Podcasts about Inactivation

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from a jar of mayonnaise that was opened and then accidentally left at room temperature for less than a week Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from sunny side up egg from a bird infected with bird flu. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating fish in the Olympic Village. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating escovitch that has been held at room temperature for 12 hours. Dr. Don - risky ☣️ Professor Ben - not risky

In this episode of the Epigenetics Podcast, we talked with Claire Rougeulle from the Epigenetics and Cell Fate Center at Université Paris City on this show to talk about her work on gene expression control, the intricacies of X-chromosome inactivation, and the potential of non-coding RNAs in this process. In this episode Claire Rougeulle explains her discoveries regarding the transcription regulation of XIST by factors like YY1 and the erosion of X-chromosome inactivation in human pluripotent stem cells. She shares the complexity of distinguishing between epigenetics and transcriptional regulation, highlighting the challenges in studying allelic expression of X-chromosomes at the single-cell level. The Episode further explores Claire's findings on the XACT locus regulation, evolution from retroviruses, and its potential role in preventing X-chromosome silencing. Claire also shares her future research focus on understanding X-inactivation establishment in humans and the transition from XIST attenuating to silencing X-chromosomes after implantation.   References Makhlouf, M., Ouimette, J. F., Oldfield, A., Navarro, P., Neuillet, D., & Rougeulle, C. (2014). A prominent and conserved role for YY1 in Xist transcriptional activation. Nature communications, 5, 4878. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5878 Vallot, C., Ouimette, J. F., Makhlouf, M., Féraud, O., Pontis, J., Côme, J., Martinat, C., Bennaceur-Griscelli, A., Lalande, M., & Rougeulle, C. (2015). Erosion of X Chromosome Inactivation in Human Pluripotent Cells Initiates with XACT Coating and Depends on a Specific Heterochromatin Landscape. Cell stem cell, 16(5), 533–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.03.016 Casanova, M., Moscatelli, M., Chauvière, L. É., Huret, C., Samson, J., Liyakat Ali, T. M., Rosspopoff, O., & Rougeulle, C. (2019). A primate-specific retroviral enhancer wires the XACT lncRNA into the core pluripotency network in humans. Nature communications, 10(1), 5652. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13551-1   Related Episodes Epigenetics and X-Inactivation (Edith Heard) Investigating the Dynamics of Epigenetic Plasticity in Cancer with Single Cell Technologies (Céline Vallot)   Contact Epigenetics Podcast on X Epigenetics Podcast on Instagram Epigenetics Podcast on Mastodon Epigenetics Podcast on Bluesky Epigenetics Podcast on Threads Active Motif on X Active Motif on LinkedIn Email: podcast@activemotif.com

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from eating ceviche. Dr. Don - not risky

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548619v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, Y., Sun, Q.-Q. Abstract: Persistence ensures continuity in a course of action. It is crucial to human success and animal survival. However, how the brain applies persistence to movements is unknown. Here we demonstrate that persistence arises during the initial phase of movement and is maintained until terminal signaling. Using single-unit extracellular recordings in awake mice, we found that neural encoding of persistent movement phases is independent of the valuation (i.e., valence) of the external stimuli. Next, using opto-tagging, we identified a group of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) motor cortex projecting (MP) neurons, which encodes the initial phase of a persistent movement rather than valence. Inactivation of dmPFC MP neurons impairs the initiation of persistence and reduces neuronal activity in the insular and motor cortex. Finally, a computational model suggests that a successive sensory stimulus acts as a triggering signal for the initiation of persistent movements. These results reveal a neural mechanism that switches the brain state from neutral to persistent during movement. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.546570v1?rss=1 Authors: Heinzer, D., Avar, M., Pfammatter, M., Moos, R., Schwarz, P., Buhmann, M., Kuhn, B., Mauerhofer, S., Rosenberg, U., Aguzzi, A., Hornemann, S. Abstract: Iatrogenic transmission of prions, the infectious agents of fatal Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, through inefficiently decontaminated medical instruments remains a critical issue. Harsh chemical treatments are effective, but not suited for routine reprocessing of reusable surgical instruments in medical cleaning and disinfection processes due to material incompatibilities. The identification of mild detergents with activity against prions is therefore of high interest but laborious due to the low throughput of traditional assays measuring prion infectivity. Here, we report the development of TESSA (sTainlESs steel-bead Seed Amplification assay), a prion seed amplification assay that explores the propagation activity of prions with stainless steel beads. TESSA was applied for the screening of about 70 different commercially available and novel formulations and conditions for their prion inactivation efficacy. One hypochlorite-based formulation, two commercially available alkaline formulations and a manual alkaline pre-cleaner were found to be highly effective in inactivating prions under conditions simulating automated washer-disinfector cleaning processes. The efficacy of these formulations was confirmed in vivo in a murine prion infectivity bioassay, yielding a reduction of the prion titer for the bead surface adsorbed prions below detectability. Our data suggest that TESSA represents an effective method for a rapid screening of prion-inactivating detergents, and that alkaline and oxidative formulations are promising in reducing the risk of potential iatrogenic prion transmission through insufficiently decontaminated instrument surfaces. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.20.544678v1?rss=1 Authors: Azadi, R., Lopez, E., Taubert, J., Patterson, A., Afraz, A. Abstract: During free viewing, faces attract gaze and induce specific fixation patterns corresponding to the facial features. This suggests that neurons encoding the facial features are in the causal chain that steers the eyes. However, there is no physiological evidence to support a mechanistic link between face encoding neurons in high-level visual areas and the oculomotor system. In this study, we targeted the middle face patches of inferior temporal (IT) cortex in two macaque monkeys using an fMRI localizer. We then utilized muscimol microinjection to unilaterally suppress IT neural activity inside and outside the face patches and recorded eye movements while the animals free viewing natural scenes. Inactivation of the face selective neurons altered the pattern of eye movements on faces: the monkeys found faces in the scene but neglected the eye ipsilateral to the inactivation hemisphere. These findings reveal the causal contribution of the high-level visual cortex in eye movements. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Part 4 - Forum on Circular Water Economy at NYU with WEF: Welcome back SDG Talkers!! Thanks for joining us for another episode of highlighting change makers and their inspirational work towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)! Thanks for joining us for our mini series recorded at the Forum on Circular Water Economy hosted at NYU in partnership with the Water Environment Federation and the NYU Department of Civil and Urban Engineering. In This Mini Series: You'll hear from students attending: Manhattan College Columbia University NYU The University of Missouri We chatted with Mwale Chiyenge - an Environmental Engineering Ph.D. Candidate at New York University. Listen now to discover more about her research on bacteriophage and sunlight inactivation! Let's get SDG Talking!! Got a good story or want to collaborate? Send us an email at sdgtalkspodcast@gmail.com and we will get back to you as soon as we can! And don't forget to check out our Virtual Roundtables on our website! Instagram | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.17.537212v1?rss=1 Authors: Fraser, K. M., Chen, B. J., Janak, P. H. Abstract: Separable striatal circuits have unique functions in Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors but how these roles relate to performance of sequences of actions with and without associated cues is less clear. Here we tested whether dopamine release and neural activity more generally in three striatal subdomains are necessary for performance of an action chain leading to reward delivery. Male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to press a series of three spatially-distinct levers to receive reward. We assessed the contribution of neural activity or dopamine release within each striatal subdomain when progression through the action sequence was explicitly cued and in the absence of cues. Behavior in both task variations was substantially impacted following microinfusion of the dopamine antagonist, flupenthixol, into nucleus accumbens core (NAc) or dorsomedial striatum (DMS), with impairments in sequence timing and a strong impact on motivation after NAc flupenthixol. In contrast, after pharmacological inactivation to suppress overall activity, there was minimal impact on motivation, except within the uncued task after DMS inactivation. Inactivation of both NAc and DMS impaired sequence timing and led to sequence errors in the uncued, but not cued task. There was virtually no impact of dopamine antagonism or reversible inactivation of dorsolateral striatum on either cued or uncued action sequence completion. These results highlight an essential contribution of NAc and DMS dopamine systems in motivational and performance aspects of chains of actions, whether cued or internally generated, as well as the impact of intact NAc and DMS function for correct sequence performance. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.21.533603v1?rss=1 Authors: Hayashi, M., Gullo, M., Senturk, G., Di Costanzo, S., Nagasaki, S. C., Kageyama, R., Imayoshi, I., Goulding, M., Pfaff, S. L., Gatto, G. Abstract: Innate and goal-directed movements require a high-degree of trunk and appendicular muscle coordination to preserve body stability while ensuring the correct execution of the motor action. The spinal neural circuits underlying motor execution and postural stability are finely modulated by propriospinal, sensory and descending feedback, yet how distinct spinal neuron populations cooperate to control body stability and limb coordination remains unclear. Here, we identified a spinal microcircuit composed of V2 lineage-derived excitatory (V2a) and inhibitory (V2b) neurons that together coordinate ipsilateral body movements during locomotion. Inactivation of the entire V2 neuron lineage does not impair intralimb coordination but destabilizes body balance and ipsilateral limb coupling, causing mice to adopt a compensatory festinating gait and be unable to execute skilled locomotor tasks. Taken together our data suggest that during locomotion the excitatory V2a and inhibitory V2b neurons act antagonistically to control intralimb coordination, and synergistically to coordinate forelimb and hindlimb movements. Thus, we suggest a new circuit architecture, by which neurons with distinct neurotransmitter identities employ a dual-mode of operation, exerting either synergistic or opposing functions to control different facets of the same motor behavior. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

#29: Solar Water Disinfection, Hypothermia, Mountain Rescue, and Marine Medicine Mar 2023 Wilderness & Environmental Medicine journal online: www.wemjournal.org Questions/comments/feedback and/or interest in participating? Send an email to: WMPodcast@wms.org Part 1: Hypothermia Case Darryl shares a recent hypothermia case handled at a tertiary care hospital using wilderness medicine techniques. Gordon Giesbrecht podcast: https://soundcloud.com/wildernessmedicinepodcast/wem-podcast-march-2019 NEJM article: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2207304 Part 2: Journal Club Title: Evaluation of Escherichia coli Inactivation at High Altitudes Using Solar Water Disinfection Authors: Kylie Van Hoesen, MD; William Mundo, MD, MPH; Savannah Mierau, BA; Camille J. Hochheimer, PhD; Lucas Eggers, BS; Steven Shaw, MS; Brian C. Russo, PhD; Elaine Reno, MD Link to article: https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(22)00197-1/fulltext CME Available: https://wms.org/members Part 2: Mountain Rescue Link to article: https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(22)00213-7/fulltext Part 3: Marine Medicine Link to article: https://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(22)00196-X/fulltext

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531588v1?rss=1 Authors: Sharp, B. M., Jiang, Q., Kim, P., Chen, H. Abstract: Large scale human genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a growing pool of genes associated with cigarette smoking. One of the most prominent, phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B), has been associated with multiple smoking phenotypes. Although PDE4B modulates the half-life of neuronal cAMP, its precise role in smoking behaviors is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we inactivated PDE4B in bilateral medial nucleus accumbens shell (NAcs) neurons by injecting AAV containing a specific gRNA in female transgenic Cas9+ Long Evans rats These rats then were given 23-hour chronic access to nicotine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) under a schedule of increasing fixed ratios (FR). With the increased effort required at FR7, nicotine SA (i.e. active presses and drug infusions) declined significantly in controls, whereas it was maintained in the mutagenized group. A progressive ratio (PR) study also showed significantly greater cumulative nicotine infusions in the mutant group. Hence, we hypothesized that enhanced PDE4B protein activity would reduce nicotine IVSA. A positive allosteric modulator, 2-(3-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-5 ethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(3,5 dichlorobenzyl)acetamide (MR-L2), was microinfused into NAcs bilaterally at FR3 or FR5; in both cohorts, MR-L2 acutely reduced nicotine IVSA. In summary, these studies show that the activity of PDE4B regulates the capacity of NAcs to maintain nicotine IVSA in face of the cost of increasing work. This finding and the results of the PR study indicate that PDE4B affects the motivation to obtain nicotine. These studies provide insight into the motivational effects of NAcs PDE4B that may impact the smoking behaviors mapped in human GWAS. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.01.530627v1?rss=1 Authors: Urzi, O., Moschetti, M., Lasser, C., Johansson, J., D'Arrigo, D., Olofsson Bagge, R., Crescitelli, R. Abstract: Both the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cell cultures and the cargo that these EVs carry can be influenced by cell culture conditions such as the presence of foetal bovine serum (FBS). Although several studies have evaluated the effect of removing FBS-derived EVs by ultracentrifugation (UC), less is known about the influence of FBS heat inactivation on the cell-derived EVs. To assess this, three protocols based on different combinations of EV depletion by UC and heat inactivation were evaluated, including FBS that was ultracentrifuged but not heat-inactivated, FBS that was heat inactivated before EV depletion, and FBS that was heat inactivated after EV depletion. The FBS samples were then added to the culture media of three melanoma cell lines, and after 72 h both large and small EVs were isolated by differential UC. We demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, protein measurement, and quantification of the number of particles that heat inactivation performed after EV depletion reduced the purity of small EVs but had no effect on large EV purity. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of FBS-derived small EVs showed that the EV protein content was different when FBS was heat inactivated after EV depletion compared to EVs isolated from FBS that was not heat inactivated or that was heat inactivated prior to EV depletion. Moreover, several of the quantified proteins were wrongly attributed to be of human origin because the EVs were of obvious bovine origin. Our results demonstrated that proteins of bovine origin coming from FBS-derived EVs could mistakenly be attributed to human cell-derived EVs in EV proteomic studies. Moreover, we concluded that heat inactivation performed after EV depletion induced the release of proteins that might contaminate EV samples, and the recommendation is therefore to always perform heat inactivation prior to EV depletion. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

In this episode, Daniel J. DeAngelo, MD, PhD; Kjeld Schmiegelow, MD, DMSci; and Emily Curran, MD, answer key questions asked by the audience during a live satellite symposium at the 2022 American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting on optimizing pediatric or pediatric-inspired regimens containing asparaginase for the treatment of young and older adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Topics discussed include:Practical considerations for management of allergy-like reactions and hypersensitivity to asparaginaseIndirect methods for measuring asparaginase activityStrategies to mitigate adverse events with asparaginase treatment, including hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and thrombosisConsiderations for use of asparaginase in special populations (eg, high BMI, older age)Presenters:Program DirectorDaniel J. DeAngelo, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolChief of the Division of LeukemiaDepartment of Medical OncologyDivision of Hematologic MalignanciesDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MassachusettsEmily Curran, MDAssistant ProfessorDivision of Hematology/OncologyUniversity of Cincinnati Cancer InstituteCincinnati, OhioKjeld Schmiegelow, MD, DMSciProfessorDepartment of Pediatric OncologyRighospitalet University HospitalCopenhagen, DenmarkContent based on an online CME program supported by an independent educational grant from Jazz Pharmaceuticals.Link to full program:http://bit.ly/3YXkLyj 

Today, I am blessed to have here with me Damon Sununtnasuk. He is the founder and CEO of the Sunt Group and Palmara Health which is previously named Nature Cure Labs. He has received numerous awards and recognitions in 2020. These awards include but are not limited to Company of the Year - Health Products & Services, Health & Wellness Nutrition Manufacturer of the Year, 10 Most Influential CEOs in 2022, and many more. Damon is also part of the board of directors of the University of Florida Alumni Association. Damon was born and raised in Florida where he graduated Magna Cum Laude from the University of Florida with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. He had an opportunity to live overseas which is why he was able to take his Master of Business Administration at the University of Cambridge.  After living overseas, Damon came back to the United States in the year 2015. During this time, he experienced various serendipity. One of them is not having a way of looking after his health. At the time, he was also surrounded by the technological industry, entrepreneurial spirit, and startups. Aside from that, his group of friends was also into MCTs for health purposes which triggered his curiosity. There was even a time when he discovered "oil pulling" which is the process of putting coconut oil in the mouth for 10 minutes before spitting it out to help remove dirt and help maintain the health of your teeth and gums. After these events, he began to research MCTs where he was able to discover the different therapeutic benefits of Medium-Chain Triglycerides. Together with his desire to improve his health and the will to help others, he was able to establish his company in 2015. Currently, they have 3 manufacturing facilities and 35 warehouses in the United States. In this episode, Damon discusses Medium-Chain Triglycerides, specifically Monolaurin, and their role and benefits to the body. He talks about different studies about it and briefly discusses how these supplements are collected and made. He also mentions the Monolaurin product that his company offers. Get your monolaurin supplements with a discount here: Visit https://www.naturalcurelabs.com/products/?ref=KetoKamp Use the coupon code ketokamp for 10% off Take my FREE toxicity quiz to determine your level of toxicity. Visit www.toxicmiami.com for the free quiz. / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  Paleo Valley beef sticks, apple cider vinegar complex, organ meat complex & more. Use the coupon code KETOKAMP15 over at https://paleovalley.com/ to receive 15% off your entire order. Upgraded Formulas Upgraded Magnesium & Charge Electrolyte Supplements: http://www.upgradedformulas.com Use KK15 at checkout for 15% off your order.  Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list.  [03:36] Medium Chain Triglycerides and its Benefits in the Body Plant fats contain medium chain triglycerides, coconut oil is a common example. 90% of the fats in coconut oil are saturated fats in which 50% of these saturated fats are MCTs. The health benefits of MCTs have been studied over the years. Some people put it on their coffee, protein shakes, food and etc. When MCTs have been converted in the body, it becomes monolaurin. The three main types of MCTs are Capric, Caprylic, and Lauric Acid. They bring benefits to the body by giving immune support and regulation as well as an aid in ketosis. Damon is focusing on Lauric Acid as based on their research, it helps in immune, digestive, and inflammatory support. [11:33] Everything About Monolaurin: Role and Benefits in the Body Damon read a study about the use of Monolaurin to fight off Giardia Lamblia, one of the most common causes of malnutrition. One of the studies Damon has read used Monolaurin to try cure Giardia Lamblia on animal subjects in which the cure rates reached over 90%.  On the other hand, Damon has also read another study wherein Monolaurin was used on the animal subjects first before giving Giardia Lamblia. 60% of the test subjects didn't get sick. Research shows that Monolaurin helps in breaking down the protective envelope of the DNA and RNA viruses. Breast milk contains 6.5% of Monolaurin. Monolaurin can be found on coconut oil and palm oil. However, palm oil can only be harvested on sensitive environments which can affect natural habitats which is why coconut oil is more preferred. [20:21] The Different Ways You Can Take Monolaurin Before taking any supplements, you must contact a health professional in order to determine the right dosage for you to take. Introductory dose - Taking Monolaurin once a day, once every other day, and slowly increasing that up into the therapeutic dosage you're looking to get as an individual. Maintenance - In this way, monolaurin is taken daily to help maintain and regulate the healthy immune response.  Some people also take Monolaurin when they feel sick or immunocompromised.  [25:30] How Safe is Monolaurin for the Body? Monolaurin, under its chemical name 'Glycerol Monolaurin', is included on the 'Generally Recognized as Safe' list of the FDA. Different studies have not indicated a limit on the use of Monolaurin. Monolaurin impacts gut health. Research suggests that the continuous use of Monolaurin does not creates resistance in the body. [27:38] What Should You Do Before Buying a Product? Check out product testimonials posted on the website or marketplaces. Some product reviews are incentivized and not true so you should try and search about it first. Research through trusted websites like PubMed, familiarized yourself on different products, the science, the background, then the mechanics of it all and sort of trust the science and not necessarily someone's opinion. AND MUCH MORE! Resources from this episode:  Website Get your monolaurin supplements with a discount here: Visit https://www.naturalcurelabs.com/products/?ref=KetoKamp Use the coupon code ketokamp for 10% off Check out Nature Cure Labs on social meida Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NaturalCureLabs Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/naturalcurelabs/ Check out Damon Sununtnasuk LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/damonsun/ Academic Resources: PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Monolaurin and More: https://www.monolaurinandmore.com/articles/monolaurin-keto-diet Studies referenced: Using monolaurin pre- and post- infection: Fahmy ZH, Aly E, Shalsh I, Mohamed AH. The effect of medium chain saturated fatty acid (monolaurin) on levels of the cytokines on experimental animal in Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infection. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. January 2014. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJPP/article-abstract/0C0410F43049 Monolaurin and Ketosis: Avgerinos, Konstantinos I, et al. “Medium Chain Triglycerides induce mild ketosis and may improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.” Ageing Research Reviews, 2020.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31870908/ Customer Reviews: (you can choose to read a couple testimonials in the intro / outro) 600mg Premium Monolaurin: https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Cure-Labs-Premium-Monolaurin/dp/B017RHHEVG?ref_=ast_sto_dp&th=1#customerReviews 800mg Extra Strength: https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Cure-Labs-Strength-Monolaurin/dp/B07GQ1RQHW?ref_=ast_sto_dp&th=1#customerReviews 1:1 L-Lysine + Monolaurin: https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Cure-Labs-L-Lysine-Monolaurin/dp/B07VNV2ZKP?ref_=ast_sto_dp#customerReviews  Monolaurin mechanisms in the body: Research on monolaurin's impact on cell mechanisms or organs (ie: liver) is limited, but here is some research. Please don't attribute this to me, as it could be seen as a disease claim. “When monolaurin is consumed, it circulates in the bloodstream & is metabolized in a delayed fashion over 8-12 hours. Monolaurin is not excreted or detoxified out of the body. Instead, it is turned into energy in the form of ketones, [which in turn can] support ketone levels in the body.” -          https://dralexrinehart.com/articles/monolaurin-a-secret-coconut-oil-compound-with-powerful-immune-benefits/ “When coconut oil is consumed, the medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are broken down into individual medium chain fatty acids and monoglycerides, which can kill or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms inside the body. The antiviral action, attributed to monolaurin (the monoglyceride of lauric acid), is that of solubilizing the lipids and phospholipids in the envelope of the pathogenic organisms causing the disintegration of their outer membrane. There is also evidence that MCFA interfere with the organism's signal transduction and the antimicrobial effect in viruses is due to interference with virus assembly and viral maturation.” -          Arora, Rajesh, et al. “Potential of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Preventive Management of Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) Pandemic: Thwarting Potential Disasters in the Bud.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13 Oct. 2010. “[Monolaurin] removes the M protein from the virus envelope resulted in loss of envelope integrity, which is essential for virus infectivity… the loss of envelope integrity results in loss of infectious virus titer” -          Hierholzer, John C, and Jon J Kabara. “In Vitro Effects of Monolaurin Compounds on Enveloped DNA and RNA Viruses.” Journal of Food Safety, vol. 4, no. 1, Mar. 1982, pp. 1–12. “Medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, on the other hand, were all highly active against the enveloped viruses... Antiviral fatty acids were found to affect the viral envelope, causing leakage and at higher concentrations, a complete disintegration of the envelope and the viral particles. They also caused disintegration of the plasma membranes of tissue culture cells resulting in cell lysis and death.” -          Thormar, H, and et al. “Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses and Killing of Cells by Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1128/AAC.31.1.27. Watch Keto Kamp on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUh_MOM621MvpW_HLtfkLyQ Take my FREE toxicity quiz to determine your level of toxicity. Visit www.toxicmiami.com for the free quiz. / / E P I S O D E   S P ON S O R S  Paleo Valley beef sticks, apple cider vinegar complex, organ meat complex & more. Use the coupon code KETOKAMP15 over at https://paleovalley.com/ to receive 15% off your entire order. Upgraded Formulas Upgraded Magnesium & Charge Electrolyte Supplements: http://www.upgradedformulas.com Use KK15 at checkout for 15% off your order.  Text me the words "Podcast" +1 (786) 364-5002 to be added to my contacts list.  *Some Links Are Affiliates* // F O L L O W ▸ instagram | @thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2B1NXKW ▸ facebook | /thebenazadi | http://bit.ly/2BVvvW6 ▸ twitter | @thebenazadi http://bit.ly/2USE0so ▸ tiktok | @thebenazadi https://www.tiktok.com/@thebenazadi Disclaimer: This podcast is for information purposes only. Statements and views expressed on this podcast are not medical advice. This podcast including Ben Azadi disclaim responsibility from any possible adverse effects from the use of information contained herein. Opinions of guests are their own, and this podcast does not accept responsibility of statements made by guests. This podcast does not make any representations or warranties about guests qualifications or credibility. Individuals on this podcast may have a direct or non-direct interest in products or services referred to herein. If you think you have a medical problem, consult a licensed physician.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.30.520322v1?rss=1 Authors: Kaduk, K., Wilke, M., Kagan, I. Abstract: Dorsal pulvinar has been implicated in visuospatial attentional and perceptual confidence processing. Perturbations of the dorsal pulvinar also induce an overt spatial saccade bias during free choices. But it remains unclear whether the dorsal pulvinar inactivation during an oculomotor target selection based on a perceptual decision will lead to perceptual impairment or a more general orienting deficit. To address this question, we reversibly inactivated unilateral dorsal pulvinar by injecting GABA-A agonist THIP while two macaque monkeys performed a color discrimination saccade response task with varying perceptual difficulty. We used Signal Detection Theory to dissociate perceptual discrimination (dprime) and spatial selection bias (response criterion) effects. We expected a decrease in dprime if dorsal pulvinar affects perceptual discrimination and a shift in response criterion if dorsal pulvinar is mainly involved in spatial orienting. After inactivation, we observed response criterion shifts away from contralesional stimuli, especially when two competing peripheral stimuli in opposite hemifields were present, for both difficulty levels. The saccade latency for the contralesional selection increased under all conditions. Notably, the dprime and overall accuracy remained largely unaffected. Our results underline the critical contribution of the dorsal pulvinar to spatial orienting while being less important for perceptual discrimination. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.26.521945v1?rss=1 Authors: Zang, Y., Marder, E., Marom, S. Abstract: The Na+ channels that are important for action potentials show rapid inactivation, a state in which they do not conduct, although the membrane potential remains depolarized1,2. Rapid inactivation is a determinant of millisecond scale phenomena, such as spike shape and refractory period. Na+ channels also inactivate orders of magnitude more slowly, and therefore have impacts on excitability over much longer time scales than those of a single spike or a single inter-spike interval3-9. Here, we focus on the contribution of slow inactivation to the resilience of axonal excitability10,11 when ion channels are unevenly distributed across the axonal membrane. We study models in which the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are unevenly distributed along axons with different variances, capturing the heterogeneity that biological axons display12. In the absence of slow inactivation many conductance distributions result in spontaneous tonic activity. Faithful axonal propagation is achieved with the introduction of Na+ channel slow inactivation. This normalization effect depends on relations between the kinetics of slow inactivation and the firing frequency. Consequently, neurons with characteristically different firing frequencies will need to implement different sets of channel properties to achieve resilience. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of the intrinsic biophysical properties of ion channels in normalizing axonal function. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521125v1?rss=1 Authors: Schorova, L., Bedard, N., Khayachi, A., Bolivar-Pedroso, J., Ho, H.-H., Huynh, J., Piccirelli, M., Wang, Y., Plourde, M., Luo, W., Del Cid Pellitero, E., Schlaifer, I., Ye, Y., Durcan, T., Wing, S. S. Abstract: The USP19 deubiquitinase is found in a locus associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD), interacts with heat shock proteins and promotes secretion of a-synuclein (a-syn) through the misfolding associated protein secretion (MAPS) pathway. Since these processes might modulate the processing of a-syn aggregates during the progression of PD, we tested the effect of USP19 knockout (KO) in mice expressing the A53T mutation of a-syn and in whom a-syn preformed fibrils (PFF) had been injected in the striatum. Compared to WT, KO brains showed decreased accumulation of phospho-synuclein (pSyn) positive aggregates. The improved pathology was associated with less activation of microglia, higher levels of synaptic marker proteins and improved performance in a tail suspension test. Exposure of primary neurons from WT and KO mice to PFF in vitro also led to decreased accumulation of pSyn aggregates. KO did not affect uptake of PFF in the cultured neurons. It also did not affect the propagation of aggregates as assessed by exposing WT or KO neurons to PFF and measuring pSyn positive aggregates in non-exposed adjacent neurons separated using a microfluidics device. We conclude that USP19 instead modulates intracellular dynamics of aggregates. Indeed, at the early time following PFF injection when the number of pSyn positive neurons were similar in WT and KO brains, the KO neurons contained less aggregates. KO brain aggregates stained more intensely with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Immunoprecipitation of soluble proteins from primary neurons exposed to PFF with antibodies to ubiquitin or pSyn showed higher levels of ubiquitinated a-syn oligomeric species in the KO neurons. We propose that the improved pathology in USP19 KO brains may arise from decreased formation or enhanced clearance of the more ubiquitinated aggregates and/or enhanced disassembly towards more soluble oligomeric species. USP19 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach that targets the intracellular dynamics of a-syn complexes. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.08.519642v1?rss=1 Authors: Xu, L., Tan, C., Barr, J., Talaba, N., McCulley, D., Shen, Y., Chung, W. K., Sun, X. Abstract: Aside from its role as the universal energy source of the cell, mitochondria also control many aspects of cell behavior. In an intact tissue, whether all cells require mitochondria function to the same extent, and how mitochondria insufficiency impacts cell behavior are poorly understood. Here we show that in the mouse lung epithelium, inactivation of LONP1, an energy ATP-dependent protease that functions in the mitochondria to degrade unfolded and misfolded proteins, led to mitochondria deficiency. In the naive epithelium of the developing lung, loss of Lonp1 obliterated cell proliferation and differentiation. In the adult airway epithelium during homeostasis, loss of Lonp1 led to selective death of terminally differentiated multiciliated cells, leading to a cascade of progenitor activation to replace lost cells. In the adult airway epithelium following influenza infection, loss of Lonp1 led to failure of airway progenitor migration into the damaged alveolar region. Bulk and single cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that one branch of the ER stress pathways, namely integrated stress response (ISR), is ectopically upregulated in mutants under all three conditions. Inactivation of core ISR transcription factor ATF4 in the Lonp1 mutant airway reversed abovementioned phenotypes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that depending on a cellular context, intact mitochondria function is required in either progenitor or progeny cells, and is essential for cell proliferation, survival or migration in the mammalian lung. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.02.518853v1?rss=1 Authors: Atherton, Z., Nagy, O., Barcsai, L., Sere, P., Zsigri, N., Földi, T., Berenyi, A., Crunelli, V., Lorincz, M. Abstract: Spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs), generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) network, are pathological, large amplitude oscillations and the hallmark of absence seizures (ASs). SWDs begin in a cortical initiation network in both humans and animal models, including the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), where it is located in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The behavioral manifestation of an AS occurs when SWDs spread from the cortical initiation site to the whole brain, however, the mechanisms behind this rapid propagation remain unclear. Here we investigated these processes beyond the principal CTC network, in higher-order (HO) thalamic nuclei (lateral posterior (LP) and posterior (PO) nuclei) since their diffuse connectivity and known facilitation of intracortical communications make these nuclei key candidates to support SWD generation and maintenance. In freely moving GAERS, multi-site LFP in LP, PO and multiple cortical regions revealed a novel feature of SWDs: during SWDs there are short periods (named SWD-breaks) when cortical regions far from S1, such the primary visual cortex (V1), become transiently unsynchronized from the ongoing EEG rhythm. Inactivation of HO nuclei with local muscimol injections or optogenetic perturbation of HO nuclei activity increased the occurrence of SWD-breaks and the former intervention also increased the SWD propagation-time from S1. The neural underpinnings of these findings were explored further by silicon probe recordings from single units of PO which uncovered two previously unknown groups of excitatory neurons based on their burst firing dynamics at SWD onset. Moreover, a switch from tonic to burst firing at SWD onset was shown to be an important feature since it was much less prominent for non-generalized events, i.e. SWDs that remained local to S1. Additionally, one group of neurons showed a reverse of this switch during SWD-breaks, demonstrating the importance of this firing pattern throughout the SWD. In summary, these results support the view that multiple HO thalamic nuclei are utilized at SWD onset and contribute to cortical synchrony throughout the paroxysmal discharge. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.24.517538v1?rss=1 Authors: Sampedro-Castaneda, M., Baltussen, L. L., Lopes, A. T., Qiu, Y., Sirvio, L., Mihaylov, S. R., Claxton, S., Richardson, J. C., Lignani, G., Ultanir, S. K. Abstract: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of rare childhood disorders characterized by severe epilepsy and related cognitive deficits. Numerous DEE genes have been discovered thanks to advances in genomic diagnosis, yet putative molecular links between these disorders are not known. CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD, DEE2) is one of the most common forms of genetic epilepsy; it is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the brain-enriched kinase CDKL5. To elucidate CDKL5 function, we looked for CDKL5 substrates using a SILAC based phosphoproteomic screen. We identified the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel Cav2.3 (encoded by CACNA1E) as a novel physiological target of CDKL5 in mice and humans. Recombinant channel electrophysiology and interdisciplinary characterization of Cav2.3 phosphomutant mice revealed that the loss of Cav2.3 phosphorylation leads to channel gain-of-function via slower channel inactivation and enhanced acetylcholine-induced stimulation, resulting in increased neuronal excitability. These changes in Cav2.3 closely resemble those described for gain-of-function point-mutations in CACNA1E that cause DEE69, a disorder sharing clinical features with CDD. Our results show that these two single-gene disorders are mechanistically related. We suggest that CDD is partly a channelopathy with Cav2.3 gain-of-function, thus Cav2.3 inhibition could be therapeutic in these DEEs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.21.513207v1?rss=1 Authors: Layfield, D., Sidell, N., Blankenberger, K., Newman, E. L. Abstract: Spatial memory requires an intact hippocampus. Hippocampal function during epochs of locomotion and quiet rest (e.g., grooming and reward consumption) have been the target of extensive study. However, during navigation rats frequently rear up on to their hind legs and the importance of hippocampal activity during these periods of attentive sampling for spatial memory is unknown. To address this, we tested the necessity of dorsal hippocampal activity during rearing epochs in the study phase of a delayed win-shift task for memory performance in the subsequent test phase. Hippocampal activity was manipulated with closed-loop, bilateral, optogenetic inactivation. Spatial memory accuracy was significantly and selectively reduced when the dorsal hippocampus was inactivated during rearing epochs at encoding. These data show that hippocampal activity during periods of rearing can be important for spatial memory, revealing a novel link between hippocampal function during epochs of rearing and spatial memory. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

This episode explores the differences between disinfection, sterilization, and inactivation. We also touch on the Pasteurization. The podcast also discusses the use and need of the "multiple barrier" approach to water treatment to prevent disease transmitted through potable water. We discuss past water borne disease outbreaks of Typhus and Cholera in Chicago, Illinois in the mid-1800's and from Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee Wisconsin in 1993 and what has been done to prevent such outbreaks today.

Bulunduğumuz haftanın bilim dünyasından önemli gelişmeleri sizler için derledik. Inactivation of multi drug resistant bacteria and bacterial spores and generation of high potency bacterial vaccines using ultrashort pulsed lasers. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202100207 The human olfactory bulb processes odor valence representation and cues motor avoidance behavior. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101209118 Biomarkers in a socially exchanged fluid reflect colony maturity, behavior, and distributed metabolism. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.74005 A new westward migration route in an Asian passerine bird. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.086 Bize 101.podcast.info@gmail.com adresinden ulaşabilirsiniz. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/101-podcast/support

Dré, Lauren, and Aidan ask, What's CRISPR gene editing? What are its pros and cons? Where's humanity headed?, and more. Website & Email Newsletter: www.commonscientists.com | Support Us: patreon.com/commonscientists Resources: CRISPR Gene Editing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing What CRISPR-baby prison sentences mean for research: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00001-y Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6357/1303 Tracking the Cost of Gene Therapy: https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/10/24/148183/tracking-the-cost-of-gene-therapy/ Gattaca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker Clinic Claims Success In Making Babies With 3 Parents' DNA: https://n.pr/3g6wEyS Anthropocene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene Minimalism: https://www.theminimalists.com/minimalism/ Why Do Things Keep Evolving Into Crabs? https://to.pbs.org/2OJsyBp

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.05.370247v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, R. Y.- R., Noddings, C. M., Kirschke, E., Myasnikov, A., Johnson, J. L., Agard, D. A. Abstract: Maintaining a healthy proteome is fundamental for organism survival. Integral to this are Hsp90 and Hsp70 molecular chaperones that together facilitate the folding, remodeling and maturation of Hsp90's many "client" proteins. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a model client strictly dependent upon Hsp90/Hsp70 for activity. Chaperoning GR involves a cycle of inactivation by Hsp70, formation of an inactive GR:Hsp90:Hsp70:Hop "loading" complex, conversion to an active GR:Hsp90:p23 "maturation" complex, and subsequent GR release. Unfortunately, a molecular understanding of this intricate chaperone cycle is lacking for any client. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the GR loading complex, in which Hsp70 loads GR onto Hsp90, revealing the molecular basis of direct Hsp90/Hsp70 coordination. The structure reveals two Hsp70s--one delivering GR and the other scaffolding Hop. Unexpectedly, the Hop cochaperone interacts with all components of the complex including GR, poising Hsp90 for subsequent ATP hydrolysis. GR is partially unfolded and recognized via an extended binding pocket composed of Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hop, revealing the mechanism of GR loading and inactivation. Together with the GR maturation complex (Noddings et al., 2020), we present the first complete molecular mechanism of chaperone-dependent client remodeling, establishing general principles of client recognition, inhibition, transfer and activation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.31.363341v1?rss=1 Authors: Martinez-Espinosa, P. L., Neely, A., Ding, J., Lingle, C. J. Abstract: Voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) current in adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) is rapidly inactivating and TTX-sensitive. The fractional availability of CC Nav current has been implicated in regulation of action potential (AP) frequency and the occurrence of slow-wave burst firing. To ascertain whether features of CC Nav inactivation might influence AP firing, we recorded Nav current in rat CCs, primarily from adrenal medullary slices. A key feature of CC Nav current is that recovery from inactivation, even following brief (5 ms) inactivation steps, exhibits two exponential components of generally similar amplitude. Variations of standard paired pulse protocols support the view that entry into the fast and slower recovery processes result from largely independent, competing inactivation pathways, both of which occur with similar onset times at depolarizing potentials. Over voltages from -120 to -80 mV, faster recovery varies from ~3 to 30 ms, while slower recovery from about 50-400 ms. At strong activation voltages (+0 mV and more positive), the relative entry into slow or fast recovery pathways is similar and independent of voltage. Trains of brief inactivating steps result in cumulative increases in the slower recovery fraction. This supports idea that brief recovery intervals preferentially allow recovery of channels from fast recovery pathways, thereby increasing the fraction of channels in the slow recovery pathway with each subsequent inactivation step. This provides a mechanism whereby differential rates of recovery produce use-dependent accumulation in slower recovery pathways. Consistent with use-dependent accumulation of channels in slow recovery pathways, repetitive AP clamp waveforms at 1-10 Hz frequencies reduce Nav availability to 10-20% of initial amplitude dependent on holding potential. The results indicate that there are two distinct pathways of fast inactivation, one that leads to normal fast recovery and the other with a slower time course, which together are well-suited to mediate use-dependent changes in Nav availability. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.31.363416v1?rss=1 Authors: Martinez-Espinosa, P. L., Yang, C., Xia, X., Lingle, C. J. Abstract: Adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs) in rodents express a rapidly inactivating, TTX-sensitive sodium current. The current has generally been attributed to Nav1.7, although a possible role for Nav1.3 has also been suggested. Nav channels in rat CCs rapidly inactivate into two separable pathways, which differ in their time course of recovery from inactivation. One population recovers with time constants similar to traditional fast inactivation and the other about 10-fold slower. Inactivation properties suggest that the two pathways result from a single homogeneous population of channels. Here we probe the properties and molecular components of the Nav current present in mouse CCs. We first confirm that functional properties of Nav current in rat and mouse cells are generally similar in terms of activation range, steady-state inactivation, and dual pathway fast inactivation. The results then show that all inward Nav current is absent in CCs from Nav1.3 KO mice. Subsequently, in a mouse with KO of fibroblast growth factor homology factor 14 (FGF14), we find that the slow component of recovery from fast inactivation is completely absent in most CCs, with no change in the time constant of fast recovery. Experiments probing the use-dependence of Nav current diminution between WT and FGF14 KO mice directly demonstrate a role of slow recovery from inactivation in determination of Nav current availability. Overall, the results indicate that the FGF14-mediated inactivation is the major determinant in defining use-dependent changes in Nav availability in CCs. We also consider the potential impact that inactivating FGFs with different recovery kinetics can exert on differential use-dependent changes in Nav availability. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.22.351163v1?rss=1 Authors: Dhankhar, D., Nagpal, A., Li, R., Chen, J., Cesario, T. C., Rentzepis, P. Abstract: The resonance Raman spectra of bacterial carotenoids have been employed to identify bacterial strains and their intensity changes as a function of ultraviolet (UV) radiation dose have been used to differentiate between live and dead bacteria. The enhanced resonance Raman spectra of color-pigmented bacteria were recorded after excitation with visible light diode lasers. In addition, the resonance enhanced Raman spectra enabled us to detect bacteria in water at much lower concentrations ( 10^8 cells/mL) than normally detected spectroscopically. A handheld spectrometer capable of recording resonance Raman spectra in-situ was designed, constructed and was used to record the spectra. In addition to bacteria, the method presented in this paper may also be used to identify fungi, viruses and plants, in-situ, and detect infections within a very short period of time. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.16.343459v1?rss=1 Authors: Marti, D., Torras, J., Bertran, O., Turon, P., Aleman, C. Abstract: Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 virus can be inactivated by effect of heat, even though, little is known about the molecular changes induced by the temperature. Here, we unravel the basics of such inactivation mechanism over the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein by executing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Both the closed down and open up states, which determine the accessibility to the receptor binding domain, were considered. Results suggest that the spike undergoes drastic changes in the topology of the hydrogen bond network while salt bridges are mainly preserved. Reorganization in the hydrogen bonds structure produces conformational variations in the receptor binding subunit and explain the thermal inactivation of the virus. Conversely, the macrostructure of the spike is preserved at high temperature because of the retained salt bridges. The proposed mechanism has important implications for engineering new approaches to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.07.329284v1?rss=1 Authors: He, S., Wu, X., Li, H., Huang, J., Xiao, C. Abstract: AIS plasticity with regard to changes in length and location in response to neural activity has been extensively investigated, but how AIS diameter is regulated remains elusive. Here we report that COUP-TFI is an essential regulator of AIS diameter in both developing and adult mouse neocortex. Embryonic ablation of COUP-TFI prevented expansion of AIS diameter that occurs during postnatal development in layer II/III pyramidal cells of the motor cortex, thereby leading to impaired action potential generation. Inactivation of COUP-TFI in adult neurons led to reduced AIS diameter and impaired action potential generation. In contrast to different developmental stages, single-cell ablation and global ablation produced opposite effects on spontaneous network in COUP-TFI-deficient neurons. Further, mice exhibited less anxiety-like behaviors after postnatal inactivation of COUP-TFI by tamoxifen. Our results demonstrate that COUP-TFI is indispensable for both expansion and maintenance of AIS diameter and that a change in AIS diameter fine-tunes synaptic inputs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.16.300541v1?rss=1 Authors: Haubrich, B. A., Nayyab, S., Williams, C., Whitman, A., Zimmerman, T., Li, Q., Chen, Y., Zhou, C.-Z., Basu, A., Reid, C. W. Abstract: Despite renewed interest, development of chemical biology methods to study peptidoglycan metabolism has lagged in comparison to the glycobiology field in general. To address this, a panel of diamides were screened against the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae to identify inhibitors of bacterial growth. The screen identified the diamide fgkc as a narrow spectrum bacteriostatic inhibitor of S. pneumoniae growth with an MIC of 7.8 M. The diamide inhibited detergent-induced autolysis in a concentration dependent manner indicating peptidoglycan degradation as the mode-of-action. Genetic screening of autolysin mutants suggested LytB, an endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase, involved in cell division as the potential target. Surprisingly, biochemical, and phenotypic analysis contradicted the genetic screen results. Phenotypic studies with the {Delta}lytB strain illustrate the difference between genetic and chemical inactivation of autolysins. These findings suggest that meta-phenotypes including autolytic activity, cell morphology, and genetic screening can be the result of the complex interaction of one or more possible pathways that are connected to cell wall metabolism. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.07.286666v1?rss=1 Authors: Luzzatto-Fegiz, P., Temprano-Coleto, F., Peaudecerf, F. J., Landel, J. R., Zhu, Y., McMurry, J. A. Abstract: Past experiments demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by simulated sunlight; models have considered exclusively mechanisms involving UVB acting directly on RNA. However, UVA inactivation has been demonstrated for other enveloped RNA viruses, through indirect mechanisms involving the suspension medium. We propose a model combining UVB and UVA inactivation for SARS-CoV-2, which improves predictions by accounting for effects associated with the medium. UVA sensitivities deduced for SARS-CoV-2 are consistent with data for SARS-CoV-1 under UVA only. This analysis calls for experiments to separately assess effects of UVA and UVB in different media, and for including UVA in inactivation models. Key words: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, environmental persistence, sunlight, UVA, UVB, modeling, inactivation methods, photobiology Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.28.271908v1?rss=1 Authors: Robison, C. L., Kazan, T., Miller, R., Cova, N., Charntikov, S. Abstract: The rodent caudate-putamen is a large heterogeneous neural structure with distinct anatomical connections that differ in their control of learning processes. Previous research suggests that the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen (a- and p-dmCPu) differentially regulate associative learning with a non-contingent nicotine stimulus. The current study used bilateral NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesions to the a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu to determine the functional involvement of a-dmCPu and p-dmCPu in appetitive learning with contingent nicotine stimulus. Rats with a-dmCPu, p-dmCPu, or sham lesions were trained to lever-press for intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) followed by access to sucrose 30 s later. After 1, 3, 9, and 20 nicotine-sucrose training sessions, appetitive learning in the form of a goal-tracking response was assessed using a non-contingent nicotine-alone test. All rats acquired nicotine self-administration and learned to retrieve sucrose from a receptacle at equal rates. However, rats with lesions to p-dmCPu demonstrated blunted learning of the nicotine-sucrose association. Our primary findings show that rats with lesions to p-dmCPu had a blunted goal-tracking response to a non-contingent nicotine administration after 20 consecutive days of nicotine-sucrose pairing. Our findings extend previous reports to a contingent model of nicotine self-administration and show that p-dmCPu is involved in associative learning with nicotine stimulus using a paradigm where rats voluntarily self-administer nicotine infusions that are paired with access to sucrose - a paradigm that closely resembles learning processes observed in humans. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.28.266890v1?rss=1 Authors: Bennett, H. L., McClanahan, P. D., Fang-Yen, C., Kalb, R. G. Abstract: For most metazoans, oxygen deprivation leads to cell dysfunction and if severe, death. Sublethal stress prior to a hypoxic or anoxic insult, preconditioning, can protect cells from subsequent oxygen deprivation. The molecular mechanisms by which sublethal stress can buffer against a subsequent toxic insult and the role of the nervous system in the response are not well understood. We studied the role of neuronal activity preconditioning to oxygen deprivation in C. elegans. Animals expressing the histamine gated chloride channels, HisCl1, in select cell populations were used to temporally and spatially inactivate the nervous system or tissue prior to an anoxic insult. We find that inactivation of the nervous system for 3 hours prior to the insult confers resistance to a 48 hour anoxic insult in 4th stage larval animals. Experiments show that this resistance can be attributed to loss of activity in cholinergic and GABAergic neurons as well as in body wall muscles. These observations indicate that the nervous system activity can mediate the organisms response to anoxia. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.24.265553v1?rss=1 Authors: Currell, F., Villagomez Bernabe, B., Chan, S.-w., Roseman, A., Coulter, J. Abstract: Here we show an interplay between the structures present in ionization tracks and nucleocapsid RNA structural biology, using fast ion beam inactivation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) virion as an example. This interplay is one of the key factors in predicting dose-inactivation curves for high energy ion beam inactivation of virions. We also investigate the adaptation of well-established cross-section data derived from radiation interactions with water to the interactions involving the components of a virion, going beyond the density-scaling approximation developed previously. We conclude that solving one of the grand challenges of structural biology - the determination of RNA tertiary/quaternary structure structure - is intimately linked to predicting ion-beam inactivation of viruses and that the two problems can be mutually informative. Indeed, our simulations show that fast ion beams have a key role to play in elucidating RNA tertiary/quaternary structure. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.12.248294v1?rss=1 Authors: de Paiva, J. P. Q., Bueno, A. P. A., dos Santos Corrêa, M., Oliveira, M. G., Ferreira, T. L., Fornari, R. V. Abstract: The insular cortex (IC) is notably implicated in emotional and cognitive processing; however, little is known regarding to what extent its two main subregions play functionally distinct roles on memory consolidation of conditioned fear tasks. Here we verified the effects of temporary functional inactivation of the anterior (aIC) and posterior IC (pIC) on contextual and tone fear memory. Rats received post-training bilateral infusions of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into either the aIC or pIC and were tested 48 and 72 hours after the conditioning session to assess contextual (CFC) and tone (TFC) fear conditioning, respectively. Inactivation of the aIC during memory consolidation did not affect fear memory for CFC or TFC. On the other hand, post-training inactivation of the pIC impaired TFC but not CFC. Our findings indicate that the pIC is a necessary part of the neural circuitry related to the consolidation of cued-fear memories. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.31.126607v1?rss=1 Authors: PAREEK, G., Pallanck, L. J. Abstract: The m-AAA proteases play a critical role in the proteostasis of the inner mitochondrial membrane proteins, and mutations in the genes encoding these proteases cause severe incurable neurological diseases. To further explore the biological role of the m-AAA proteases and the pathological consequences of their deficiency, we used a genetic approach in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to inactivate the ATPase family gene 3-like 2 (AFG3L2) gene, which encodes a component of the m-proteases. We found that null alleles of Drosophila AFG3L2 die early in development, but partial inactivation of AFG3L2 using RNAi extended viability to the late pupal and adult stages of development. Flies with partial inactivation of Afg3l2 exhibited marked behavioral defects, neurodegeneration, mitochondrial morphological alterations, and diminished respiratory chain (RC) activity. Further work revealed that reduced RC activity was a consequence of widespread defects in mitochondrial gene expression, including diminished mitochondrial transcription, translation and impaired mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis. These defects were accompanied by the compensatory activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mito-UPR) and accumulation of unfolded mitochondrial proteins, including proteins involved in transcription. Overexpression of the mito-UPR components partially rescued the Afg3l2-deficient phenotypes, indicating that sequestration of essential components of the mitochondrial gene expression into aggregates partly accounts for these defects. However, Afg3l2 also co-sediments with the mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis machinery, suggesting an additional novel role for Afg3l2 in ribosome biogenesis. Our work suggests that strategies designed to modify mitochondrial stress pathways and mitochondrial gene expression could be therapeutic in the diseases caused by mutations in AFG3L2. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.26.117598v1?rss=1 Authors: Vale, R., Campagner, D., Iordanidou, P., Arocas, O. P., Tan, Y. L., Stempel, A. V., Sepideh Keshavarzi, S., Petersen, R., Margrie, T., Branco, T. Abstract: When faced with predatorial threats, escaping towards shelter is an adaptive action that offers long-term protection against the attacker. From crustaceans to mammals, animals rely on knowledge of safe locations in the environment to rapidly execute shelter-directed escape actions. While previous work has identified neural mechanisms of instinctive escape, it is not known how the escape circuit incorporates spatial information to execute rapid and accurate flights to safety. Here we show that mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSP) and superior colliculus (SC) form a monosynaptic circuit that continuously encodes the shelter direction. Inactivation of SC-projecting RSP neurons decreases SC shelter-direction tuning while preserving SC motor function. Moreover, specific inactivation of RSP input onto SC neurons disrupts orientation and subsequent escapes to shelter, but not orientation accuracy to a sensory cue. We conclude that the RSC-SC circuit supports an egocentric representation of shelter direction and is necessary for optimal shelter-directed escapes. This cortical-subcortical interface may be a general blueprint for increasing the sophistication and flexibility of instinctive behaviours. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Corona Virus' Impact on the Cannabis Industry https://youtu.be/LyH4yYGrOdo Show Notes: Briotech's HOCl https://www.briotechusa.com/coronavirus-awareness Cannabis Vs. Coronavirus https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/20/02/15266170/ask-our-experts-cannabis-vs-coronavirus Coronavirus Impact on Cannabis Industry https://mjbizdaily.com/concerns-looming-over-coronavirus-impact-on-cannabis-industry-but-some-us-firms-could-gain-from-fallout/ Inactivation of Prions with Hypochlorous Acid https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005914 Immune System Oxidant Could be Key to Inactivating Prions https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/immune-system-oxidant-could-be-key-inactivating-prions Host: Josh Kincaid, Capital Markets Analyst & host of your cannabis business podcast. https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshkincaid/ The Talking Hedge: Your cannabis business podcast covering cannabis products, business news, investments & events. https://www.theTalkingHedgepodcast.com Music Info: Song: Dark Trap Beats Hard Rap Instrumental | Gang | 2018Artist: LuxrayBeats

Corona Virus' Impact on the Cannabis Industry https://youtu.be/LyH4yYGrOdo Show Notes: Briotech’s HOCl https://www.briotechusa.com/coronavirus-awareness Cannabis Vs. Coronavirus https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/20/02/15266170/ask-our-experts-cannabis-vs-coronavirus Coronavirus Impact on Cannabis Industry https://mjbizdaily.com/concerns-looming-over-coronavirus-impact-on-cannabis-industry-but-some-us-firms-could-gain-from-fallout/ Inactivation of Prions with Hypochlorous Acid https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005914 Immune System Oxidant Could be Key to Inactivating Prions https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/immune-system-oxidant-could-be-key-inactivating-prions Host: Josh Kincaid, Capital Markets Analyst & host of your cannabis business podcast. https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshkincaid/ The Talking Hedge: Your cannabis business podcast covering cannabis products, business news, investments & events. https://www.theTalkingHedgepodcast.com Music Info: Song: Dark Trap Beats Hard Rap Instrumental | Gang | 2018Artist: LuxrayBeats --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/talkinghedge/support

Corona Virus' Impact on the Cannabis Industry https://youtu.be/LyH4yYGrOdo Show Notes: Briotech’s HOCl https://www.briotechusa.com/coronavirus-awareness Cannabis Vs. Coronavirus https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/20/02/15266170/ask-our-experts-cannabis-vs-coronavirus Coronavirus Impact on Cannabis Industry https://mjbizdaily.com/concerns-looming-over-coronavirus-impact-on-cannabis-industry-but-some-us-firms-could-gain-from-fallout/ Inactivation of Prions with Hypochlorous Acid https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005914 Immune System Oxidant Could be Key to Inactivating Prions https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/immune-system-oxidant-could-be-key-inactivating-prions Host: Josh Kincaid, Capital Markets Analyst & host of your cannabis business podcast. https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshkincaid/ The Talking Hedge: Your cannabis business podcast covering cannabis products, business news, investments & events. https://www.theTalkingHedgepodcast.com Music Info: Song: Dark Trap Beats Hard Rap Instrumental | Gang | 2018Artist: LuxrayBeats

How long coronaviruses persist on surfaces and how to inactivate them – Ruhr-University Bochum

Can a protein be contagious? Jason Bartz discusses his work on prion proteins, which cause spongiform encephalopathy and can be transmitted by ingestion or inhalation among some animals. He further discusses how prions can exist as different strains, and what techniques may help improve diagnosis of subclinical infections. Links for this Episode: Jason Bartz Creighton University website Holec SAM, Yuan Q, and Bartz JC. Alteration of Prion Strain Emergence by Nonhost Factors. mSphere. 2019. Yuan Q et al. Dehydration of Prions on Environmentally Relevant Surfaces Protects Them from Inactivation by Freezing and Thawing. Journal of Virology. 2018. Bartz JC. Prion Strain Diversity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2016.  Bartz JC. From Slow Viruses to Prions PLoS Pathogens. 2016. Deleault NR, Harris BT, Rees JR, Supattapone S. Formation of native prions from minimal components in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007. Planet Money Episode 952: Sperm Banks  

Nick tracks down Dr. Brent Race, a lead scientist from NIH (National Institutes of Health) who worked on the study; Inactivation of chronic wasting disease prions using sodium hypochlorite. The findings are exciting and promising for home or commercial processors who could be butchering infected deer. Using a solution of 40% bleach and a soak of 5 minutes, CWD prions can be inactivated, saving your cutlery, and non-porous cutting surfaces from infecting further butcher jobs, thus having to be pitched. With many parts of the country, including my home county in Michigan, having to face this growing problem that is showing to be very formidable. However, this may be a battle won in the ongoing war of CWD.Show NotesDr. Race explained that deactivating other infectious prion diseases with bleach is “old news”, but no work had been done on CWD in cervides (classification of the deer species) with a bleach treatment. Running several simulations with infected brain matter, stainless steel rods were covered in infectious prions and submerged in different concentrations of bleach along with varying amounts of time. The now treated roda were moved over to a solution of healthy prion material. Activated infectious prions would begin mutating healthy prions, making them infectious. In-activated infectious prions can't mutate healthy prions, meaning they couldn't spread the infection.Article: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/household-bleach-inactivates-chronic-wasting-disease-prionsActual Study (if you enjoy scientific reading):https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223659From the discussion, Huntavore has put together some procedures to think about when cutting up your own deer that could be infected. Mind you these are steps are being proactive, reacting to not knowing your deer is positive for CWD, rather than reactive and scrambling with the news of knowing your deer is positive,Setup:Put down a disposable ground covering, like plastic drop cloth or construction paper (the large rolls). Place cutting table on covered area. Might want to avoid the kitchen table.Proceed cutting up the animal making sure keep cuts in non-porous containersBag, seal, wrap, whatever your storing method then box up, freeze, and wait for the results (hardest part). Try to avoid grinding meat at this point.Clean Up:Make sure the area is WELL ventilated.Brush fat, and silverskin, small bits on the ground cover, rollup and bag up.Wash and scrub both table/cutting boards, and used saws or knives per usual. Removing all remaining macro bits. Rinse and let dry (to not dilute the bleach treatment.Sack up all sponges/rags/Brillo pads that were used (wait on the test results, if positive, toss with the meat. If ok, they can be used again.)Mix up a container of 1 to 1 parts water and household bleach. Place all cutlery in the solution, making sure bleach can get to all surfaces. Set a timer for 5 minutes, watch carefully. Pull, rinse, let dry before putting away.In a spray bottle, filled with full strength bleach, spray down cutting boards or cutting table, as long as they are non porous. Let set for 5-7 minutes, watching the surface so it's not damaged by the bleach. When time is up, rinse off and let dry.The Huntavor is Powered by Simplecast

Nick tracks down Dr. Brent Race, a lead scientist from NIH (National Institutes of Health) who worked on the study; Inactivation of chronic wasting disease prions using sodium hypochlorite. The findings are exciting and promising for home or commercial processors who could be butchering infected deer. Using a solution of 40% bleach and a soak of 5 minutes, CWD prions can be inactivated, saving your cutlery, and non-porous cutting surfaces from infecting further butcher jobs, thus having to be pitched. With many parts of the country, including my home county in Michigan, having to face this growing problem that is showing to be very formidable. However, this may be a battle won in the ongoing war of CWD.Show NotesDr. Race explained that deactivating other infectious prion diseases with bleach is “old news”, but no work had been done on CWD in cervides (classification of the deer species) with a bleach treatment. Running several simulations with infected brain matter, stainless steel rods were covered in infectious prions and submerged in different concentrations of bleach along with varying amounts of time. The now treated roda were moved over to a solution of healthy prion material. Activated infectious prions would begin mutating healthy prions, making them infectious. In-activated infectious prions can't mutate healthy prions, meaning they couldn't spread the infection.Article: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/household-bleach-inactivates-chronic-wasting-disease-prionsActual Study (if you enjoy scientific reading):https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223659From the discussion, Huntavore has put together some procedures to think about when cutting up your own deer that could be infected. Mind you these are steps are being proactive, reacting to not knowing your deer is positive for CWD, rather than reactive and scrambling with the news of knowing your deer is positive,Setup:Put down a disposable ground covering, like plastic drop cloth or construction paper (the large rolls). Place cutting table on covered area. Might want to avoid the kitchen table.Proceed cutting up the animal making sure keep cuts in non-porous containersBag, seal, wrap, whatever your storing method then box up, freeze, and wait for the results (hardest part). Try to avoid grinding meat at this point.Clean Up:Make sure the area is WELL ventilated.Brush fat, and silverskin, small bits on the ground cover, rollup and bag up.Wash and scrub both table/cutting boards, and used saws or knives per usual. Removing all remaining macro bits. Rinse and let dry (to not dilute the bleach treatment.Sack up all sponges/rags/Brillo pads that were used (wait on the test results, if positive, toss with the meat. If ok, they can be used again.)Mix up a container of 1 to 1 parts water and household bleach. Place all cutlery in the solution, making sure bleach can get to all surfaces. Set a timer for 5 minutes, watch carefully. Pull, rinse, let dry before putting away.In a spray bottle, filled with full strength bleach, spray down cutting boards or cutting table, as long as they are non porous. Let set for 5-7 minutes, watching the surface so it's not damaged by the bleach. When time is up, rinse off and let dry.The Huntavor is Powered by Simplecast

Nick tracks down Dr. Brent Race, a lead scientist from NIH (National Institutes of Health) who worked on the study; Inactivation of chronic wasting disease prions using sodium hypochlorite. The findings are exciting and promising for home or commercial processors who could be butchering infected deer. Using a solution of 40% bleach and a soak of 5 minutes, CWD prions can be inactivated, saving your cutlery, and non-porous cutting surfaces from infecting further butcher jobs, thus having to be pitched. With many parts of the country, including my home county in Michigan, having to face this growing problem that is showing to be very formidable. However, this may be a battle won in the ongoing war of CWD.Show NotesDr. Race explained that deactivating other infectious prion diseases with bleach is “old news”, but no work had been done on CWD in cervides (classification of the deer species) with a bleach treatment. Running several simulations with infected brain matter, stainless steel rods were covered in infectious prions and submerged in different concentrations of bleach along with varying amounts of time. The now treated roda were moved over to a solution of healthy prion material. Activated infectious prions would begin mutating healthy prions, making them infectious. In-activated infectious prions can’t mutate healthy prions, meaning they couldn’t spread the infection.Article: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/household-bleach-inactivates-chronic-wasting-disease-prionsActual Study (if you enjoy scientific reading):https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223659From the discussion, Huntavore has put together some procedures to think about when cutting up your own deer that could be infected. Mind you these are steps are being proactive, reacting to not knowing your deer is positive for CWD, rather than reactive and scrambling with the news of knowing your deer is positive,Setup:Put down a disposable ground covering, like plastic drop cloth or construction paper (the large rolls). Place cutting table on covered area. Might want to avoid the kitchen table.Proceed cutting up the animal making sure keep cuts in non-porous containersBag, seal, wrap, whatever your storing method then box up, freeze, and wait for the results (hardest part). Try to avoid grinding meat at this point.Clean Up:Make sure the area is WELL ventilated.Brush fat, and silverskin, small bits on the ground cover, rollup and bag up.Wash and scrub both table/cutting boards, and used saws or knives per usual. Removing all remaining macro bits. Rinse and let dry (to not dilute the bleach treatment.Sack up all sponges/rags/Brillo pads that were used (wait on the test results, if positive, toss with the meat. If ok, they can be used again.)Mix up a container of 1 to 1 parts water and household bleach. Place all cutlery in the solution, making sure bleach can get to all surfaces. Set a timer for 5 minutes, watch carefully. Pull, rinse, let dry before putting away.In a spray bottle, filled with full strength bleach, spray down cutting boards or cutting table, as long as they are non porous. Let set for 5-7 minutes, watching the surface so it’s not damaged by the bleach. When time is up, rinse off and let dry. The Huntavor is Powered by Simplecast

Don and Ben start the show with a listener question about the safety of cooking already dead lobsters, which leads into some personal stories about bad seafood (and good seafood, like those Des Moines scallops). The guys then tackle a bunch of listener feedback related to internalization of pathogens in produce, pancake shooters and a follow-up of last episode's boil water advisory excitement. The episode ends with a discussion of the safety of canning recipes found online (and how to sneak some lemon juice into canned tomatoes).Food Safety Talk 189: Guerrilla Sous Vide Is A Go (Live from Renton Technical College)Guidance for Industry: Questions and Answers for Guidance to Facilitate the Implementation of a HACCP System in Seafood Processing | FDAShipping live lobstersB-52’s Rock Lobster - YouTubeFood Safety Fact Sheet - Molluscan ShellfishChecklist for Live Molluscan Shellfish Tanks HACCP Plan RequirementsWet Storage of Live Aquatic AnimalsHistamine production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and an incident of scombroid fish poisoning.Prince Edward Island - WikipediaWelcome to World Famous Fisherman’s Wharf! - Fisherman’s Wharf Lobster Supper, Pier 15 Restaurant & Gift ShopFood Safety Talk 39: Des Moines is Known for their ScallopsLori PivarnikInternalization of Fresh Produce by Foodborne PathogensSalmonella infections in food workers identified through routine Public Health Surveillance in Minnesota: impact on outbreak recognitionDirty Money: An Investigation into the Hygiene Status of Some of the World’s Currencies as Obtained from Food OutletsFood Safety Talk 192: Foot Safety TalkColilert 18 - IDEXX USWhat are coliforms?Total Coliform Rule: A Quick Reference GuideQuick Guide To Drinking Water Sample CollectionRevised Total Coliform Rule: A Quick Reference GuideBoil Water Notices - Checklist for Food Service Establishment Operators"2017” Annual Drinking Water Quality Report “Town of Marshall”Town of Marshall, NC - facebookColiform Sample ResultsEffect of Lime Juice on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella enterica Inactivation during the Preparation of the Raw Fish Dish Ceviche | Journal of Food ProtectionRisk profile: Salmonella (non typhoidal) in and on eggsPrevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler’s DiarrheaThe Alp Got ‘Em | Do By FridayKeep Your Head above Water | HealthEdNotes from the Field: Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis After Swimming in Hot Spring Water — California, 2018 | MMWRSettlement reached in death of teen from brain-eating amoeba | Charlotte ObserverPopcake Pancake Machine | North AmericaPopcake Introduction from popcake on VimeoFood Safety Talk 126: Deep inside the sauceNonstick Pan Safety ANSWERS - YouTubeMatfer Bourgeat USA Kitchen UtensilsStudy finds online salsa recipes for home canning lacking food safety standards - UMaine News - University of MaineAdherence of Food Blog Salsa Recipes to Home Canning Guidelines - International Association for Food ProtectionTomato acidity and the safety of home canned tomatoes