS.FM Budapest w/ @nick-beringer [Rubisco - Berlin] Recorded and streamed live at Központ, Budapest on 28th August 2020. YouTube: https://youtu.be/YCgKcuF9DIs Bedroom: https://www.facebook.com/bedroomcrew.budapest Event: https://www.facebook.com/events/284316326239883 Venue: https://www.facebook.com/kozpontbudapest NICK BERINGER [Rubisco - Berlin] It is often said of Nick Beringer that he is a defender of the good old Berlin style. What that means is instead of flashy tricks and effects-­heavy sets, he locks people in with his perfect pacing, timely selections and long mixes. Atmospheric house, dub techno and freakier electro define his always journeying soundtracks. Of course, he will also pull out the classics and jump through styles to suit the mood of a more playful party, or trip you out with weirdness at the afters. Either way, a knowing skill underlines everything he does in the booth. Nick started out in indie bands playing guitar, eventually moving on to making his own beats and sampling from his Nintendo GameBoy, the only electronic sounds he had to hand. A move to Berlin to study lead him on an exploration of the city’s nocturnal soundscapes. A fascination with nineties house and garage informed his first releases, and also lead him to an enduring friendship with Beste Modus. Initially a vinyl-­only DJ inspired by the analogue warmth, human roughness and deep feelings of the likes of Mike Huckaby and Moodymann, Nick eventually evolved his set up and now uses all tools at his disposal to find his perfect sweet spot. Since 2015 he has spent a few days a week in his studio, meditating on music and going wherever the mood takes him. As such he will often find himself making ambient, hip hop or techno without knowing how he got there. “If you’re only trying to chase a certain style that is fashionable right now, tracks will always sound forced,” he says rightly. “What I’m trying to do is to pick out my favorite pieces from modern styles, but take them back to the old school Detroit and Berlin kinda approach, which is stripped down and club focused house music.” Inspired to turn on his hardware by a wide range of starting points, Nick is able to strip things right down to their bare essentials and still suck in the dancers and make a lasting impression. Evidence of this comes in his diverse discography on labels like Taverna Tracks, Dorian Paic’s Raum Musik, and his own label Rubisco where he can release whatever he likes. Past EPs like Nocturnal, Passage or Slope & Dip showcase his seamless mix of the old and the new and have resulted in truly timeless club tracks. All of this has made Beringer an in demand name by tasteful clubs and crews across Australia, Europe and at hotspots like Watergate and Tresor. His own crew, which also hosts parties in clubs like Griessmuehle and Ipse, is a thriving collective full of creativity and is one of the reasons Nick Beringer is now an essential part of house and techno conversation in Berlin and beyond. https://soundcloud.com/nick-beringer https://www.facebook.com/nick.beringer.3/ RTS.FM Budapest: YouTube: https://bit.ly/rtsfmbudapest SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/rtsfm/sets/rts-fm-budapest Mixcloud: https://www.mixcloud.com/rtsfmbudapest RTS.FM Budapest archives: YouTube: https://bit.ly/rtsfmbudapest SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/rtsfm/sets/rts-fm-budapest Mixcloud: https://www.mixcloud.com/rtsfmbudapest

We end the decade of research with highlighting the supposedly biggest discoveries in science. Alongside those, we brought some other topics that we found interesting and worth chatting about. Stay excited for the best and worst enzyme on the planet, new directions for antidepressants, some practical tips for time travellers and car-driving rats.  Full list of time stamps and topics: 0:00 - Intro 3:16 - RuBisCO:  the best and worst enzyme on the planet 13:15 - The 5 greatest discoveries of the last decade 51:25 - Quantum computing - yes or no? 57:40 - Genome-wide association replacing candidate gene studies 1:01:23 - Street drugs as antidepressants 1:14:46 - Science for time travellers 1:24:28 - Car-driving rats / Outro 1:26:56 - Additional: Bathroom break chat --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/fey-sci/message

Sometimes, it's ok to do a short episode. After all, there is plenty to listen to again on here, so yeah. We talk about RuBisCO research and plants and stuff. It really is like the ones before but different and with other topics.

This week, the Sustainable crew talks about the recent Tsunami that devastated Indonesia, the increase population of female turtles due to climbing temperatures, a Photosynthetic glitch called Rubisco and sustainable New Years Resolutions. Aired on 01/12/19

La tertulia semanal en la que repasamos las últimas noticias de la actualidad científica. En el episodio de hoy: Estrella de Tabby: La Nueva Generación; ¿De verdad causan los móviles cáncer en ratas?; El agujero negro de Arp 299 despedaza una estrella; Entrevista Dr Miguel Pérez-Torres; La enzima rubisco: hacia un futuro de cultivos más eficientes. En la foto, de izquierda a derecha y de arriba a abajo: Sara Robisco, Francis Villatoro, Héctor Socas, Marian Martínez. Todos los comentarios vertidos durante la tertulia representan únicamente la opinión de quien los hace… y a veces ni eso. CB:SyR es una colaboración entre el Área de Investigación y la Unidad de Comunicación y Cultura Científica (UC3) del Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.

La tertulia semanal en la que repasamos las últimas noticias de la actualidad científica. En el episodio de hoy: Estrella de Tabby: La Nueva Generación; ¿De verdad causan los móviles cáncer en ratas?; El agujero negro de Arp 299 despedaza una estrella; Entrevista Dr Miguel Pérez-Torres; La enzima rubisco: hacia un futuro de cultivos más eficientes. En la foto, de izquierda a derecha y de arriba a abajo: Sara Robisco, Francis Villatoro, Héctor Socas, Marian Martínez. Todos los comentarios vertidos durante la tertulia representan únicamente la opinión de quien los hace… y a veces ni eso. CB:SyR es una colaboración entre el Área de Investigación y la Unidad de Comunicación y Cultura Científica (UC3) del Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.

In the present study, the structure and mechanism of two assembly chaperones of Rubisco, Raf1 and RbcX, were investigated. The role of Raf1 in Rubisco assembly was elucidated by analyzing cyanobacterial and plant Raf1 with a vast array of biochemical and biophysical techniques. Raf1 is a dimeric protein. The subunits have a two-domain structure. The crystal structures of two separate domains of Arabidopsis thaliana (At) Raf1 were solved at resolutions of 1.95 Å and 2.6–2.8 Å, respectively. The oligomeric state of Raf1 proteins was investigated by size exclusion chromatography connected to multi angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and native mass spectrometry (MS). Both cyanobacterial and plant Raf1 are dimeric with an N-terminal domain that is connected via a flexible linker to the C-terminal dimerization domain. Both Raf1 poteins were able to promote assembly of cyanobacterial Rubisco in an in vitro reconstitution system. The homologous cyanobacterial system resulted in very high yields of active Rubisco (>90%), showing the great efficiency of Raf1 mediated Rubisco assembly. Two distinct oligomeric complex assemblies in the assembly reaction could be identified via native PAGE immunoblot analyses as well as SEC-MALS and native MS. Furthermore, a structure-guided mutational analysis of Raf1 conserved residues in both domains was performed and residues crucial for Raf1 function were identified. A new model of Raf1 mediated Rubisco-assembly could be proposed by analyzing the Raf1-Rubisco oligomeric complex with negative stain electron microscopy. The final model was validated by determining Raf1-Rubisco interaction sites using chemical crosslinking in combination with mass spectrometry. Taken together, Raf1 acts downstream of chaperonin-assisted Rubisco large subunit (RbcL) folding by stabilizing RbcL antiparallel dimers for assembly into RbcL8 complexes with four Raf1 dimers bound. Raf1 displacement by Rubisco small subunit (RbcS) results in holoenzyme formation. In the second part of this thesis, the role of eukaryotic RbcX proteins in Rubisco assembly was investigated. Eukaryots have two distinct homologs of RbcX, RbcX-I and RbcX-II. Both, plant and algal RbcX proteins were found to promote cyanobacterial Rubisco assembly in an in vitro reconstitution system. Mutation of a conserved residue important for Rubisco assembly in cyanobacterial RbcX also abolished assembly by eukaryotic RbcX, underlining functional similarities among RbcX proteins from different species. The crystal structure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr) RbcX was solved at a resolution of 2.0 Å. RbcX forms an arc-shaped dimer with a central hydrophobic cleft for binding the C-terminal sequence of RbcL. Structural analysis of a fusion protein of CrRbcX and the C-terminal peptide of RbcL suggests that the peptide binding mode of CrRbcX may differ from that of cyanobacterial RbcX. RbcX homologs appear to have adapted to their cognate Rubisco clients as a result of co-evolution. Preliminary analysis of RbcX in Chlamydomonas indicated that the protein functions as a Rubisco assembly chaperone in vivo. Therefore, RbcX was silenced using RNAi in Chlamydomonas which resulted in a photosynthetic growth defect in several transformants when grown under light. RbcX mRNA levels were highly decreased in these transformants which resulted in a concomitant decrease of Rubisco large subunit levels. Biochemical and structural analysis from both independent studies in this thesis show that Raf1 and RbcX fulfill similar roles in Rubisco assembly, thus suggesting that functionally redundant factors ensure efficient Rubisco biogenesis.

So how does photosynthesis actually work? In this lecture we explore the structures that capture light energy, photosystems 1 and 2, and how that light energy is harnessed to generate NADPH, and to build up a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Just like in a hydroelectric plant, the proton gradient drives a little "turbine" that generates ATP. In this "light reaction" part of photosynthesis, light energy that is freely available from our sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. The chemical energy is then used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide. There are three main phases: actual fixation, catalysed by an enzyme referred to as Rubisco; reduction from an organic acid to an aldehyde which really is the first sugar; and recycling of the acceptor molecule. Some plants employ a "carbon dioxide enrichment" process. The first fixation results in an organic molecule, most often malate, containing 4 carbon atoms - hence "C4 photosynthesis". Thanks to a very specialised leaf anatomy, the pre-fixed carbon dioxide is released in the bundle sheeth cells, resulting in very high carbon dioxide concentrations which enable Rubisco to work very efficiently. The trade-off is a higher energy requirement. A similar mechanism of pre-fixation with a temporal separation is used by CAM plants. Copyright 2012 La Trobe University, all rights reserved. Contact for permissions.

So how does photosynthesis actually work? In this lecture we explore the structures that capture light energy, photosystems 1 and 2, and how that light energy is harnessed to generate NADPH, and to build up a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Just like in a hydroelectric plant, the proton gradient drives a little "turbine" that generates ATP. In this "light reaction" part of photosynthesis, light energy that is freely available from our sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. The chemical energy is then used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix atmospheric carbon dioxide. There are three main phases: actual fixation, catalysed by an enzyme referred to as Rubisco; reduction from an organic acid to an aldehyde which really is the first sugar; and recycling of the acceptor molecule. Some plants employ a "carbon dioxide enrichment" process. The first fixation results in an organic molecule, most often malate, containing 4 carbon atoms - hence "C4 photosynthesis". Thanks to a very specialised leaf anatomy, the pre-fixed carbon dioxide is released in the bundle sheeth cells, resulting in very high carbon dioxide concentrations which enable Rubisco to work very efficiently. The trade-off is a higher energy requirement. A similar mechanism of pre-fixation with a temporal separation is used by CAM plants. Copyright 2012 La Trobe University, all rights reserved. Contact for permissions.

Tue, 22 May 2012 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14494/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14494/1/Stotz_Mathias_M.pdf Stotz, Mathias Michael ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie

To become biologically active, a protein must fold into a distinct three-dimensional structure. Many non-native proteins require molecular chaperones to support folding and assembly. These molecular chaperones are important for de novo protein folding as well as refolding of denatured proteins under stress conditions. A certain subset of chaperones, the chaperonins, are required for the folding of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco); furthermore, correct folding of Rubisco is also aided by the Hsp70 chaperone system. Rubisco catalyzes the initial step of CO2 assimilation in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Unfortunately, this enzyme is extremely inefficient, not only does it exhibit a slow catalytic rate (three CO2 molecules fixed per second per Rubisco) but it also discriminates poorly between the assimilation of CO2 and O2 to its sugar-phosphate substrate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the latter resulting in loss of photosynthetic efficiency. Due to these inefficiencies, carbon fixation by Rubisco is the rate limiting step of the CBB cycle. Photosynthetic organisms must produce tremendous amounts of Rubisco to alleviate these shortcomings; therefore significant quantities of nitrogen stores are invested in the production of Rubisco making Rubisco the most abundant protein on earth. These drawbacks of Rubisco have important implications in increasing CO2 concentrations and temperatures in the context of global warming. The ability to engineer a more efficient Rubisco could potentially reduce photosynthetic water usage, increase plant growth yield, and reduce nitrogen usage is plants. However, eukaryotic Rubisco cannot fold and assemble outside of the chloroplast, hindering advancements in creating a more efficient Rubisco. Form I Rubisco, found in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, is a hexadecameric complex consisting of a core of eight ~50 kDa large subunits (RbcL), which is capped by four ~15 kDa small subunits (RbcS) on each end. The discovery of a Rubisco-specific assembly chaperone, RbcX, has lead to a better understanding of the components necessary for the form I Rubisco assembly process. RbcX is a homodimer of ~15 kDa subunits consisting of four α- helices aligned in an anti-parallel fashion along the α4 helix. RbcX2 functions as a stabilizer of folded RbcL by recognizing a highly conserved C-terminal sequence of RbcL: EIKFEFD, termed the C-terminal recognition motif. As has been demonstrated by studies of cyanobacterial Rubisco, de novo synthesized RbcL is folded by the chaperonins, whereupon RbcX2 stabilizes the folded RbcL monomer upon release from the folding cavity and then assists in the formation of the RbcL8 core. RbcX2 forms a dynamic complex with RbcL8 and as a result, RbcX2 is readily displaced by RbcS docking in an ATP-independent manner, thereby creating the functional holoenzyme. However, the exact mechanism by which RbcS binding displaces RbcX2 from the RbcL8 core is still unknown. Furthermore, though much advancement has been made in the understanding of form I Rubisco folding and assembly, an exact and detailed mechanism of form I Rubisco assembly is still lacking. The highly dynamic complex of RbcL/RbcX is critical for the formation of the holoenzyme; however it has hindered attempts to characterize critical regions of RbcL that interact with the peripheral regions of RbcX2. An important observation arose when heterologous RbcL and RbcX2 components interacted; a stable complex could form enabling in depth characterization of the RbcL/RbcX2 interaction. In the present study, the detailed structural mechanism of RbcX2-mediated cyanobacterial form I Rubisco assembly is elucidated. To obtain molecular insight into the RbcX2-mediated assembly process of cyanobacterial form I Rubisco, cryo-EM and crystallographic studies in concert with mutational analysis were employed by taking advantage of the high affinity interaction between RbcL and RbcX2 in the heterologous system (Synechococcus sp. PCC6301 RbcL and Anabaena sp. CA RbcX2). Structure guided mutational analysis based on the 3.2 Å crystal structure of the RbcL8/(RbcX2)8 assembly intermediate were utilized to determine the precise interaction site between the body of RbcL and the peripheral region of RbcX2. From these studies a critical salt bridge could be identified that functions as a guidepoint for correct dimer formation, and it was observed that RbcX2 exclusively mediates Rubisco dimer assembly. Furthermore, the mechanism of RbcX2 displacement from the RbcL8 core by RbcS binding was elucidated as well as indications of how RbcS docking on the RbcL8 core is imperative for full form I Rubisco catalytic function by stabilizing the enzymatically competent conformation of an N-terminal loop of Rubisco termed the ‘60ies loop’. Finally, initial attempts in in vitro reconstitution of eukaryotic Rubisco are reported along with the characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana RbcX2 binding to the C-terminal recognition motif of the Rubisco large subunit from various species.

Thu, 12 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16010/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16010/1/Vasudeva_Rao_Bharathi.pdf Bharathi, Vasudeva Rao ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemie und

Fri, 27 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12908/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12908/1/Karnam_Vasudeva_Rao.pdf Karnam Vasudeva, Rao ddc:540, ddc:500, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie

To become biologically active, proteins have to acquire their correct three-dimensional structure by folding, which is frequently followed by assembly into oligomeric complexes. Although all structure relevant information is contained in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, numerous proteins require the assistance of molecular chaperones which prevent the aggregation and promote the efficient folding and/or assembly of newly-synthesized proteins. The enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), which catalyzes carbon fixation in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, requires chaperones in order to acquire its active structure. In plants and cyanobacteria, RuBisCO (type I) is a complex of approximately 550 kDa composed of eight large (RbcL) and eight small (RbcS) subunits. Remarkably, despite the high abundance and importance of this enzyme, the characteristics and requirements for its folding and assembly pathway are only partly understood. It is known that folding of RbcL is accomplished by chaperonin and most likely supported by the Hsp70 system, whereas recent findings indicate the additional need of specific chaperones for assembly. Nevertheless, this knowledge is incomplete, reflected by the fact that in vitro reconstitution of hexadecameric RuBisCO or synthesis of functional plant RuBisCO in E. coli has not been accomplished thus far. In this thesis, attempts to reconstitute type I RuBisCO in vitro did not result in production of active enzyme although a variety of reaction conditions and additives as well as chaperones of different kind, origin and combination were applied. The major obstacle for reconstitution was found to be the incapability to produce RbcL8 cores competent to form RbcL8S8 holoenzyme. It could be shown that the RbcL subunits interact properly with the chaperonin GroEL in terms of binding, encapsulation and cycling. However, they are not released from GroEL in an assembly-competent state, leading to the conclusion that a yet undefined condition or (assembly) factor is required to shift the reaction equilibrium from GroEL-bound RbcL to properly folded and released RbcL assembling to RbcL8 and RbcL8S8, respectively. Cyanobacterial RbcX was found to promote the production of cynanobacterial RbcL8 core complexes downstream of chaperonin-assisted RbcL folding, both in E. coli and in an in vitro translation system. Structural and functional analysis defined RbcX as a homodimeric, arc-shaped complex of approximately 30 kDa, which interacts with RbcL via two distinct but cooperating binding regions. A central hydrophobic groove recognizes and binds a specific motif in the exposed C-terminus of unassembled RbcL, thereby preventing the latter from uncontrolled misassembly and establishing further contacts with the polar peripheral surface of RbcX. These interactions allow optimal positioning and interconnection of the RbcL subunits, resulting in efficient assembly of RbcL8 core complexes. As a result of the highly dynamic RbcL-RbcX interaction, RbcS can displace RbcX from the core-complexes to produce active RbcL8S8 holoenzyme. Species-specific co-evolution of RbcX with RbcL and RbcS accounts for limited interspecies exchangeability of RbcX and for RbcX-supported or -dependent assembly modes, respectively. In summary, this study helped to specify the problem causing prevention of proper in vitro reconstitution of type I RuBisCO. Moreover, the structural and mechanistic properties of RbcX were analyzed, demonstrating its function as specific assembly chaperone for cyanobacterial RuBisCO. Since the latter is very similar to RuBisCO of higher plants, this work may not only augment the general understanding of type I RuBisCO synthesis, but it might also contribute to advancing the engineering of catalytically more efficient crop plant RuBisCO both in heterologous systems and in planta.

Autotrophe Bacteria sind von zentraler Bedeutung für den terrestrischen Kohlenstoffkreislauf, da sie dem an verfügbaren organischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen armen Boden Biomasse zuführen und einen Beitrag zur Reduzierung des atmosphärischen CO2 leisten könnten. Doch während die autotrophen Prozesse und die daran beteiligten Mikroorganismen in aquatischen Habitaten bereits gut untersucht und verstanden sind, besteht noch erheblicher Forschungsbedarf zur Diversität und Abundanz autotropher Bakterienpopulationen in Böden. In dieser Arbeit sollten zentrale Fragen zur Charakterisierung der autotrophen Gemeinschaften mit Werkzeugen der molekularen mikrobiellen Ökologie bearbeitet werden. Die meisten Prokaryota, die mit CO2 als einzige Kohlenstoffquelle zu wachsen vermögen, fixieren dieses über den Calvin-Benson-Bessham Zyklus. Das Schlüsselenzym dieses Zykluses ist die Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RubisCO). Die große Untereinheit der Form I-RubisCO wird von dem Gen cbbL kodiert, welches phylogenetisch in zwei Hauptentwicklungslinien unterteilt wird: ‚green-like’ und ‚red-like’. Um einen Einblick in die genetische Diversität CO2-fixierender Bakterien in unterschiedlich gedüngten Agrarböden des Dauerdüngungsversuchs Ewiger Roggenbau in Halle/Saale zu erlangen, wurde eine auf PCR basierende Methodik entwickelt, die auf der Erfassung des Funktionsgens cbbL zielt. Es wurden Datenbankrecherchen durchgeführt und mittels den anschließenden vergleichenden Sequenzanalysen und phylogenetischen Untersuchungen bekannter cbbL-Sequenzen spezifische Oligonukleotid-Primerpaare konstruiert, die ausgewählte cbbL-Sequenzen terrestrischer Bakterien der ‚red-like’ bzw. der ‚green-like’ RubisCO-Linien amplifizieren. Mit Hilfe dieser Primer gelang es cbbL-Genbanken anzulegen, die mittels der Restriktions-Fragmentlängen-Polymorphismus-(RFLP)-Analyse und Diversitätindices untersucht und verglichen wurden; ausgewählte Sequenzen wurden einer phylogenetischen Zuordnung unterzogen. Mit den entwickelten Primerpaaren konnten in den untersuchten Böden nur eine geringe Diversität an ‚green-like’ cbbL-Sequenzen festgestellt werden, die phylogenetisch zu den cbbL-Sequenzen von Nitrobacter vulgaris und Nitrobacter winogradskyi nahe verwandt waren. Im Vergleich dazu zeichneten sich die ‚red-like’ cbbL-Sequenzen aus den Böden durch eine hohe Diversität aus, wobei sie phylogenetisch über die gesamte ‚red-like’-Gruppe verteilt waren und sich häufig als nur entfernt verwandt zu bekannten cbbL-Sequenzen herausstellten. Während mit der RFLP-Analyse Bodenbehandlungs-spezifische Muster identifiziert wurden, war nach der phylogenetischen Sequenzanalyse keine Cluster-Bildung in Abhängigkeit von der Bodenbehandlung zu beobachten. Um den Datensatz an vorhandenen ‚red-like’ cbbL-Sequenzen zu erweitern, wurden cbbL-Gene aus verschiedenen kultivierten α- und β-Proteobacteria sowie aus Bakterienisolaten, die in dieser Arbeit aus Boden gewonnen wurden, amplifiziert. Die phylogenetische Sequenzanalyse gruppierte diese cbbL-Sequenzen Taxon-unabhängig zu den verschiedenen Clustern des ‚red-like’-Baums einschließlich der neuen cbbL-Gencluster aus den Halle-Böden. Bakterielle Bodenisolate, die als cbbL-positiv identifiziert wurden, konnten basierend auf ihrer 16S rDNA-Sequenz als Organismen der Gram-positiven Gattungen Bacillus, Streptomyces und Arthrobacter klassifiziert werden. Vertreter dieser bakteriellen Gruppen waren bisher nicht als CO2-Fixierer charakterisiert worden. Der physiologische Beweis eines aktiven CO2-fixierenden Metabolismus über RubisCO steht noch aus. Die Ergebnisse der ‚red-like’ cbbL-Diversitäts-Studie dienten als Grundlage zur Konstruktion weiterer Oligonukleotide, die in der „real-time“ TaqMan-PCR zur Quantifizierung von ‚red-like’ cbbL-Genen aus Boden eingesetzt wurden. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass in den untersuchten Bodenvarianten bis zu 107 cbbL-Genkopien/g Boden enthalten sind. Die unterschiedlichen Bodenbehandlungen scheinen keinen Einfluss auf die Abundanz von ‚red-like’ cbbL-Genen in Böden zu nehmen.

A nuclear encoded mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is required for the assembly into oligomeric complexes of proteins imported into the mitochondrial matrix. hsp60 is a member of the 'chaperonin' class of protein factors, which include the Escherichia coli groEL protein and the Rubisco subunit-binding protein of chloroplasts