Radical Christian reform movement in late medieval, pre-Reformation England
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47 episodes with lollards
4 episodes with lollards
2 episodes with lollards
2 episodes with lollards
2 episodes with lollards
Henry V had just been crowned; but the first crisis of his reign was an attempted insurrection against him in London; a group of religious extremists banded together to kill him… but why? Who were the Lollards and how did events get so serious? In this, the first of two episodes on the rebellion, we look at the secret history of the group, and see that for decades, they had existed hidden in plain sight within London's streets, growing in number but seemingly ignored by the city authorities…
Gavin Ortlund explains the history of the first translation of entire Bible into English by John Wycliffe and the Lollards.Truth Unites (https://truthunites.org) exists to promote gospel assurance through theological depth. Gavin Ortlund (PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary) is President of Truth Unites, Visiting Professor of Historical Theology at Phoenix Seminary, and Theologian-in-Residence at Immanuel Nashville.SUPPORT:Tax Deductible Support: https://truthunites.org/donate/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/truthunitesFOLLOW:Website: https://truthunites.org/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/truth.unites/Twitter: https://twitter.com/gavinortlundFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/TruthUnitesPage/
The Lollards were a group before the Reformation that helped lead to the Reformation. This sermon, though anonymous, is a 700 year old sermon from their era. We want to say a big thank you to Leigh Ridge for reading this sermon for us. Join Revived Studios on Patreon for more!Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/revived-thoughts6762/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy
A new MP3 sermon from Frontline Fellowship is now available on SermonAudio with the following details: Title: Prof. John Wycliffe - The Morning Star of the Reformation and the Lollards Subtitle: Reformation History Seminar 24 Speaker: Peter Hammond Broadcaster: Frontline Fellowship Event: Conference Date: 10/16/2024 Length: 15 min.
Pastor Steve discusses the dissenting groups that serve as forerunners of the Protestant Reformation- Petrobrusians, Waldensians, Lollards, and Hussites.
Pastor Steve discusses the dissenting groups that serve as forerunners of the Protestant Reformation: Petrobrusians, Waldensians, Lollards, and Hussites.
“The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century. These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards.[33] The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but it was circulated very widely in manuscript form, often inscribed with a date which was earlier than 1409 in order to avoid the legal ban. Because the text of the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate, and because it also contained no heterodox readings, the ecclesiastical authorities had no practical way to distinguish the banned version. Consequently, many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries (such as Thomas More) took these manuscripts of English Bibles and claimed that they represented an anonymous earlier orthodox translation. In 1525, William Tyndale, an English contemporary of Martin Luther, undertook a translation of the New Testament.[34] Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament.[35] Despite some controversial translation choices, and in spite of Tyndale's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated Bible, the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English.[36]” Many religionists shame people for not “falling out on the altars.” In religion, going through the motions and not being truly reformed is rampant. There is denominational tribalism, praise and worship tribalism, houses of worship tribalism, popular preacher tribalism, and religious ritualism tribalism. There is what is called “Filthy Rag Theology” within their beliefs, their teachings, their music, their rituals, and their practices. Many of them don't allow The Greatest Commandment to guide all areas of their lives. They are not even comfortable discussing dinosaurs which is saddening to me. Traditionalists are hypocritically outraged over the Queen James Bible, but they celebrate King James even though he was sexually fluid. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/antonio-myers4/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/antonio-myers4/support
Have you ever wondered if Chaucer's satirical broadsides against the Church could get him into trouble? Well, seems he may have thought so . . . . or maybe not.Support the showPlease like, subscribe, and rate the podcast on Apple, Spotify, Google, or wherever you listen. Thank you!Email: classicenglishliterature@gmail.comFollow me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Tik Tok, and YouTube.If you enjoy the show, please consider supporting it with a small donation. Click the "Support the Show" button. So grateful!Podcast Theme Music: "Rejoice" by G.F. Handel, perf. The Advent Chamber OrchestraSubcast Theme Music: "Sons of the Brave" by Thomas Bidgood, perf. The Band of the Irish GuardsSound effects and incidental music: Freesounds.org
England was the only European country that completely banned translating the Bible. The dissident Lollards had produced one after the death of their hero, the radical 14th-century theologian John Wycliffe, but owning a copy could be a capital offence. When idealistic humanist William Tyndale printed his English bible in Germany in 1526, it became the most influential text in the history of the English language.In this episode of Not Just the Tudors, Professor Suzannah Lipscomb talks to Professor Alec Ryrie, about how making the Bible accessible to English readers triggered a momentous and permanent shift of religious power away from the Church and university elites.This episode was edited by Annie Coloe and produced by Elena Guthrie. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Guest Lecturer Dr. Katharine Jager introduces us to the Lollard Movement, a Christian movement during the Medieval Period. The Lollards followed the teachings of John Wycliffe. Dr. Jager takes us through their formation through to their martyrdom. Dr. Jager is a member of Houston Mennonite Church and an Associate Professor of English in the College of Humanities & Social Sciences at University of Houston Downtown. She is a poet and medieval scholar. Scripture Romans 12:2 and First John 2:15-17 Hymn I Am That Great and Fiery Force (VT 663) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/HoustonMennonite Website: https://houstonmennonite.org
Who do we owe for having the Bible in a language we can read and understand? Pastor Steve highlights two brilliant and heroic men in church history: John Wycliffe and William Tyndale. Against the powerful church of their day, they persevered to give the world a Bible in English. May we not take it for granted! Start of Show Notes - (1.) The purpose of this episode is to help you to love and read your Bible - (Psalm 119:97, Slam 19:7-8) (2.) What were things like before? - Low literacy rates (5% in 1300's to 30% in 1600's for males. Too expensive until the printing press - Gutenberg 1440) (a) You couldn't read (b) You couldn't afford a Bible (c) All literature was locked up in Latin (3.) John Wycliffe - 1320 - 1384 (a) Translated from the Latin Bible (b) He did it because he believed people needed to be able to study, preach and love the Bible in their own language (c) Post death, the Roman Church branded him a heretic, his works were burned and his body was dug up and cast into the River Swift (d) His followers were referred to as the Lollards - a derogatory term for the uneducated (4.) William Tyndale - 1494 - 1536 (a) Translated directly from the Hebrew and Greek texts (b) Because of Desiderius Erasmus, the ancient Greek manuscripts were available (c) His translation was able to take advantage of the invention of the printing press (Gutenberg 1440) (d) He was strangled and burnt at the age of 42 (e) His translation would be the basis of the King James Bible of 1611 (5.) Review: You have an English Bible! And you won't be martyred for reading it, so read it! If you're not a reader, have it read to you with an audio Bible Get your children reading the Bible End of Show Notes - So that's it for today. Dead guys who gave us our English bibles. Grounded comes out twice a month, don't forget to subscribe so that you never miss an episode. Hope you'll join me, and share Grounded with a friend. A podcast of Cornerstone Community Church in Joppa, MD cornerstonejoppa.org (cornerstonejoppa.org)
During his first night as a trial patient with the HHS, August makes a startling discovery—or is his mind just playing tricks on him after using the Uberman Device? About The Testimony of Calvin Lewis: August Williams, a World War III veteran, is recruited by the government to test the new Uberman Device, which allows access to memories in a vivid, dreamlike state. But with a warning from a mysterious Man in Gray, August is unsure of who to trust. Told from the perspective of a U.S. Senator, The Testimony of Calvin Lewis blends together a political conspiracy, science fiction, and Christian philosophy. The story draws heavily upon works like C.S. Lewis' Abolition of Man and Augustine's Confessions, probing humanity's restless search for objective Truth. Soon to be published as a novel, The Testimony of Calvin Lewis is first being released as a theatrical podcast complete with music, sound effects, and a cast of voice actors. New episodes are released every Tuesday. This episode features voice acting by Daniel Friend, Jordan Forsythe, James Baugus, Brigit Fitzgerald, Luke Cantrell, Dylan Ruder, Grace Brewer, Manda Barnhart, and Eric Allen. Original theme by SimonY Music. Cover art by Duncan Shaffer. Music licensed from Musicbed includes: “Young Dreams” by Luke Atencio; “Starry Night” by Jordan Critz; “The Lollards” by AJ Hochhalter; “Parallel Shores” by Jordan Critz; “Alternate Oceans” by Jordan Critz; “Chasm” by Tony Anderson; “You're in My Wreckage” by Luke Atencio; and “Closure” by Max LL. For more information and a way to listen to all available episodes, please visit: danieljfriend.com/thetestimony/
Synopsis Let’s talk about the Waldensians, the Lollards, and some revolting peasants. Wait. Oh well–Anyway, we talk a lot about how the Pope gave all the Franciscans’ stuff back to them and forced them to own stuff, some Shakespeare, and a lot of heresies. Notes 1/ RI Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority … Continue reading "Episode 49: Where’s Waldensians?"
John Wycliffe was a reforming priest from the 14th Century. However he grew more critical and distant from the Pope and Church and inspired a group called the Lollards. Sometimes he is called the evening star of scholasticism and the morning star of the Reformation
A companion to literature students
In this episode, Andy covers John Wycliffe (c1324-1384), the morning star of the Reformation. Wycliffe courageously stood against the false teachings of the infallibility of the Pope and transubstantiation. Wycliffe taught dominion founded on grace, the priesthood of all believers, the authority of scripture, and the importance of scripture translations in the common vernacular. In the production of this podcast, Andy referenced these resources: Bruce Shelley, Church History in Plain Language: Fourth Edition. Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. Kenneth S. Latourette, History of Christianity Volume 1: Beginnings to 1500.
In this episode, Andy covers John Wycliffe (c1324-1384), the morning star of the Reformation. Wycliffe courageously stood against the false teachings of the infallibility of the Pope and transubstantiation. Wycliffe taught dominion founded on grace...
What part of history did Rowling mine for ideas? This part.Muggles, Grindletonians, Ranters, Diggers, Quakers, oh my. This episode explores ideas common to the lower class radical heretical sects. We cover the Muggletonians in considerable depth with Raoul Sunset and with Camie. Lollards and the Family of Love also. The rest will be in episode 50. Muggletonians believe God is between 5 and 6 feet high and Moses waters the plants whenever God has to step out for a moment. But there is a serious admirable side to this sect of craftsmen.We synthesize Christopher Hill and Jonathon Israel for an overall appreciation of the world changing nature of this time period.The hysterical tendency in Puritanism gets trotted out and the way the Muggletonians avoided it, partly explains their sect lasting in London for 300 years.
Shannon Gayk is Associate Professor of English and Director of the Medieval Studies Institute at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. She joins Elise to talk about how literary forms reflect larger lived experiences. They discuss the importance of witness, the connection between experiencing art and being moved to action, and the relationship between ethics and aesthetics. They wrap up their conversation by exploring structures that can create collective flourishing. How do we get from texts to a transformed life? The relationship between ethics and aesthetics Incarnational literature Imaginative devotional practice Margery Kempe Lollards Sacred performance Apocalypse literature Climate change and medieval environmental writing Collective flourishing Links: Image Text and Religious Reform in 15th century England by Shannon Gayk The Highest Poverty Giorgio Agamben
With a string of venalities and controversies surrounding the papacy, the hearts of men began to turn against the office and the ancient church structure. At the forefront of the pre-Reformation movement were John Wycliffe and John Huss. Wycliffe’s writings and teachings would prove highly influential, leading to a popular following comprised of the Lollards. And when that influence reached Bohemia, John Huss took it even farther.
This is a continuation of our study on Christ's words to "The Dead Church," the church at Sardis. This stage in Church history began well (it was a work of God), but, sadly, did not continue well. She began to rest in ease on her good name (she had good heritage) and her good doctinal position, and subsequently neglected her practice. As with the history of the original city named Sardis, the church of Sardis failed to keep alert, and Satan marched right in her front door and over-sowed her heavily with tares! It is beneficial for every Christian to study the progressive history of Christendom to better understand how and why the dogmas, creeds, and traditions of the various church denominations originated, and where we are today in Church history (and what has caused us to be here)! Discussed in this lesson: John Knox, John Calvin, John Huss, Martin Luther, Zwingli, the Puritans, Lollards, Anabaptists, Waldensians, Hugenots, Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, Consubstantiation, etc. This brief Reformation history lesson will help you understand the Lord's words to all who are represented by Sardis, ". . . for I have not found thy works perfect before God". Learn Christ's formula for revival from His important words to this church!
The lecture given on February 24, 2020, at Guardian Angels Parish in KCMO, on the medieval theologian John Wyclif and his followers. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/controversies-in-church-history/support
Our “silent” exploration takes us from the word’s Latin origin and Medieval carryover into English in which it rooted and grew in at least two attitudes—the edgy and fuzzy—that appear to wrestle. How do we use silence and how does it use us? Excursions include, among others: The Lollards, penology/shunning, cosmic consciousness, mystical union, the New York City subway system, the Parsis’ Towers of Silence, “The Science Behind Why Awkward Silence Works,” the Bhagavad Gita and readings of John Ashbery’s “Some Trees” and Wallace Stevens’ “The Snow Man” (a little tricked out). Warning: This podcast includes swathes of “(silence)”…
The Lollards. First of a series of interviews on the English Reformation with Rev. Dr. Jeffrey Leininger, University Pastor at Concordia University Chicago.
This week, in the temporary absence of Bernard and Peter, Marianne is joined by Plough editors Veery Huleatt and Maureen Swinger. First there's an interview with Steve Gumaer of Partners Relief and Development on their work in Myanmar with the Rohingya which leads to a discussion about how to respond to the many natural and man-made tragedies around the globe. Then news from the Bruderhof including a meeting with a group that's bringing music into prisons, and an upcoming Nurturing Communities conference at the Spring Valley Bruderhof in Pennsylvania. Finally, a discussion on the influence of John Wycliffe and Jan Huss, early reformers whose courage for the gospel was a major influence on the Radical Reformation. Here are some of the links and references from this episode: Support Partners Relief and Development work in Myanmar https://www.partners.ngo/ Henry David Thoreau “Striking at the Root of Evil” http://www.bartleby.com/73/566.html Basis for membership in the Bruderhof https://www.bruderhof.com/en/our-faith/foundations/church-order/becoming-a-member Becca Stevens and Jane Tyson Clement https://www.plough.com/en/topics/culture/poetry/there-are-things-to-be-remembered Musicambia http://www.musicambia.org/ Patient Ferment of the Early Church by Alan Kreider (again!) https://www.amazon.com/Patient-Ferment-Early-Church-Christianity/dp/0801048494 Nurturing Communities Project http://www.nurturingcommunitiesprojectdotorg.wordpress.com/ Chaucer's Parson and the Lollards https://davidcalves.com/2010/04/06/chaucers-parson-a-lollard/ Dorothea Lange www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/lange/ Renegade: Martin Luther, the Graphic Biography www.plough.com/en/topics/faith/witness/renegade Martin Luther's Pentecost Hymn https://www.plough.com/en/topics/culture/holidays/pentecost/martin-luthers-pentecost-hymn The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro www.goodreads.com/book/show/28921.…mains_of_the_Day Käthe Kollwitz and the Women of War https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300219999/kathe-kollwitz-and-women-war Käthe Kollwitz Pieta https://www.plough.com/en/topics/justice/nonviolence/kathe-kollwitzs-pieta Rate us and leave us a comment on iTunes or wherever you get your podcasts. Check out the Bruderhof's website at www.bruderhof.com Twitter: www.twitter.com/thebruderhof Facebook: www.facebook.com/TheBruderhof Instagram: www.instagram.com/bruderhofcommunities Email: contact@bruderhof.com
Numbers 13:-14 Watch Video Listen to MP3 Download Handout Download Manuscript → Click to view the Sermon Outline 1 Corinthians 10:11 - Now these things happened to them as an example, and they were written for our instruction, upon whom the ends of the ages have come. Numbers 13:2 - …the land of Canaan, which I am going to give to the sons of Israel… 3 characteristics of people God uses to lead the accomplishment of His plan I. Passionate Commitment to the Word of God A. In the twelve spies Deuteronomy 1:23-33 - The thing pleased me and I took twelve of your men, one man for each tribe. They turned and went up into the hill country, and came to the valley of Eshcol and spied it out. Then they took some of the fruit of the land in their hands and brought it down to us; and they brought us back a report and said, ‘It is a good land which the Lord our God is about to give us.’ Yet you were not willing to go up, but rebelled against the command of the Lord your God; and you grumbled in your tents and said, ‘Because the Lord hates us, He has brought us out of the land of Egypt to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites to destroy us. ‘Where can we go up? Our brethren have made our hearts melt, saying, “The people are bigger and taller than we; the cities are large and fortified to heaven. And besides, we saw the sons of the Anakim there.” ’ Then I said to you, ‘Do not be shocked, nor fear them. The Lord your God who goes before you will Himself fight on your behalf, just as He did for you in Egypt before your eyes, and in the wilderness where you saw how the Lord your God carried you, just as a man carries his son, in all the way which you have walked until you came to this place.’ But for all this, you did not trust the Lord your God, who goes before you on your way, to seek out a place for you to encamp, in fire by night and cloud by day, to show you the way in which you should go. B. In John Wycliffe (1330 – 1384) Leading pastor and professor in Oxford, England Taught that church leaders who live and rule unjustly are in breach under the terms under which God delegates authority. Suggested that “rather than looking to the pope of his emissaries, one just needed to study the Bible to learn all that was necessary for the Christian life.” “Wycliffe’s greatest contribution to reform was to popularize the Bible. In those days, for the most part only Latin translations were available, which was inaccessible to most people; they were kept in churches and read by the clergy, who were supposed to translate the text and teach people its contents.” “Wycliffe believed that the Scripture was complete—it contained the whole of God’s revelation. Thus canon law, church tradition, and even the papacy had to be judged by Scripture.” C. In John Hus (1369 – 1415) “Like Wycliffe, Hus argued that the Bible alone was the basis for spiritual authority—not the church, not councils, not traditions—and if the Bible is sufficient for spiritual guidance, it should be available to everyone.” D. In you and me II. Willingness to Stand Up and Stand Out A. On the twelve spies Numbers 14:1-3 - Then all the congregation lifted up their voices and cried, and the people wept that night. All the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron; and the whole congregation said to them, “Would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Or would that we had died in this wilderness! “Why is the Lord bringing us into this land, to fall by the sword? Our wives and our little ones will become plunder; would it not be better for us to return to Egypt?” Numbers 14:6 - Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, of those who had spied out the land, tore their clothes… B. John Wycliffe Condemned as a heretic by Pope Gregory XI with 18 bulls (papal decrees) Followers called “Lollards” (mumblers who talked non-sense) Followers cast out of Oxford because of their insistence that “all the church’s teaching and institutions should be tested rigorously against the record of God’s purposes in Scripture.” C. John Hus “I have said that I would not, for a chapel full of gold, recede from the truth…I know that the truth stands and is mighty forever, and abides eternally, with whom there is no respect of persons.” III. Prepared to Pay Whatever Price is Necessary A. 12 spies Numbers 14:10 - But all the congregation said to stone them with stones. Then the glory of the Lord appeared in the tent of meeting to all the sons of Israel. B. John Wycliffe Condemned to death Because he died of natural causes, the church decided at the Council of Constance thirty years later to exhume his bones and burn them. C. John Hus Burned at the stake by the church on July 6, 1415 Outlined Manuscript - thank the Lord for men like Joshua and Caleb, huh?...and please remember what Paul said…”these things happened to them as an example, and they were written for our instruction, upon whom the ends of the ages have come...”… - and what I’d like to suggest to you now is – God used John Wycliffe and John Hus over 2500 years later to be just like Joshua and Caleb… - so let’s talk about The Importance of Courageous Ministry Pioneers…and with the time we have remaining...please think with me about 3 characteristics of people God Uses to lead the accomplishment of His plan. I. Passionate Commitment to the Word of God - 40 years later, Moses retold this story to the descendants of the 10 spies and those who had not been adults when this sin was committed…along with Joshua and Caleb who were allowed to live to see this day because of their faithfulness… - and why was that…because Moses was preparing that generation to now enter the promised land and he didn’t want them to repeat the same sin of unbelief as their forefathers…so here’s what he said… A. In the twelve spies - Deuteronomy 1:23–33 - The thing pleased me and I took twelve of your men, one man for each tribe. They turned and went up into the hill country, and came to the valley of Eshcol and spied it out. Then they took some of the fruit of the land in their hands and brought it down to us; and they brought us back a report and said, ‘It is a good land which the Lord our God is about to give us.’ Yet you were not willing to go up, but rebelled against the command of the Lord your God; and you grumbled in your tents and said, ‘Because the Lord hates us, He has brought us out of the land of Egypt to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites to destroy us. ‘Where can we go up? Our brethren have made our hearts melt, saying, “The people are bigger and taller than we; the cities are large and fortified to heaven. And besides, we saw the sons of the Anakim there.” ’ Then I said to you, ‘Do not be shocked, nor fear them. The Lord your God who goes before you will Himself fight on your behalf, just as He did for you in Egypt before your eyes, and in the wilderness where you saw how the Lord your God carried you, just as a man carries his son, in all the way which you have walked until you came to this place.’ But for all this, you did not trust the Lord your God, who goes before you on your way, to seek out a place for you to encamp, in fire by night and cloud by day, to show you the way in which you should go. - did you notice the keys that we underlined?... - they rebelled against the command of the Lord… - they did not trust the Lord their God… - they did not let His Word grip their heart the way it was intended to… - let’s advance the story 2500 plus years…now it’s the mid-14th century AD… - you could call the two men we’re talking about this morning – Wycliffe and Hus “pre-reformers”…they lived before Martin Luther…but in many ways set the stage for how God later used Luther… - and it revolved around this same issue… B. In John Wycliffe (1330 – 1384) - at several points this am, I’m going to quickly listing several historical facts – this comes from the five books I recommended at the beginning of the year, especially Erwin Lutzer’s book Rescuing the Gospel… Leading pastor and professor in Oxford, England Taught that church leaders who live and rule unjustly are in breach under the terms under which God delegates authority. Suggested that “rather than looking to the pope of his emissaries, one just needed to study the Bible to learn all that was necessary for the Christian life.” - it’s hard for us to understand the level of courage it took to take positions like this… - the clergy were viewed as having a special connection to God which is why they were the only ones who had copies of the Bible…they were the only ones who drank from the cup during the Lord’s Table…they were the ones who had the power to mystically transform the bread and the wine to the body and blood of Christ… - in others words, they held the key to your salvation…whether what they said and did was a violation of the Word of God or not… “Wycliffe’s greatest contribution to reform was to popularize the Bible. In those days, for the most part only Latin translations were available, which was inaccessible to most people; they were kept in churches and read by the clergy, who were supposed to translate the text and teach people its contents.” - remember that all of this was before the invention of the printing press – yet he led people to make hand copies of the Bible in their own language…I mentioned several weeks ago that it took 10 months for a scribe to make one copy of the Bible…yet that’s exactly what they did… - Lutzer also made this observation… “Wycliffe believed that the Scripture was complete—it contained the whole of God’s revelation. Thus canon law, church tradition, and even the papacy had to be judged by Scripture.” - and you and I might say – and that’s what we believe…it’s one thing for us to believe that today…but what about the courage of this ministry pioneer to risk everything because of his commitment to the Word of God… - that sounds an awful lot like what Caleb and Joshua would have done – our fidelity is to the commands of the Lord our God…we are going to trust what He has said…” - the same was true of… C. In John Hus (1369 – 1415) - what’s amazing about this part of the story is that Hus was from Bohemia…what is essentially modern day Czech Republic - the connection was that because of political alliances, Czech students were invited to study at Oxford, and they learned about the writings of Wycliffe and carried them back to their country… - so I’m skipping lot for sake of time…but Hus began preaching about reformation of the church in Bohemia just like Wycliffe had in England…and it all came down to the Scriptures… - “Like Wycliffe, Hus argued that the Bible alone was the basis for spiritual authority—not the church, not councils, not traditions—and if the Bible is sufficient for spiritual guidance, it should be available to everyone.” - that’s what motivates Courageous Ministry Pioneers…a passionate commitment to the Word of God… D. In you and me. - can I ask you this – If the Lord wanted to use you to provide leadership in the accomplishment of some aspect of His plan in your family, your neighborhood, your workplace, our church, our community… - would your habits regarding the Word of God make it more or less likely that you would be prepared for the task?... - and what specific steps would need to be taken to make that more true in the days ahead?... - Last Sunday night we began our work on crafting our next 5 year ministry plan… - we kid about this from time to time – but the truth is, humanly speaking, many of us around here would say that careful, thoughtful, prayer-saturated strategic planning has been one of the keys, humanly speaking, to what the Lord has chosen to do through our church family… - if you study our current plan, and then compare it to the previous ones…what ties them together in many ways is exactly what we are seeing in Caleb and Joshua and in people like Wycliffe and Hus… - even in a culture that is moving further and further away from any respect for biblical truth – our church family has said – we want to find as many creative ways as we possibly can to proclaim Christ and His Word whatever the cost…whatever the sacrifice… - and I would encourage you to make it a matter of daily, regular prayer that in this new plan…we do not deviate from that commitment in any way, shape, or form… - yes, it will be harder than ever…we’re being told by church growth experts that such an emphasis is practically a death sentence in this culture… - or course that’s exactly what the ten spies said nearly 3500 years ago…and nobody even remembers their names… II. Willingness to Stand Up and Stand Out A. On the twelve spies - it’s not easy to be one of the two when you’re up against not just the other ten…but against the entire nation who are throwing a full-blown hissy fit… - remember what we read…Numbers 14:1–3 - Then all the congregation lifted up their voices and cried, and the people wept that night. All the sons of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron; and the whole congregation said to them, “Would that we had died in the land of Egypt! Or would that we had died in this wilderness! “Why is the Lord bringing us into this land, to fall by the sword? Our wives and our little ones will become plunder; would it not be better for us to return to Egypt?” - that’s a lot of pressure to stand up to…but that’s what they did… - Numbers 14:6 - Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, of those who had spied out the land, tore their clothes… - that’s courageous ministry leadership right there… B. John Wycliffe Condemned as a heretic by Pope Gregory XI with 18 bulls (papal decrees). Followers called “Lollards” (mumblers who talked non-sense) Followers cast out of Oxford because of their insistence that “all the church’s teaching and institutions should be tested rigorously against the record of God’s purposes in Scripture.” - Wycliffe refused to cave in…and he led his followers to translate God’s Word into the language of the common man anyway…they stood up and they stood out – that’s what courageous ministry leaders do…the same was true of… C. John Hus - Hus was eventually charged as a heretic at the Council of Constance - he was then imprisoned with little water or food in an attempt to break him down so he would recant what he had taught… - Hus wrote – “I have said that I would not, for a chapel full of gold, recede from the truth…I know that the truth stands and is mighty forever, and abides eternally, with whom there is no respect of persons.” - on July 6th, 1415, they brought Hus into the cathedral and forced him to stand on a table…they put a tall paper crown on his head with three devils who were supposedly fighting for his soul…they wrote the words “Chief of the Heretics” on it in an attempt to make him recant his views on the centrality of the Word of God… - humanly speaking – we believe the kinds of things we believe fully and freely because of men and women like John Wycliffe and John Hus who were willing to pay whatever price was necessary to stand up and stand out… - can I ask you again – are you like that?... - if it means being different than the people at work…different than the people at school…different than your extended family or friends…are you willing to stand up and stand out in order to make a difference for God… - let me update you a bit on the development of our third campus…and maybe I should give the bottom line first – we’re going to be asking everyone at our 2 current campuses to consider whether the Lord might be directing you to become part of this new church plant in the north end… - but it’s really marvelous the way these options are setting up… - because for those who would like to worship and serve in a suburban setting with an emphasis on community ministry, and a Christian school, and community athletics, and special ministries to senior citizens and at-risk girls…then Faith East is the place for you… - if you feel called to campus ministry or service on the west side of town…there’s Faith West… - and if you think the Lord may be leading you into worship and ministry in more of an urban setting, we’re going to have Faith North at the Northend Community Center… - of course there’s also the option of worshipping at one place and then service across all three ministry platforms or even out at Bethany Farms… - we’ve decided that because it appears that we’re going to be able to break ground on the NCC this summer and open it in the summer of 2018, we’re going to wait until that point for the formal launch of the church plant down there…that gives us 16-18 months to finalize our organization and get all of our leadership teams and small groups in place… - if you think you might be interested in making that transition, would you please send me, or the church office, or Joey Wright or Stefan Nitzschke an e-mail because we plan to get started on the back-room planning and organization right away… - but we all know this – regardless of the campus – we want to stand up and stand out for Christ and His Word… - last week I mentioned the book Moore Than a Bird by Liz Huntley… - Liz grew up in Clanton, Alabama in a very poor family and was the victim of terrible sexual abuse at the hands of extended family members… - but here’s a part of her story… There was a new church in our neighborhood that everyone was buzzing about as being a different kind of church. My Aunt Liz began to attend, and I noticed a difference in her. She seemed happier. She invited me to a service with her one Wednesday night...When the service began, the minister, Pastor Elijah Good, asked the congregation to take out their Bibles. I had never attended a church where you were asked to follow along with the sermon by looking at your own Bible. I did not even own a Bible. The minister then asked for those who did not have a Bible to raise their hands so that one could be provided to them. He said that it was very important to him for us to see the Word of God for ourselves as he taught. I eagerly raised my hand for a Bible. Reading the Bible and then comprehending what was being said reminded me of school and what I liked doing the most. I will never forget the sermon. It was about Joseph and how God used his life in spite of all of its tragic events. I sat and read along and thought, “If God can use Joseph’s life for a good purpose even though all of those bad things happened to him, maybe He can use my life.” What I thought were feelings of inspiration at the time were really feelings of conviction. When I walked into that church, I felt like a used rag doll. I was so depressed that I was on the verge of being suicidal. When I left that church, for the first time in my young life, I felt hope for my future. It was all that I could think about. I could not wait to get back to the church the following Wednesday night to see what Pastor Good would teach. The sermon that night came from the scripture Matthew 6:26 which reads: Behold the fowls of the air, for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? Pastor Good discussed how if God takes care of the birds and other things in nature, He will certainly take care of His children. He stressed that no matter what we are going through, we must be more than a bird and that God will see His children through any circumstance. As he kept saying, “you are more than a bird,” my faith grew. At the end of service, I went up and professed my sins, and God saved my soul. I thank God for His mercy. When I left the church that night, I no longer felt like a used rag doll. I knew that no matter what happened, I was more than a bird and that God would take care of me. From that night forward, I was at church every time I had the opportunity. For the first time in my life, someone taught me about life. Pastor Good and his wife were not just the leaders of our church, they became surrogate parents to me. They were examples of how to take care of a family and how to be contributing members of society. - aren’t you glad for an urban pastor like Pastor Elijah Goode?...whose ministry stood up and stood out because he faithfully taught the Word… - that’s what we intend to continue to do at FE, and continue to do at FW, and begin doing at Faith North… - and the question we’d like to ask you to begin considering is – at which location would you like to stand up…and stand out? III. Prepared to Pay Whatever Price is Necessary A. 12 spies - so where did Joshua and Caleb’s courage get them in the short term?... - Numbers 14:10 - But all the congregation said to stone them with stones. Then the glory of the Lord appeared in the tent of meeting to all the sons of Israel. - how about… B. John Wycliffe Condemned to death Because he died of natural causes, the church decided at the Council of Constance thirty years later to exhume his bones and burn them. - then there’s… C. John Hus Burned at the stake by the church on July 6, 1415 - those are the kind of people who are theological forbearers… - and as we said earlier, we freely and joyfully believe doctrines like that men and women in the past have been willing to give their lives for if necessary… - because that’s what courageous ministry pioneers do…
Last week we wondered about Henry - Monster or Hero...? This week you could look at it either way, as Henry faces the Lollards and his old pal, Sir John Oldcastle. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.
With John Wycliffe and the Lollards in the 14th century, heresy finally came to England. Up to this point, rural England had been notable for avoiding the religious turmoils that sprung up from time to time through the continent.
Wycliffe's views finally began to attract the enmity of the church; and the crown, in the form of Richard, was no longer prepared to protect him - though unexcited about suppression. By 1384, open discussion at Oxford University of Wycliffe's ideas were a thing of the past, and Wycliffe was dead - but a new religious movement called Lollardy was precariously alive. It was helped by the first Bible in English - Wycliffe's Bible. Along with Chaucer, Gower, Langland - English was back to stay.
After Richard had broken the revolt in London at Smithfield it was time to tackle the chaos outside London. The Counter Revolution took something between 1,500-7,000 judicial executions, and did nothing to solve the breaches in a divided society. Also this week, a look at the state of the nation of the medieval English church, as we approach the story of John Wyclif and the Lollards.
Hello Losers! Hmm, not sure if I should call regular listeners to The Lost Property Office Losers, you are all of course winners of a brand spanking new podcast. And this week I have one of the original Lollards for you, a man who by his own confession rarely loses, but rarely finds stuff either. […]
Welcome to the new FreakyTrigger podcast (in association with SOAS Radio), a whimsical trip through the lost and found of life. We’ve been thinking of various audio projects for a while since Lollards and Slug Of Time finished, and before anything grand turns up, here is this little flibbertygibbet of a weekly podcast. Your host […]
In the second of a series of walks suggested by listeners to Ramblings, Clare Balding explores the area around the gritstone escarpment of The Roaches on the edge of the Peak District. The Roaches form a prominent rocky ridge situated above Leek in Staffordshire and this spectacular rocky escarpment, worn into weird and wonderful shapes over centuries by the elements, almost seems to stand guard over all below it. On a clear day from the summit of the Roaches it is possible to look out over the Cheshire Plain towards the Welsh Hills with spectacular views all around. Clare is joined by listener, Professor Mike Bode, and local author and historian, Doug Pickford, both of whom were born and brought up in Leek and share a passion for this landscape. Steven Bell, from the Peak District National Park, also guides Clare on the first part of her journey as she climbs up on to the gritstone edge of the Roaches. Before beginning the ascent, Clare visits the Bawdstone, where it is said that passers by can remove the devil from their backs by scrambling underneath. Climbing onto the ridge itself, Clare passes Rockhall Cottage, a tiny cottage literally built into the rock face, which was once the gamekeeper's residence and is now a converted climbing hut. Eventually reaching the top, Clare heads towards the "bottomless waters" of Doxey Pool, said to be the home of Jenny Greenteeth, a seductive mermaid or water spirit who lures her unsuspecting victims to a watery grave. But, after continuing along the Roaches and descending towards Gradbach and Back Forest, it is Lud's Church that provides more than its fair share of myth and mystery. This huge natural cleft in the rock is a deep chasm, around 400ft long and 50 ft deep, with a cold, damp, feel. There are many legends linked with Lud's Church. It was almost certainly associated with the Lollards, followers of early church reformer John Wycliffe, but Lud's Church is also thought to be the inspiration for the setting of the Green Chapel in the classic medieval poem, "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight". Looking around, Clare can easily see why. Presenter: Clare Balding Producer: Helen Chetwynd.
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss John Wyclif and the Lollards.John Wyclif was a medieval philosopher and theologian who in the fourteenth century instigated the first complete English translation of the Bible. One of the most important thinkers of the Middle Ages, he also led a movement of opposition to the Roman Church and its institutions which has come to be seen as a precursor to the Reformation. Wyclif disputed some of the key teachings of the Church, including the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, the Lollards, were later seen as dangerous heretics, and in the fifteenth century many of them were burnt at the stake. Today Lollardy is seen as the first significant movement of dissent against the Church in England.With:Sir Anthony KennyPhilosopher and former Master of Balliol College, OxfordAnne HudsonEmeritus Professor of Medieval English at the University of OxfordRob LuttonLecturer in Medieval History at the University of NottinghamProducer: Thomas Morris.
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss John Wyclif and the Lollards.John Wyclif was a medieval philosopher and theologian who in the fourteenth century instigated the first complete English translation of the Bible. One of the most important thinkers of the Middle Ages, he also led a movement of opposition to the Roman Church and its institutions which has come to be seen as a precursor to the Reformation. Wyclif disputed some of the key teachings of the Church, including the doctrine of transubstantiation. His followers, the Lollards, were later seen as dangerous heretics, and in the fifteenth century many of them were burnt at the stake. Today Lollardy is seen as the first significant movement of dissent against the Church in England.With:Sir Anthony KennyPhilosopher and former Master of Balliol College, OxfordAnne HudsonEmeritus Professor of Medieval English at the University of OxfordRob LuttonLecturer in Medieval History at the University of NottinghamProducer: Thomas Morris.
Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts - Video
In this lecture Professor Wrightson surveys the religious landscape of England during the later medieval period through to the reign of Henry VIII and the beginnings of the reformation. He notes that while the late medieval church was more vibrant and popular than many early triumphal analysis of the reformation allowed for, there were, nonetheless, critics of Catholicism within England. He traces the earlier opposition to the church as arising from three primary groups: those educated clerics and laymen who desired reform within the church, the small pockets of Lollards within England who opposed traditional religion, and the group of people influenced by European reformation thought who would later work to implement doctrinal change within the Church of England. Professor Wrightson also provides an analysis of late medieval piety and the role that the traditional church played in people's daily lives at the local level prior to the reformation.
Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts - Audio
In this lecture Professor Wrightson surveys the religious landscape of England during the later medieval period through to the reign of Henry VIII and the beginnings of the reformation. He notes that while the late medieval church was more vibrant and popular than many early triumphal analysis of the reformation allowed for, there were, nonetheless, critics of Catholicism within England. He traces the earlier opposition to the church as arising from three primary groups: those educated clerics and laymen who desired reform within the church, the small pockets of Lollards within England who opposed traditional religion, and the group of people influenced by European reformation thought who would later work to implement doctrinal change within the Church of England. Professor Wrightson also provides an analysis of late medieval piety and the role that the traditional church played in people's daily lives at the local level prior to the reformation.
This week the Lollards reflect on Fame, and if they too want to live forever. Brushes with celebrity, real or fictional, the correct way to get an autograph of of a celebrity and the Panto – the SI unit of notoriety. And yes, wherever there is fame, there is infamy (and indeed they have all […]
Another week, another conversation. This time I welcome a terrifyingly well-informed team of Magnus Anderson, Al Ewing and Martin Skidmore to talk about something I (demonstrably, audibly) know very little about – the history, present and practice of comics criticism. Links and other clarifications to follow in the comments.
DJ Steve Braiden joins Alex Macpherson and host Elisha Sessions on Resonance FM 104.4 to talk about the furrow of club music being busily excavated by Night Slugs and associated factions. We hear an interview with Girl Unit (aka Phil Gamble), we talk a surprising amount about Red Bull Music Academy, and we hear an […]
Guests were Cecily Nowell-Smith, Marna Gilligan and Alasdair MacLean; Hazel Robinson on kn0bs; Mark Sinker was presenter. Topic = how much does it matter to do stuff right, and what’s going on when doing stuff wrong stops being wrong?
This week the Lollards get Popular! No really! Tom Ewing makes his way to the sprawling Resonance FM studios to preview the next entry in his mammoth project. Mark Sinker, Kat Stevens, and host Elisha Sessions join him for a wide-ranging discussion that takes in Terre Thaemlitz, childhood, pop stars’ relationships with their audiences, a […]
There was a slight problem with last week’s show, but it will hopefully turn up at some point. In the meantime, here is this weeks Freaky Trigger and The Lollards Of Pop which for once is serious about the serious and silly about the silly. Pete Baran is joined by Anna Fielding, Katie Grocott and […]
Hazel Robinson hosts a discussion of children’s literature and morality tales from Struwwelpeter to Lemony Snicket. Mark Sinker lifts the lid on Victorian nonsense, Julia Heller suggests suitable reading for the “very advanced”, and Tom Ewing goes on a Beast Quest. Will our presenters make it through with thumbs intact? Tune in and find out.
Random start point, random guests, random topics. This weeks Lollards is all LOL no LARD, with Kat Stevens, Alix Campbell and Magnus Anderson being herded into opinions about topics they no nothing of by the medium of a fortune telling device and a pound should electronic roulette wheel. So expect discussions of Milford Haven, the […]
A special episode of Lollards this week, as Tom Ewing and Mark Sinker each talk about a pop song of their choice, with Tim Hopkins asking them the difficult questions. How is putting Lakshminarayanan Shankar on your record a crass commercial move? Are Marina’s diamonds her best friends? Why is Lily Allen hopping from one […]
ART! This week we talk of art (visual) with Tim, Kat and Rob, including Tony Hart, GCSE coursework, Candice Breitz and Pop about Art. Featuring music from Art Brut, Solange Knowles, Marilyn Manson and Sportique! Here’s the Tony Hart clip we mention, it’s about three minutes in: Sorry Tony…
Is it safe? Is it safe? Tim Hopkins, Steve Hewitt and Clare Spencer join me – Pete Baran – flying by the seat of our pants and talking about safety, danger, the extended mix of the Safety Dance, “if I scream if I wanna go faster what do I do if I wanna slow down”, […]
The Lollards return to Resonance FM 104.4‘s London studio with host Elisha Sessions. He’s joined by Alix Campbell, Magnus Anderson and Alex Macpherson for a discussion of KID POP – kids who sing pop and what pop kids like – not really the same category, as we discover (bling-eyed svengalis take note). We hear singles […]
Pete Baran is joined by Nick Dastoor, Magnus Anderson, Cecily Nowell-Smith and Mark Sinker to talk festivals and the end of the world
After last weeks skip week, Freaky Trigger finishes its epic run with a special double length episode coming LIVE from Glastonbury (sort of). Pete Baran is joined by Nick Dastoor, Magnus Anderson, Cecily Nowell-Smith and Mark Sinker to talk festivals and the end of the world. Which to some is the same thing. Music from […]
All four sports-bloods: Steve H, Tim E, Tim H and Pete B.
Steve H, Magnus A, Hazel R and Julio D give a surprise test.
Pete, Rob, William and Bec – licensed to ill.
pop and politics host: tim hopkins guests: mark sinker, alix campbell, al ewing knobs: carsmile steve hewitt music: “soul power” by james brown, “fascist groove thang” by heaven 17, “the taliban song” by toby keith, plus politicians’ fave-song medley we discussed the relationship of soul power to black power, whether funk was fascist, if politicians […]
It’s a two-fer today as we finally get last week’s recording sorted out. This week: Fear. Pure fear. Tim Hopkins, Pete Baran, Mark Sinker, Kat Stevens and Elisha Sessions play ostensibly scary music and absolutely no Toby Keith in what must be a Lollards first. All tracks are identified on air – I can’t even […]
Toys Tori? With Pete Baran, Anna S, Kat Stevens and Pippa Ashton
Today’s episode of FreakyTrigger and the Lollards Of Pop starring Pete Baran, Anna Fielding, Magnus Anderson and Tom Ewing is on now. Or was when this was posted. The theme is Lost Property and losing it in general. And since with have such trouble referring to visual items on air, I though I would throw […]
The Trouble With Pop/
Musical Euthenasia with Kat, Pete, Sarah and Magnus.
Eli, Mark and Marianna talk false wisdom, regrets, identity and politics.
They say the proof of the pudding is in the eating, but in this case, the proof of the pudding is in the LISTENING. Because this is a show about puddings, and you have to listen to it to get any nutritional value out of it at all. Nuncle Carsmile Steve Hewitt welcomes his guests […]
Apologies for the late arrival of this podcast, technical difficulties combined with having to run it past the Lord Chamberlain delayed the posting. Tom Ewing, Anna Fielding, Mark Sinker and Pete Baran talk about eyes, lies, Google Street View, elephants in the room and the five blind boys of Alabama called Moe, was Walt Disney […]
Iceland (the country) makes an appearance in this recession special hosted by Elisha Sessions.
History is bunk. Hosted by Pete Baran with guests Tom, Alix and Magnus.
Freaky the Trigger and Her Pop Lollards round off their run with a final show whose contents will come as no surprise to those with a keen sense of the Lollardry ethos. It’s a clip show, in other words. Kind of. Tim, Meg, Steve, Tom, Elisha, Mark, Magnus and Pete test the physical limits of […]
The whys and wherefores of cheating with Eli, Tim, Mark and Katie. Stalking Girls Aloud. Medieval Courtneycourtly love. Pulling swords out of stones as basis for political legitimacy. The wrong Supermayer. Morality as coolness – a Woman’s Weekly quiz special. Tanya hates Robyn, a listener complains. How ‘Bout Us by Champagne. The role of the […]
Lost in Trance-Nation: Mark leads the way with Alix, Alan, Meg and Steve on Knobs.
This week we're privy to a 'drinking establishment focus group'. Tom leads, Tim, Pete, Sarah and Magnus follow. Drinking songs as a chaser.
Time Team: Eli, Mark, Kat and Katie. Something has happened to Tanya. Making haste to chase lollards reach... 2007. And run amok. But what of free-will, butterflies (and Ashton Kutchner)? Arthur and You's "Black Bear" retro stylings. Mark lives for the moment, and internet flash games. But what if you could go back in time and kill Hitler and CarSmile Steve? Crystal Waters "I Believe I Love Ya" and the fate of "one hun dred percent, reeeal love". Kat's memory plays tricks on her. Our midweek number 1 is Sunshine Anderson "Heard It All Before"
A song of two halves. The RAH Band's terrific 'Clouds Across The Moon'. Marvel's stock aliens. Ellen Allien's 'Wish'. Tolkien's footling theories on the essence of Fairy Story. Fleet Foxes sing. "Aslan" magazine and improv RPGs. With a twist - GASP. The midweek number 1 is Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds. OR IS IT?
Moomins animation (v Roland Rat v He Man). What is the comet? Unease and a-moralising kids books. Ed Gorey. Position Normal - "Nostrils and Eyes". Tom calls "Uncle" and the "New Mother". Toy Story II and The Saddest Song in the World from. It is. Closing remarks. Midweek number 1 is Man 2 Man?
Sorry excuses and polite engineering. A husband list update. Moloko ‘Sorry', eventually. Polite vampires and ghosts. Insults from Hergé and Rabelais. Politeness is bad for Magnus. Some song, possibly Abba. Shrigley ‘My Beer'. Expensive booze. Star Turn On 45 Pints ‘Pump Up The Bitter'. All consuming petty irritations make you… bitter. Another song. Recipe gripes. The midweek number 1 is Marnie Stern ‘Patterns on a Diamond Ceiling'
Scary Monsters and Super Freaks-ytriggers: Pete Baran, Alix Campbell, Ewings Tom and Al, with Steve Hewitt in the crypt. A monster Monster FITE! (Oh yes.) Some corrections. Bob McFadden and Dor “I’m A Mummy” (and “Kookie Lend Me Your Comb”). Monster comics from space and zombie superheroes. Spock sings “A Visit to a Sad Planet” […]
Nuncle Carsmile Steve presides over an hour of the finest radio lolling with his consummate guests (they were consummated in the studio) Magbot Anderson, Eli Sessions and Kat Stevens. In this episode of theme-time radio some stuff happens, I know not what yet as I haven’t heard it yet, though there is almost certainly some […]
Campaign Themes. Mark Wills "Nineteen Something". Glastonbury Twitter from the future. Fiery Furnaces "Benton Harbour Blues (reprise)". Some Pub History (much of it true). A bit of Charles Title "The Eight Seasons of Chromalox" and a splash of Charlton Lido. The midweek #1 is... Obama Girl "Got a Crush on Obama"
International Pop, with Sarah Clarke, Kat Stevens, Tom Ewing, Magnus Anderson and Elisha Sessions on knobs. "Ha Ha" (?) mucky foreign pop. The "Game of Seduction" requires you to make a seduction roll. The Spanish for 'busted'. Threads vs the cosy apocalypse Inc. Stump v Scooter. The rules of dirty chicken. Fall go "Free Range".
I haven't listened to it all yet, so I still don't know what happened in it either. Err someone put in a proper description some time, eh?
Kat's year 3000 high school paper. Why training apes is a bad idea. Extropians as cybermen. Ray Kurzweil's argument by graph. Darren Hayes hits a time lock. Tobias X Future warns of death by bacon. Nostradamus predicts Hitler, Mother Shipton predicts lady trousers. Futurists love their food. The Free Design. Rollerball makes no sense. Future sport as war. Centrifugal bumble puppy. David Bowie's drum and bass is 2005 years out of date. Utopias don't exist. Busted STILL fancy their teacher.
BOOGIE. Jimmy Blythe 'Chicago Stomp'. Taste of Honey 'Boogie Oogie Oogie'. The plight of the wedding and office party DJ. Fat Les 'Naughty Christmas (Goblin in the Office)'. Tanya's 'Scooby Doo' albums. Milo Twins 'Truck Driver's Boogie'. Sam the Sham 'Wooly Bully'. Boogie and funky, bogarts, bogling and bogies. A halloween list. Slade 'Pook Hill'. Hot Chocolate 'Mindless Boogie'. Anna Kaufen (Akufen) 'Sneak Preview'
Toby Keith is The Angry American. Arno Peters is a lyingmisleading swine (and German), the size of Brazil, the world in the shape of a heart. The sound of rattling pots and pans "Dude, this is Resonance". Tanya targets the murderer Richard Marx. Sporting National Anthems. The amazing Hey Say Jump's World Volleyball Championship Theme. The role of bumpkins, poachers and yokels.
Hello everyone! Its Wednesday, its 7pm so harken up to the sweet sounds of Saltarello drifting across your Resonance airwaves. EXCEPT YOU WON’T! Because today is NO MUSIC DAY as decreed by Bulldog Drummond and his trusty service revolver, and thus we will not be playing any music AT ALL tonight. At least one of […]
No Music Day - listen below for a speech-filled hour of murder mysteries, secret passages, blood-thirsty bouts and a quick round of Am I CSI Or Not?
HAIR, sprouting from a new location. Hosted by Mark. What has gone before? (And why?) Britney has a plan. Kat's entirely explicable Victorian hair fixation and a dubious graph. Magnus's doffable clothing. New Seeker's Pinball Wizard. The Teen Forecast. 2 Unlimited. Katie susses sunseed. And announcing the Midweek Number One...
The title of this episode of Communio Santorum is A Glimmer of Reform.I assume most listening to this are students of history, or—why would you be listening? Some like history in general. Others find a fascination with certain eras or moments of the past. Whatever your interest, every student recognizes that as time passes, things change. Sometimes that change is merely incidental to the thing changed, a cosmetic difference that does little to the substance. Other change is deep, fundamentally altering the thing changed; and in some cases, doing away with it altogether.Institutions and beliefs held for long periods can be swept away in a matter of days, while others abide for centuries without being touched.Jesus challenged the Guardians of Tradition of His day with the Parable of the Wine-skins. The point of the parable is that while truth doesn't change, the container it's put in and dispensed from will change, it MUST change. The rabbinic and Pharisaical Judaism of Jesus' day had become an inflexible complex of traditions that obscured the Spirit behind the Law. The Rabbis and Pharisees played an important role after the Babylonian Captivity in moving the Jews away from their age old tendency to idolatry. But their exaltation of tradition had become so rigid it ended up missing what the Law of Moses was intended to promote. Jesus came to cut through the thick vines of tradition and make a path back to God.Sadly, some seem to think the parable of the wineskins only referred to 1st C Judaism. They don't realize what Jesus said is an abiding truth with application to every age; including the Church. Historically, God births a fresh move of the Spirit and people are mobilized to maximize the effect of that movement. Spiritual inspiration builds a structure, a vehicle for the movement to take place in and through. But as time passes, man makes policies and procedures regulate the movement. They're needed so people can work together. Leaders want to ensure future members of the movement know where they came from and why. The problem is, those policies and procedures often become a limit, a line, a defining mark that says, “This is us, and beyond that line is NOT us. This is who we are; we are not that. This is what we do, we do NOT do that.”Traditions. à Which can be good and necessary for passing on values and identity; but can get in the way of hearing what else God might say.All of this is crucial to the next phase of Churchy History we're looking at. So bear with me as I use an illustration I hope makes all this clear.Let's say as a young Christian, I'm addicted to TV. I watch TV hours a day. What I watch isn't the issue – just that I spend way too much time on it. At church one day, while in worship, I'm convicted about the TV, so I decide to only watch an hour each night, and spend the rest of the time reading, visiting other Christians and volunteering at the local mission.I experience such amazing spiritual growth, I decided to forego TV altogether. After a couple months of astounding deepening, I get angry at all the time I wasted and come to loath TV. So I take it out to the dumpster and toss it. I now abhor TV and when invited over to a friend's house on the weekend, when he turns on the TV, I excuse myself and go home. As I drive home I grumble about how immature he is for watching TV. After that I use every opportunity I have to “encourage” others to turn off their TV's and spend that time in more profitable and God-honoring ways. Several of my friends see major spiritual progress and become equally energetic in their anti-TV crusade as I. We form a group that makes watching TV a test as to whether or not someone is a real follower of Jesus. Then something interesting happens. The loss of visual entertainment moves a couple in the group to suggest we start performing dramas that enact Biblical stories and faith lessons. An acting group forms that stages weekly plays. And three years later what's developed is a whole movement of TV bashers who've made mini-plays a part of their traditional church services.When someone in the group suggests they film one of their plays and put it on TV, he's kicked out of the church.The spiritual condition of the leadership of the Western European church had sunk abysmally in the 14th C. The papacy and its supporting mechanism had become little more than a political battlefield. When the papacy was split between three contenders, all claiming to be Peter's legitimate successor, it was a evidence things had gotten completely out of hand.It was time for reform; for a new wineskin to contain and dispense God's Grace and Truth.I want to be clear. While the upper echelons of Roman Catholic hierarchy had become hideously corrupt, thousands of local priests and monks continued to serve God faithfully. Don't forget that the original Reformers were members of the Roman church.The Babylonian Captivity at Avignon and the Great Schism of the Papacy that followed it revealed a grotesque abuse of power. The failure of the counciliar movement made it clear no real reform would come from within the Church. People believed the Pope was essential, not just for providing leadership of the spiritual realm, but as a means of sanctioning political rule as well. By the end of the 14th C, Europeans recognized that the Popes were often grossly self-interested, power-hungry despots. But they couldn't shake the assumption the Pope was the cornerstone of Christendom.It was two brave souls, an Englishman named John Wyclif, and a Czech named Jan Hus, who got the dialog rolling on what the Church is and ought to look like. Of course, they weren't the first to broach this important topic. Augustine had done back in the 4th C. His ideas shaped the Roman church's doctrine and polity. It was time to hold them up to the light of Scripture and see if they'd been properly interpreted and implemented.In a word, John Wyclif was a zealot. And, as is typical of zealots, there was no gray with him; it was all black or white. He was a polarizer. People either supported or opposed him. He left no room for no-opinion.There's considerable confusion about the real Wyclif because we know little about him. He had a habit of hiding himself under many pages of scholarly discourse. So we know what he believed but not much about him personally.His early life is hazy; we don't even know when he was born. He was brought up in North England but emerges from the fog when he became a student at Oxford. He attained a doctorate in 1372 and rose quickly as a leading professor there.The hot topic at that time was the nature of authority, specifically as it related to governance. Everyone knew authority comes from God, but the question was HOW it was conferred to men so they could rule.The majority-view said all authority was only just when it was bestowed by the Roman hierarchy. God entrusted the Pope with ‘catholic', that is universal dominion over all things and persons. So, any authority used by civil rulers not under the auspices of the Pope was unlawful and invalid.The minority-view said authority inhered in civil rulers as a work of God's general grace and was not officially bestowed by the Church. As long as a ruler remained within the scope of God's grace, his rule was legitimate. This group went further and said if such grace was the basis of rule by civil authorities, how much more was it necessary for spiritual leaders?Wyclif was in the minority and dove into the debate with an important addition. He said the English government had a divinely assigned responsibility to correct abuses in the church and remove from office those clergy who'd proven by immoral or unethical behavior to be abusers of God's grace. Wyclif went further, saying the State could even seize the property of corrupt church officials.Uhh – you can see where this is going for JohnW, can't you?In 1377, the Pope condemned Wyclif's teaching. But of course he didn't back down. It led to the kind of brouhaha that saw the Church condemn, not just Wyclif's teachings, but Wyclif himself. But powerful friends in England made sure no action was taken beyond threats.Wyclif's teaching on authority was one of the early doctrinal wedges that would eventually lead to the Reformation. It posited the idea of spiritual freedom for all followers of Christ because of God's grace, bestowed by Himself, in Himself, and through Himself, à not via the Church. Everyone, whether priest or layman is equal before God. Salvation doesn't bring someone into the Church so they can get to God, so much as it brings people to God, and so includes them in the Church. It's crucial we understand how radical Wyclif's ideas were, how revolutionary. What he proposed was a personal relationship between God and man; something modern Evangelicals take as a given.Because of this, it was God in the heart and mind of a person that qualified them to hold office in the Church. Character and Calling were everything. Based on what he found in the Bible, Wyclif said priests did NOT mediate salvation by conducting masses. How could they, He asked, if as it says in Hebrews, Jesus died once for sins? How could they, if Jesus is the ONE mediator between God and man? Wyclif's thoughts foreshadowed Martin Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone. Both men dismantled the medieval barriers between God and man.Wyclif's doctrine of “authority bestowed by grace” was just the first of his theological hammer-blows delivered toward Roman doctrine. The decisive year of his reforming career was 1378, the same as the Great Papal Schism. Seeing the travesty of one pope excommunicating another, Wyclif ramped up his calls for reform.He spent a lot of time critiquing the Pope. He said, following the example of Christ and the Apostles, the Pope should be the shepherd of the God's flock and a preacher who brings men to Christ. His view left no room for the temporal power Popes. The papacy as a political force constantly striving for mastery over men by political means was absurd and detestable to Wyclif. He abhorred trappings of power and denounced the crass worldliness and luxury of some of Church hierarchy.Wyclif rather welcomed the Great Schism precisely because it made obvious to all the problems in the Papacy of the 14th C. But as the Schism went on and the rhetoric of church officials grew more intense, Wyclif became more determined to call for the dismantling of the Papacy.He listed the many ways Popes had departed from the simple faith and practice of Christ and His disciples. He scoffed at the idea that just because Peter died in Rome every bishop of Rome was above all Christendom. He reasoned, by that logic, Muslims might conclude their “sultan in Jerusalem,” where Christ died, was greater than the pope. No, Wyclif claimed, Christ alone is head of the Church and that headship is communicated through the Spirit of God working through the Word of God.Again, remember that Wyclif WAS PART OF THE ROMAN CHURCH at this point. This was an internal discussion, where there were many priests and bishops who found Wyclif's idea thoroughly Biblical. They might not be politically safe, but they were theologically sound.But when Wyclif's call for reform was met with resistance by those who could and should implement it, he took a fateful step. He passed from being an orthodox preacher of reform into a Protester; From Reformer to Protestant.His break with the papacy was part of a new idea he'd formed of the Church.Wyclif's concept of the Church was prescient in its foreshadowing of what John Calvin would later propose. Wyclif said the church was less a visible institution as it was an invisible body of the elect; men and women chosen by God to be saved. Their salvation was a work of God's sovereignty, and not subject to the ministrations of priests.Building on this, Wyclif challenged a whole range of medieval beliefs and practices: pardons, indulgences, absolutions, pilgrimages, the worship of images, the adoration of the saints, the treasury of merit, and the distinction between venial and mortal sins.He retained a belief in purgatory and extreme unction. He said if images increased devotion they need not be removed; and prayers to saints were not necessarily wrong. He considered confession to be useful if it was voluntary. We catch something of the spirit of his revolt when he declared that preaching was “of more value than the administration of any sacrament.”The standard Wyclif used in his evaluation of the practices of the Church was Scripture. He said, “Neither the testimony of Augustine nor Jerome, nor any other saint should be accepted except in so far as it was based upon Scripture.”He maintained the right of everyone to examine the Bible for himself: “The New Testament is of full authority, and open to the understanding of simple men, as to the points that be most needful to salvation.”But in all his protests and call for reform, Wyclif aroused no hostility like that sparked by his attack on the doctrine of transubstantiation¸ which lies at the heart of the Mass.In the Summer of 1380, he published twelve arguments against the idea that the bread and wine of were transformed into the literal, physical body and blood of Christ. He said the early church considered the elements as symbols of Christ's body and blood. So, Christ is present in the elements sacramentally, not materially. The point of the sacrament he said, was the presence of the PERSON Christ in the soul, not the body of Christ in the belly.Wyclif's denial of transubstantiation gave his enemies their opportunity. His support dwindled to just a few at Oxford. A council condemned his doctrines and forbade him lecturing. Then, William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury, convened a council that condemned ten of Wyclif s doctrines, labeling them heretical. By 1382, Wyclif was persona non-grata at Oxford.He turned to the people for support. He called for the Bible to be produced in the language of craftsmen and peasants so they could read and study and see how far the Church had departed from its roots. He led a handful of scholars at Oxford in the translation of the Latin Bible into English and copied the methods of St. Francis and the friars by wandering around, preaching outdoors, anywhere people would listen.Wyclif sent out priests sympathetic to his cause to win the souls of the neglected. Clad in brown robes of undressed wool, without sandals, purse, or scrip, a staff in their hand, dependent for food and shelter on the good will of their neighbors, Wyclif's “poor priests” soon became a power in the land. Their enemies dubbed them Lollards, meaning “mumblers.” They each carried a few pages of Wyclif's English Bible and his tracts and sermons as they went throughout the countryside, preaching. The movement spread and soon, many became lay-preachers.Wyclif gained enough support that the authorities decided to not move against him. But his followers were hunted, expelled from Oxford, and forced to renounce their views. Wyclif, driven from the university, was left to end his days in peace at his parish at Lutterworth. He died there in 1384.
This is the 6th episode in our podcast mini-series The Long Road to Reform.Much of the reform energy in the European Church of the Late Middle Ages was among the poor. Being poor meant being illiterate. The poor and illiterate don't, as a rule, write books about their hopes and dreams. So it's often from sources hostile to the reforming movements of this era we learn of them. That hostility colors the picture of them much of history since has regarded them by.Wycliffe's ideas lived on, not so much among scholars or nobles who initially endorsed them, as among the poverty-committed Lollards who went from village to village, carrying his reforms like torches, continually setting new places ablaze with reforming zeal. The Lollards preached a simple Gospel that contradicted a great deal of what commoners heard from local priests.In Bohemia, the ideas of Jan Hus, at first so popular among the gentry, ended up being embodied by an Apocalyptic sect called the Taborites, made up largely of the illiterate poor.Another movement took place in the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance that rarely seems mention. We've already talked about how some women were drawn to the monastic life and lived in sequestered communities affiliated with a men's compound. There were orders for women in both the Franciscans and Dominicans. But in the late Middle Ages, the number of women seeking inclusion in these orders swelled dramatically. So many applied, the orders had to limit their intake of new sisters. Those rejected didn't just shrug their shoulders and go home; back to the default of being a wife and mother. Many of them decided—if the established orders wouldn't take them, they'd form their own communities. Though not sanctioned by the Church, they devoted themselves to corporate lives of prayer, devotion, and poverty. Called beguines, [beg-geenz] their communities were usually large houses they converted into beguinages. Just what the word ‘beguine' means is unclear; most likely a less than complimentary label assigned these women by critics. Because they lived outside the church sanction, they were suspected of being aberrant at best and probably downright heretical, if tested.The Low Countries had many lay-Beguine orders from the 13th thru 16th Cs. While they lived in semi-monastic communities, they didn't take formal religious vows. They promised not to marry, but only so long as they remained a Beguine, something they could step out of at any time. In a practical sense, the Beguines were an attempt to re-connect with the simplicity of the Gospel as it altered one's relationship with God and others. So Beguines focused on personal devotion to God and the care of one's fellow man. Their charitable works were well-known across Northern Europe.Though the Church in many places passed rules banning these unofficial monastic communities, their popularity grew and soon men formed their own version. Such men where called “beg-hards” a word which eventually morphs into today's “beggar.”Another popular movement first appeared in 1260; the flagellants. They got off to a slow start, but by the 14th C, their numbers swelled.While the personal discipline of flagellants took many forms, the primary method, the one yielding their name, was to whip themselves with the flagellum. Self-flagellation as penance for sin wasn't new. It was a practice common to many monastic houses. Now it was a popular craze. Thousands of people from all levels of society lashed themselves till bloody, convinced by current events and the fiery preaching of Apocalyptic Announcers the end was near; that God was about to destroy the world for its failure to repent.But don't think this was all just a bunch of emotionally-worked up illiterates who'd been stoked into some kind of mass hysteria. No: Flagellants followed a specific rite of self-flagellation and other forms of personal mortification. The movement held to a rigid discipline. While the specific details altered over time and place, typically, those who wished to join the Flagellants did so for 33½ days. During that time they owed total obedience to their spiritual overseers.Twice a day, Flagellants marched two by two while singing hymns to the local church. After praying to Mary, they went, still singing, to the public square. They formed a circle and knelt in prayer with bared backs. Then, as they prayed or sang, they commenced the lashes until their backs poured blood. Occasionally, one of their leaders would preach to them on the sufferings of Christ. Then they'd rise, cover their bleeding back and again, withdraw in an ordered procession. Besides these two daily public self-flagellations, they were committed to a private third.As I said, they did this for 33½ days. But for ever after, they were supposed to renew the scourging annually on Good Friday.At first, Church officials saw little danger in the movement. But flagellants soon began to refer to what they were doing as penance and a “second baptism;” a term the Early Church had used for martyrdom. This talk of self-induced penance concerned church officials because it threatened their hegemony. The Flagellants were accused of seeking to usurp the “power of the keys,” given only to St. Peter and his successors, the officially sanctioned church hierarchy who alone could prescribe proper penance.In several countries, Flagellants were persecuted and eventually, the practice of public flagellation was abandoned. Despite this, the movement continued for generations. You can still find lingering echoes of the flagellants in the American Southwest.There were individual instances of attempts at reform that took place all over Europe in the Late Middle Ages. I'll give just one of those many tales. It centers on a man named Hans Böhm [Boohm] and the village of Nicklashausen, in Wurzburg, Germany.During the Lenten Season of 1476, Hans, a young shepherd and street entertainer, claimed to have a vision of the Virgin Mary calling him to preach a message of radical reform. He burned the drum that was the means of his entertaining income in one of those Bonfires of the Vanities that had becomes popular across Europe.Times were bad in the region of Wurzburg. Many crops had failed, yet the bishop oppressed the poor with ever higher taxes.At first, Böhm preached on the need for repentance and a return to classic, Christian virtue. But being moved by the poverty of so many of the pilgrims that flocked to hear him, his message took on a more strident note. He began calling out the contrast between the commands of the Gospel and the greed and corruption of a corpulent clergy. As his popularity grew, he announced a day was coming when all would be equal, and all would work for a living; including those indolent, rich fat-cats who at that time were living of the labor of the good, honest, hard-working folk of Wurzburg.He urged his nearly 50,000 followers to act in advance of that great day by refusing to pay taxes and tithes. He set a date when all would march together to claim their rights.On the eve of the appointed day, the bishop's soldiers seized him and dispersed his followers. Böhm was tried and convicted of being a heretic and burned.That didn't dissuade his followers who continued gathering at Nicklashausen. The bishop put the entire village under an interdict. Still they came. The archbishop of Mainz [Minez] ordered the Nicklashausen Church destroyed. So, now with no leader and no headquarters, Böhm's movement dissolved. Many scholars believe they fueled the Anabaptist movement of the 16th C.This was just one of many similar movements in the late Middle Ages where calls for justice merged with the cry for reform in the church. These movements were often put down by force of arms, which only served to further alienate commoners against the nobility and clergy. It was only a matter of time until enough of the clergy would themselves recognize the need to reform a Church grown too cozy with secular power.Another factor fueling the call for Reform was the intellectual quagmire Scholasticism fell into in the Late Middle Ages. After reaching its zenith in Thomas Aquinas, scholastic theology morphed into the proverbial serpent that eats its own tail.Scholasticism began as an attempt to provide a reasonable base for the Christian Faith.John Duns Scotus used the tools developed BY Scholasticism to introduce a divide between faith and reason. William of Occam turned that divide in a great divorce and introduced a bifurcation between theology and philosophy that exists in the minds of many moderns today.Scholastic theologians began to ponder such complex, and pointless, issues as à 1) Can God make a rock so big even He can't lift it? 2) How many angels can dance on the head of a pin? 3) Does God do good, because it is inherently and intrinsically good, or is it good because God does it?While these questions may cause us to pause and say, “Huh, interesting,” to the hundreds of thousands of commoners who were concerned with having enough bread for tonight's dinner, that the Church which was supposed to guardian their souls, pre-occupation with such things seemed a terrible waste of time and resources. While clergy were concerned with angels and pin heads; the peasantry began to think the pin-heads were the clergy! They assumed there was a vast divide between religion and daily life. And THAT – was a totally new idea; one fostered by the excesses of a Scholasticism run-amok.This is not to say all priests were died-in-the-wool Scholastics of the Scotus or Occam variety. Many of the clergy reacted against the complexities of late-Middle Age Scholasticism by calling for a return to the simplicity of the Gospel. The best-known book voicing this reaction is the classic, The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a'Kempis. The book asks, and I paraphrase à What good is it if you're able to discuss the Trinity with great profundity, but lack humility, and thereby offend the Trinity? For high sounding words do not make one holy and just. Only a life of virtue is acceptable to God. Were you to memorize the entire Bible and all the sayings of the philosophers, what good would this be without the love of God and His grace? Vanity of vanities. All is vanity, except loving God and serving Him.Now, much could be said at this point, as we trace the Road to Reform, which is the theme of this series within CS, about the Renaissance. And the fact is much HAS BEEN SAID about it. So I'm not going to. I certainly have nothing to add to what far more learned and erudite teachers have written and said on the subject. I suspect that not a few of our CS subscribers know a whole lot MORE about his subject than I.So let me sum it up by offering this . . .While we call it the Renaissance, Rebirth; it would be wrong to assume the Middle Ages were left behind, dropped like a cast-off doll. Yes, the people of Renaissance Europe knew their societies were going through a monumental shift and that new ideas were afoot. But the Renaissance was built on a foundation provided by the Middle Ages, it was not a clean break from it.As the Turks took over the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire folded, many scholars moved West, bringing their manuscript-treasures with them. These manuscripts were in Greek, a language that by the 13th C had been nearly lost in Europe. These Eastern scholars revived it and presided over a reinvestment of study in the ancient classics of the Greco-Roman world. Those works fueled even more study as scholars realized the brilliance of writers like Cicero and Aristotle. This literary awakening began in Italy then spread beyond the Alps.This interest in antiquity was also seen in art. Sculptors, architects, and painters sought inspiration in pagan sources rather the Christian themes that had dominated their craft for hundreds of years. And though they imbibed, then emulated the styles of the Classical Era, they didn't wholly abandoned the Gothic. Renaissance art is in many ways a fusion of Gothic and Classical as those who've been to Florence and Rome know.This interest in a return to the Classical Era coincided with Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing press in 1439. Printing had long been done by inked woodcuts pressed on paper. Gutenberg's invention had a profound impact on the development of the Renaissance, but it took a while – for a reason not often mentioned.It turns out that most early printing was difficult to read because it was in either Latin or Greek rather than the vernacular. And the typography of the day imitated, get this à handwritten script. So printed books looked LIKE they'd been hand-written rather than printed! Why was that? Because only the wealthy could afford books prior to the printing press. So it was the wealthy who bought books. The printing press was originally conceived of as a way to make expensive books more cheaply for rich people. Only later did printers work out the economics and realize they could make a lot more money by standardizing their type and printing lot of books at cheaper prices.Gutenberg didn't even publicize his invention. His original aim was to produce a large numbers of books he could sell as expensive manuscripts. So, rather than simplifying the printed page, he made it as elaborate as any traditional hand-written manuscript. Take a look at a Gutenberg Bible if you get a chance – and you'll see this laid out before you.Eventually though, printers realized how their presses could be used to mass produce books, and deep learning was made available for people who never thought it possible. Put in those books dangerous new ideas about reform, and who knows what might happen?We'll conclude our series The Road to Reform next episode as we take a look at the Popes of the Renaissance and see why so many in Europe were so, so ready for Reform.
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