Podcasts about salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella Bareilly found in Cucumbers - what is link to Salmonella Africana and Braenderup Outbreaks? | Marler BlogOutbreak Investigation of Salmonella: Cucumbers (June 2024) | FDASalmonella Outbreak Linked to Cucumbers | CDCNotes from the Field: Multistate, Multiserotype Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Cashew Brie — United States, 2021 | MMWRFresh Start Produce Sales Initiates Recall of Whole Cucumbers Because of Possible Health Risk | FDAfreshstartproduceFresh_Start_Recall_Notice.pdfPopulation Survey | FoodNet | CDCMarler Blog | Marler Clark, Inc., PS | Food Poisoning LawyerSalmonella Outbreak Linked to Cantaloupes | CDCFoods That Do Not Freeze Well - National Center for Home Food PreservationFreezing Melons - National Center for Home Food PreservationWatermelon is a MelonAgriculture Biostimulants | Crop Production | Plant HealthAmazon.com : 15 Mil Drip Tape -Irrigation-Gardening-12 Inch Dripper Spacing-1,000 Ft Roll-1 Ea Heavy Duty : Patio, Lawn & GardenQuantification of Salmonella enterica transfer between tomatoes, soil, and plastic mulch - ScienceDirectDispersal of Salmonella Typhimurium by Rain Splash onto Tomato Plants - ScienceDirectAdhesion and splash dispersal of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on tomato leaflets: Effects of rdar morphotype and trichome density - ScienceDirectQuantification of Survival and Transfer of Salmonella on Fresh Cucumbers during Waxing - ScienceDirectQuantification of Survival and Transfer of Salmonella on Fresh Cucumbers during Waxing - ScienceDirect0 to 100 - ages of people sickened by Salmonella in Canada by Mexican Cantaloupe | Marler BlogWhole-Genome Sequencing of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates Obtained from Various Meat Types in Ghana | Microbiology Resource AnnouncementsAntigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars2007 9th editionFoodNet Fast | CDCLeast Popular Vegetables: Summary.

This research examined the potential of tomato juice to combat bacterial infections. The study found that tomato juice effectively eliminated Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, and uropathogenic E. coli, a bacterium associated with urinary tract infections, within 24 hours. The authors suggest these antimicrobial properties stem from naturally occurring peptides in tomatoes. These findings raise the possibility that incorporating tomato juice into one's diet could be a valuable tool for managing certain bacterial infections. #tomato #typhoid #UTI Kwon RS, Lee GY, Lee S, Song J.2024.Antimicrobial properties of tomato juice and peptides against typhoidal Salmonella. Microbiol Spectr12:e03102-23.https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03102-23 Alchepharma,Ralph Turchiano,citation,research,study,tomato juice,Salmonella Typhi,typhoid fever,uropathogenic E. coli,UTIs,urinary tract infections,foodborne pathogens,antimicrobial properties,tomato-derived antimicrobial peptides,tdAMPs,lifestyle interventions,natural antimicrobials,plant-based antimicrobials,Salmonella Typhimurium,E. coli,cationic peptides,amphipathic peptides,immune system,public health,dietary interventions,antimicrobial resistance --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ralph-turchiano/support

This research examined the potential of tomato juice to combat bacterial infections. The study found that tomato juice effectively eliminated Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, and uropathogenic E. coli, a bacterium associated with urinary tract infections, within 24 hours. The authors suggest these antimicrobial properties stem from naturally occurring peptides in tomatoes. These findings raise the possibility that incorporating tomato juice into one's diet could be a valuable tool for managing certain bacterial infections. #tomato #typhoid #UTI Kwon RS, Lee GY, Lee S, Song J.2024.Antimicrobial properties of tomato juice and peptides against typhoidal Salmonella. Microbiol Spectr12:e03102-23.https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03102-23 Alchepharma,Ralph Turchiano,citation,research,study,tomato juice,Salmonella Typhi,typhoid fever,uropathogenic E. coli,UTIs,urinary tract infections,foodborne pathogens,antimicrobial properties,tomato-derived antimicrobial peptides,tdAMPs,lifestyle interventions,natural antimicrobials,plant-based antimicrobials,Salmonella Typhimurium,E. coli,cationic peptides,amphipathic peptides,immune system,public health,dietary interventions,antimicrobial resistance --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ralph-turchiano/support

We managed to make it through 2023 without a major epidemic or pandemic, and as we get into the holiday spirit and look forward to the new year, some of us took a look back and picked out one of our favorite JCM paper published in 2023, which I will tell you, was no easy task as there were many of good ones to choose from! And personally, after looking through all the issues over the last year, it never ceases to amaze me the variety of topics that we publish on in JCM – including unique things like the evaluation of a molecular assay for diagnosis of Buruli ulcers, to development of an EIA for detection of Taenia coproantigen, and then of course we have the more bread and butter things like evaluation of new assays for detection of TB resistance, to multiple studies this year on women's health diagnostics, and evaluation of new molecular assays for congenital CMV detection, and then I'm also told that there were some awesome AST-focused papers too, which is all just great. The four of us JCM editors have selected the following favorite papers of ours from the past year:   Whole-Genome Subtyping Reveals Population Structure and Host Adaptation of Salmonella Typhimurium from Wild Birds | Journal of Clinical Microbiology (asm.org) Detailed β-(1→3)-D-glucan and mannan antigen kinetics in patients with candidemia | Journal of Clinical Microbiology (asm.org) Interlaboratory comparison of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage susceptibility testing | Journal of Clinical Microbiology (asm.org) Emergence of Inducible Macrolide Resistance in Mycobacterium chelonae Due to Broad-Host-Range Plasmid and Chromosomal Variants of the Novel 23S rRNA Methylase Gene, erm(55) | Journal of Clinical Microbiology Commentary: Plasmid-mediated drug resistance in mycobacteria: the tip of the iceberg? | Journal of Clinical Microbiology Guests: Melissa Miller, Ph.D., D(ABMM), FAAM, University of North Carolina Medical Center Patricia Simner, Ph.D., D(ABMM), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine This episode of Editors in Conversation is brought to you by the Journal of Clinical Microbiology and hosted by JCM Editor in Chief, Alex McAdam and Dr. Elli Theel. JCM is available at https://jcm.asm.org and on https://twitter.com/JClinMicro. Visit journals.asm.org/journal/jcm to read articles and/or submit a manuscript.

Dr. Megin Nichols, a veterinary epidemiologist at CDC in Atlanta, and Sarah Gregory discuss Salmonella in songbirds and its effect on people.

Urban Dictionary: mann's assumptionThe Who - Won't Get Fooled Again - YouTubeTalking Heads - Once in a Lifetime (Official Video) - YouTubeWiFi Networking Equipment for Home & Business | TP-LinkFood Safety TalkWatch - AppleNoom: Stop dieting. Get lifelong results.White House Plumbers | Official Website for the HBO Series | HBO.comThe Food Section | Hanna Raskin | SubstackCoronation of Charles III and Camilla - WikipediaIAFP Annual Meeting - International Association for Food ProtectionAmerican Association for Agricultural Education - 2023 National Conference | Raleigh, NCSeaman A. Knapp - WikipediaRutgers Law Cannabis CertificateSanitize vs. Disinfect: Know the Difference2023 Biennial Meeting | Conference for Food Protection | Conference for Food ProtectionReport - Disinfectant Committee (DC) | Council III | 2023 Biennial Meeting | Conference for Food Protection | Conference for Food Protection‎Disinfectant Committee Guidance DocumentTajah Blackburn - United States Environmental Protec… | ZoomInfoCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research | CDER | FDAThe Battle Over Refrigerating Butter: ‘Enough Is Enough'Butter with Olive Oil and Sea Salt | Land O'Lakes41: Butter at Room Temperature — Risky or Not?quixotic pronunciation459. AI-Generated Recipes — Risky or Not?Survival of acid adapted and non-acid adapted Salmonella Typhimurium in pasteurized orange juice and yogurt under different storage temperatures - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez, Lorena Valdés, Ana Bernardo, Miguel Prieto, Mercedes López, 2013449. Pepper Mill Over a Pot — Risky or Not?Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Thompson Infections Linked to Seafood Exposure — United States, 2021 | MMWR

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.27.530266v1?rss=1 Authors: Raj, D., Nair, A. V., Sharma, J., Prakash, S., Kaushik, A., Basu, S., Sahu, S., Singh, S., Bhosale, V., Chandra, T., Ghoshal, U. C., Dasgupta, A., Siddiqi, M. I., Gupta, S. K., Chakravortty, D., Ammanathan, V., LAHIRI, A. Abstract: Intracellular Salmonella resides and multiplies in cholesterol-rich specialized compartment called Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) and avoids fusion with acidic lysosomes. Given, lysosomes are primary organelle that redistributes LDL derived cholesterol to other organelles; we questioned how lysosomal cholesterol can be transported to SCV. We demonstrate here that peroxisomes are recruited to SCVs in human primary macrophages, epithelial cells and functions as pro-bacterial organelles. Further, this interaction is assisted by SseI, a Salmonella effector protein containing mammalian peroxisome targeting sequence. SseI localizes to peroxisome, interacts and activates a host Ras GTPase, ARF-1 on the peroxisome membrane. Activation of ARF-1 leads to recruitment of phosphatidylinsolitol-5-phosphate-4 kinase to generate phosphatidylinsolitol-4-5-bisphosphate on peroxisomes. Accordingly, the {Delta}sseI strain showed reduced virulence in cell lines and during mice infection. Taken together, our work identified a fascinating mechanism by which a pathogen targets host organelles via its secretory effectors and exploits host metabolic intermediates for its intracellular proliferation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks making pesto from homegrown basil without washing it first. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Brad Greening, a health scientist at CDC in Atlanta, and Sarah Gregory discuss a multistate foodborne outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium in the United States.

Crazy Cat Lady Paula Poundstone We're flashing back to comedian Paula Poundstone's guest spot. She proudly defends being the cat mama to 16 cats (3 if the landlord asks). She's trying to decide whether to buy cat litter or send her kids to college. Listen Now Wag App Cautionary Tails A Houston couple is finding out firsthand some of the unintended consequences that can come with letting a stranger on an App take care of your pet. Their version of the unthinkable happened when they trusted a stranger on the "Wag!" app to walk Winnie, their 10-month-old Wheaten Terrier. Winnie died on that walk. The husband says Wag! representatives have not offered any details into how Winnie died. Wag did offer to reimburse the couple $188.71 for Winnie's cremation costs if the couple signed a non-disclosure agreement, stating that, among other things, they would be legally required to keep quiet about what happened to Winnie. Just eight days before, another Wag! dog-walker in California was charged with animal cruelty after police say he kicked one of the four dogs he was walking. Listen Now Cuddly Hedgehogs Carry Salmonella Government health officials are warning that there have been at least 11 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium in 8 states. All involved hedgehogs. Even when hedgehogs appear healthy, the CDC says they can carry salmonella germs in their droppings. Those germs can then spread around the hedgehog's body and then to anything in the area where they live. Listen Now Aspirin Can Be Fatal For Your Pet While Aspirin might be just what the doctor ordered after a night out drinking; your dog or cat's body won't assimilate the chemicals safely. Enough 'well-meaning' aspirin can kill your pet. Same holds true for Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen. There are a lot safer anti-inflammatory medicines that your veterinarian can prescribe. Animal Radio's Dr. Debbie has a tip for determining if something your pet swallowed is toxic and if you should go to the veterinarian. Listen Now Read more about this week's show.

Jaridani Aprili 27, 2022 na Leah Mushi kwanza ni habari kwa ufupi- Takriban dola bilioni 1.4 zimeahidiwa na wafadhili kwa ajili ya kusaidia nchi zilizoko katika pembe ya Afrika zinazokabiliwa na ukame mkali kuwahi kutokea katika kipindi cha miaka 40. Ahadi hizo zimetolewa jijini Geneva, Uswisi katika mkutano wa ngazi za juu ulioandaliwa na Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kuratibu Misaada ya dharura -OCHA na Shirika la Muungano wa Ulaya la Ulinzi la Kiraia na Operesheni za Misaada ya Kibinadamu -ECHO, na kuhudhuriwa na wawakilishi wa serikali wa nchi zilizoathiriwa na ukame za Somalia, Kenya na Ethiopia. Ahadi hizo za fedha zitasaidia mashirika ya kibinadamu kutoa chakula cha dharura, lishe, fedha taslimu na usaidizi wa kiafya, pamoja na malisho na dawa ili kuweka mifugo hai. Tayari watu milioni 1 wameyakimbia makazi yao kutokana na ukosefu wa maji au malisho, na mifugo isiyopungua milioni 3 imekufa.   =====================================  Leo Aprili  27, Uingereza imetarifu Shirika la afya la Umoja wa Mataifa, WHO kuhusu kundi la wagonjwa wenye maambukizi ya Salmonella Typhimurium. Uchunguzi ulihusisha mlipuko huo na chokoleti inayotengenezwa nchini Ubelgiji, ambayo imesambazwa kwa angalau nchi 113. Tahadhari ya kimataifa ilitolewa na INFOSAN tarehe 10 Aprili, na kuanzisha mkakati wa kimataifa wa kurejeshwa kwa bidhaa. Kufikia sasa, jumla ya wagonjwa 151 wanaohusishwa na genetiki zinazoshukiwa kuhusishwa na ulaji wa bidhaa za chokoleti husika wameripotiwa  kutoka nchi 11. Hatari ya kuenea katika kanda ya Ulaya ya WHO na kimataifa inatathminiwa kuwa ya wastani hadi taarifa zipatikane juu ya urejeshaji kamili wa bidhaa hizo.    ============================= Na Binti mfalme Basma bint Ali wa Jordan leo ameteuliwa kuwa balozi mwema wa Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Chakula na kilimo, FAO kwa Mashariki ya Karibu na Kaskazini mwa Afrika.  Katika jukumu lake jipya Binti mfalme atasaidia FAO kuongeza ufahamu kuhusu umuhimu wa kubadilisha mifumo ya kilimo cha chakula duniani, ili kuondokana na changamoto za kuendelea na kukua kwa njaa.  Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa FAO QU Dongyu amesema kuwa Binti Mfalme amekuwa muungaji mkono wa muda mrefu wa FAO na mtetezi na mjuzi wa uhifadhi wa bayoanuai duniani kote na kusema, "Ufalme wake umeongeza ufahamu kwa watu wa Jordan na watu wote wa Mashariki ya Karibu. na Afrika Kaskazini  kuhusu umuhimu wa kuhifadhi mimea asilia na mifumo ikolojia na kukuza utafiti wa bayoanuai na ujifunzaji wa mazingira, ambayo ni msingi wa kuhakikisha mifumo endelevu ya chakula cha kilimo na kuboresha uhakika wa chakula.  Katika mada kwa kina  tutapata ujumbe kutoka kwa washiriki kutoka Burundi kwenye mkutano wa jukwaa la kudumu la watu wa asili ulioanza wiki hii. Na katika mashinani ni ujumbe wa rais wa Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu ufunguzi wa jukwaa la kudumu la watu wa asili.

En el episodio de hoy nos presentaremos (porque se nos olvidó en el primer episodio), hablaremos sobre la NOM-127 en la sección "¡Quedé!", presentamos una nueva sección "Harto me tienes", en la cual la palabra "contaminación" es la protagonista, y para cerrar con el chismesito, les traemos uno de un brote de Salmonella Typhimurium en Estados Unidos proveniente de... ¡laboratorios de docencia! --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/micropodcasts/message

Space is hard, things are different there which means something simple as salmonella becomes much more challenging. The rules of bacterial infection and response change once you're in space. How does your body respond to bacterial infection in microgravity environments? Getting sick in space may be worse than on earth. The human microbiome is incredible diverse and not well understood. Your gut contains 100,000s of bacteria groups, virus and other things. A large global study of gut microbiome has revealed thousands of new virus and bacteria types. Jennifer Barrila, Shameema F. Sarker, Nicole Hansmeier, Shanshan Yang, Kristina Buss, Natalia Briones, Jin Park, Richard R. Davis, Rebecca J. Forsyth, C. Mark Ott, Kevin Sato, Cristine Kosnik, Anthony Yang, Cheryl Shimoda, Nicole Rayl, Diana Ly, Aaron Landenberger, Stephanie D. Wilson, Naoko Yamazaki, Jason Steel, Camila Montano, Rolf U. Halden, Tom Cannon, Sarah L. Castro-Wallace, Cheryl A. Nickerson. Evaluating the effect of spaceflight on the host–pathogen interaction between human intestinal epithelial cells and Salmonella Typhimurium. npj Microgravity, 2021; 7 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00136-w Luis F. Camarillo-Guerrero, Alexandre Almeida, Guillermo Rangel-Pineros, Robert D. Finn, Trevor D. Lawley. Massive expansion of human gut bacteriophage diversity. Cell, 2021; 184 (4): 1098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.029

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.356139v1?rss=1 Authors: Ahmad, S., Tsang, K. K., Sachar, K., Quentin, D., Tashin, T. M., Bullen, N. P., Raunser, S., McArthur, A. G., Prehna, G., Whitney, J. C. Abstract: Type VI secretion systems facilitate the delivery of antibacterial effector proteins between neighbouring Gram-negative bacteria. A subset of these effectors harbor N-terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) implicated in effector translocation across the target cell membrane. However, the abundance and distribution of these TMD-containing effectors has remained unknown. Here we report the discovery of prePAAR, a conserved motif found in over 6,000 putative TMD-containing effectors. Based on their differing sizes and number of TMDs these effectors fall into two distinct classes that are unified by their requirement for a member of the Eag family of T6SS chaperones for export. Co-crystal structures of class I and class II effector TMD-chaperone complexes from Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, reveals that Eag chaperones mimic transmembrane helical packing to stabilize effector TMDs. In addition to participating in the chaperone-TMD interface, we find that prePAAR functions to facilitate proper folding of the downstream PAAR domain, which is required for effector interaction with the T6SS spike. Taken together, our findings define the mechanism of chaperone-assisted secretion of a widespread family of T6SS membrane protein effectors. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of eating salt cured egg yolks. Dr. Don - not risky

Stanley Maloy discusses his career in Salmonella research, which started with developing molecular tools and is now focused on the role of Salmonella genome plasticity in niche development. He further talks about his role in science entrepreneurship, science education, and working with an international research community. Julie’s Biggest Takeaways: Stanley’s career began when transposon mutagenesis was a new, cutting-edge technique, and he found the best way to learn how to apply a new method was to jump in and try it. Antibiotic resistance has been a problem throughout Stanley’s career. The future may hold new antimicrobials that aren’t necessarily categorized as classical ‘antibiotics,’ but may offer precision therapy against specific infectious agents. Whatever the future holds, it won’t be a single answer: Stanley sees many innovations necessary to deal with the future of antibiotic-resistant infections. Stanley’s current research is in Salmonella genome plasticity and how genomic traits influence the bacterial niche. Where do traits like exotoxins or antibiotic resistance exist in the environment, and how are they transferred to new species to influence disease? Cases of Typhoid Fever in people without known exposure to another diseased person suggest there may be an environmental reservoir. What might it be? Stanley is a big proponent of scientist entrepreneurs and participates with the NSF Innovation Corps to promote early science start ups. In addition to creativity and the scientific process, one characteristic he encourages all entrepreneurs to develop is a good team spirit. Working collaboratively as a team is a very strong sign of success. Stanley believes in the importance of an international science communities, and he practices what he preaches: he works closely with the scientific community of Chile. He began in 1990 by teaching an intensive lab course about techniques, and has developed a decades-long relationship with this community. These relationships allow a dialog, and were the reason Stanley ultimately turned his focus to Salmonella Typhi from Salmonella Typhimurium. Links for this Episode: MTM Listener Survey, only takes 3 minutes! Thanks;) Stanley Maloy website at San Diego State University This Week in Microbiology #95: A Microbe Lover in San Diego National Science Foundation Innovation Corps Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education Call for Submissions for a Special Issue on diversity and inclusion. HOM Tidbit: A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars  

Bacterial Transfer Associated with Blowing Out Candles on a Birthday CakeRaw Oyster Myths | FDAHold the Raw Sprouts, Please | FoodSafety.govChipotleFoodKeeper App | FoodSafety.govEnjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon - WikipediaFate of Aflatoxin M1 in Cheddar Cheese and in Process Cheese SpreadFDA Sampling Frozen Berries for Harmful Viruses | FDAMicrobiological Surveillance Sampling: FY 19-20 Frozen Berries (Strawberries, Raspberries and Blackberries) | FDAreddit.com: soylent diarrhea searchIn Association with ADM Milling Co, King Arthur Flour, Inc. Voluntarily Recalls Limited Quantity of Unbleached All-Purpose Flour (5 Lb.) Because of Possible Health Risk | FDAGluten-free flour — Nuts.comMeat Grinders and Molecular Epidemiology: Two Supermarket Outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Infection Incomplete sanitation of a meat grinder and ingestion of raw ground beef: contributing factors to a large outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infection5by5 | Dan BenjaminNational Prevalence Estimate of Pathogens in Domestic Beef Manufacturing Trimmings December 2005 – January 2007Applying HACCP Validation and Verification At RetailDeregulated pork inspection is on the way from USDA - The Washington PostPork industry soon will have more power over meat inspections - The Washington PostPork industry wants new inspection system but Democrats are balking - The Washington PostFood Safety Talk 145: Cold Pizza for Breakfast — Food Safety TalkPeanut Corporation of America - WikipediaPeanut exec in salmonella case gets 28 yearsChicago Style Hot Dogs | Vienna BeefGiardiniera - WikipediaNancy’s Pizza - HomeHot Dog University - Vienna BeefObey Giant - The Art of Shepard FaireyDo By FridayCards Against Humanity Target Exclusive Prongles Potato Chips Crisps Set of 2 | eBayCards Against HumanityOriginal PronglesPringles - WikipediaFrank Yiannas | LinkedInDisney Cruise Line Passengers Sickened at Sea Due to Norovirus OutbreakAmazon.com: The Fifth Risk (9781324002642): Michael Lewis: BooksFood Safety Talk 173: Paper Towel Tongues — Food Safety TalkPoisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak That Changed the Way Americans Eat: Jeff Benedict: 9780984954353: Amazon.com: BooksFood Safety Talk 58: Where’s my wallet? — Food Safety Talk

Crazy Cat Lady Paula Poundstone We're flashing back to comedian Paula Poundstone's guest spot in 2012. She proudly defends being the cat mama to 16 cats (3 if the landlord asks). She's trying to decide whether to buy cat litter or send her kids to college. Listen Now Wag App Cautionary Tails A Houston couple is finding out firsthand some of the unintended consequences that can come with letting a stranger on an App take care of your pet. Their version of the unthinkable happened when they trusted a stranger on the "Wag!" app to walk Winnie, their 10-month-old Wheaten Terrier. Winnie died on that walk. The husband says Wag! representatives have not offered any details into how Winnie died. Wag did offer to reimburse the couple $188.71 for Winnie’s cremation costs if the couple signed a non-disclosure agreement, stating that, among other things, they would be legally required to keep quiet about what happened to Winnie. Just eight days before, another Wag! dog-walker in California was charged with animal cruelty after police say he kicked one of the four dogs he was walking. Listen Now Cuddly Hedgehogs Carry Salmonella Government health officials are warning that there have been at least 11 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Typhimurium in 8 states. All involved hedgehogs. Even when hedgehogs appear healthy, the CDC says they can carry salmonella germs in their droppings. Those germs can then spread around the hedgehog's body and then to anything in the area where they live. Listen Now Aspirin Can Be Fatal For Your Pet While Aspirin might be just what the doctor ordered after a night out drinking; your dog or cat's body won't assimilate the chemicals safely. Enough 'well-meaning' aspirin can kill your pet. Same holds true for Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen. There are a lot safer anti-inflammatory medicines that your veterinarian can prescribe. Animal Radio's Dr. Debbie has a tip for determining if something your pet swallowed is toxic and if you should go to the veterinarian. Listen Now

Show notes so you can follow along at home.Little Boy and Fat Man | Atomic Heritage FoundationPatriot (TV series) - WikipediaLetterkenny (TV series) - WikipediaBeastie Boys Book - Kindle edition by Michael Diamond, Adam HorovitzAmazon.com: Becoming eBook: Michelle ObamaBang (TV series) - WikipediaDid You Just Eat That? | W. W. Norton & CompanyDid You Just Eat That? Amazon.comAbout David LloydTour Dates | The Avett BrothersMay It Last: A Portrait of the Avett Brothers - Watch the HBO Original Documentary | HBOStan Lee - WikipediaStan Lee in ‘Mallrats,’ Kevin Smith’s Movie – Rolling StoneDo By FridayCTA drivers caught on video urinating, defecating on buses, face little actionBus driver was drunk, may have been drinking while driving, Melbourne police say | WFTVMystery high school pooper revealed as superintendent‘Super pooper’ suspect resigns Kenilworth post, demands $1M from policeHow good is liquor as a disinfectant? - QuoraDiscord server? : DoByFridayNever Home Alone: A Gala of Stories, Foods, and Insights from the Study of the Life in Homes Thu, Nov 15, 2018 at 7:00 PMNever Home Alone: From Microbes to Millipedes, Camel Crickets, and Honeybees, the Natural History of Where We Live, Rob Dunn - Amazon.comTechniques for the storage of human breast milk: implications for anti-microbial functions and safety of stored milk.Bactericidal activity of human milk: stability during storage.Cold storage of human milk: effect on its bacterial composition.Report of Neonatal Meningitis Due to Salmonella enterica Serotype Agona and Review of Breast Milk-Associated Neonatal Salmonella InfectionsMiso-Pickled Eggs Recipe - Nancy Singleton Hachisu | Food & WineEffect of miso soup containing Natto on the composition and metabolic activity of the human faecal floraEvaluation of the Bacteriological Safety of Low-Salt MisoStatement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on findings from the romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak investigation and FDA’s efforts to prevent future outbreaksEnvironmental Assessment of Factors Potentially Contributing to the Contamination of Romaine Lettuce Implicated in a Multi-State Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7Quantitative assessment of the microbial risk of leafy greens from farm to consumption: preliminary framework, data, and risk estimatesDuncan Hines Classic White, Classic Butter Golden, Signature Confetti and Classic Yellow Cake Mixes Recalled Due to Potential Presence of SalmonellaThe Dough Also Rises: The Reload | Good Eats: Reloaded | Cooking ChannelAn outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 42 associated with the consumption of raw flourMultistate Outbreak of Salmonella Agbeni Infections Linked to Pet Turtles, 2017 (Final Update)Rare Salmonella Strain Sickened 8 in British Columbia Last Year | Food Safety NewsOutbreak of Salmonella Infections | Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Agbeni Infections | November 2018Amazon.com : Duncan Hines Cake Mix, Classic White, 16.5 Ounce (Pack of 6) : Grocery & Gourmet FoodWarmMark 25°C/77°F Temperature Indicator (10-Pack)-WM 25/77-10PK - The Home Depot

Hoy en El Viajero de la Ciencia… entrevistamos a Isabel Serrano, sobre la respiración como modo de transformar nuestras emociones negativas en positivas. Hablamos sobre el oxígeno en Marte, la experiencia de Ara en un coche autónomo y sobre la exposición: Faraón, Rey de Egipto. TITULAR 1: TITULAR 1: BEPICOLOMBO COMIENZA CON ÉXITO SU APASIONANTE VIAJE HACIA MERCURIO BepiColombo es una misión conjunta de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA) y de la Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial (JAXA), que despegó con éxito el pasado 20 de octubre. La misión consta de dos orbitadores científicos, el Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) y el Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO), que realizarán unas mediciones que revelarán la estructura interna del planeta Mercurio, la naturaleza de su superficie y la evolución de sus características geológicas. TITULAR 2: DETECTAN EXTRAÑAS PARTÍCULAS SURGIENDO DE LOS HIELOS DE LA ANTÁRTIDA Los investigadores creen que podría tratarse de un tipo desconocido de partícula, o de un indicio de la existencia de «otra Física». La Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), que consiste en una serie de antenas de radio que cuelgan de un globo aerostático a 37 kilómetros de altura y que los científicos usan para estudiar los rayos cósmicos, ha detectado estas partículas que emanan directamente del suelo. Fenómeno que no está permitido por el Modelo Estándar de la Física. Titular 3: Descubren cómo una bacteria ‘ninja' engaña al sistema inmune El sistema inmune del cuerpo es una barrera que utiliza a células especializadas del cuerpo para reconocer y atacar a todas aquellas que saben que no son propias, como pueden ser bacterias, virus u otros microorganismos. Aún así, hay quienes se saltan esta barrera ya que evolucionan, convirtiéndose, así, en bacterias ninja. En un nuevo estudio, publicado este martes en Cell Reports, los investigadores de la Universidad de McMaster explican que se ha descubierto cómo una de estas bacteria ninja, la Salmonella Typhimurium, puede entrar en nuestro cuerpo sin ser detectada. TITULAR 4: Los microplásticos superan una barrera más y llegan hasta nuestras heces Hace apenas una semana, un estudio llevado a cabo por científicos coreanos establecía que más del 90% de las marcas de sal de mesa analizadas en países del todo el mundo contenían niveles más o menos elevados de microplásticos. Aunque las dosis detectadas en la sal no son excesivamente preocupantes, los autores de estos estudios advierten que se suman a los microplásticos que ingerimos a través de otros productos de origen marino, como el marisco.

The episode starts with a discussion on old TV shows that the guys should be or have watched. Ben and Don talk about food pantries and frozen chicken items that look cooked but are raw. The guys then chat cookie food safety, insurance policies, traceability and blockchain in Romaine. The conversation goes to a Twitter exchange started by FDA commissioner Scott Gotlieb that Don joined that got to J. Kenji Alt-Lopez (and back to Don) that ended with the grind-your-own-beef-is safer question. The episode ends with a discussion on kimchi fermentation and parameters need to safely make it in restaurant kitchens.Show notes so you can follow along at home here:NJ Automobile Glass Installation and RepairDavid Lee Roth - WikipediaThe Giving Tree - WikipediaArrested Development (TV series) - WikipediaDeep Space 9 | Memory Alpha | FANDOM powered by WikiaTony Hale - WikipediaThe Sunday Edition – June 3, 2018 | CBC Radiosjh_canada on TwitterFour salmonella cases linked to chicken from Ruby’s Pantry sites | INFORUMEvaluating North Carolina Food Pantry Food Safety–Related Operating Procedures | Journal of Food ProtectionBen Chapman on TwitterJ. Kenji López-Alt on TwitterJ. Kenji López-AltIrradiated Ground Beef - WegmansRutgers Food Innovation CenterFDA Update on Traceback Related to the E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Linked to Romaine Lettuce | FDA VoiceInactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce by dip wash treatments with organic acids.Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium in iceberg lettuce and the antimicrobial effect of rice vinegarUse of organic acids to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on organic fresh apples and lettuceCapacity of Listeria monocytogenes Strains from the 2011 Cantaloupe Outbreak To Adhere, Survive, and Grow on CantaloupePathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Can Survive in Kimchi during FermentationQuantification of the Relative Effects of Temperature, pH, and Water Activity on Inactivation of Escherichia coli in Fermented Meat by Meta-AnalysisNo, don’t roast marshmallows over Hawaii volcanic vents - CNNCooking great meals with your car engine. The heat is on

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die zeit- und kostenintensive Salmonellen-Serotypisierung mit Hilfe von molekularbiologischen Methoden zu komplettieren und nach Möglichkeit zu ersetzen. Es war geplant, verschiedene publizierte, molekularbiologische Nachweise zu prüfen und gegebenenfalls zu erweitern. Hierfür wurde ein Aufbau dreier Multiplex-PCRs (RAJTAK et al., 2011) und ein High Resolution Melting (HRM) (BRATCHIKOV & MAURICAS, 2011) etabliert und anschließend evaluiert. Zudem sollte im Rahmen dieses Projektes eine molekularbiologische Methode zur Unterscheidung von lebenden Impf- und Feldstämmen der Serovare Salmonella Enteritidis und Salmonella Typhimurium entwickelt werden. Deshalb war geplant, die genetischen Grundlagen der phänotypischen Marker zu ergründen und anhand dieser ebenfalls ein High Resolution Melting für die Differenzierung der Impf- und Feldstämme zu entwickeln. Für die Salmonella-Serovar-Differenzierung mittels Multiplex-PCRs (RAJTAK et al., 2011) wurden 210 Stämme verteilt auf 31 Serovare geprüft. Es konnten hier jedoch nur wenige Serovare eindeutig differenziert werden (Salmonella Livingstone, Salmonella Goldcoast, Salmonella Ohio, Salmonella Kentucky, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella-Typhimurium-Variante monophasisch (1,4,[5],12:i:-), Salmonella Subspezies IIIb, Salmonella Enteritidis sowie der IDT-Salmonella-Enteritidis-Impfstamm). Für die übrigen Serovare konnte in Verbindung mit der Gelelektrophorese nur eine grobe Einteilung in insgesamt zehn Gruppen erreicht werden. Diese Gruppen enthielten bis zu zehn Serovare. Zudem konnten sehr wichtige Serovare wie Salmonella Enteritidis und Salmonella Typhimurium nicht endgültig differenziert werden. Für spezielle Fragestellungen, wie die Differenzierung der eindeutig unterscheidbaren Serovare, könnten diese Ergebnisse dennoch nützlich sein. Das High Resolution Melting nach Bratchikov und Mauricas aus dem Jahr 2011 wurde mit guten Ergebnissen evaluiert. Es konnten alle geprüften 100 Proben (zusammengesetzt aus 21 Serovaren) innerhalb eines Laufes mit dem LightCycler® 96 differenziert werden. Für eine zusätzliche Verbesserung dieser Methode, in Form einer genaueren Differenzierung des Serovars Salmonella Typhimurium, sollte das Protokoll um Differenzierungsmöglichkeiten für die Salmonella-Typhimurium-Variante O5-negativ (1,4,12:i:1,2) und die Salmonella-Typhimurium-Variante monophasisch (1,4,[5],12:i:-) erweitert werden. Dies gelang gänzlich für die monophasische Variante (1,4,[5],12:i:-) durch eine Erweiterung der HRM-Analyse mit dem Primerpaar FljB 1,2;1,5 nach Rajtak et al. aus dem Jahr 2011 sowie teilweise für die Variante O5-negativ (1,4,12:i:1,2). In den gesetzlichen Grundlagen, wie der Geflügel-Salmonellen-Verordnung und allen relevanten EU-Verordnungen für Bekämpfung von Salmonellen beim Geflügel, werden alle Varianten als Salmonella Typhimurium klassifiziert und deshalb gleich behandelt. Alle anderen Verordnungen, wie die Rinder-Salmonellose-Verordnung oder die Verordnung für Meldepflichtige Tierkrankheiten, erfassen ohnehin alle Salmonellen-Serovare. Somit ist eine weitere Unterscheidung der Serovare nicht notwendig, bietet aber Möglichkeiten für eine tiefgründigere Diagnostik, falls diese gewünscht ist. Auch ein Nachteil gegenüber der serologischen Differenzierung stellt sich durch die nur teilweise Differenzierungsmöglichkeit der Variante O5-negativ somit nicht. Um die Anwendbarkeit der HRM-Analyse in der Routinediagnostik, insbesondere bei auftreten neuer Serovare, besser beurteilen zu können, muss diese molekularbiologische Methode jedoch zunächst über einen längeren Zeitraum parallel zur klassischen Diagnostik angewandt werden, bevor sie in der Routinediagnostik verwendet werden kann. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode könnte allerdings, bei in etwa gleichem finanziellem Aufwand, ein erheblicher Zeitgewinn bei der Salmonellen-Differenzierung erzielt werden. Voraussetzung hierfür wäre jedoch das Vorhandensein eines HRM-fähigen Gerätes. Die Entwicklung einer molekularbiologischen Methode für die Impfstamm/Feldstamm-Differenzierung konnte ebenfalls mit sehr gutem Ergebnis durchgeführt werden. Es konnten mehrere Punktmutationen, sogenannte single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), auf verschiedenen Genen (rpoB und his) mittels Sequenzierung entdeckt werden. Anschließend wurden HRM-Tests entwickelt, die die SNPs aller vier zugelassenen Salmonella-Lebendimpfstämme eindeutig differenzieren können. Diese Methode wurde auf dem LightCycler® 96 erfolgreich etabliert und die mögliche Durchführung der HRM-Analysen auch auf zwei weiteren Geräten (LightCycler® 480 und Rotor Gene Q) geprüft. Hier zeigte sich, dass der Rotor Gene Q ebenso alle vier Impfstoffe, der LightCycler® 480 hingegen aufgrund einer schlechteren Auflösung nur drei Impfstoffe unterscheiden kann. Die entwickelte Methode bietet eine erhebliche Zeitersparnis, da die derzeitige Unterscheidung anhand der phänotypischen Merkmale eine Inkubation von 18-24 Stunden (LAH-Impfstämme) beziehungsweise 18-48 Stunden (IDT-Impfstämme) benötigt. Die Laufdauer der entwickelten HRM-Analyse hingegen beträgt nur 1,5 Stunden.

Milena Lazova onderzocht het simpele netwerk dat bacteriën in staat stelt om chemische stoffen waar te nemen en de juiste richting te kiezen. Zij kreeg inzicht in hoe biologische systemen zijn ontworpen en functioneren. Een beter begrip van het reactievermogen van bacteriën naar chemicaliën kan worden toegepast in de geneeskunde of industrie. Zo zou bijvoorbeeld bacteriën kunnen worden gebruikt om medicijnen aan specifieke delen van het lichaam toe te dienen of bacteriën kunnen worden ingezet om vervuilde vloeistoffen te zuiveren. Promotor: prof.dr. P.R. ten Wolde, dr. T.S. Shimizu. Faculteit: Faculteit der Exacte Wetenschappen. Datum: 11-06-2013

Milena Lazova onderzocht het simpele netwerk dat bacteriën in staat stelt om chemische stoffen waar te nemen en de juiste richting te kiezen. Zij kreeg inzicht in hoe biologische systemen zijn ontworpen en functioneren. Een beter begrip van het reactievermogen van bacteriën naar chemicaliën kan worden toegepast in de geneeskunde of industrie. Zo zou bijvoorbeeld bacteriën kunnen worden gebruikt om medicijnen aan specifieke delen van het lichaam toe te dienen of bacteriën kunnen worden ingezet om vervuilde vloeistoffen te zuiveren. Promotor: prof.dr. P.R. ten Wolde, dr. T.S. Shimizu. Faculteit: Faculteit der Exacte Wetenschappen. Datum: 11-06-2013

An autophagy receptor specifically targets Salmonella for degradation in infected cells.

Recent studies have identified the tumor suppressor CYLD as a key regulator of NF -κB, a transcription factor that promotes cell survival and oncogenesis, as well as host defence to infection. In th e pr esent study, we investigated the role of tumor suppressor CYLD in regulation of innate immune responses of mice to Y. enterocolitica infection and for comparison to Salmonella Typhimurium infection . Yersinia is an extracellular multiplying bacterium that ensures its extracellular growth by injecting virulence proteins (Yops) into host cells by the injectisome Ysc-T3SS , which interfere with several signaling pathways (such as MAPK and NF-κB cascades), resulting in the inhibition of phagocytosis, oxidative burst and cytokine production. In contrast, Salmonella Typhimurium is endowed with 2 T3SS which inject effector proteins to induce pathogen uptake and intracellular replication. Surprisingly, we found that Cyld-/- mice were more resistant to Y. enterocolitica than Cyld+/- mice in contrast to Salmonella Typimurium infection which appeared to be CYLD- independent. These results suggest that CYLD acts as a detrimental factor for host survival during early Y. enterocolitica infection. Furthermore, we showed that Yops-mediated inhibition of host defense mechanisms , such as phagocytosis, oxidative burst, NF-κB, cytokine production and p38 activation is attenuated in Cyld-/--phagocytic cells in respect of Cyld+/- cells. Taken together, this study provides for the first time, an empirical demonstration of a pathogen-specific contribution of a tumor suppressor gene and its encoded protein, respectively, CYLD, to infection susceptibility in a manner that seems to be independent of its tumor suppression mechanism. This is another example of the extraordinary complexity of the pathogen/host cell interactions.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss die von S. typhimurium zeitlich versetzte SPI1- und SPI2-vermittelte Translokation der heterologen Fusionsproteine SopE2/p60 bzw. SspH2/p60 auf die CD8+ T-Zellinduktion im Mausmodell hat. Nach einmaliger oraler Immunisierung von Mäusen mit diesen rekombinanten Salmonella-Impfstämmen wurde die antigenspezifische CD8+ T-Zellantwort eingehend auf ihre Quantität und Qualität untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden nach der oralen Immunisierung mit diesen Salmonella-Lebendvakzinen Protektionsversuche in der Maus mit L. monocytogenes durchgeführt, um die Schutzvermittlung vor intrazellulären Bakterien zu überprüfen.

Safety of Salmonella Typhimurium-live vaccine Salmoporc® in oral application in 3 day old piglets with consideration of elimination, persistence and immunogenicity of the vaccine strain The aim of the present study was to examine the Salmonella Typhimurium live vaccine Salmoporc® for its safety for 3 days old piglets applicated by the oral route. Therefore Salmonella negative piglets were vaccinated orally twice with a 10fold overdose of the vaccine when the piglets were 3 and day 21 days old. In a second assay investigations about the immunological response to this early vaccination were made and spread and persistence of the vaccine strain in different tissues were investigated. The piglets in this group were vaccinated with a single dose of the vaccine also at day 3 and 21. In both cases negative control piglets within the same age were given an equivalent amount of sterile physiological saline solution orally. In both investigations, the faeces consistence, body temperature, suckling frequency and general health were evaluated in a period of time comprising 8 hours after vaccination. Control of body weight and bacteriological examinations concerning the shedding of the vaccine strain, were done weekly. Furthermore, serological surveys concerning the immunological response to this early vaccination were made. As a result of the 10fold overdosed vaccination at day 3 and 21, an increase of the mean body temperature was seen lasting 8 hours after vaccination. The number of piglets showing a body temperature higher than 39, 8°C was significant higher for the overdosed pigs at both time points. No significance concerning clinical signs and suckling frequency were observed between vaccinated piglets and the control group after the first overdose. In a consequence of the 10fold overdosed vaccination at day 21, a significant increase in respiration frequency and lethargic behaviour as well a decreasing frequency of suckling was seen within the piglets of the vaccination group. From the fourth day after the overdosed vaccination until the end of the tenth living week of the vaccinated piglets, a significant lower mean body weight was measured in comparison to the control group. After the single dosed vaccination on day 3 and 21 the piglets of the vaccinated group had a significant higher mean body weight at the time of weaning at the age of 4 weeks. A significant increase in the occurrence of diarrhoea could be observed in both assays in time course of 14 days after the first vaccination, as well as in time course of 14 days after the second vaccination with one fold dose of vaccine. After the ten fold overdosed vaccination, the vaccination strain was detected in the faeces at latest at day 49 after the second vaccine application. In case of the one fold vaccinated piglets, the vaccine strain was detected in faeces at least until day 7 after the second vaccination. The colonization of the internal tissues with the vaccine strain was timely restricted until six weeks after the second immunization, as a sample of the ileum and the colon have been found to be positive. The vaccine strain was isolated in decreasing amounts from samples of the ileoceacal lymph nodes, the ileum, ceacum content, colon, lung as well as in samples of the liver and skeletal- and heart muscle. Samples from the kidney were not found to be positive for the vaccine strain at any time. Salmonella field strains could be detected neither in the control nor in the vaccinated group in any time during this study. A serological response in answer to the single dosed vaccination on day 3 and 21 could be seen from day 7 after the second vaccination. A significant higher mean antibody concentration in the serum of the piglets of the vaccinated group could be detected from the third week after the second vaccination until the end of the study after ten weeks. The maximum of the mean antibody concentration was measured 49 days after the second vaccination.

Current results on the detailed typing of Salmonella Typhimurium from minced meat. The aim of the study was to use PFGE to analyse salmonella isolates from samples of minced meat taken from an EU-approved abattoir and meat processing facility in the period from January 2002 to January 2004. The results were compared with data from previous analyses. Of the total of 350 minced meat samples examined, 36 tested positive for salmonella (10.3 %). The evaluation showed an increase in the number of samples testing positive for salmonella in both summer and winter months. It was remarkable that the samples which most frequently tested positive came from minced meat produced on Tuesdays and Fridays. Detailed typing of the isolates using PFGE was modified and optimised. Only S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen were examined, as these serovars had been most frequently isolated (51.4 % and 25.7 % respectively), and have a prominent role to play in terms of epidemiology. The macrorestriction enzymes Xba I and Spe I were used. The results following restriction using Xba I were compared with those from previous analyses. Restriction of all isolates using Spe I served to verify the results. Six different restriction patterns were found using Xba I; the majority of the isolates (87.5 %) could be classified in three groups. A comparison with the results from previous analyses showed that two of the groups had been discovered in the minced meat samples of the same facility since 1996. The third group was discovered for the first time in the course of this study. The fact that salmonella isolates with identical macrorestriction patterns have been found in minced meat samples of a production facility over a period of seven years points to a persistent source of contamination which normal hygiene measures have been unable to pick up. Consumer protection would be considerably improved if this source could be detected and eliminated.

Die Immunisierung von Hühnern mit attenuierten Salmonella-Lebendimpfstoffen wird weit verbreitet eingesetzt, um die Kontamination von Geflügelprodukten mit Salmonella enterica Serovaren zu kontrollieren. In der hier vorgelegten Studie wurde die Immunreaktion auf die Impfung mit einem Salmonella typhimirium Lebendimpfstoff untersucht. Die Impfung wurde einen Tag nach dem Schlupf und im Alter von 6 Wochen durch Kropfinstillation verabreicht. Mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie wurde die Reaktion der Lymphozyten auf die Impfung in Einzelzellsuspensionen aus Milz und Caecaltonsillen quantifizieren. Eine Woche nach der ersten Immunisierung wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg der Frequenz von γ/δ T−Zellen bei den geimpften Vögeln im Gegensatz zu den nicht geimpften Tieren beobachtet. Dieser Anstieg ging mit einer Steigerung der CD8+ Lymphozyten-Population und einer kompensatorischen Abnahme der α/β T-Zell-Frequenz einher. Auch eine Woche später war die Anzahl der γ/δ T-Zellen bei den immunisierten Tieren im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren erhöht. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde ebenso ein leichter Anstieg der B-Zell-Frequenz beobachtet. Die Vögel, welche am ersten Tag nach dem Schlupf und mit 6 Wochen geimpft worden waren, zeigten eine Woche nach der zweiten Immunisierung im Vergleich zu den nicht geimpften Tieren keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Frequenz der Lymphozyten in Milz und Caecaltonsillen. Eine Woche später wurde dagegen eine vermehrte Anzahl an α/β T-Zellen in der Milz und ein deutlicher Anstieg der IgA+ B-Zellen in den Caecaltonsillen nachgewiesen. Die selbe Reaktion wurde beobachtet, wenn Vögel, welche zweimal geimpft worden waren, mit Hühnern verglichen wurden, die nur eine Immunisierung mit 6 Wochen erhalten hatten. Diese Studien zeigen deutlich, dass die Impfung eine frühzeitige unspezifische Immunreaktion in der Milz der Küken induzierte, während die Reimmunisierung mit 6 Wochen zu einer Aktivierung der klassischen α/β T-Zellen führt. T-Zell Proliferations-Assays zeigten eine Woche nach der Impfung von frisch geschlüpften Küken keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der proliferativen Aktivität von Zellen, die durch Quervernetzung der T-Zellenrezeptors aktiviert worden waren. Eine Woche später zeigte sich dagegen eine signifikant erhöhte Proliferation der α/β T−Zellen aus der Milz der immunisierte Tiere. Eine solche Reaktion konnte nicht in den Milzen 6 Wochen alter Vögel gezeigt werden, welche zwei Impfungen erhalten hatten. Deren polyklonale T-Zellreaktion wich nicht signifikant von der der Vögel ab, die nur eine Impfung erhalten. Um zu prüfen, ob die beobachtete Erhöhung der IgA+ B-Zellfrequenzen in den Caecaltonsillen immunisierter Tiere mit einer deutlichen IgA-Antikörperproduktion einhergeht, wurden Seren von geimpften Vögeln (im Alter von einem Tag und 6 Wochen) und ungeimpften Tieren verglichen. Jeweils eine, zwei und drei Wochen nach der Reimmunisierung wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg von S. typhimurium LPS spezifischen IgA-Titern (p < 0,05) nachweisbar und parallel dazu eine klare Zunahme von IgA-Titern in der Galle deutlich. Die selbe Beobachtung wurde gemacht, wenn Gruppen von Tieren verglichen wurden, die zwei Immunisierungen an Tag 1 und mit 6 Wochen oder nur eine Immunisierung mit 6 Wochen erhalten hatten. Aus diesen Untersuchungen kann gefolgert werden, dass die Immunisierung mit einem Salmonella typhimurium Lebendimpfstoff zur Induktion einer immunologischen Gedächtnisreaktion und zur Aktivierung des sekretorischen IgA-Systems führt.

Während der Abspaltung von der E. coli-Linie wurde durch die Aufnahme der Salmonella-Pathogenitätsinsel 1 der Grundstein für die Entwicklung vom Kommensalen zum Pathogen gelegt. Die hier kodierten Effektoren vermitteln ebenso wie einige außerhalb von SPI1 gelegene Effektoren (z. B. SopE2) zentrale Virulenzeigenschaften. Zusätzlich zu diesen konservierten Genen gibt es einige variable Effektoren wie SopE, die erst in jüngerer Zeit erworben wurden und auch heute noch durch horizontalen Transfer zwischen verschiedenen Salmonella-Stämmen weitergegeben werden. Sie dienen wahrscheinlich der Optimierung der Wechselwirkung mit dem Wirt. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die G-Nukleotidaustauschfaktoren SopE und das zu 69 % homologe SopE2 eine differenzielle Substratspezifität gegenüber den RhoGTPasen Cdc42 und Rac1 besitzen. Während SopE und SopE2 vergleichbar gut an Cdc42 binden, wird Rac1 von SopE deutlich stärker gebunden als von SopE2. Die schwächere Bindung von Rac1 an SopE2 führt in der Folge zu einer deutlich schwächeren Aktivierung von Rac1. Zellkulturversuche haben gezeigt, dass diese biochemischen Unterschiede zumindest in einigen Zelltypen zu unterschiedlichen Antworten (z. B. Morphologie des Aktinzytoskeletts) führen. Es ist zu vermuten, dass die Unterschiede der molekularen Eigenschaften von SopE und SopE2 einen Selektionsvorteil für S. typhimurium-Stämme darstellen, die beide SopE-Homologe besitzen. Bei der Analyse der Kristallstruktur des SopE ⋅Cdc42-Komplexes zeigte sich, dass SopE eine von der Struktur zellulärer GEFs unabhängige Lösung gefunden hat, den Nukleotidaustausch an RhoGTPasen zu katalysieren. In einer Mutagenesestudie konnten diejenigen Aminosäuren identifiziert werden, die das katalytische Zentrum von SopE bilden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sprechen dafür, dass das katalytische Zentrum von SopE durch das 166 GAGA 169 -Motiv repräsentiert ist. Dieses Motiv weist keine Ähnlichkeiten zur katalytischen DH-Domäne eukaryontischer Rho-GEFs auf. Das deutet darauf hin, dass SopE durch konvergente Evolution entstanden sein muss. In ähnlicher Weise wie in dieser Arbeit könnten auch in Eukaryonten durch funktionelle Analysen noch weitere, bisher unbekannte GEF-Familien identifiziert werden, deren Untersuchung das Verständnis der zellulären Signaltransduktionswege weiter fördern könnte.

Zur Strukturanalyse des Typ III-Sekretionssystems, kodiert von der Salmonella- Pathogenitätsinsel 2, wurden polyklonale Antikörper gegen rekombinante Proteine des Sekretionsapparates erzeugt. Zur Entfernung unspezifischer Bindungen wurden die polyklonalen Antiseren an eine CNBr-aktivierte Sepharose 4B, gekoppelt mit Salmonella- Lysaten, präadsorbiert. Anschließend konnten die Antiseren für verschiedene Immunoblotanalysen eingesetzt werden. Durch eine Membranfraktionierung mit N-Lauroyl-Sarcosin konnte die subzelluläre Lokalisation der Apparatsproteine SsaC, SsaN, SsaV und SsaB bestimmt werden. Dabei wurde SsaC in der äußeren, SsaN und SsaV in der inneren Membranfraktion nachgewiesen. SsaB war nur in der löslichen Fraktion detektierbar. Um mögliche Proteinkomplexe innerhalb des Sekretionsapparates zu identifizieren, wurde der membranpermeable Quervernetzer DSS eingesetzt. So konnten für das Sekretin-bildende Protein SsaC und für das putative Translokatorprotein SseD oligomere Strukturen nachgewiesen werden. Bei der Untersuchung der Effekte von Mutationen in verschiedenen SPI2-Genen auf die Synthese einzelner Proteine des Sekretionsapparates wurde deutlich, dass das Zwei- Komponenten-Regulationssystem SsrAB sowie alle untersuchten Apparatsproteine eine essentielle Rolle in der Synthese bzw. im Aufbau des Sekretionsapparates spielen. Lediglich eine Mutation in ssaV oder ssaG hatte einen weniger starken Effekt auf die Synthese der Apparatsproteine, so dass SsaC in Wildtyp-Mengen detektiert werden konnte. Darüber hinaus wurde die Synthese einzelner Proteine des Sekretionsapparates auch in Abhängigkeit des pH-Wertes analysiert. Nach einer Absenkung des pH-Wertes auf pH 5,8 nahmen die Proteinmengen weitaus stärker zu als ohne pH-Wert-Veränderung. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass dieser Unterschied in den synthetisierten Proteinmengen, in Abhängigkeit des pH-Wertes, nicht auf eine verstärkte Transkription zurückzuführen ist und dass es sich um einen SPI2-spezifischen Effekt handelt. Die Kinetik des Aufbaus des Sekretionsapparates wurde anhand der Sekretion des putativen Translokatorproteins SseB bestimmt. 1 h nach der Absenkung des pH-Wertes auf pH 5,8 wurde eine intrazelluläre Akkumulation von SseB detektiert. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt konnte kein SseB auf der Zelloberfläche lokalisiert werden. Eine Sekretion von SseB wurde erst 3 h nach der Säure-Induktion beobachtet. Demzufolge muss der Sekretionsapparat in diesem Zeitraum vollständig aufgebaut und funktional intakt sein, um die pH-induzierte Sekretion zu ermöglichen. Das SPI2-Protein SsaB (SpiC) ist für die Sekretion der putativen Translokatorproteine SseB und SseC erforderlich. So könnte SsaB eine Komponente des Typ IIISekretionsapparates darstellen oder die Funktion eines Chaperones für die Effektorproteine, bzw. eines GSP-spezifischen Chaperones für das Sekretin-bildende Protein SsaC besitzen. Ebenso wäre es möglich, dass SsaB für die korrekte Lokalisation von SsaC in der äußeren Membran verantwortlich ist. Aus S. typhimurium konnten die als Nadel-Komplexe bezeichneten makromolekularen Strukturen, die den gesamten Sekretionsapparat darstellen, isoliert aber nicht eindeutig identifiziert werden. Da in einer SPI1-Mutante, die einen Defekt im Typ IIISekretionsapparat hat, keine Nadel-Komplexe mehr angereichert werden konnten, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass es sich bei den Nadel-Komplexen, isoliert aus S. typhimurium- Wildtyp, um die SPI1-Strukturen handelt.

The yield of his+ reversions in the Ames Salmonella tester strain TA2638 has been determined for 60Co γ rays, 140 kV X rays, 5.4 keV characteristic X rays, 2.2 MeV protons, 3.1 MeV α particles, and 18 MeV/U Fe ions. Inactivation studies were performed with the same radiations. For both mutation and inactivation, the maximum effectiveness per unit absorbed dose was obtained for the characteristic X rays, which have a dose averaged linear energy transfer (LET) of roughly 10 keV/μm. The ratio of the effectiveness of this radiation to γ rays was 2 for inactivation and about 1.4 for the his+ reversion. For both end points the effectiveness decreases substantially at high LET, i.e., for the α particles and the Fe ions. The composition of the bottom and the top agar was the one recommended by Maron and Ames [Mutat. Res. 113, 173-215 (1983)] for application in chemical mutagenicity tests. The experiments with the less penetrating radiations differed from the usual protocol by utilization of a technique of plating the bacteria on the surface of the top agar. As in an earlier study [Roos et al., Radiat. Res. 104, 102-108 (1985)] greatly enhanced yields of mutations, relative to the spontaneous reversion rate, were obtained in these experiments by performing the irradiations 6 h after plating, which differs from the conventional procedure to irradiate the bacteria shortly after plating.