Podcasts about Fluorine

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Generative ML in chemistry is bottlenecked by synthesis, published by Abhishaike Mahajan on September 18, 2024 on LessWrong. Introduction Every single time I design a protein - using ML or otherwise - I am confident that it is capable of being manufactured. I simply reach out to Twist Biosciences, have them create a plasmid that encodes for the amino acids that make up my proteins, push that plasmid into a cell, and the cell will pump out the protein I created. Maybe the cell cannot efficiently create the protein. Maybe the protein sucks. Maybe it will fold in weird ways, isn't thermostable, or has some other undesirable characteristic. But the way the protein is created is simple, close-ended, cheap, and almost always possible to do. The same is not true of the rest of chemistry. For now, let's focus purely on small molecules, but this thesis applies even more-so across all of chemistry. Of the 1060 small molecules that are theorized to exist, most are likely extremely challenging to create. Cellular machinery to create arbitrary small molecules doesn't exist like it does for proteins, which are limited by the 20 amino-acid alphabet. While it is fully within the grasp of a team to create millions of de novo proteins, the same is not true for de novo molecules in general (de novo means 'designed from scratch'). Each chemical, for the most part, must go through its custom design process. Because of this gap in 'ability-to-scale' for all of non-protein chemistry, generative models in chemistry are fundamentally bottlenecked by synthesis. This essay will discuss this more in-depth, starting from the ground up of the basics behind small molecules, why synthesis is hard, how the 'hardness' applies to ML, and two potential fixes. As is usually the case in my Argument posts, I'll also offer a steelman to this whole essay. To be clear, this essay will not present a fundamentally new idea. If anything, it's such an obvious point that I'd imagine nothing I'll write here will be new or interesting to people in the field. But I still think it's worth sketching out the argument for those who aren't familiar with it. What is a small molecule anyway? Typically organic compounds with a molecular weight under 900 daltons. While proteins are simply long chains composed of one-of-20 amino acids, small molecules display a higher degree of complexity. Unlike amino acids, which are limited to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, small molecules incorporate a much wider range of elements from across the periodic table. Fluorine, phosphorus, bromine, iodine, boron, chlorine, and sulfur have all found their way into FDA-approved drugs. This elemental variety gives small molecules more chemical flexibility but also makes their design and synthesis more complex. Again, while proteins benefit from a universal 'protein synthesizer' in the form of a ribosome, there is no such parallel amongst small molecules! People are certainly trying to make one, but there seems to be little progress. So, how is synthesis done in practice? For now, every atom, bond, and element of a small molecule must be carefully orchestrated through a grossly complicated, trial-and-error reaction process which often has dozens of separate steps. The whole process usually also requires non-chemical parameters, such as adjusting the pH, temperature, and pressure of the surrounding medium in which the intermediate steps are done. And, finally, the process must also be efficient; the synthesis processes must not only achieve the final desired end-product, but must also do so in a way that minimizes cost, time, and required sources. How hard is that to do? Historically, very hard. Consider erythromycin A, a common antibiotic. Erythromycin was isolated in 1949, a natural metabolic byproduct of Streptomyces erythreus, a soil mi...

fWotD Episode 2455: Fluorine Welcome to featured Wiki of the Day where we read the summary of the featured Wikipedia article every day.The featured article for Wednesday, 24 January 2024 is Fluorine.Fluorine is a chemical element; it has symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at standard conditions as a highly toxic, pale yellow diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely reactive, as it reacts with all other elements except for the light inert gases.Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in terrestrial abundance. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine which gave the element its name, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb fluo meaning 'flow' gave the mineral its name. Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. Only in 1886 did French chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine using low-temperature electrolysis, a process still employed for modern production. Industrial production of fluorine gas for uranium enrichment, its largest application, began during the Manhattan Project in World War II.Owing to the expense of refining pure fluorine, most commercial applications use fluorine compounds, with about half of mined fluorite used in steelmaking. The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. Molecules containing a carbon–fluorine bond often have very high chemical and thermal stability; their major uses are as refrigerants, electrical insulation and cookware, and PTFE (Teflon). Pharmaceuticals such as atorvastatin and fluoxetine contain C−F bonds. The fluoride ion from dissolved fluoride salts inhibits dental cavities, and so finds use in toothpaste and water fluoridation. Global fluorochemical sales amount to more than US$69 billion a year.Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials 100 to 23,500 times that of carbon dioxide, and SF6 has the highest global warming potential of any known substance. Organofluorine compounds often persist in the environment due to the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond. Fluorine has no known metabolic role in mammals; a few plants and sea sponges synthesize organofluorine poisons (most often monofluoroacetates) that help deter predation.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:23 UTC on Wednesday, 24 January 2024.For the full current version of the article, see Fluorine on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm Kimberly Neural.

The Green Sheet fire foams from Avenues ARE LLC are a game changer in the world of firefighting. They effectively extinguish fires while being non-toxic and biodegradable, a safer choice for you and the environment. Visit https://www.greensheetfoam.com or call 844-415-7653 to order. Avenues ARE LLC City: Meridian Address: 425 Website https://www.greensheetfoam.com Phone 18444157653 Email Orders@avenuesare.com

In this episode of Market Minutes, Shailaja Mohapatra talks about the global market setup ahead of Federal Reserve's interest rate decision. In buzzing stocks, investors need to look at L&T, Bharti Airtel, Navin Fluorine and Tata Consumer Products that have announced Q2 results. Also, catch Mark Mobius' bullish views on Indian markets and Ananth Narayan of SEBI on Voice of the day segment. Market Minutes is a morning podcast that puts the spotlight on hot stocks, keys data points and developing trends.

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Fluorine⁠ ⁠⁠⁠from the Nutrition section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/medbullets

Meridian Fire Foam LLC has announced Green Sheet™ Fire Foam Fluorine-Free and its most effective, fast-acting and long lasting NFFF is taking on Solberg, Chemguard, Williams, or National Foam Non-Fluorinated Fire Foam. Further information can be found at https://www.greensheetfoam.com Avenues ARE LLC City: Meridian Address: 425 26th Avenue Website https://www.greensheetfoam.com Phone +18444157653 Email orders@AvenuesARE.com

The use and management of fluorine-based chemical pollutants is problematic, making better group approaches and analysis necessary. Researchers from the AIST institute, Japan and Örebro University, Sweden have offered novel insight into how these chemicals disproportionally affect younger women, and offer new standards and techniques for better identifying organofluorines, many of which at present remain unknown.Read the original research: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129025

“We simply attempt to be fearful when others are greedy and to be greedy only when others are fearful.” —Warren Buffett Businesses that are less dependent on outside factors are likely to do much better over a long course of time compared to businesses that get temporary benefits and fall to their frailties eventually. This is an analysis of one such business that is fully integrated and is becoming totally self-reliant. Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd. is one the Top 3 Fluorine experts in India. Under these adverse times for chemical companies, fluorine players have shown consistency and have even outperformed their previous performances. In today's video we will learn about Over-Earning vs Under-Earning Mental Model, Company History, Complete Value Chain Analysis, Future Plans, Product Mix Analysis, P2P Analysis and most importantly Thesis & Antithesis with Risks.

0:05 - Intro1:15   - Todd has been on the FPP before (Episode #38)1:25  - Intro to Industrial Fire Protection (IFP) and SEVO Systems3:20 - Todd's favorite Special Hazard4:37  - Moynihan Train Hall's fantastic flame detectors5:40 -  Fire Detection is the Brains of it

In this episode, the boys have another of their popular Dynamite Conspiracy episodes, where they discuss a number of topics...First, they discuss, what did Admiral Byrd see in Antarctica? Was it an opening to a hollow earth? And was he warned by aliens for being there? They discuss the evidence, but do you agree with their conclusions?Next, they discuss whether fluorine in drinking water is there for nefarious reasons and does it make us sick. Or it is there just to help with our teeth?But what do you think of their conclusions?Finally, they discuss the mysterious death of Stanly Meyer the inventor of the water engine. This engine was to revolutionize the motor industry, stopping the reliance on fossil fuels. Was Stanley killed by the oil industry to keep his invention from hitting the market?The boys discuss this in detail too...What are your thoughts on these topics? Is the evidence described enough to change whatever view you currently hold about what happened?Do you agree with Tony and Tayo on these? Or do you have other thoughts?Tune in and listen to the discussion - and please let us have your thoughts on these subjects.Although we much prefer effusive praise

Especially now there are more forms of race wax than ever including buff on block, pastes, hot waxes, powders, and liquids. I give my thoughts on how to manage and prioritize these forms for best results and predictability. 

If you're not familiar with some of the terms used in this discussion – some key ones are described here for your reference:Bio-inorganic chemistry – the study of the role of metals in biological processes. This includes naturally occurring molecules and artificially introduced proteins.Metal center (active site) – the active metal in a larger molecule that reacts in (or catalyzes) a reactionCatalysis – increasing the rate of a reaction by introducing a substance to the reaction know as a catalyst. Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction.Functionalization of Carbon-Hydrogen bonds – converting a (Carbon-Hydrogen) C-H bond to a C-R bond. R represents a functional group that enables the final molecule to perform a specific reaction.Activation of Carbon-Hydrogen bonds – Reading (or breaking) the C-H bond so that the desired functional group can replace the Hydrogen.Enzyme – An organic catalyst, often found in nature and active in living cells. Enzymes are typically protein molecules.Organic molecule/organic substrate – A compound containing Carbon.Hydrogen bonding – An electrostatic force of interaction between a Hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom. The most common Hydrogen bonds occur between Hydrogen and either Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine.Reoxidize (oxidize) – during a reaction, a catalyst may accept electrons from the primary reactants or otherwise become reduced. Removing those electrons, or otherwise oxidizing the catalyst enables it to once more catalyze the reaction.Stoichiometric amount – Calculating the number of molecules (usually in moles) required for a given reaction.Photochemistry – Chemical reactions which are influenced by the presence or absence of light, often at specific wavelengths. Photochemistry is used to closely control reactions – i.e. the reaction will not take place if the correct light isn't present.Motif – A specific part of a molecule – often found in a number of molecules. Prof Maiti is contactable on social media, and you can find him on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/debabrata-maiti-54ab622a/ Our theme music is "Wholesome" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com)Music from https://filmmusic.ioLicense: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Connect with me (Paul) at https://www.linkedin.com/in/paulorange/H.E.L. group can be found at www.helgroup.com online,on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/company/hel-group/ on Twitter, we're @hel_group, https://twitter.com/hel_groupor search for us on Facebook 

This is an interview with Toko Chemist Stefan Jung about the development of fluorine free race waxes. Stefan relates some of the stories and challenges that he has faced as well as talks a bit about what he expects in the future.

Can the Production Cross-Section Uncertainties Explain the Cosmic Fluorine Anomaly? by Meng-Jie Zhao et al. on Thursday 08 September The stable secondary-to-primary flux ratios of cosmic rays (CRs), represented by the boron-to-carbon ratio (B/C), are the main probes of the Galactic CR propagation. However, the fluorine-to-silicon ratio (F/Si) predicted by the CR diffusion coefficient inferred from B/C is significantly higher than the latest measurement of AMS-02. This anomaly is commonly attributed to the uncertainties of the F production cross sections. In this work, we give a careful test to this interpretation. We consider four different cross-section parametric models. Each model is constrained by the latest cross-section data. We perform combined fits to the B/C, F/Si, and cross-section data with the same propagation framework. Two of the cross-section models have good overall goodness of fit with $chi^2/n_{d.o.f.}sim1$. However, the goodness of fit of the cross-section part is poor with $chi^2_{rm{cs}}/n_{rm{cs}}gtrsim2$ for these models. The best-fitted F production cross sections are systematically larger than the measurements, while the fitted cross sections for B production are systematically lower than the measurements. This indicates that the F anomaly can hardly be interpreted by neither the random errors of the cross-section measurements nor the differences between the existing cross-section models. We then propose that the spatially dependent diffusion model could help to explain B/C and F/Si consistently. In this model, the average diffusion coefficient of the Ne-Si group is expected to be larger than that of the C-O group. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.03799v1

The Field Guide to Particle Physics : Season 3https://pasayten.org/the-field-guide-to-particle-physics©2022 The Pasayten Institute cc by-sa-4.0The definitive resource for all data in particle physics is the Particle Data Group: https://pdg.lbl.gov.The Pasayten Institute is on a mission to build and share physics knowledge, without barriers! Get in touch.The PositronThe positron is the antiparticle partner to the electron.Ostensibly, positrons have the same mass as the electron, around 511 keV.  They also have the same electric charge - at least up to a minus sign. The positron is of course positively charged.Positrons also carry equal and opposite magnetic dipole moments to the electron: that little magnetic field carried often carried by elementary particles.Like the electron, positrons are stable. They do not decay. But of course, we don't see may of them around. When electrons and positrons collide, they annihilate each other! That is, they convert into a pair of photons, each with 511 keV of energy. Because it is *extremely* rare for photons to interact with each other, this reaction almost never goes in reverse, which explains why positrons don't accumulate here on Earth.As you might be aware, the matter to antimatter ratio of our universe is way out of whack - which is great for us! - but makes it a little hard to study antimatter particles like the positron.Sources of PositronsSome positrons are produced by the decay of cosmogenic muons - or antimuons, more precisely - that are formed when the pi-plus - the positively charged pion  decays. Those pions are in turn produced in collisions with cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere. Sometimes positrons are produced in nuclear decays, like an antimatter version of beta decay. Fluorine-18 - which has 9 protons and 9 neutrons - is one such unstable nucleus. Oxygen-15 - which has 8 protons and 7 neutrons is another. A more exotic case is Rubidium-82,  which forms when a strontium-82 nucleus absorbs an electron, converting one of its 38-protons into a neutron. Rubidium-82 then decays by positron emission, converting another proton to a neutron, resulting in the noble gas Krypton-82.Because the mass of the neutron is higher than that of the proton, positron emission is a form of radioactive beta decay that requires *extra* input energy, which is typically supplied by the remainder of the nucleus. It's a curious concept that we'll come back to in a future episode.In medicineBecause the photons emitted by the annihilation of a positron-electron pair have a very specific energy, scientific instruments can be calibrated to detect them. Positron Emission Topography is an imaging technique that specifically looks for these pairs of 511 keV photons - these gamma rays if you like. By injecting a radioactive substance that decays by positron emission, PET devices back calculate the gamma ray trajectories to build a three-dimensional model of whatever that tracer was injected into. Typically the human body!Fluorine-18, oxygen-15 and rubidium-82 are manufactured by particle accelerator for direct use in medical PET imaging. Sometimes those accelerators are RIGHT INSIDE THE MEDICAL FACILITY. That's right. Particle physics isn't just for lab rats or abstruse aloof theorists. It's crucial for medicine too! You can be a medical doctor AND study particle physics.PositroniumFinally, electrons and positrons can form a bound state - an atom if you like - called positronium. Positronium doesn't last very long - typically it decays by annihilation into an assorted number of gamma rays in a time that's measured in nanoseconds .The precise dynamics of positronium decay is a well studied science used in precision tests of quantum electrodynamics. We'll learn more about positronium later this season!

Get CE off your to-do list! Start earning your CE credits today at https://rdh.tv/ce Fluorine Discovered in a Galaxy 12 Billion Light-Years Away By Spring Hatfield, RDH Original article published on Today's RDH: https://www.todaysrdh.com/fluorine-discovered-in-a-galaxy-12-billion-light-years-away/ Get daily dental hygiene articles at https://www.todaysrdh.com Follow Today's RDH on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TodaysRDH/ Follow Kara RDH on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DentalHygieneKaraRDH/ Follow Kara RDH on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kara_rdh/

BIG THREE OFFENDERS – Chlorine, Bromine, and Fluorine!  Oh my,  you need to avoid these and we will look at why!  I will dive into where these 3 are found, how we can avoid them and what they do to interfere with thyroid function.Join my exclusive Facebook Group, Dr. Amie…The Thyroid Fixer...Love Your Mirror, for a Community of HOPE and Support in your thyroid journey.https://www.facebook.com/groups/dramie/LET'S GET YOUR LIFE BACK...Connect with Dr. Amie HornamanBook a free discovery call: https://dramiehornaman.com/book-a-callYour are worth the effort it will take and I will get your there. Trust the process!CONNECT WITH ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA:Like me on Facebook: Amie Hornaman Nutrition and Functional MedicineSubscribe on Youtube: Dr. Amie HornamanFollow me on Instagram: @dramiehornamanAseir Custom Aseir Custom is an innovative cosmetics company that utilizes the power of cosmeceutical peptides to

A New Series of podcasts where Camden, Dave, and I examine the periodic table of elements with a synchromystic lens, Fluorine just happened to be the most reactive element and the perfect beginning to this new series. In this episode we discussed Fluorine, The Pineal Gland, The God Gene & Sub Atomic Plasma Mercury. Enjoy Leave me a message at https://podinbox.com/MFTIC:For Exclusive My Family Thinks I'm Crazy Content: Only 2$ get 50+ Bonus Episodes, Sign up on our Patreon For Exclusive Episodes. Check out the S.E.E.E.N.or on Rokfin@MFTICPodcast on Twitter@myfamilythinksimcrazy on Instagram, Follow, Subscribe, Rate, and Review we appreciate you!https://www.myfamilythinksimcrazy.com★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

Track 1: Introductions to Hillary and Bronwyn What tickled their interest? What are the effects on a family/stress Help our young children to become aware of concussions from playing sports certain chemicals are released CTE scans American Football Progression for the rest of us: Frontal Lobe Plagues Cleveland Browns Player with player build up in frontal lobe - emotional instability   Start Track 2: 20:36 Track 2: Call about the possible effects of radio waves, cellphones, and diet Discussion about statistics and how important  lifestyle is Two current prescription drugs 36 different causes for Alzheimer's Hillary discusses her grandmother and grandfather both dying from Alzheimer's when there were no cellphones in the 50's-70's  Different Factors   Start Track 3: 38:08 Track 3: Recap of the show from the first hour Information about Elevate Health and Hillary & Bronwyn Lead into importance of all elements of lifestyle and cognoscopy Bronwyn talks about Dale Bredesen “The End of Alzheimer's” book he wrote Hillary talks about cognoscopy to find your baseline Also explained in the book APOE = Certain Gene #2-3-4- combination of Mom/Dad Gene The 3-3 combination has a 9% chance of developing 4-3 has 30% chance 4-4 has 80-90% chance of developing Alzheimer's APOE-2 risk  APOE = Lipoprotein that carries fat out of the brain   Start Track 4: 55:29 Track 4: Audio Clip with Dale Bredesen about possible causes of Alzheimer's Plagues - not destructive response more protective response Brain reaction to 5 different insults 1.) anything causing inflammation - Type 1 Alzeimer's 2.) same effect of APP because of neurotrophic factors (hormones) - Type 2 Alzheimer's Cold Atrophic Alzheimer's 3.) Binds Metals and related events Copper Mercury Aluminum Binding Aluminum 4.) Vascular Type 5.) Traumatic Type  Molecule that gives rise to amyloid (APP) synapto plastic actions synapto clastic actions Everyone with Alzheimer's is synapto clastic Hillary discusses statistics in women with hysterectomy  40% increased risk Cognoscopy  Process Cost   Start Track 5: 1:17:49 Track 5: APOE-4 Risks Possible Solutions Call about Pollution in Bozeman Air Water Soil Vaccines Hillary discusses why diet is so important specific supplements detox Problems with Bromine (in bread), Fluorine (in water) etc. Hillary discusses what CAN you change and DO THAT FIRST!  Call about ADD versus cognitive decline   Start Track 6: 1:40:20 Track 6: Long engaging call and discussion on caller's wife dying of Alzheimer's & dealing with prostate cancer Keto-flex diet it's not that hard to follow - but the hardest part is are you in ketosis Get ketones monitored More veggies, moderate protein, high fat & low starches no food for 12 hours don't eat 3 hours before bed The more copies of APOE you have the longer you should fast

My AP Biology ThoughtsUnit 1 Episode #34Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Morgan Bernstein and I am your host for episode #34 in (Unit 1 Macromolecules: (Water, the Universal Solvent)). Today we will be discussing the properties of water that make it the universal solvent. Segment 1: Introduction to water as a universal solventWater is a molecule- two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, chemical formula of H2O.  Bonds= chemical properties  Bonds within water are covalent bonds (extremely strong so a lot of energy to break a water molecule apart) Important bond with water is hydrogen bond- between water molecules instead of within.  Occurs when a hydrogen is bonded to electronegative atoms, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen.  The reason this bond is so special is because of the polarity of water molecules. electrons are not shared equally between atoms. Hydrogen atoms are partially positive where oxygen atoms are partially negative. When it joins with another water molecule, the partially negative oxygen atom gravitates towards the partially positive hydrogen atom, forming our hydrogen bond. Lastly, we need to know what a solvent is in order to understand why water is known as the universal one. A solvent is a substance that is able to dissolve another substance, in order to make a solution. Water is known as the universal solvent  Segment 2: Example of solutes in watersoluble= salt, sugar, food coloring and coffee.  insoluble= oil, flour and sand.  The partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative oxygen atoms in water that make it polar are also the reason that so many substances are soluble in water.  In salt, the partially negative chlorine atom in salt will automatically be attracted to the partially positive hydrogen atom in the water. Vice versa, the partially positive sodium atom will be attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom.  Then the weak hydrogen bonds break and salt can dissolve  On the other hand, something like oil will never be able to dissolve in water, because it is nonpolar. sharing of electrons within oil is even, no partially positive or partially negative charge.  Not attracted to either part of the water molecule and the hydrogen bonds don't break, two substances never mix Even though it is not able to dissolve nonpolar substances, water is known as the universal solvent because it is able to be a solvent for more solutes than any other substance Segment 3: Digging Deeper into the properties of waterWater as a universal solvent has many other connections to our unit of macromolecules and biology in general. One variable that affects the solubility of water is temperature.  Increased temperature means higher kinetic energy means higher solubility. Salt dissolves more in boiling water than in ice.  Another important fact when considering solubility is saturation. When all bonds are formed between water and salt, solution is saturated and no more dissolves. When talking about macromolecules, water plays an important role as well.  Carbs- soluble, but less soluble as becomes polysaccharide Lipid- soluble polar glycerol head but nonpolar insoluble fatty acid tail. Overall mostly insoluble. Proteins-depends on shae and r group Nucleic acids- mostly soluble, dna and rna Adhesion- water sticks to other things ex leaf Cohesion- water sticks to itself ex on penny   Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com/ (www.hvspn.com). See you next time! Music Credits:“Ice Flow” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcasthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts)...

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 1 Episode #33Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Alex and I am your host for episode 33 called Polarity of Water and Hydrogen Bonding. Today we will be discussing the importance of water polarity and hydrogen bonding in biology. Segment 1: Introduction to Hydrogen BondsWhat is water polarity and what are hydrogen bonds? Water is polar because of its asymmetrical structure and uneven distribution of electrons. The structure of water is asymmetrical because of electron pairs within the oxygen, causing the O-H bonds to be pushed down towards each other. The uneven distribution of electrons is caused by the oxygen having a higher electronegativity, pulling in the bonded electrons more strongly than the hydrogen. This causes a partial negative charge on the oxygen side, and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen side. Hydrogen bonds happen when a positively charged hydrogen of one molecule has a polar covalent bond with a Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, or Chlorine of another molecule. Segment 2: Example of Water PropertiesAn example of these properties are the cohesive property of water. This is caused by the hydrogen bonding in the water, creating an attractive force between the molecules, this allows water molecules to clump together, which gives water its surface tension and adhesion to other molecules.  Another example of water's polarity is its high heat of evaporation. The relatively strong hydrogen bonds are able to strongly hold the water molecules together. This makes it take a lot of energy to break the bonds between water molecules, and evaporate the liquid. This is an important property of water as it allows water to present on most of Earth no matter the current temperature or climate. Segment 3: Making Connections The polarity of water and hydrogen bonding is an essential part of biology. These two properties are responsible for so many properties of water, which are extremely essential for life to exist. Ice floats because of the hydrogen bonds in water, but if ice sank then many aqueous ecosystems would die in the winter as the ice would freeze the entire lake instead of the surface. Water's polarity also gives it a very high specific heat capacity, which allows organisms to effectively regulate their body heat through releasing water from their systems. The polar structure of water is essential for all living organisms, especially because many organisms are primarily composed of water. Water's polarity leads to many more properties, such as being a universal solvent, as well as the universal base and acid, all of which are essential properties to all living things.   Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content, make sure that you visit http://www.hvspn.com/ (www.hvspn.com). See you next time! Music Credits:"Ice Flow" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Subscribe to our Podcasthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/my-ap-biology-thoughts/id1549942575 (Apple Podcasts) https://open.spotify.com/show/1nH8Ft9c9f6dmo75V9imCk?si=IvI4iQV-SSaFb0ZmvTabxg (Spotify) https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5jYXB0aXZhdGUuZm0vbXlhcGJpb2xvZ3l0aG91Z2h0cw (Google Podcasts  ) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC07e_nBHLyc_nyvjF6z-DVg (YouTube)   Connect with us on Social MediaTwitterhttps://twitter.com/thehvspn ( )https://twitter.com/thehvspn (@thehvspn)

The Indian market witnessed highly volatile moves on October 27 with Nifty seen trading in the broader range of 11,700-11,950. Volatility is likely to grip the market in the coming sessions as well as we are approach the October F&O series expiry. On the derivative front, the 12,000 call strike still holds maximum open interest which should act as strong resistance for Nifty. On the downside, 11,700 would be immediate strong support. A decisive move beyond this range on any side will set the further direction for Nifty. Bias is likely to remain in favour of bulls. On the technical front, Bank Nifty is looking much stronger than Nifty and we can expect it to test 25,000 to 25,250 levels in the coming sessions.

Is fluoridation a good thing? To answer this, we have to first understand what fluoride is and where it comes from. Some of my material comes from these two sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride

One of the greatest public health achievements is considered to be the addition of Fluoride to our drinking water.  Today, Dr. Andrew McGuire talks healthy to Dr. Jesse and Dr. Zach about the dangers of Fluoride and how incredibly toxic to the body it is.   Beware of the dangers of drinking tap water and yes, even using it in toothpaste! Follow Dr. Andrew and The Wellness Way -- Mequon on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thewellnesswaymequon/ Follow Dr. Jesse and Dr. Zach at The Wellness Way -- Appleton on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheWellnessWayAppleton/

Talk to a Dr. Berg Keto Consultant today and get the help you need on your journey (free consultation). Call 1-540-299-1557 with your questions about Keto, Intermittent Fasting, or the use of Dr. Berg products. Consultants are available Monday through Friday from 8 AM to 10 PM EST. Saturday & Sunday from 9 AM to 6 PM EST. USA Only. Get Dr. Berg's Veggie Solution today! • Flavored (Sweetened) - https://shop.drberg.com/veggie-solution-flavored-sweetened?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=AGM(Anchor) • Plain (Unflavored) - https://shop.drberg.com/veggie-solution-plain?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=AGM(Anchor) Take Dr. Berg's Free Keto Mini-Course! In this podcast, Dr. Berg talks about ovarian cysts. It is a fluid-filled sac and could refer pain in either side of the S-I joints (low back pain). Estrogen dominance is what causes this ovarian cysts and the remedy for this is iodine. Iodine is needed to help balance estrogen and promote progesterone (which helps balance estrogen as well). The ovary stores more iodine than any other organs of the body except the thyroid. Causes of Iodine Deficiency 1. Iodine is a trace mineral – Farmers, most of the time, don't put these trace minerals back into the soils. The plant is only fortified by what's in the soil. 2. Fluorine / chlorine / bromine Iodine Benefits • Helps lower estrogen • Enhances progesterone • Decreases the risk of certain types of diseases (breast and ovary) • Reduces hot flashes • Reduces PMS and cramping Recommendation: High-quality organic sea kelp (iodine and trace mineral source) *If you have a hyperthyroid condition, don't take iodine or sea kelp. Dr. Eric Berg DC Bio: Dr. Berg, 51 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional & natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government & the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The 7 Principles of Fat Burning. FACEBOOK: fb.me/DrEricBerg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor TWITTER: http://twitter.com/DrBergDC?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Post&utm_campaign=Daily%20Post YOUTUBE: http://www.youtube.com/user/drericberg123?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S SHOP: https://shop.drberg.com/?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor MESSENGER: https://www.messenger.com/t/drericberg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S VIDEO BLOG: https://www.drberg.com/blog?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor

They will know the features of fluorine and how they can determine the stoichiometry of a reaction.

We've got a double whammy for you this week! Fluorine and Chlorine are elemental cousins. They're both halogens, highly reactive elements that sit in the penultimate column of the periodic table. In this episode, we talk about why fluorine is added to water and chlorine's deadly use as a chemical weapon. Plus the usual games or Science Fact or Science Fiction and Secret Scientist!

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Jules and Justice talk about Brett Kavanaugh in the news again with another claim being lobbied against him for sexual misconduct. They also talk about the shenanigans happening in gaming. Such as the the release of Borderlands 3. Issues surrounding the PC launch and how it has been received. . Do not forget to like, share, and subscribe to Cool Black Nerd Podcast on your Podcast Platforms and all Social Media!

Today's episode is about Fluorine! Join us to learn more about the lightest of the Halogen group and more about its interesting properties and cultural and historical significance.Feel free to contact us at elementalfunpodcast@gmail.comLike! Subscribe!Music by Josh BurnsGraphics by Katja Willeford

Fluorine is one of the most reactive gases. Yet when it is bonded with one or more other events, it makes quite stable compounds - including one of the most famous item you'll find in your kitchen or winter coat. Jesus the Christ, although he had great power was responsive rather than reactive. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/presence/support

Southlanders are rolling their Rs more - and less - than 100 years ago, and the chemical element fluorine.

Southlanders are rolling their Rs more - and less - than 100 years ago, and the chemical element fluorine.

Fluorine is a highly toxic green gas that is the main ingredient in non-stick teflon coatings. In ep 27 of Elemental, Prof Allan Blackman from AUT, says that fluorine has very different properties from fluoride.

Fluorine is a highly toxic green gas that is the main ingredient in non-stick teflon coatings. In ep 27 of Elemental, Prof Allan Blackman from AUT, says that fluorine has very different properties from fluoride.

Fluorine is a highly toxic green gas that is the main ingredient in non-stick teflon coatings. In ep 27 of Elemental, Prof Allan Blackman from AUT, says that fluorine has very different properties from fluoride.

Hearing is how one listens to things, like this podcast! The fellas have issues with The White Album and the Happy Birthday song. Fluorine is fun, especially for murder. Niner > Nine. Matt provides some genuine consumer advice. Being in high school band was not good for Matt's love life. The best type of cloud is not disputed. How do you like your dancing ladies? How did Odin learn his runes? How many monks does it take to do an important Buddhist ritual? Jim Lingk goes to confession. Things get kinda religious. Matt and GGRACE get kinda chummy. And the Housekeeping segment returns with predictable results. Find out more at https://gggrinfinite.pinecast.co

This is Salt Air episode 33. SaltStack is excited to announce the release of Salt 2019.2.0, codenamed Fluorine. This highly anticipated Salt release is substantial by the numbers, and is already getting positive feedback from our user community. New SaltStack network automation features and even more Salt support for other infrastructure management tools like Ansible, Terraform, and Docker are just a few of the highlights of this release. Get access to the Salt 2019.2.0 release here: https://www.saltstack.com/download-saltstack-automation-engine/

Chemist Andrea Sella tells the story of how the feared element ended up giving us better teeth, mood and health. Many chemists have lost their lives trying to isolate the periodic table’s most chemically reactive element – hence the nickname “the tiger of chemistry”. Fluorine can react with almost all elements. As an acid, hydrofluoric acid, it will dissolve glass. Yet chemists have been able to tame the beast – creating remarkable and safe uses for it by utilising its reactive nature that lets it make strong bonds with other chemicals. One in five medicines contain fluorine atoms, including one of the most widely used antidepressants Prozac, fluorinated anaesthetic, cancer medication, the cholesterol regulating drug Lipitor and the antibacterial Cipro. Though perhaps it is most famous for being added to toothpaste in the form of fluoride and in some places, drinking water. Fluoride protects our teeth from decay. But despite the benefits, it has a history of receiving a bad press. During the cold war, false allegations were made that adding fluoride to the water supply was a communist plot designed to weaken the American people. Stanley Kubrick satirised these fears in the film Dr. Strangelove in 1964. The suspicion around fluoride has not gone away and many people feel negatively towards any tinkering with something as fundamental as our water supply. Professor Andrea Sella from University College London examines the effects of fluorine and looks to current and future uses of the element that chemists clearly respect – but no longer fear. Picture: Toothpaste, Credit: artisteer/Getty Images

In this podcast, Cody Gough and Ashley Hamer discuss the following stories from Curiosity.com to help you get smarter and learn something new in just a few minutes: SKILLSHARE: Two months of unlimited access to more than 20 thousand classes for just 99 cents The Stupidly Dangerous Chemical Chlorine Trifluoride Can Make Anything Burst Into Flames on Contact Book Towns Are Tiny Cities Made Up Almost Entirely of Bookstores There's a Surprising Reason You Shouldn't Take Your Phone Out in Class If you love our show and you're interested in hearing full-length interviews, then please considersupporting us on Patreon. You'll get exclusive episodes and access to our archives as soon as you become a Patron! Learn about these topics and more onCuriosity.com, and download our5-star app for Android and iOS. Then, join the conversation onFacebook,Twitter, andInstagram. Plus: Amazon smart speaker users, enable ourAlexa Flash Briefing to learn something new in just a few minutes every day! See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Session 105 ATP, blood vessels, fat stores and beta decay are the topics we cover in the next set of discrete questions from Next Step Test Prep Full-length 10. We are once again joined by Bryan Schnedeker from . Also check out all our other podcasts on . [01:33] Question 44: Fat Molecules Fats are stored in adipose tissues primarily as: (A) Fatty acids (B) Chylomicrons (C) Glycerol (D) Triacylglycerols Bryan's Insights: The correct answer here is D. Glycerol is the three-carbon backbone and fatty acids are the little tails that get tagged onto the glycerol. So a glycerol backbone plus three fatty acids make up a full classic E-shaped triacylglycerol or just just fat molecule. Chylomicrons are the little clumpy bits that are used to transport fatty acids throughout the blood. [03:27] Question 45: Aorta vs. Capillaries Within the body, which of the following blood vessels is expected to have the greatest total cross-sectional area and the lowest fluid velocity? (A) Aorta (B) Arterioles (C) Capillaries (D) Vena cava Bryan's Insights: The word total is key here. And the answer here is C. There are tens of thousands of capillaries for every arteriole, much less for the aorta and vena cava in the body. The question also says lowest fluid velocity. The blood in the aorta and the arterioles is just rushing along because of all that pressure from the heart. So it's in the capillaries that the blood flows the slowest that it almost comes to a standstill so that your oxygen and carbon dioxide can get exchanged. If you're not reading this question very carefully, you might pick (A) Aorta. In fact, in the Next Step Full Length analysis, about 65% get this question right while the other 35% all pick the aorta. [05:23] Question 46: Fluorine What does 18F become after a beta+ decay? (A) 18Ne (B) 18O (C) 17F (D) 19F Bryan's Insights: The test would give you a periodic table where you click on the button in the corner of the screen. It doesn't give you much except for the atomic number and then the element itself. First, you need to know the weight of a beta+ particle. It's a position which is a fancy name for a positively charged electron. So beta- is an electron while beta+ is a positively charged electron. Relative to a proton, you can treat beta decay as having a zero mass. So if Fluorine starts with a mass of 18, shooting out a positron is not going to change the 18 at all because it didn't give out any mass. If shot off a positive charge, it means that one of it is positive, so the proton became a neutron. Fluorine which had 9 protons went down to only 8 protons. So you have to go to the periodic table and see what's element number 8 and you would see that it's Oxygen. [08:00] Question 47: ATP/ADP Ratio A cell in which an elevated ATP/ADP ratio exists is most likely to demonstrate which allosteric effect resulting for this elevation? (A) Inhibition of pyruvate kinase (B) Activation of phosphofructokinase 1 (C) Inhibition of ATP citrate lyase (D) Activation of hexokinase Bryan's Insights: The cell is in a really high energy state, which means you don't need to make any more. In response, you slow your Krebs cycle and all that mechanics down. So you don't want to pick the activation choices, leaving us here with A and C. The correct answer here is A. Remember that pyruvate is that last step in glycolysis so the key regulatory point when you wrap up glycolysis before you head over to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or Krebs cycle, you regulate glycolysis right at the end there. If you shut that off in the end and if you have tons of ATP floating around, you don't need to make more energy. Hence, you switch off glycolysis by switching off pyruvate kinase, the enzyme in the end. ATP citrate lyase is a key enzyme that links carbohydrate metabolism (the Krebs cycle) to fat anabolism (making fat). The enzyme basically converts the citrate to acetyl CoA, which goes over and the body makes fat molecules out of it for storage. If you have tons of energy and you want to store that energy, you would actually bump up your ATP citrate lyase. You would want to activate that whole chain of connections. [12:08] Quick Tips for Answering Biochemistry Questions First, understand what the question is asking since students get very hung up in metabolism and biochemistry, trying to memorize a million names of enzymes, substrates, etc. Of course you have to recognize names. But when it comes to actually answering questions on test day, just put it in the big picture. Contextualize it. Don't skip this first step because just from the names of the molecules, and recognizing the general situation, you can take a pretty good crack at the question. In terms of the Krebs cycle and all the different energy pathways, you have to know them backwards-forwards, upside-down. You should be able to list every enzyme in the Krebs cycle, every substrate that gets acted on by the enzyme, and all the coenzymes and cofactors, all the inputs and the outputs. "The Krebs cycle is your alpha and omega. You have to know the whole thing." As for any pathway in the body, just generally know the inputs and outputs and the regulatory steps. You don't have to list every single step in glycolysis on the MCAT. That's okay. That said, memorize the Krebs cycle backwards and forwards first and then remember all the key steps in all the other reactions. [14:45] Next Step Test Prep If you're interested in Next Step Test Prep's full length practice exams, use the promo code MCATPOD to save 10% off their offerings. Based on the feedback gathered from students, Next Step Test Prep simulates the real exam. They also found it to be the most accurate full length exam, outside of the AAMC exams. Links: Promo Code: MCATPOD

Guest: Dr. Peter Gao In Episode 40, Michael chats with Dr. Peter Gao about various science and Star Trek topics, from Michael's thesis defense to DS9: "Starship Down" to whether or not Cancri IV in Star Trek: Discovery is a real exoplanet. Follow us on Twitter! Michael: @Miquai Peter: @PlanetaryGao

Just *try* to tally the body count behind the periodic table's most reactive element, and learn why you should drink it.

On this episode #7 “We Shoot Mirrorless” podcast episode for October 2017, Scott and Marco discuss these new products and mirrorless topics:   This show is sponsored by B&H: bit.ly/bhphotodeals   Scott has bought the iPhone 8 Plus and tells us what he thinks about the camera and features. https://bhpho.to/2ziapxR   After using the Olympus TG-5 for a month, Scott shares how he likes using this camera. https://bhpho.to/2ziapxR   GoPro announced the new Hero 6 Black camera. The action camera now features 4K 60P video, 12MP Photos at 30 fps, has enhanced dynamic range, improved image stabilization and better low light performance. https://bhpho.to/2z2dp0i   GoPro also added a cool new 360° action camera to their setup. The GoPro 5.2K 360° Fusion camera captures 18MP still images with a 360° field of view. It has a gimbal-like image stabilization and 360° microphone built in. And the overcapture mode creates some really cool effects. https://shop.gopro.com/cameras/fusion/CHDHZ-101.html   Fuji adds two new lenses to their GFX medium format camera lens lineup. The GF 45mm f2.8 R WR and GF 80mm  f2.8 R LM OIS WR Macro lens both feature Dust & Weather sealing and have Nano GI coating. The 80mm Macro has a 1:1 magnification and also features a Fluorine coating on the front element to make it less prone to smudging - a feature that we would like to see on all lenses in the future. GF 45mm f2.8 R WR: https://bhpho.to/2zjBEbs GF 80mm  f2.8 R LM OIS WR Macro: https://bhpho.to/2zhrzLY   Fuji is running a GFX promotion in Europe. Save up to EUR 1.300 if you purchase a GFX plus lens between October 1st, 2017 and January 15th, 2018. And this time you don’t have to trade in a qualifying camera. https://bhpho.to/2z1Mguu   Fujifilm will soon offer a software called Fujifilm X Raw Studio that will enable you to use the nice in-camera Raw to jpg engine from your Mac or PC when you attach the camera via USB to your computer. The software should be available in late November 2017. http://www.fujifilm.com/news/n170907_08.html   Profoto is expanding their Air Remote TTL and HSS capable wireless flash transmitters to work with many mirrorless cameras. They now offer versions for mirrorless Olympus, Sony and are about to release a version that works with Fuji cameras. https://bhpho.to/2zhEMVa   Sony has released a FW update for their a9 mirrorless camera. FW version 1.10 improves image quality and fixes some problems like disappearing RAW images when transferring images to certain smartphones. https://www.sony.com.au/electronics/support/e-mount-body-ilce9-series/ilce-9   Marco shares a feature from the Nikon D850 that he would like to see incorporated in future mirrorless cameras, too. Nikon offers a film scan adapter that not only allows you to scan your film negatives in high quality with a single exposure, it also converts the negative image into a positive straight inside the camera. Two thumbs up from Marco for this feature. https://bhpho.to/2z26Gn5 Mirrorless question of the month: Hi Scott and Marco, I am a long time listener of your podcasts and have made the full switch from Nikon DSLR’s to Fuji mirrorless cameras (sorry Scott) ;) last year. I’m currently using a Fuji X-T2 and X-T 20 and have the XF 50-140mm f2.8 lens for my zoom work. Inspired by Scott’s recent PPN - More Gear Show episode about TC’s, I am now considering the purchase of a 1.4x or 2x TC. But a photographer friend has told me, that TC are not a good idea on crop sensor cameras, as there is already an artificial crop happening on the sensor. And the IQ will degrade drastically stronger than on a cropped FF camera. He suggests that I’d rather invest in the Fuji XF 100-400mm f4.5 - 5.6 lens. What do you think? Thanks so much for all of the great shows each month! Johan from Uppsala, Sweden We have a PPN Photo Podcast Network group at Flickr (click link) that is open to our listeners and photos taken with all mirrorless camera brands. If you want to join just let us know through the "request invitation" button on the group and drop us a quick line there. We'll add you to the group then. And please ask for the invite via the web browser and not via the Flickr App. The invite process via the app has not been working reliably. You can also submit an image using the Instagram hashtag #WeShootMirrorless   We have picked our monthly featured photographer and image from our Flickr groups. Our monthly We Shoot Mirrorless feature photo and photographer of the month is: Jose Matutina - “Fisherman by the Angry Sea” (click here) Please support our show by using our B&H affiliate link (click here) that will not cost you a penny more than when you are buying at B&H without our link. And the more this link will be used to buy at B&H, the more giveaways we’ll be able to give back to our listeners through B&H. It really is a “win-win” situation :)   And please share this podcast with your friends and subscribe via iTunes. We would also love to get your feedback. Is there anything that you want us to cover on the show in the future? And we would appreciate if you could take a short moment to rate or post a quick review about our shows on iTunes.   For more information on Scott Bourne follow him on Twitter: @ScottBourne For more information on Marco Larousse follow him on Twitter: @HamburgCam   About this show: On the monthly #WeShootMirrorless episode of the “PPN - Photo Podcast Network” show, Scott and Marco will discuss news from the mirrorless camera world related to innovations, trends, gear and accessories. And they will introduce mirrorless camera brands by interviewing the respective managers of those manufacturers. They will also invite pro photographers who make their living working with mirrorless cameras to share some tips and tricks on their workflow.

It’s a triple threat match up pitting Ken, Neal, and Jeff against each other. Neal wants to phone a friend, Jeff has a lot of confidence in questions he may or may not know anything about, and Ken espouses the merits of Ronny Woo-Woo. This Episode Brought To You By: Best Of The Best Podcast www.BestOfTheBestPod.com Please RATE, REVIEW, and SUBSCRIBE on iTunes or your preferred podcast app! Follow us on social media, and support the show on Patreon for great perks! Facebook.com/TrivialityPod Twitter.com/TrivialityPod Patreon.com/TrivialityPodcast Want to hear your trivia question during an episode? Send us a general knowledge question to the e-mail: TrivialityPodcast@Gmail.com with the subject QUESTION 5 and a host's name (Ken, Matt, Neal, or Jeff). We will read one listener submitted question per round. Announcer: DARREN MARLAR www.MarlarHouse.com www.youtube.com/marlarhouse [New Episodes Every Tuesday] © Pain Don't Hurt - 2017

This week on the podcast, we invited Amy Lewis and Andy Banta to give us their thoughts on the past year after the SolidFire acquisition by NetApp. We also discuss the new Element OS, Fluorine.

Fluorine is a ferocious yellow gas that is the key building block for a string of other gases that pose a threat to mankind if released into the atmosphere. From the ozone-depleting CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) to potent greenhouse gases such as sulphur hexafluoride, Justin Rowlatt gets the full rundown from professor Andrea Sella of University College London.Justin travels to the source of fluorine in Britain, a fluorspar mine in Derbyshire, before following the ore to the giant acid works of Mexichem in Runcorn in the UK, where site director Ron Roscher explains the incredible array of uses for this chemical element.And, he also hears from environmental scientist Stefan Reimann about the environmental legacy of CFCs and the threat posed by Chinese and Indian air conditioners.

Itself a ferocious yellow gas, fluorine is also the key building block for a string of other gases that pose a threat to mankind - from the ozone-depleting CFCs to potent greenhouse gases. We track fluorine from the mine to its incredible array of final uses. And we find out why an exploding Mercedes car has caused a trans-Atlantic chemistry tiff.

The Latin root word flu means “flow.” This Latin root is the word origin of a good number of English vocabulary words, including flu, influence, and fluid. The Latin root word flu is easily recalled through the English word fluid, for a fluid is a state of matter which, if not contained, “flows.”Like this? Build a competent vocabulary with Membean.

Silicon-[18F]Fluorine (Si-18F) radiochemistry has recently emerged alongside other unconventional approaches such as aluminum-F-18 and boron-F-18 based labeling strategies, reshaping the landscape of modern F-18-radiochemistry. All these novel methodologies are driven by the demand for more convenient F-18-labeling procedures to further disseminate one of the most sophisticated imaging technologies, Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The PET methodology requires special radionuclides such as F-18 (one of the most prominent examples) to be introduced into bioactive molecules. Si-F-18 radiochemistry contributed greatly towards the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging. Herein, we describe the radiochemical basics of Si-F-18 bond formation, the application of Si-F-18 tracers for PET imaging, and additionally, the inherent chemical intricacies of this methodology.

Kira Weissman, from Saarlandes University in Germany, explores the element that stops eggs sticking to frying pans and keeps astronauts safe in space

This week, scientists recreate hair follicles, we uncover a means of making hydrogen in a hurry, hear about a stealthy way to destroy cancer and find out why a dose of herpes could be good for you. Also, John Grattan describes the biggest atmospheric pollution event in history, we discover with Rod Jones the role of water in the greenhouse effect, and Jonathan Shanklin tell us the 'hole' story of the ozone layer. Plus, in Kitchen Science, we make a cloud in a bottle! Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

This week, scientists recreate hair follicles, we uncover a means of making hydrogen in a hurry, hear about a stealthy way to destroy cancer and find out why a dose of herpes could be good for you. Also, John Grattan describes the biggest atmospheric pollution event in history, we discover with Rod Jones the role of water in the greenhouse effect, and Jonathan Shanklin tell us the 'hole' story of the ozone layer. Plus, in Kitchen Science, we make a cloud in a bottle! Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

In this thesis the acceleration of heavy ions to multi-MeV energies by means of a laser is demonstrated for the first time. Using an ultrahigh-intensity laser, with focal intensities exceeding 5 x 10^19 W/cm^2, the laser-plasma interaction becomes relativistic and a strong electron current is driven in laser direction. These relativistic electrons penetrate the target foil and set up a quasistatic electric field at the target rear surface. This field is of the order of TV/m and accelerated Fluorine ions to energies of 100 MeV, i.e. about 10 % light speed, within 300 fs. While a normal accelerator needs a distance of roughly 100 m to reach these energies, the laser-driven acceleration achieves this in about 10 microns. Within the scope of this work, a technique was developed to select a specific ion species. The energy spectra and charge state distributions of several different species were measured and used to analyze the acceleration mechanism. The measured results were than compared to computer simulations to gain detailed information on the strength and timescale of the accelerating fields.

Fri, 1 Jan 1993 12:00:00 +0100 http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6037/ http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6037/1/Dingwell_Donald_6037.pdf Bagdassarov, Nikolai; Dingwell, Donald B.; Webb, Sharon L. Bagdassarov, Nikolai; Dingwell, Donald B. und Webb, Sharon L. (1993): Effect of boron, phosphorus and fluorine on shear stress relaxation in haplogranite melts. In: European Journal of Mineralogy, Vol. 5, Nr. 3: pp. 409-425.

Anhydrous nepheline, jadeite, and albite glasses doped with F as well as hydrous F-containing haplogranitic glasses were investigated using 19F combined rotation and multiple-pulse spectroscopy; 19F → 29Si cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (MAS); and high-power 19F decoupled 29Si, 23Na, and 27Al MAS nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Fluorine preferentially coordinates with Al to form octahedral AlF63− complexes in all glasses studied. In addition, F anions bridging two Al cations, units containing octahedral Al coordinated by both O and F, or tetrahedral Al-F complexes might be present. The presence of Si-F bonds cannot be entirely ruled out but appears unlikely on the basis of the 19F → 29Si CP/MAS spectra. There is no evidence for any significant coordination of F with alkalis in the glasses studied. 23Na spectra are identical for the samples and their F-free equivalents and the spectra do not change upon decoupling of 19F. The speciation of F in the hydrous and anhydrous glasses appears to be very similar. Over the range of F contents studied ( up to 5 wt.% ), there seems to be hardly any dependence of F speciation on the concentration of F in the samples. The spectroscopic results explain the decrease of the viscosity of silicate melts with increasing F content by removal of Al from bridging AlO4-units due to complexing with F, which causes depolymerization of the melt. The same mechanism can account for the shift of the eutectic point in the haplogranite system to more feldspar-rich compositions with increasing F content, and for the peraluminous composition of most F-rich granites. Liquid immiscibility in F-rich granitic melts might be caused by formation of (Na,K)3AlF6 units in the melt with little or no interaction with the silicate component. The presence of F in granitic melts might increase the solubility of high field strength cations by making nonbridging O atoms available which form complexes with these cations.

The effect of F on the glass transition behavior of albite, diopside, and four other silicate melts has been investigated using scanning calorimetry. The addition of F to all silicate melts investigated results in a strong, nonlinear decrease of the glass transition temperature (Z' as recorded by the peak temperatures of heat capacity). The decreases observed extrapolate consistently to published fluoride glass transition temperatures. The largest Z, decrease is observed for albite-FrO-, melts (AT = 250 °C at 6 wt%F ). The effect of F is similar to that previously observed for HrO (Taniguchi, 1981). Physical properties of low-temperature silicate liquids are a valuable constraint on lowtemperature petrogenetic processes in granite and pegmatite petrogenesis. Low-temperature wiscosities can be estimated from the glass transition data. These data are combined with previously published high-temperature, concentric-cylinder viscosity data to obtain a much more complete description of the temperature dependence of viscosity for these melts. The present data, obtained on supercooled liquids close to the glass transition, are of special significance because it is at the glass transition that silicate glass structures are frozen. A separate multinuclear NMR study of glasses quenched from these experiments has shown that the predominant coordination of F in albite glass is octahedral to Al. The coordination state of F does not appear to be concentration dependent, and thus the structural origin of the nonlinear Z, decrease does not arise from such a mechanism.

Sun, 1 Jan 1989 12:00:00 +0100 http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6005/ http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6005/1/Dingwell_Donald_6005.pdf Dingwell, Donald B. Dingwell, Donald B. (1989): Effect of fluorine on the viscosity of diopside liquid. In: American Mineralogist, Vol. 74, Nr. 3-4: pp. 333-338. Geowissenschaften

The volatilization of fluorine from three melts in the system Na2OAl2O3SiO2 has been investigated at 1 atm pressure and 1200–1400°C. The melts chosen have base compositions corresponding to albite, jadeite and a peraluminous melt with 75 mole % SiO2. Melt spheres were suspended from platinum loops in a vertical tube furnace in a flow of oxygen gas, then quenched, sectioned and analysed by electron microprobe. The microprobe scans indicate that transport of fluorine to the melt-vapor interface is by binary, concentration-independent interdiffusion of fluorine and oxygen. FO interdiffusivity increases in the order albite < peraluminous < jadeite. There is no simple reciprocal relationship between FO interdiffusivity and melt viscosity. Comparison with data on high-pressure interdiffusivity of fluorine and oxygen in jadeite melt indicates that FO interdiffusivity increases with pressure from 0.001 to 10 kbar while the activation energy remains unchanged. Fluorine chemical diffusivity in albite melt is substantially lower than H2O chemical diffusivity in obsidian melts suggesting that different diffusive mechanisms are responsible for the transport of F and H2O in igneous melts. Fluorine diffuses in albite melt via an anionic exchange with oxygen whereas water probably diffuses in obsidian melt via an alkali exchange mechanism.

The viscosities of fluorine- and water-bearing melts based on albite composition have been determined at 7.5, 15 and 22.5 kbar by the falling-sphere method. All melt viscosities decrease isothermally with increasing pressure. At 1200°C the viscosity of the fluorine-bearing melt (albite + 5.8 wt.% fluorine substituted for oxygen, denoted AbF2O−1) decreases from5000 ± 750P at7.5kbar to1600 ± 240P at22.5kbar. At 1400°C the viscosity of this melt decreases from1300 ± 200P at7.5kbar to430 ± 65P at22.5kbar. At 1400°C the viscosity of albite + 2.79 wt.% water (denoted AbH2O) decreases from650 ± 100P at7.5kbar to400 ± 60P at22.5kbar. Fluorine (as F2O−1) and water strongly decrease the viscosity of albite melt over the entire range of investigated pressures. The ratio of the effects of 5.8 wt.% fluorine [F/(F + O)molar = 0.10] and 2.79 wt.% water [OH/(OH + O)molar = 0.10] on the log of melt viscosity [Δ log η(AbF2O−1)/Δ log η(AbH2O)] equals0.90 ± 0.05, 0.84 ± 0.05and0.97 ± 0.05at7.5, 15and22.5kbar, respectively. Comparison with available data on the high-pressure viscosity of albite melt indicates that both F2O−1 and H2O maintain their viscosity-reducing roles to lower crustal pressures. The difference between the viscosities of melts of albite, AbF2O−1 and AbH2O, may be explained in terms of the relatively depolymerized structures of AbF2O−1 and AbH2O melts. The depolymerization of albite melt by the addition of water results from the formation of SiOH bonds. The depolymerization of albite melt by F2O−1 substitution results from the formation of non-bridging oxygens associated with network-modifying aluminum cations that are formed upon fluorine solution. The strong viscosity-reducing effects of water and fluorine in albite melt at pressures corresponding to the mid- to lower continental crust indicate that these two components will strongly influence the dynamic behavior of anatectic melts during initial magma coalescence and restite-melt segregation.

The effect of fluorine on melt viscosities of five compositions in the system Na2O-Al2O3- SiO2h as been investigateda t one atmospherea nd 1000-1600'Cb y concentric-cylinder viscometry. The compositions chosen were albite, jadeite and nepheline on the join NaAlOlSiO2 and two others of the join at 75 mole percent SiO2, one peralkaline and one peraluminous. All melt viscosities were independent of shear rate over two orders of magnitude, indicating Newtonian behavior. All viscosity-temperature relationships were Arrhenian within error. Fluorine reduces the viscosities and activation energies of all melts investigated. The viscosity-reducing power of fluorine increases with the SiO2 content of melts on the join NaAlO2-SiO2 and is a maximum at Na/Al (molar) = I for melts containing 75 mole percent SiO2. Fluorine and water have similar effects on aluminosilicate melt viscosities, probably due to depolymerization of these melts by replacement of Si-O-(Si, Al) bridges with Si-OH and Si-F bonds, respectively. Evidence from slag systems shows that fluorine also reduces the viscosity of depolymerized silicate melts. The viscous flow of phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites will be strongly afected by fluorine. It appears that fluorine contents of igneous rocks may be combined with water in calculation schemes for determining the viscosity of natural melts.

The chemical diffusion of fluorine in jadeite melt has been investigated from 10 to 15 kbars and 1200 to 1400°C using diffusion couples of Jadeite melt and fluorine-bearing jadeite melt (6.3 wt.% F). The diffusion profile data indicate that the diffusion process is concentration-independent, binary, F-O interdiffusion. The F-O interdiffusion coefficient ranges from 1.3 × 10−7 to 7.1 × 10−7 cm2/sec and is much larger than those obtained by Kushiro (1983) for Si-Ge and Al-Ga interdimision in jadeitic melts. The Arrhenius activation energy of diffusion is in the range of 36 to 39 kcal/mole as compared with 19 kcal/mole for fluorine tracer diffusion in a lime-aluminosilicate melt. The diffusivity and activation energy of F-O interdiffusion vary slightly with pressure, but the pressure dependence of F-O, Al-Ga and Si-Ge interdiffusion may be related to the relative volumes of the interdiffusing species for each pair. The magnitude of chemical diffusivity of fluorine is comparable to that of the chemical diffusivity of water in obsidian melts. The diffusivities of various cations are significantly increased by the addition of fluorine or water to a silicate melt. This fact, combined with the high diffusivity of fluorine, suggests that the F− ion is the principal diffusing species in dry aluminosilicate melts and that dissolved fluorine will accelerate chemical equilibration in dry igneous melts.