Podcasts about belzec

pWotD Episode 2764: The Holocaust Welcome to Popular Wiki of the Day, spotlighting Wikipedia's most visited pages, giving you a peek into what the world is curious about today.With 1,336,090 views on Monday, 25 November 2024 our article of the day is The Holocaust.The Holocaust ( , HAW-lə-kawst) was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, and Chełmno in occupied Poland. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these other groups.The Nazis developed their ideology based on racism and pursuit of "living space", and seized power in early 1933. Meant to force all German Jews to emigrate, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide pogrom in November 1938. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish ghettos to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, 1.5 to 2 million Jews were shot by German forces and local collaborators.Later in 1941 or early 1942, the highest levels of the German government decided to murder all Jews in Europe. Victims were deported by rail to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were killed with poison gas. Other Jews continued to be employed in forced labor camps where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in deadly medical experiments. Although many Jews tried to escape, surviving in hiding was difficult due to factors such as the lack of money to pay helpers and the risk of denunciation. The property, homes, and jobs belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued at a lower rate until the end of the war in May 1945. Many Jewish survivors emigrated outside of Europe after the war. A few Holocaust perpetrators faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in reparations have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in museums, memorials, and culture. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:57 UTC on Tuesday, 26 November 2024.For the full current version of the article, see The Holocaust on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Emma.

TRIBUTO: HISTORIAS QUE CONSTRUYEN MEMORIA DE LA SHOÁ, CON CECILIA LEVIT – Yehudá Mimón Waserman nació en Cracovia, Polonia, en 1924. Sus padres, Sara y Meir, tenían un hijo mayor llamado Moshe. Yehudá recibió educación judía y asistió a los movimientos juveniles. En 1939 la Alemania nazi ocupó Cracovia y rapidamente comenzaron las persecusiones a los judíos. Yehudá se unió al grupo clandestino Akiva para luchar contra los nazis. La madre y el hermano de Yehudá fueron trasladados al campo de trabajo de Plaszow, donde Sara fue asesinada. El padre de Yehudá fue asesinado en Belzec. El 22 de diciembre de 1942, Yehudá y otros miembros de la resistencia recibieron órdenes de ayudar en un asalto al café Cyganeria en Cracovia, donde se reunían los soldados alemanes. Soldados y oficiales alemanes murieron en el ataque, que resonó en toda Polonia. Los alemanes arrestaron a Yehudá,  fue encarcelado y deportado a Auschwitz en abril de 1943. El 18 de enero de 1945, Yehuda y cinco de sus camaradas escaparon de la marcha de la muerte de Auschwitz y se escondieron hasta que fueron liberados. En junio de 1946, Yehudá emigró a Eretz Israel con Aviva Lieberman, con quien más tarde se casó, Yehudá y Aviva tienen dos hijos, siete nietos y dos bisnietos.

 EPISODE 156 OF GROWING OLDER LIVING YOUNGER focuses on the powers of love, resilience, curiosity and courage to enable one to survive the most profound and catastrophic childhood traumas imaginable. Used wisely, those same powers will lead us to age gracefully to live younger longer. My guest today exemplifies survival through courage and resilience.  Eighty-eight year old Janet Singer Applefield,  holocaust survivor and author of “Becoming Janet: Finding Myself in the Holocaust”, was given away by her parents when she was seven years old. It was days before her parents were forced to report for a mandatory selection, the Nazis term for systematically separating those to be immediately murdered, from those to be worked to death. She survived the holocaust by hiding on a farm under a false identity. Miraculously, her father survived the camps and 3 years, found her in an orphanage. Janet learned 72 years later, that her mother had been exterminated at the Belzec death camp. If there's anyone who can teach us about bravery, resilience and hope, it is Janet Singer Applefield, through her memoir, showing how profound tragedy can be transformed into hope, self determination, and ultimately joy. Episode Timeline   0:11 Resilience, courage, and hope in the face of childhood trauma and the Holocaust. 5:13 Janet's Holocaust survival story, starting with her separation at age 7 from her parents  11:32 Surviving WWII as a young Jewish girl, reuniting with her father after 3.5 years, and immigrating to America. 19:18 How today, she shares her holocaust stories through speaking invitations, to thousands of children a year.   22:00 Insights  on living with purpose, keeping busy and constantly challenging one's assumptions to keep youthful   26:00 Sharing insights on preparing for retirement and finding purpose in older age.   30:7  Gratitude for the heroes of her story, who saved her life at the risk of losing their own and how the smallest act of kindness has a ripple effect. Learn more about about Janet Singer Applefield and Becoming Janet: Finding Myself In The Holocaust”. (https://a.co/d/5LmB3b0) FB: https://www.facebook.com/janetapplefieldauthor IG: https://www.instagram.com/janetapplefield/ WEB: https://www.janetapplefield.com/ Get to know Your Host: Dr. Gillian Lockitch Download your free Guide to Living Younger Longer.  Download the Growing Older Living Younger app for your smartphone or tablet Schedule a free Discovery Call with Dr. Gill website: https://www.askdrgill.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gillian.lockitch/ GOLY Community: https://www.facebook.com/groups/growingolderlivingyounger LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gillianlockitch/ X: https://twitter.com/GilliansReviews And if you have not already done so, follow, rate and review this Growing Older Living Younger podcast.

The Sobibor Death Camp was the second extermination camp built by the Nazis as part of the secretive Operation Reinhardt--with intent to carry out the mass murder of Polish Jewry. Following the construction of the extermination camp at Belzec in south-eastern Poland from November 1941 to March 1942, the Nazis planned a second extermination camp at Sobibor, and the third and deadliest camp was built near the remote village of Treblinka. Sobibor was similarly designed as the first camp in Belzec, it was regarded as an 'overflow' camp for Belzec. This account of the Nazis' remorseless and relentless production line of killing at the Sobibor death camp tells of one of the worst crimes in the history of mankind. Chris Webb's painstakingly researched volume ranges from the survivors and the victims to the SS men who carried out the atrocities. The Sobibor Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem Verlag, 2017) covers the construction of the death camp, the physical layout of the camp, as remembered by both the Jewish inmates and the SS staff who served there, and the personal recollections that detail the day to day experiences of the prisoners and the SS. The courageous revolt by the prisoners on October 14, 1943 is re-told by the prisoners and the German SS, with detailed accounts of the revolt and its aftermath. The post-war fate of the perpetrators, or more precisely those that were brought to trial, and information regarding the more recent history of the site itself concludes this book. There is a large photographic section of rare, previously unpublished photographs and documents from the author's private archive. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

The Sobibor Death Camp was the second extermination camp built by the Nazis as part of the secretive Operation Reinhardt--with intent to carry out the mass murder of Polish Jewry. Following the construction of the extermination camp at Belzec in south-eastern Poland from November 1941 to March 1942, the Nazis planned a second extermination camp at Sobibor, and the third and deadliest camp was built near the remote village of Treblinka. Sobibor was similarly designed as the first camp in Belzec, it was regarded as an 'overflow' camp for Belzec. This account of the Nazis' remorseless and relentless production line of killing at the Sobibor death camp tells of one of the worst crimes in the history of mankind. Chris Webb's painstakingly researched volume ranges from the survivors and the victims to the SS men who carried out the atrocities. The Sobibor Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem Verlag, 2017) covers the construction of the death camp, the physical layout of the camp, as remembered by both the Jewish inmates and the SS staff who served there, and the personal recollections that detail the day to day experiences of the prisoners and the SS. The courageous revolt by the prisoners on October 14, 1943 is re-told by the prisoners and the German SS, with detailed accounts of the revolt and its aftermath. The post-war fate of the perpetrators, or more precisely those that were brought to trial, and information regarding the more recent history of the site itself concludes this book. There is a large photographic section of rare, previously unpublished photographs and documents from the author's private archive. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

The Sobibor Death Camp was the second extermination camp built by the Nazis as part of the secretive Operation Reinhardt--with intent to carry out the mass murder of Polish Jewry. Following the construction of the extermination camp at Belzec in south-eastern Poland from November 1941 to March 1942, the Nazis planned a second extermination camp at Sobibor, and the third and deadliest camp was built near the remote village of Treblinka. Sobibor was similarly designed as the first camp in Belzec, it was regarded as an 'overflow' camp for Belzec. This account of the Nazis' remorseless and relentless production line of killing at the Sobibor death camp tells of one of the worst crimes in the history of mankind. Chris Webb's painstakingly researched volume ranges from the survivors and the victims to the SS men who carried out the atrocities. The Sobibor Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem Verlag, 2017) covers the construction of the death camp, the physical layout of the camp, as remembered by both the Jewish inmates and the SS staff who served there, and the personal recollections that detail the day to day experiences of the prisoners and the SS. The courageous revolt by the prisoners on October 14, 1943 is re-told by the prisoners and the German SS, with detailed accounts of the revolt and its aftermath. The post-war fate of the perpetrators, or more precisely those that were brought to trial, and information regarding the more recent history of the site itself concludes this book. There is a large photographic section of rare, previously unpublished photographs and documents from the author's private archive. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

The Sobibor Death Camp was the second extermination camp built by the Nazis as part of the secretive Operation Reinhardt--with intent to carry out the mass murder of Polish Jewry. Following the construction of the extermination camp at Belzec in south-eastern Poland from November 1941 to March 1942, the Nazis planned a second extermination camp at Sobibor, and the third and deadliest camp was built near the remote village of Treblinka. Sobibor was similarly designed as the first camp in Belzec, it was regarded as an 'overflow' camp for Belzec. This account of the Nazis' remorseless and relentless production line of killing at the Sobibor death camp tells of one of the worst crimes in the history of mankind. Chris Webb's painstakingly researched volume ranges from the survivors and the victims to the SS men who carried out the atrocities. The Sobibor Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem Verlag, 2017) covers the construction of the death camp, the physical layout of the camp, as remembered by both the Jewish inmates and the SS staff who served there, and the personal recollections that detail the day to day experiences of the prisoners and the SS. The courageous revolt by the prisoners on October 14, 1943 is re-told by the prisoners and the German SS, with detailed accounts of the revolt and its aftermath. The post-war fate of the perpetrators, or more precisely those that were brought to trial, and information regarding the more recent history of the site itself concludes this book. There is a large photographic section of rare, previously unpublished photographs and documents from the author's private archive. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/jewish-studies

The Sobibor Death Camp was the second extermination camp built by the Nazis as part of the secretive Operation Reinhardt--with intent to carry out the mass murder of Polish Jewry. Following the construction of the extermination camp at Belzec in south-eastern Poland from November 1941 to March 1942, the Nazis planned a second extermination camp at Sobibor, and the third and deadliest camp was built near the remote village of Treblinka. Sobibor was similarly designed as the first camp in Belzec, it was regarded as an 'overflow' camp for Belzec. This account of the Nazis' remorseless and relentless production line of killing at the Sobibor death camp tells of one of the worst crimes in the history of mankind. Chris Webb's painstakingly researched volume ranges from the survivors and the victims to the SS men who carried out the atrocities. The Sobibor Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem Verlag, 2017) covers the construction of the death camp, the physical layout of the camp, as remembered by both the Jewish inmates and the SS staff who served there, and the personal recollections that detail the day to day experiences of the prisoners and the SS. The courageous revolt by the prisoners on October 14, 1943 is re-told by the prisoners and the German SS, with detailed accounts of the revolt and its aftermath. The post-war fate of the perpetrators, or more precisely those that were brought to trial, and information regarding the more recent history of the site itself concludes this book. There is a large photographic section of rare, previously unpublished photographs and documents from the author's private archive. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

How would the life of Jesus be told through the eyes of his mother? How can literature help us understand history and the nature of identity? Maciej Hen was born in 1955 in Warsaw. He graduated from the Cinematography Department at the Film School in Łódź. For years he has been trying his hand at diverse activities, from music to all fields of journalism and television lighting design. As a prose writer, Hen has published four novels so far: Według niej (2004, DUE; the English translation, According to Her, published in 2022 by Holland House Books, was shortlisted to the EBRD Literary Prize in 2023), Solfatara (2015, W.A.B., 2016 Gombrowicz Prize and shortlisted for the Norwid Prize and the Angelus Prize), Deutsch dla średnio zaawansowanych, Segretario and one non-fiction book, Beatlesi w Polsce (The Beatles in Poland)."I can tell you the story of my parents. They both lost most of their families during World War II, and they survived because they were quick enough to escape to the East, where there was no paradise either, but at least there was a chance to survive. So my father lost his father, one of his sisters, the sister's husband, and his brother. But the brother disappeared in Soviet Union, nobody knows how, but the others were murdered by Nazis. And as for my mother, she lost almost everybody. She had six siblings, and she managed only to take one of her sisters while evacuating to the East. So five of her siblings, both parents, and grandmother, all died in the death camp in Belzec."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Henwww.hhousebooks.com/shortlisted-ebrd-according-to-herwww.wydawnictwoliterackie.pl/autor/1271/maciej-henhttps://www.instagram.com/maciej.hen/www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064871385361www.creativeprocess.infowww.oneplanetpodcast.orgIG www.instagram.com/creativeprocesspodcast

How would the life of Jesus be told through the eyes of his mother? How can literature help us understand history and the nature of identity? Maciej Hen was born in 1955 in Warsaw. He graduated from the Cinematography Department at the Film School in Łódź. For years he has been trying his hand at diverse activities, from music to all fields of journalism and television lighting design. As a prose writer, Hen has published four novels so far: Według niej (2004, DUE; the English translation, According to Her, published in 2022 by Holland House Books, was shortlisted to the EBRD Literary Prize in 2023), Solfatara (2015, W.A.B., 2016 Gombrowicz Prize and shortlisted for the Norwid Prize and the Angelus Prize), Deutsch dla średnio zaawansowanych, Segretario and one non-fiction book, Beatlesi w Polsce (The Beatles in Poland)."I wondered who could be a better narrator of the story of Jesus than his own Jewish mother? When I was young, as a European Greco-Christian, I was aware of some of my Jewish history, but writing According to Her, I tried to imagine the issue of someone considered to be a Messiah or prophet by some Jewish followers. What could be the genuine story of something that really happened or was told? This led me to write a realistic novel about how it could have been.""I can tell you the story of my parents. They both lost most of their families during World War II, and they survived because they were quick enough to escape to the East, where there was no paradise either, but at least there was a chance to survive. So my father lost his father, one of his sisters, the sister's husband, and his brother. But the brother disappeared in Soviet Union, nobody knows how, but the others were murdered by Nazis. And as for my mother, she lost almost everybody. She had six siblings, and she managed only to take one of her sisters while evacuating to the East. So five of her siblings, both parents, and grandmother, all died in the death camp in Belzec."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Henwww.hhousebooks.com/shortlisted-ebrd-according-to-herwww.wydawnictwoliterackie.pl/autor/1271/maciej-henhttps://www.instagram.com/maciej.hen/www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100064871385361www.creativeprocess.info www.oneplanetpodcast.org IG www.instagram.com/creativeprocesspodcast

Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le château de Hartheim fut l'un des centres de mise à mort de l'opération d'euthanasie forcée des personnes souffrant de maladies psychiques ou de handicaps physiques et mentaux, mise en œuvre par le régime nazi. Entre 1940 et 1944, 30 000 personnes y furent assassinées. Des victimes longtemps restées dans l'oubli. « Ce que vous voyez là, c'est le mur d'origine », désigne Walter Brezina, 86 ans, devant le château de Hartheim. « C'est à cet endroit qu'on faisait descendre les personnes du bus, elles devaient ensuite se déshabiller et entrer dans la soi-disant salle de douche, où elles étaient gazées. 30 000 personnes ont été assassinées ici, une folie ! »Comme chaque année, Walter a fait le voyage depuis Vienne avec ses deux enfants, Norbert et Brigitte, pour rendre hommage à sa mère, Marie, qui fut gazée à Hartheim le 15 juillet 1940, à l'âge de 32 ans. « Ici, c'est le seul lieu où je sais qu'elle a vraiment été, alors c'est important pour moi de venir. C'est lui rendre justice », explique Walter. En 1937, Marie Brezina a tenté de se jeter par la fenêtre. C'est ce geste de désespoir qui la conduira dans un asile viennois, puis à la mort, au château de Hartheim. Elle fut l'une des nombreuses victimes du programme « Aktion T4 » mis en place par les nazis dès 1939, qui visait à « euthanasier » – selon la terminologie national-socialiste – les handicapés physiques et mentaux, des personnes considérées comme inutiles par les nazis.Un tournant dans la Seconde Guerre mondialeHartheim eut un rôle essentiel dans l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Par l'ampleur du nombre de victimes d'abord : « le château de Hartheim a été l'établissement du programme "Aktion T4" qui a fonctionné le plus longtemps et enregistré le plus grand nombre de victimes », explique Florian Schwanninger, historien au mémorial de Hartheim depuis 2005. Certes, en 1941, face aux protestations de l'Église et d'une partie de la population, le programme « Aktion T4 » est stoppé, mais les meurtres, eux, ont continué : « les meurtres se sont déplacés. Les personnes souffrant de maladies psychiques et de handicaps ont été assassinées dans les établissements où elles se trouvaient à l'aide de médicaments. Elles ont également été victimes de la faim. (...) Ces personnes n'ont donc plus été assassinées à Hartheim à partir de 1941, mais les nazis ont trouvé un nouveau groupe cible : les détenus des camps de concentration, souvent des détenus malades ou invalides. » Ainsi, entre 1940 et 1941, 18 000 personnes souffrant de maladies psychiques ou de handicaps ont été gazées à Hartheim et entre 1941 et 1944, 12 000 autres, des détenus de camps pour la plupart, soit 30 000 personnes en tout.Outre l'ampleur du nombre de victimes, c'est la méthode avec laquelle elles ont été assassinées qui fait de Hartheim un tournant dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale. « C'est la première fois dans l'histoire de l'humanité que des personnes sont assassinées dans des chambres à gaz sur une base quasi-industrielle », explique Herwig Czech, historien à l'Université de médecine de Vienne. « ‘L'Aktion T4' est en fait le moment où cette méthode d'assassinat est développée : non seulement l'utilisation de chambres à gaz, mais aussi ce processus de dissimulation avec un examen soi-disant médical et des salles de douche. Cette méthode sera ensuite mise en œuvre à une plus grande échelle, à partir de 1941, dans la Pologne occupée, dans les camps d'extermination de Treblinka, Sobibor et de Belzec. »Interroger le rôle de la médecineUne étude, publiée le 9 novembre 2023 dans la revue scientifique britannique The Lancet, pointait le « rôle central » joué par le corps médical dans les crimes des nazis. Selon l'étude, les programmes eugénistes, d'euthanasie et les « expériences humaines brutales » mis en œuvre dans un cadre médical ont fait au moins 230 000 morts, parmi les handicapés, les patients juifs et les déportés. À Hartheim, c'était en effet deux médecins qui encadraient ce programme d'euthanasie forcée. C'est aussi cet aspect qu'il ne faut pas oublier selon Herwig Czech : « Hartheim est un sujet important parce qu'il permet d'apprendre beaucoup de choses sur certains dangers inhérents à la médecine et en particulier sur les dangers liés au fait d'opposer certains groupes de la société à d'autres en fonction de leur prétendue valeur biologique ou sociale. »En 2003, le château de Hartheim est devenu un mémorial ainsi qu'un lieu d'apprentissage et de mémoire, que l'on peut visiter. L'exposition permanente, intitulée « Valeur de la vie », interroge notre perception de la « normalité », dans le passé mais aussi aujourd'hui : « il est important de ne pas considérer cette période du national-socialisme comme détachée et dissociée du reste de l'histoire », avance Irene Zauner-Leitner, qui travaille au mémorial de Hartheim. « Cela faciliterait les choses pour nous aujourd'hui, car nous pourrions alors dire : ‘c'était avant, cela n'a plus rien à voir avec nous'. Mais ce n'est pas le cas. C'est pourquoi il est très important de regarder ce qui s'est passé et de se demander quelles sont les continuités au cours de l'histoire. »Comme un symbole, divers objets et effets personnels des victimes de Hartheim ont été découverts par hasard lors de fouilles aux abords du château en 2001 et 2002. L'endroit est depuis devenu un cimetière, un lieu où chacun peut venir se recueillir et rendre hommage à ces 30 000 vies arrachées.

Al Murray and James Holland are joined by the lawyer and writer Philippe Sands to discuss revelatory documents that strongly suggest Pope Pius XII had knowledge of the mass murder of Poles and Jews at Belzec in 1942. They also speak about the battle for truth within the walls of the Vatican, and how Adolf Hitler used the courts to increase his popularity before 1933 - just as Donald Trump is doing today. A Goalhanger Production Produced by James Hodgson Exec Producer: Tony Pastor Twitter: #WeHaveWays @WeHaveWaysPod Website: wehavewayspod.com Members' Club: patreon.com/wehaveways Email: wehavewayspodcast@gmail.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

No podcast ‘Notícia No Seu Tempo', confira em áudio as principais notícias da edição impressa do jornal ‘O Estado de S.Paulo' desta segunda-feira (18/09/2023): Senadores incharam tanto seus gabinetes com funcionários sem concurso público que já empregam tanto quanto empresas de médio porte, informa Natalia Santos. O caso mais extremo é o do ex-deputado federal Eduardo Gomes (PL-TO), que começou seu mandato de senador em 2019 com 54 servidores comissionados. Em quatro anos, aumentou o gabinete para 82 assessores. Segundo o Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (Sebrae), uma empresa média tem de 50 a 99 funcionários. Levantamento do Estadão identificou que outros 12 senadores também tem mais de 50 assessores, o limite regulamentado, pagos com dinheiro público E mais: Economia: Economistas ensinam como o governo pode gastar menos, se quiser Metrópole: Com uma ação contra planos a cada 25 minutos, TJ aposta em conciliação Internacional: Carta a Pio XII reabre debate sobre resposta ao Holocausto Esportes: São Paulo vence o Fla e fica a um empate da 1ª Copa do BrasilSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Last night and today, Israel marks Yom Hashoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day. Throughout the country, there are small ceremonies where survivors, or their children, speak of their experiences. People gather in neighborhood parks, at schools. There are also grand state ceremonies, reinforcing the importance of this singular mass murder to the Israeli identity and nation.In this episode, I speak with Dr. Gali Mir Tibon, a former educator cum historian and writer who has written extensively on the unique and little known exceptionalism of how the Holocaust unfolded so differently in Romania from all other European countries. The story of the 750,000 Romanian Jews – half of whom survived the war – has been overshadowed by the focus on what transpired in Poland, Hungary, present-day Ukraine and in the network of work and murder camps throughout the Third Reich. One of the likely explanations for this is that there were no direct train transports of Jews from Romania to the camps. They were intended to have been sent to Belzec for mass murder but were spared by an astonishing sequence of events.Gali Mir Tibon shares some fascinating stories, previously untold, of circumstance, luck and heroism. And I weave in relevant anecdotes from my own experience of growing up with my father, also a survivor from Romania. With the opening of historical archives, and the distance of time, we are just beginning to understand the scope of what happened in those horrific years.In remembrance of all those who perished and those who survived.State of Tel Aviv is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.stateoftelaviv.com/subscribe

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/german-studies

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/jewish-studies

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

Chris Webb's The Belzec Death Camp: History, Biographies, Remembrance (Ibidem, 2016) is a comprehensive account of the Belzec death camp in Poland, which was the first death camp to use static gas chambers as part of the Aktion Reinhardt mass murder program. It covers the construction and the development of the mechanisms of mass murder. The story is painstakingly told from all sides—the Jewish inmates, the perpetrators, and the Polish inhabitants of the village of Belzec, who lived near the factory of death. A major part of this work is the Jewish Roll of Remembrance, which covers the few survivors and the lives of some of the Jews among the many hundreds of thousands who perished in Belzec. The book is richly illustrated with historical and modern photographs, some of which are previously unpublished, as well as documents and drawings. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/eastern-european-studies

Im Jahr 1943 war das Vernichtungsprogramm der Nazis in vollem Gange - Millionen wurden in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka ermordet. Nur wenige polnische Juden überleben. Chaim Olmer ist einer von ihnen. 80 Jahre später kehrt er zurück. Von Michael Olmer.

Während der sogenannten "Aktion Reinhardt" wurden etwa 1,6 Millionen Jüdinnen und Juden aus Polen sowie aus anderen europäischen Ländern von Nazideutschland ermordet, die meisten in den wenigen Monaten zwischen August und Dezember 1942. Namen wie Belzec, das erste von drei Vernichtungslagern dieses beispiellosen Mordprogramms, blieben über Jahrzehnte ein weißer Fleck im gesellschaftlichen Bewusstsein vom Holocaust, war und ist dieses doch vor allem mit dem Namen Auschwitz verbunden. Unser Reporter begleitet einen Shoa-Überlebenden und Zeitzeugen aus der eigenen Familie nach Polen - und begibt sich dabei auch auf eine persönliche Spurensuche zu den Geschehnissen vor 80 Jahren.

In this episode I am talking to Rose who tells me how she escaped the war with her mother from Rzeszow ghetto,  where everyone around including most of her family were put on trains to Belzec to be gassed in the extermination camp.Rose and her mother escaped the ghetto the morning before they were supposed to appear in the square to be sent to Belzec and hid in the cemetery before escaping to Warsaw.Tune in to her story.

Every night this week, Daniel Kollek hasn't been at the ER at his usual hospital in Burlington, Ont. Instead, he's been working in wartorn Ukraine, driving between two different clinics near the Polish border for 12-hour overnight shifts. A member of the non-profit Canadian Medical Assistance Teams, the 64-year-old doctor is one of more than a dozen medical volunteers treating exhausted Ukrainian refugees, arriving by the busload after long journeys spent without medicine or access to proper health care. When the refugees arrive, they are met by a pop-up clinic the Canadians built from wooden fruit crates and a mattress on the floor. Kollek joins today to describe what he's seen, the parallels between the current crisis and Holocaust, and why he took the time to say some prayers at the Belzec death camp, where 600,000 Polish Jews were murdered. What we talked about: Learn about Canadian Medical Assistance Teams at cmat.ca Click here to find out more about the campaign to find Bernie Grempel Credits The CJN Daily is written and hosted by Ellin Bessner (@ebessner on Twitter). Victoria Redden is the producer. Michael Fraiman is the executive producer. Our theme music is by Dov Beck-Levine. Our title sponsor is Metropia. We're a member of The CJN Podcast Network. To learn how to support the show by subscribing to this podcast, please watch this video.

The Holocaust: Redemptive Anti-Semitism as an Eschatology of DeathTHE HOLOCAUST AS A GREEN NAZI SACRIFICE by R. Mark Musser"The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun."  [Ecclesiastes 1:9]Did you know Nazis had a Green Movement?EvolutionThe Hegalian DialecticDisturbing OriginsAn Eschatology (Prophecy) The Third Riecht (Millennium)There is a luxuriant oak tree standing just inside the gated entrance of Auschwitz Camp I where the sign reads, “work makes you free.” There are many stately oaks inside the camp and just outside the entrance. Oak trees also existed in the immediate proximity of a few of the gas chambers and crematoriums as well. The gas chamber doors at both Auschwitz and Treblinka were made of solid oak. At Auschwitz, double oak doors were used to seal the sacrificial fate of all the victims. That Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962) was placed in charge of the logistics of the holocaust is incredibly ironic. His last name virtually means “man of the oaks.”Many of the actual leading perpetrators of the holocaust were Austrian Nazi mountain men from the Carinthian Alps.[iv] It was they who administered Operation Reinhard (1941-43) from the Lublin district of Poland where perhaps more than two million Polish Jews perished in notorious death camps like Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, and Majdanek. Shockingly, on the way down the green camouflaged fence corridors into the gas chambers of the death camps at Treblinka and Sobibor, the Jewish sacrificial victims walked under a sign in Hebrew that read, “This is the way to heaven.” At Treblinka, after they passed under the sign, they were greeted with the prettiest flower garden of the entire camp. These flowers were the last spectacle the Jewish people saw before entering the gas chambers to be ‘euthanized' to death.http://rmarkmusser.com/holocaustVideo of Presentation by Mark Musser Find Us on Rumble: Amos37 on Rumble  See our growing video library of contemporary and classics apologetics and prophecy that are MORE RELEVANT than ever! 

80 rocznica „Aktion Reinhardt” Marta Kupiec, dziennikarka z Berlina, odwiedziła trzy miejsca pamięci na terenach dzisiejszej Polski, które do dziś symbolizują tzw. "Aktion Reinhardt". Pokazujemy, jak w 80 lat po tych wydarzeniach wygląda pamięć o ofiarach z Bełżca, Sobiboru i Treblinki i z jakimi problemami borykają się te miejsca pamięci? W "standPUNKTwidzenia" dziennikarz Jacek Slaski, czy w słowa ubrać wojnę. Von Adam Gusowski.

Jan Kozielewski, un diplomático y resistente polaco de la Segunda Guerra Mundial más conocido Jan Karski, fue el primero en dar el aviso en Occidente de los crímenes que el Tercer Reich estaba perpetrando en la Polonia ocupada. Consiguió infiltrarse en el gueto de Varsovia y en el campo de concentración de Belzec. Viajó primero a Londres y luego a Estados Unidos para informar de lo que había visto, pero no le hicieron caso. De haber intervenido entonces el Holocausto podría haberse evitado. “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

I mængden af nazistiske krigsforbrydere er det meget få, der i brutalitet og ondskab når op på siden af lejrkommandanten i dødslejren Belzec i Polen, Christian Wirth. Her var politimanden fra Stuttgart med til at effektivisere nazisternes uhyggelige mordfabrik, hvor op imod 600.000 mennesker blev myrdet. Belzec tjente herefter som model for andre dødslejre og som overinspektør blev Wirth den effektive krumtap i ”Aktion Reinhardt”, hvor nazistiske bødler på kun et lille års tid i 1942 myrdede 1,7 millioner mennesker. De fleste af dem var polske og tyske jøder. Forinden havde Wirth også som leder deltaget i mordene på 70.000 tyske handicappede med de såkaldte eutanesi-drab. I programmet medvirker arkæolog og forfatter Anders Otte Steensager, der har skrevet bogen ”Christian den Grusomme” om denne ekstremt hensynsløse forbryder mod menneskeheden, der undgik retsforfølgelse, fordi han forinden i 1944 blev snigmyrdet af jugoslaviske partisaner. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mike Isaacson: The holes! The holes! The holes! [Theme song] Nazi SS UFOsLizards wearing human clothesHinduism's secret codesThese are nazi lies Race and IQ are in genesWarfare keeps the nation cleanWhiteness is an AIDS vaccineThese are nazi lies Hollow earth, white genocideMuslim's rampant femicideShooting suspects named Sam HydeHiter lived and no Jews died Army, navy, and the copsSecret service, special opsThey protect us, not sweatshopsThese are nazi lies Mike Isaacson: Welcome back to The Nazi Lies Podcast. This episode, we're lucky enough to have Robert Jan Van Pelt, Architectural Historian at the University of Waterloo and chief curator of the traveling Holocaust exhibit Auschwitz: Not Long Ago, Not Far Away. He's the author of several books including Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present and The Case for Auschwitz where he specifically takes on Holocaust deniers or as he calls them negationists. Thanks for coming on the podcast Dr. Van Pelt. Robert Jan Van Pelt: Thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be here with you today. Mike Isaacson: Thank you. So today, we're lucky enough to have a guest who's actually familiar with the Nazi lies he's debunking. So his book, The Case for Auschwitz, documents the testimony in the David Irving libel trial. So before we discuss who they are, why do you call them negationists? Robert Jan Van Pelt: The term was actually coined in the mid-19th century by a Scottish philosopher, his name is Patrick Edward Dove, in a book called The Logic of the Christian Faith. And basically, he refers to negationist as a German idealist like Immanuel Kant or Wilhelm Fried Hegel, who basically said that physical reality doesn't exist, or at least it's not relevant, that everything is in the mind. And so he talks about them as people who are negating, who are denying, actually the existence of the world as we experience it every day. And so, the term has a philosophical background, but in the 19, late 1980s, early 1990s, it became to be applied by a number of philosophers both in France and also in the United States-- Thomas Nagel is one-- to people who we normally call Holocaust deniers. Now, when I got involved in the struggle against Holocaust denier, so negationist, I was intrigued by, let's call it the philosophical aspects of this whole thing. You can of course say, these are all crazy people or they're bad people, they're anti Semite, blah, blah, blah. All of these guys passed judgment on it. But I was always fascinated by what it takes to actually deny reality. And of course, today, when we're in the middle of many denials that are around; from vaccine denial to COVID denial to climate denial and so on, I think that one of the interesting aspects of Holocaust denial is that it was a trial run that occurred in the 1980s 1990s of actually what we're seeing today. Trial, almost like a laboratory experiment, of how do people deny, what does it take to deny, what actually does it take to actually establish reality in a narrative? And so when I was asked to join the case, the defense team of Deborah Lipstadt who was being sued by David Irving, a English Holocaust denier, for libel in a British court, I basically took a year off of sabbatical to basically research this phenomenon. I very much went back also to the great what we might call epistemological questions, the questions of how do we know what we know? And going back to 17th century philosophers who talk about skepticism, can we have radical skepticism, under what conditions can we actually challenge a particular motion, when is it okay to accept something going back to legal theory? When actually do we have enough certainty to convict a man or a woman and chop his or her head off? Questions about negotiating a world in which in principle, we can always say, I don't believe this, I don't believe that. But then if we never have any certainty about anything, that we really cannot move forward, either individually or collectively. So I was interested in those questions. So in my choice of the term negationist, I in some way, try to show that larger context in which I was operating. And also, I wanted to connect back to a discourse, an argument that had been made first in the 1950s, by the Jewish German and later American philosopher, Hannah Arendt, who in 1941, ends up in New York after having fled from a German concentration camp or a French concentration camp controlled by Germans. And in a very famous book called The Origins of Totalitarianism, she basically says that one of the central characteristics of fascism, that is also national socialism, and she also puts it totalitarian communism in the statement, is that they basically attempt to acquire control over people and are successful in it for a considerable time, at least, they were in the 1920s and 30s, and 40s, by shaking the belief of people that they actually can understand reality to make everything into a question mark. And of course, in English, we have the term gaslighting for that. This idea is that nothing is sorted anymore. And so when people are put in a position in which everything might be a lie, ever say might be just a fiction, then in some way they become, as she said, the perfect raw material for a fascist state. And so again, by moving the focus a little bit away from the denial of the Holocaust, per se, to denial of reality, I thought that my work might have a somewhat larger relevance. Mike Isaacson: Okay, so now on to the negationists, who are these people that we're talking about? Robert Jan Van Pelt: Now, they're not the people who one would expect. If we talk about common parlance Holocaust about negationists who denied the Holocaust, one would first expect that the people who would have denied the Holocaust were Germans who were involved in the Holocaust, and who found themselves in front of allied courts after the war, and who were pleading for their lives. Now, they did plead for their lives, of course, but they didn't say that the Holocaust didn't happen, and hence, they were not guilty of any involvement in the Holocaust, like the shooting of two civilians, or putting them on transports to death camps, and so on. What they said, yes, it happened but that I only had a very minor role in it, or I wasn't there, or you really got the wrong man. So generally in the 1940s, and the 1950s, when these trials happened, and even later, the 1960s, the general statement of these perpetrators was, yes, it happened but it happens to be that I had no role in it or that my role was not that important. When we talk about Holocaust deniers, we have a different phenomenon. They actually say that it never happened, that it's all a fiction, that it is all basically created, in the case of Irving by the British Secret Service as a piece of war propaganda in the 1940s, during the war, and that it was basically a piece of atrocity propaganda, and that this atrocity propaganda got a second life after the war. Now, then the question is, who are the people who basically are carrying that message? And it's a very kind of motley crew, they are people from different backgrounds and I've always found this very interesting. When we look at the 1950s at the first Holocaust deniers, they actually come from the extreme left. And they come out of a particular French situation, many of them are Frenchmen. And the denial itself in the beginning isn't that much related to the Holocaust, but it is actually related to the Soviet concentration camps. The Soviet Union was in the 1930s, the 1920s and 30s, and also the 1940s. Of course, for many communists in France, and also elsewhere, it was utopia realized, especially after 1941, when the Red Army had an incredibly important role in ultimately crushing the Third Reich and defeating Marxism. In 1945, the Soviet Union was seen by many in the West as a heroic nation, a nation that that could be credited, and rightly so, with an incredible contribution to the defeat of Hitler. Many people say that around 90% of all of the soldiers who died in the second world war on the Allied side were Soviet soldiers. And so in 1945, and 46, in France, communism was a very popular political choice. It was a choice that expressed gratitude of people who were anti fascists, and rightly so, for the achievement of the Soviet Union. And it showed the promise of a new world. What happened was that, in the late 1940s, stories started to circulate about the good luck. That, in fact, the old system of camps that had existed at Sarris times and then also later in the 1930s, had not disappeared. And a Soviet defector came to the United States and started basically giving an account of all the Soviet camps, his name was Kravchenko. And many communists, especially in France, said, this is all made up, they don't exist, these concentration camps don't exist. They are a piece of CIA propaganda, because of course, it took place during the Cold War. And it very much served American propaganda interests to show that the Soviet Union, especially Europe, that the Soviet Union was a horrible state that nobody ever should vote communist. And so the discourse of a concentration camp system being a complete fiction, created, in this case by a malicious agent, that is the CIA, began in France. And then it didn't take that much at a certain moment for in hindsight, or in a second interpretation of this discourse for the concentration camp system to become the German concentration camp system, that this was as much a fiction as the Gulag was, or had been as much of fiction that the survivors were liars, so that had been created by Allied propaganda. And once that was set in motion, that idea, you get a number of people who, for different reasons, start to become members of that in-group, members of a group of people who are interested in working out in some way that narrative that denies first a concentration camp system. And a number of them were actually concentration camp survivors, interestingly enough, most important one, French Michael [unintelligible 13:45:12], who had been in a concentration camp as an inmate, but he had never seen anything that resembled gas chambers and crematoria. And he said, "The camps were bad, but certainly they were not extermination machines, they were not factories of death, of murder." And then you've get a sociological phenomenon of groups of people who bond over this common course, and attract then, in the 1970s, what I would call the intellectuals, a number of people who could join this movement, especially in France again. So it doesn't start in Germany, it starts in France. And the most important of men who in some way then starts to supply a theory and a whole body of work is a professor of literature, whose name is Robert Faurisson and who teaches literary theory at the University of Lille in France. Mike Isaacson: There were some other names in your book that you gave, you gave Arthur Butz. Who else? There was a guy...Staglich? Robert Jan Van Pelt: I would say there are many people who will start to make a contribution. I worked with Errol Morris on a movie, Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred Leuchter, Jr. and we were discussing and making the movie, and actually I'm quoted in the movie, how do these people get together? What is their motivation? And I said, "Some way it is like a club because like the rotary club or the Freemasonry, you get into it, you don't really know what you're getting into it. But once you get into it, you get really committed to it because it becomes part of your social life." Arthur Butz, professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University, got interested. People get interested in the argument, they get interested in the nuts and bolts of the series. You have many buffs, you have many people who are interested in history, and their history buffs. And what makes a history buff, at a certain moment, different from a historian, is that a history buff always focuses on the detail and gets completely fascinated by the detail. And that can be a detail of the uniform, of the correct uniform of a civil war and actor. And of course, there are many of them in the United States, and that's all perfectly innocent. But sometimes there are history buffs who get focused on a detail like Sherlock Holmes. They see themselves as a Sherlock Holmes, and they think that there is a hidden reality that is not being stated, that is being hidden from the world. And that by focusing on the detail in the way that Sherlock Holmes does that in his of course, fictional investigations, that is, in some way, the way to the truth. And it has to do to with the CSI effect, which is idea of the fact that history can be recovered, can be, in some way, unveiled by the study of a detail. And of course, that makes incredibly good television. So a person like Butz, I think, gets interested in all kinds of what seemed to be very obscure details of the accounts of for example, the gas chambers or the crematoria is very suspicious, doesn't believe that the reality as told is really reality as it happened. And then gets interested in analyzing these details in such a way that this whole new world in some way is revealed once the detail is unmasked as a lie. And so it takes a certain mindset of people who in some way fall for the myth of Sherlock Holmes, or want to be Sherlock Holmes, but of course that is not normally the way that reality can be discovered even not, I would say in a criminal investigation. Mike Isaacson: Okay, so now let's talk about Auschwitz. Why Auschwitz? What about Auschwitz makes it command some attention? Robert Jan Van Pelt: So it commands a lot of attention, both for Holocaust deniers, they focus most of their attacks on the evidence of Auschwitz. But also, they do that because in some way many Holocaust story and some people who think about the Holocaust, if you hear the word Holocaust, and you ask an ordinary person in the street, does any name come to mind when you hear the word Holocaust of the place? Most people will say Auschwitz. In 1945, in the west, in Europe, they probably would have said American Belton. But since the 1970s, that is certainly Auschwitz. And there are very legitimate reasons for that. And I can just name a few of them. The first is that Auschwitz is the single largest place where Jews were massacred not only Jews, but also separatists normally, or Soviet prisoners of war. Also, other victims group in the Holocaust, one could say, and of course, also Polish non-Jewish patriots who were murdered there. Now, if we just accept for a moment to rough estimate of 6 million Jews victims of the Holocaust, then 1 million of them were murdered in Auschwitz. So that's the first thing. It is the largest of the extermination camps, the second largest Treblinka had a death toll of around 850,000, and then it goes down. So it is the biggest. The second, which is very important, is that Auschwitz is a place for which victims came from all over Europe. So, quite often, extermination camps that were very important in the Holocaust, and I give one example, Belzec that had 550,000 victims, but Belzec which was at that time in eastern Poland, it's still in eastern Poland today, it had a reasonable function. The victims came from around 200 miles 150 miles from around Belzec. It was a very densely settled area with Jews. Traditionally, it was the heartland of the Jews, around Lviv today in the Ukraine. But Auschwitz had victims coming from all over Europe, from Greece, from France, from the Netherlands, from Germany, from Italy, from Poland, and so on. So basically, when we talk about the Holocaust as a pan-European phenomenon, something that touched almost every European nation, that was either occupied or ruled by Germany. Then Auschwitz talks about that pan-European dimension of the Holocaust. The third thing is that Auschwitz is unique in that it doesn't have only gas chambers, and the word homicidal or genocidal gas chambers in Belzec, in Treblinka and Sobibor, in Majdanek and Kamno, but the gas chambers were actually part of crematoria. There were buildings in which the victims were brought into the building, they were then murdered in the gas chamber and their corpses were incinerated in that very same building. And you did not have that combination in the other camps, that is that if you have gas chambers in Treblinka, then after the murder, the corpses of the victims were taken out of those gas chambers and originally they were buried to mass graves, and later the bodies were incinerated on open pyres. So, what happens when you get a gas chamber that is in a building that has very complicated ovens, I mean ovens in the case of crematoria two and three that have the incineration capacity of almost 1500 corpses per day, you get actually a very complex building. Architects get involved, engineers get involved, a lot of money gets involved, because the buildings need to be constructed. Which means also that there is going to be a lot of evidence. We have no designs for the gas chambers in Treblinka, they didn't survive, they probably were drawn up on the proverbial back of an envelope or on a napkin. This is how architects quite conceive of their projects. But in the case of Auschwitz, because these were expensive buildings, it took time to build, they took resources, financial and also in building materials, there's a lot of evidence about that. And in this case, also, that's important, because when you have to commit a lot of resources in a crime, the crime of genocide, then it becomes very clear that it's intentional. And just to go back for a moment, in 1941 or 42, around 2 million Russian Jews were murdered in the then occupied Soviet Union, that would be today's Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic countries mainly, and a little bit of today's Russia also. They were murdered with men having rifles, by execution platoons, and so on. But those machine guns and those rifles had not been created to murder civilians, they had been created to be used in battle. So in that case, if you go to the smoking gun in those massacres, those killings, like the one in BabynYa in Kiev, that 80th anniversary will be happening in two months in the beginning of October, then you have the smoking gun, so to speak, you never can say this gun was actually made for the purpose of killing civilians. But if you go to a homicidal gas chamber in Auschwitz, and then you basically see it in relationship to the crematoriums that are in the same building, it's very easy to move the corpses from the gas chambers to that crematorium often, then basically, you have an installation that can only make sense in terms of a genocide, in terms of killing innocent civilians, civilians who cannot resist. Those gas chambers have no possible imaginable role in a battle. Now, you cannot, in some way, trick armed soldiers to go into a gas chamber and then you close the door and you bring in the gas. So in the case of Auschwitz, the fact that we have these very sophisticated expensive buildings that basically can only be explained from the perspective of genocide, actually, of which there were two is very important because the Auschwitz crematory and gas chambers are undeniable in that sense, as tools of genocide. And then the last reason is that actually, there's still a lot of stuff left enough. It's not only in terms of ruins, the ruins of this crematoria, but also there is a lot of paperwork preserved in the archives. And then finally, unlike these other camps, these extermination camps, Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec, Belzec had only two survivors, extremely effective extermination camp. Sobibor around 250, Treblinka around 200, but around 100,000, people actually left Auschwitz alive. Because Auschwitz was not only an extermination camp, but it was also a slave labor camp. And so this is why you have in Auschwitz, these selections upon arrival of the Jews where basically those who can't work are sent immediately to the gas chambers. And those who can work are basically worked to death or until they are moved somewhere else. And so what you have in the case of Auschwitz is enormous amount of eyewitness evidence. Not necessarily what happens right inside the gas chamber, it's impossible to have eyewitness evidence of that in a squared nature of the killing in the gas chamber, but eyewitness evidence of these buildings, the chimneys, the smoke. And then also in the case of the two slave workers that worked in the crematoria. A lot of eyewitness evidence was produced by them after the war, there were enough survivors of them to give evidence immediately after the war. And even a number of them had some good abilities to draw what they had seen. So there's also drawn evidence. So all in all, Auschwitz is in some way the crown jewel, in a sense, in the case that the Holocaust did happen, because of the nature of the evidence and the amount of the evidence that we have about the place. And that is exactly the reason that Holocaust deniers or negationists attack Auschwitz, because they want to attack that evidence. Mike Isaacson: So Irving's principle claim is that far fewer people die at Auschwitz in the Holocaust in general, than is the general consensus among historians. So you mentioned that a million people died at Auschwitz. How did we arrive at that number? Robert Jan Van Pelt: The number has evolved over time. And that actually is one of the reasons that in about 1990, the Holocaust deniers said you can never trust any number. When the Soviet, the Red Army, arrived on the 27th of January 1945 in Auschwitz, they had to make an informed guess immediately about a number of people that had been murdered in Auschwitz. And their first guess was around 5 million. And they didn't define who these people were. These were citizens of European nationals, they said. The Soviets were always very hesitant to actually divide the victims into groups. These were 5 million troops or 1 million troops, whatever like that, they never really wanted to go in there. They didn't want to separate the troops out. Then, the first forensic committee that was working there, reduced it to 4 million on the basis of almost no extra evidence, basically talking about the cremation capacity of the ovens. And said the ovens would have cremated so many bodies per day, these ovens existed in these four buildings for so many days, we assume that they were in operation 80% of the time, so they came to 4 million. Already at that time, basically, Jewish demographer said this is impossible. And they basically put the number closer to 1.5 million. They said, "Where would all those people have come from?" And in 1946, Rudolf Hoess, the commandant of Auschwitz from 1940 to 1943, he was then relieved of his duty, was arrested and ultimately tried. He testified first in Nuremberg as a witness and then was tried in Poland. And he wrote his memoirs while he was in prison before he was executed. And he also testified, he said, "The 4 million figure is absolutely obtainable. My calculations are that we murdered around 1.1 million people in Auschwitz during my reign as commandant." So he didn't have the whole period, but he had long enough. And by implication, if we then also take the murder rates during the time of his successor, this would have meant that the total number that he would agree to as a commandant, as a witness, as a person around the place, around 1.6 million. And he gave a detailed accounting of where those victims would have come from. He said, "The only way that you can really look at it, is to look at the transports. Which transports of Jews arrived in Auschwitz, at what time, how many people were in each transport, and how many of the transport were killed on arrival. And so there were really two numbers by, let's say, 1950. The first number was based on Hoess' testimony. And that was somewhere one and a half million. And then the second number was the official number that was fixed by the Russians. It was the Cold War. Of course Auschwitz was in Poland, it was being ruled by the communists. That was the official number of 4 million, but it didn't give any details of where those 4 million people would have come from. And so at the memorial in Auschwitz in the 1950s 60s 70s, and 80s, that said, 4 million people were murdered here, but it didn't give a breakdown of that number. However, at the Auschwitz Museum, which was a very professional Museum, it is basically the organization, the institution that preserves the Auschwitz site, it's a Poland State Museum, the historical department had already started to work on a detailed analysis of transports, and of course, the Germans had destroyed much of the evidence, and they had to come to the conclusion that the total number of people who had been deported to Auschwitz was 1.3 million. And the total of number of people that had been murdered in Auschwitz was 1.1 million. And that number still stands, by and large. When they used to say murdered in Auschwitz, the question is how? Because even if you were to say, "Okay, we accept the figure, 1.1 million people died in Auschwitz." then the question, of course, remains did they die of natural deaths or that were they actually murdered? People died in Auschwitz in all different ways. People were murdered in gas chambers. Majority of people were murdered as they did slave labor, they were beaten to death on the site by overseers. People were murdered during torture sessions in the camp, the [unintelligible 33:37:22], people were murdered when they were ill, when they were seen that they could work anymore, they were given an injection in the heart, which was poison. But also people died as a result of infectious diseases, for example, typhus, or they died as a result of starvation. And so the question now is, how did people die? And can we "blame" the Germans for all of those deaths? So one of the things that deniers like Irving did early on, is to say, "Okay, we accept that Auschwitz and also other camps are really deadly places. But almost everyone died as a result of typhus, as infectious diseases." And we might say that the Germans were not acting wisely by bringing so many people together in the place. But ultimately, typhus happens also in other places. So we can't really say that the deaths as a result of typhus are part of a genocidal programme. They might be more part of mismanagement by the camp, or they are the result and this is actually blaming the allies now, turning the finger to the allies, they are the result of the terrible conditions created in Germany as the result of the Allied bombings. And in that case, the deniers point actually to Bergen-Belsen, which in 1945 was liberated by the British Army. And that became the symbol of the German death camps because of a lot of news, men arrived to the British troops in Bergen-Belsen on the 15th of April 1945. And what you saw in Bergen-Belsen, that camp had never had any gas chambers, they had never had any crematoria. It was, for most of its history, a relatively good camp to be. If you look at all of the options in the German concentration camp system, it was one of the better camps. But what the Allied soldiers saw in 1945 was the result of the typhus epidemic. And the typhus epidemic, according to Holocaust deniers, was the result basically the disintegration of the German economy and the German system to supply the camps with food and so on. And they ultimately decided if you have to blame anyone for the situation in Bergen-Belsen, these are the Allied bombardments which have destroyed the food and other infrastructure of Germany. And so, this is where many deniers are. They are in this grey zone. What they will say is that, "Okay, we agree that people died, they didn't die because a number of SS men put them in a gas chamber, and then supplied the chamber with cyanide, they died as a result of typhus." And this is in that discourse in the early 1990s, when actually an American historian at Princeton, basically endorsed this vision, his name was Arno Mayer in a book Why did the heavens not darken? that man like Irving was very much encouraged to take the position which he took, which he said, "This is all a big misunderstanding really. Auschwitz was not a good place to be but blame the bacteria, don't blame the Germans." Mike Isaacson: Okay, so moving along. Robert Faurisson has an infamous line, “No holes, no Holocaust.” So, what does that line mean, and what is the significance of the holes? Robert Jan Van Pelt: Yeah. So this goes back to the idea of show me the smoking gun, show me the evidence. Now, the two of the major gas chambers in Auschwitz, two of the crematoriums, which were the largest factories of deaths, they were underground gas chambers. And so now the question is, how did the gas enter into the gas chambers? Was it removed after the gassing, but also how did it enter? Now, people hear the word gas, they think that gas would have been pumped into a gas chamber through a system of pipes. But that actually was not the case in these Auschwitz crematoria. The gas that was used in Auschwitz was actually a delousing product, a cyanide delousing project that came in a tip. And it was really to use in ships of the Navy, it was also to use to kill vermin in grain silos because of course, all kinds of vermins would be eating the grain, it would be used on the front in the battlefield to delouse the uniforms of soldiers. Lice is everywhere where we have a lot of people who are camped wash and spent a lot of time together. So, what happened was that in the First World War, the German army had developed a delousing agent, that basically consisted of cyanide and that was commercially marketed since the 1920s. It was liquid cyanide that is soaked in either gypsum like substance or in paper discs. That happens in factory conditions. And then these paper discs or this gypsum full of cyanide is then packed in a tin, ordinary tin like canned tomatoes or something like that. In that tin, the cyanide has a shelf life of over six months. And so those tins can be shipped to whoever ultimately needs delousing job. And then what happens is that if you need to delouse, let's say a tom of clothing, then you put this in a room, seal the room, the windows and so on, and the doors, but keep one door that you can open and close, go into the room with a gas mask, open the tin with an ordinary tin opener, and then throw the contents on the floor, in this case the gypsum or the paper discs with the cyanide in it. What happens is that the cyanide will start to de-gas from the substance in it with a soak. And it will do so for around 24 hours. It de-gases very slowly because it needs not only to destroy the vermin, but also their eggs. And that takes a long time, it takes 24 hours. And immediately after the soldier or the medic has put all of that stuff on the floor, he walks out of the room and then closes the door, tapes the door so that it is sealed, takes off his gas mask and then you have to wait for 24 hours until the degassing has stopped and all of the vermin and the eggs basically are destroyed. This was the way that in Auschwitz, lethal gas was used gas chambers. Now, the problem with homicidal gas chamber is that you cannot simply put people in a room and then have a medic come in with a gas chamber with a gas mask, and then open a couple of tins, throw the contents on the floor and then walk out. That's not going to work. You need to introduce the gas in a different way. So the construction that the Germans used was that they had holes in the roof. In the case of those crematorium two and three, they had four holes in the roof. And in the first incarnation of a gas chamber, now if it was a crematorium two, they had to open the cover and then they dumped the contents of the tin inside the room. So that fell on top of the people who were crowded in tight room and then they closed the cover again and waited for 24 hours. And then opened the doors and started airing the place until people could come in and take the corpses out. That worked well until daily transport started to arrive of which people needed to be murdered. Now, the problem was the cyclone B as it was being shipped to Auschwitz, that it had this 24 degassing cycle. The degassing is very slow from the material in which the cyanide soaked. And if you're in a hurry, and the SS was formed late 1942 in Auschwitz in a hurry because of the daily arrival of train, so you needed to have the gas chamber available relatively quickly after it had been used and you needed to burn the corpses of the people who had been killed basically within the next 24 hours before the next train arrives with victims, you couldn't afford any more to wait for the 24 hours for the degassing to stop. The moment that everyone was murdered, and that mostly happened after 10 15 minutes, you wanted to basically be able to enter the gas chamber and then start cleaning up the gas chamber. Taking out the corpses you take out the gold off the teeth and so on, and then bring the corpses to the ovens. So the key to that operation was that you now had to remove the still degassing cyclone from the room 15 minutes after you had introduced it. That was the technical problem. And the technical solution was to actually lower now with let's call it a little basket. Put all of the contents of the tin in the basket, lower that basket into the room, basically murder everyone within the first 15 minutes because that's the time it takes with that cyanide concentration, and then hoists the basket out of the room through that same hole in which you have lowered it and discard the still degassing cyclone on the roof of the building. The problem of course, is that if you simply have a dive basket going down into a room, the victims can interfere with it. So the solution to prevent the interference of the victims with that lowering of the cyclone into the room was to create a wire mesh column, a cage around it, so it is lowered in the center of a cage. And the victims can see it. And through the cage, all of the cyclone material, the cyanide can drift into the room, but they cannot actually interfere with it. And so four of those cages existed in crematorium two and the gas chamber in four and crematorium three. The problem in terms of evidence is that we have a lot of eyewitness evidence of these cages, these columns as they're called, these gas columns. We have evidence of the man who made it in 1942, we have evidence of people who worked in those gas chambers, cleaning it up afterwards, and who survived the war. We have evidence even by Rudolf Hoess, but none of these cages survived because they were taken out before the destruction of the crematoria at the time that Auschwitz was evacuated at the end of the war. So first of all, we don't have those cages anymore, those columns. Second of all, we don't have drawings, we don't have original drawings, we don't have blueprints, because they were added into the building after the building was almost completed. And so Holocaust deniers, and especially Robert Faurisson, have said, "Because you cannot show me those cages, because you cannot show me the original blueprints, they'd never existed." And on top of that, those cages connected to the outside world through a hole because at the top of the cage was a hole and the cyclone was lowered through that hole in the cage. So they said, "If you cannot show me those holes in the concrete roof of the gas chamber, if there are no holes there at the alleged place where they were, then you can never say that actually there was any means of introducing the cyclone into those underground spaces." The problem with such roofs is that they were dynamited at the end of the war by the SS. And so they were destroyed, they're basically in pieces. So, how do you now show into a dynamited concrete slab in which there are many holes? No, the whole steps were purposely created to allow for the introduction of the cyclone. And a friend of mine, the late Harry Marcel, actually solved that problem in the year 2000 at a time of the Irving trial when he went to some forensic archaeological expedition to Auschwitz, and actually was in the case of crematory two, able to locate three of the four holes by looking actually at an important design detail. They said when you create a hole in the concrete slab, you have to do something with the rebar because if a rebar would probably run through that hole in some way, you cannot have that, otherwise the hole doesn't function. So what you do before you pour the concrete, you cut the rebar at the point and you bend to the end of the rebar back 180 degrees. And those kinds of details are still visible in the slab of that covered gas chamber of crematorium two. So in that sense, we have the forensic evidence, the physical material forensic evidence for the existence of those holes. Mike Isaacson: Okay, another thing I've seen negationists take aim at is the lack of insulation on the lights in the gas chambers. So, according to them cyanide is explosive and would have ignited in such a room. So, why is this a lie? Robert Jan Van Pelt: This the argument might be right, cyanide can be explosive, but the question is what concentration? Chemical substances behave very differently and behave at different concentrations. And the Auschwitz cyanide gas chambers operated at a very low concentration, it doesn't take that much to murder people. It takes around 500 600 parts per million and then you will be dead in 10 minutes. So the argument is derived from high concentration of cyanide into gas chambers. I certainly have not replicated the thing in a lab, so I must say that in this case, I need to lean on the authority of others. But basically, I have been taught that this can be all explained because of the low concentration of cyanide used in the Auschwitz gas chambers. Mike Isaacson: Right. So one of the strongest pieces of supposed evidence comes from Fred Leuchter, who claimed to have illegally taken a brick from Auschwitz to run some forensic tests. So, what can we say about Leuchter's tests? Robert Jan Van Pelt: Now, of course, the strongest piece of supposed evidence that the Auschwitz gas chambers would never use these gas chambers. In 1988, he went to Auschwitz to take samples of the walls of the homicidal gas chambers, and also of the walls of delousing chambers, that used cyclones. And so he did a compare and contrast method. One of the big differences, and in the case of the walls of the homicidal gas chambers, he said there's very little cyanide in there. And in the case of the level of cyanide in the delousing chambers, he said, "When we take samples, there's a very high concentration of cyanide." Now, there were many different problems. First of all, there were problems, this is basic assumptions. And if you go into delousing chambers, you see actually that the walls are blue, that these are originally whitewash walls that became blue. And this is Prussian blue, and it actually indicates the pigment is the result of binding of cyanide molecules with iron, basically the result is ferro ferricyanide, and that creates a blue pigment. Now, why do you get that cyanide deposit in the wall that creates this blue stain? The first reason is typically, in these delousing chambers, cyanide could be used in high concentration, it would be used over a long period of time, that is typically 24 hours at a time and this were also used continuously. And in order for Prussian blue, for ferro ferricyanide to form, it can only form when there is actually a low level of carbon dioxide in the room. And this actually has been replicated forensic labs in Poland. However, when you have a relatively high level of carbon dioxide in the room, as when you have also the cyclone material, the carbon dioxide prevents the formation of this pigment, prevents the binding of the cyanide with the iron atom. And this is why in homicidal gas chambers, you typically will not find this blue pigment, unless that homicidal gas chamber was also used for delousing. So this is one line of explanation. The second thing has to do with the fact that the homicidal gas chambers were basically destroyed. What Leuchter did was take samples of bricks that had been exposed to the elements by the time he came there for 35 years. The plaster that had covered the brick didn't exist anymore. It was very few samples, so that he took actually, the samples from the brick. That brick had not been exposed to cyanide at all because it had been covered by plaster. So the problem is his samples that he took from the homicidal gas chambers is that we actually do not know if they were ever exposed to cyanide because they would have been covered. And also then he took samples, we don't really know how much of the dilution of the sample material. We don't know how deep he went. So none of these things was ever recorded. So ultimately, chemists who have looked at his methods say this has no value whatsoever. This is the most amateurist forensic investigation. And certainly, the argument also of the complete different chemical conditions that exist in a homicidal gas chamber. That is especially because of the high level of carbon dioxide, the results of the breathing of the victims before they die, and the absence of a heightened level of carbon dioxide in delousing gas chambers provide enough evidence to show that Leuchter's results are worse. Mike Isaacson: Okay, so like I mentioned earlier in the show, you're the chief curator of Auschwitz: Not Long Ago, Not Far Away. What does Auschwitz have to teach the public today? Robert Jan Van Pelt: Yeah, there's no simple lesson. Some people will say what hatred can do. I'm a professor in an architecture school, for me, when I talk with my students about places like Auschwitz, I like to look at the macro level, at the role of professionals, of architects of people who get involved in creating these places, and who do this without really asking themselves any questions of what they're making. Or if they ask those questions, who do not really care how things are going to be used. Nowadays, bureaucrats, engineers, all of us, many of us have an incredible amount of power of ability to influence the lives of other people for good or for evil. And, of course, we find it very much right now on a very individual level when we're talking about vaccines, and masking and so on. And, in many ways, for me Auschwitz, it's not a story of a number of evil geniuses who are plotting to create hell on earth, certainly, that was a part of it. Certainly, there are moments in the history of that camp where you can say, "This is one of the major crimes in history that is being planned here." But it's also a story of a hell of a lot of people who with great thoughtlessness get themselves involved in this, and then at a certain moment, don't have the backbone to pull out. And, as a historian, I went into the research of this camp because so much evidence is there, in order to find in some way that diabolical dimension. And in the end, yes, the result is diabolical. But for the rest, I became actually fascinated by the incredible importance of mediocrity, of lies, of people lying to themselves, of where they are and what they're doing. And in that sense, I think that Auschwitz is in many ways, also a good metaphor of the situation we find ourselves in today. Mike Isaacson: Yeah, I believe Arendt called it the banality of evil, right? Robert Jan Van Pelt: Evil is not banal. Obviously, evil is not banal, but it's banal dimension to evil. And very few people do bad things because they want to do bad things. But most of us end up doing bad things because we're lazy, because we're intellectually lazy, because we do not basically ask for the truth. Because we're willing to basically make empty slogans into a convenient truth for ourselves so that we do not have to look in the mirror and do have to face very inconvenient facts. And we are right now clearly in many different ways, both climatalogically but also socially and politically on the crossroads. And when you have to make decision on what road you want to go, you have to ask tough questions to yourself. And certainly none of the people who were involved with Auschwitz between 1940 and 45 asked any of those tough questions. Mike Isaacson: All right, Dr. Van Pelt, thank you so much for coming on the podcast to debunk the Holocaust negationists. To learn more about Auschwitz and its detractors, check out The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial. Thanks again. Robert Jan Van Pelt: Thanks very much. It was wonderful to be with you. Mike Isaacson: If you liked what you heard and want to contribute to making this podcast, consider subscribing to our Patreon. Patrons get early access to episodes and free merch. You can also make a one-time donation to our PayPal or Cash App with the username NaziLies. Include your mailing address to get some swag. [Theme song]

Der Buchautor und Publizist Hermann Ploppa erläutert in HIStory kurz und sachlich historische Daten und Jahrestage von herausragenden geschichtlichen Ereignissen. Dabei werden in diesem Format Begebenheiten der Gegenwart, die mit einem Blick in die Vergangenheit in ihrer Bedeutung besser einzuordnen sind, künftig alle 14 Tage montags in einen geschichtlichen Kontext gebracht. Das Thema heute: Die Deutschen und der Antisemitismus. In der heutigen Folge von History befassen wir uns mit der Frage, wie der Antisemitismus in Deutschland Fuß fassen konnte. Wie er zu einem derart dominanten Faktor werden konnte. Ein empfindliches Thema, wir wissen es. Denn die grauenhafteste antisemitische Schandtat in der bisherigen Menschheitsgeschichte vollzog sich auf einem Territorium, das von der deutschen Wehrmacht besetzt gehalten wurde. Die Radikalität, mit der respektierte Mitbürger aus ganz Europa zunächst ihrer Menschenwürde und dann zum bitteren Schluss auch textil entkleidet wurden, ist ohne Beispiel. Die systematische und sadistische industriell geprägte Auslöschung von Menschenleben in den Vernichtungslagern von Auschwitz, Sobibor oder Belzec ist mit dem menschlichen Geist nur noch schwer zu fassen. Die Frage, wie es dazu kommen konnte, muss immer in dezenter und respektvoller Weise gegenüber den Opfern geschehen. Die Frage ist also: welches könnte der Humus sein, auf dem solche Dinge wachsen können? Die älteste Bruchstelle für antijüdische Ressentiments gründet bereits im biblischen Übergang vom Alten zum Neuen Testament. Die friedfertige und andererseits sozialrevolutionäre Weltanschauung des Lehrers und Geistheilers Jesus von Nazareth wurde in den biblischen Schriften, überliefert Jahrzehnte nach dem Kreuzigungstod von gewieften Strategen wie dem Apostel Paulus, komplett umgedreht. Besonders die Offenbarung des Johannes und andere kanonische Bibeltexte strotzen vor Hass und Rachedurst. Ein Hass, der die nachvollziehbare Antwort auf den unvorstellbar grausamen Imperialismus des Römischen Reiches darstellte. Das Neue Testament enthält dabei allerdings auch jede Menge Hass-Botschaften gegen die Juden, die als „Christusmörder“ gebrandmarkt werden (1). Und immer wieder ist genau diese Beschuldigung jene Blaupause, aufgrund der die Juden in der Spätantike und im Mittelalter immer wieder gebrandschatzt, ermordet oder vertrieben wurden. Da rief zum Beispiel Papst Urban der Zweite im Jahre 1095 zum Kreuzzug der Christen nach Jerusalem auf. Die dort lebenden Muslime und Juden sollten verjagt werden. Jerusalem sollte christlich werden. Und Papst Urban sagt ganz offen in seiner Predigt: die Bevölkerung in Europa hat dramatisch zugenommen... Weiterlesen hier: https://kenfm.de/history-die-deutschen-und-der-antisemitismus Alle Literatur- und Bildquellen und auf: https://kenfm.de/history-die-deutschen-und-der-antisemitismus +++ Hermann Ploppa hat mehrere Bücher veröffentlicht, unter anderem: „Die Macher hinter den Kulissen: Wie transatlantische Netzwerke heimlich die Demokratie unterwandern“, „Hitlers amerikanische Lehrer: Die Eliten der USA als Geburtshelfer der Nazi-Bewegung“ sowie „Der Griff nach Eurasien: Die Hintergründe des ewigen Krieges gegen Russland“. +++ KenFM jetzt auch als kostenlose App für Android- und iOS-Geräte verfügbar! Über unsere Homepage kommt Ihr zu den Stores von Apple und Google. Hier der Link: https://kenfm.de/kenfm-app/ +++ Abonniere jetzt den KenFM-Newsletter: https://kenfm.de/newsletter/ +++ Jetzt kannst Du uns auch mit Bitcoins unterstützen. Bitcoin-Account: https://commerce.coinbase.com/checkout/1edba334-ba63-4a88-bfc3-d6a3071efcc8 +++ Dir gefällt unser Programm? Informationen zu weiteren Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten findest Du hier: https://kenfm.de/support/kenfm-unterstuetzen/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Kurt Gerstein, a Nazi SS officer, is asked to supply the chemical Zyklon B to the Auschwitz killing center in 1942. But once Gerstein sees that the chemical will be used to murder Jews in gas chambers— he makes an unexpected move. Featuring historian Dr. Jürgen Matthäus.

ESSENTIEL, les rendez-vous du jeudi – Histoire – émission présentée par Annette Wieviorka Thème : Les historiens polonais et la Shoah Avec Jean-Charles Szurek, politologue, Directeur de recherche au CNRS, spécialiste de la Pologne et des relations judéo-polonaises. Ils évoqueront deux livres collectifs sous leur direction conjointe : « Juifs et polonais 1939-2008 » Albin Michel 2009 – « Les Polonais et la Shoah. Une nouvelle école historique » CNRS édition, 2020 (avec Audrey Kichelewski et Judith Lyon-Caen). Ainsi que Jan Gross, notamment « Les voisins, 10 juillet 1941. Un massacre de Juifs en Pologne » réédition poche, Belles Lettres, 2019 ; Barbara Engelking, « On ne veut rien vous prendre…seulement la vie : des juifs cachés dans les campagnes polonaises », Calmann Levy, 2015 et Jan Grabowski « Je le connais c’est un Juif ! : Varsovie 1939-1943- le chantage contre les Juifs » Calmann Levy, 2008. À propos du livre : "Les Polonais et la Shoah. Une nouvelle école historique" Paru aux CNRS édition La disparition de la quasi-totalité des Juifs de Pologne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale est due à leur assassinat systématique par les Allemands. Mais que sait-on des comportements de la population polonaise ? La paix revenue, que sont devenus les derniers survivants ? Que nous dit aujourd'hui l'irruption de ce passé dans la société polonaise ? Comment vivre avec la mémoire d'Auschwitz, de Treblinka, de Belzec, autant de mémoriaux situés en Pologne ? Depuis une quinzaine d'années, des historiens de ce pays ont montré combien il était difficile aux Juifs qui tentaient d'échapper aux tueurs de trouver appui auprès des populations locales, surtout en milieu rural, tant en raison de la politique de terreur menée par l'occupant que de l'hostilité de la société polonaise à l'égard des Juifs. Leurs travaux font désormais autorité dans le monde entier. Pourtant, depuis quelques années, les autorités de Varsovie mettent en oeuvre une " politique historique " qui vise à minorer, voire à nier, la participation de franges importantes de la population polonaise à la traque des Juifs. Sur place, malgré les embûches et les intimidations, les historiens travaillent, publient, organisent des colloques, forment des étudiants. Les auteurs réunis dans cet ouvrage témoignent de la vitalité de cette historiographie. Faire connaître aujourd'hui la fécondité scientifique et la portée critique de la nouvelle école historique polonaise est une exigence intellectuelle, morale et politique.

https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+12%3A1-2&version=NIV (Hebrews 12:1-2) An old Jewish rabbi once said, “God made man because He loves stories.” Your life crosses with God's love, and it has a story to tell. Your life's story, which places faith in Jesus Christ, becomes a God story. Hebrews 12 talks about the Christian journey as a race run with our eyes fixed on Jesus, and the need to persevere in life. But it also speaks of Jesus as the author of our faith. You are God's saint. With the Holy Spirit living within, you, by faith, have a story to tell. This is a God story from years ago. It was 1945. World War II had drawn to a close and a young German soldier sat broken inside a prisoner of war camp in Scotland. He had been a reluctant soldier in Hitler's army, and here inside a prison, he had months to contemplate what had been and what was to come. The cities of his homeland were now reduced to rubble, the people impoverished. His sleep was haunted by nightmares of the terrors of warfare. Then, in his prison barracks, someone put up pictures of the reality of the concentration camps in Dachau, Belzec, and Auschwitz, and the truth filtered into his awareness. He saw faces of Nazi victims. Was this what he had fought for? Has my generation, as the last, been driven to our deaths so the concentration murderers could go on killing and Hitler could live a few months longer? Because of his depression, his awareness of wartime destruction, and his continued captivity, this soldier lived in a dark cloud of shame and disgrace. That was the hardest thing – dark despair, which had a stranglehold on him and choked him. A visiting chaplain gave this young German soldier a Bible, and with little else to do, he began reading it. In the lament Psalms, he heard resonant voices, the agony of people who felt God had abandoned them. In the story of Christ crucified, he encountered a God who knew what it was to experience suffering, abandonment, and shame. Feeling utterly forsaken himself, the German soldier found a friend in the One who from the cross had cried, “My God my God, why have you forsaken me” (Matthew 27:46).Then in 1947, he was permitted to attend a Christian conference that brought together young people from across the world. The Dutch participants asked to meet with German POWs who had fought in the Netherlands. This young soldier was one of them. He went to the meeting full of fear, guilt, and shame. His feelings intensified as the Dutch Christians spoke of the pain Hitler and his allies had inflicted, of the dread the Gestapo had bred into their hearts, and of the family and friends they'd lost in the disruption and damage to their communities. Yet the Dutch Christians didn't speak out of a spirit of vindictiveness but came to offer forgiveness. It was completely unexpected. They embodied the love the German soldier had read about in the story of Christ, and it turned his life upside down. He discovered that, despite all that had passed, God looks on us with shining eyes of His eternal joy, and there is hope for the future. The young German soldier was Jürgen Moltmann who would go on to become one of the greatest Christian theologians of the 20th century. Years later, with the message of the loving crucified God still indelibly printed on his heart, he penned these beautiful words: “The ultimate reason for our hope is not to be found at all in what we want, wish for, or wait for. The ultimate reason is we are wanted and wished for and waited for.” What is it that awaits us? Does anything await us at all, or are we alone? Someone is waiting for you, who is hoping for you, who believes in you. As the father waited for the prodigal son to return, so our heavenly Father waits for us. As a mother takes her children into her arms and comforts them, so we are accepted and received. God is our last hope because we are God's first love. You have a story to tell. Every saint has a story to...

Redan innan Auschwitz blev det stora förintelselägret hade miljoner människor mördats i andra, mindre omtalade läger. Vetandets värld möter Leon Rytz, en av få som kom levande från Treblinka. Treblinka, Sobibor och Belzec. Det var tre förintelseläger som ingick i den så kallade Operation Reinhard, som hade som mål att utrota den stora judiska befolkningen i det ockuperade östra Polen. När vi besöker Treblinka nu, finns bara minnesmärken att se, eftersom lägret jämnades med marken efter kriget. Hit söker sig inte heller sådana strömmar av besökare som till Auschwitz. Men för Leon Rytz, 91, finns minnena kvar. Han kom till Treblinka 1942 som 15-åring och skulle bli en av mycket få som kom därifrån levande. I Vetandets värld berättar han om minnena som fortfarande tynger honom. Vi hör också författaren Artur Szulc, som beskrivit Reinhardoperationen i boken I skuggan av Auschwitz och idéhistorikern och förintelsekännaren Stephane Bruchfeld. Mats Carlsson-Lénart vet@sverigesradio.se

Het is de waanzin ten top. Het krioelt van de bewijzen dat het antisemitisme in Polen vóór, tijdens, en zelfs na de oorlog toen er zowat geen Jood meer over was welig tierde. Er waren Polen die actief aan moordpartijen hebben deelgenomen, of die de bezetter een helpende hand boden. Is dat zo vreemd? Nee, het gebeurde in alle landen die door nazi-Duitsland waren bezet. In Nederland, bijvoorbeeld, had je de NSB. De vaak foute Nederlandse politie en mensenjagers die voor elke aangegeven Jood 7,50 gulden ontvingen het zogenaamde kopgeld. Nederlandse politieagenten arresteerden Joodse en niet-Joodse onderduikers. Nederland, en ook bijvoorbeeld Frankrijk, zijn in de loop van de jaren veel eerlijker geworden over de rol van hun eigen land en bevolking. Dat is verstandig, want juist daardoor krijgen diegenen die zich hebben verzet een nóg eervoller plaats in de geschiedenis. In alle bezette landen waren er helden, misschien wel nergens zoveel als in Polen. En behalve drie miljoen Poolse Joden, werden er ook drie miljoen niet-Joodse Polen vermoord. De Poolse wet kwam tot stand door begrijpelijke woede. Barack Obama sprak in 2012, zoals zoveel mensen vaak doen, over Poolse vernietigingskampen: Auschwitz, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek, Belzec en Chelmno, waar miljoenen mensen werden vergast. Dat is natuurlijk grievend, want het waren geen Poolse, maar Duitse kampen, met opzet gebouwd in een afgelegen deel van het bezette gebied. Maar zelfs als elke Pool een held zou zijn en niemand de bezetter op welke wijze dan ook had geholpen, dan nog is die nieuwe wet krankzinnig. Als lid van de Europese Unie, een verbond van democratieën waarin de vrije meningsuiting een van de belangrijkste hoekstenen is, zet Polen een nieuwe stap naar de onttakeling van de rechtsstaat. Eerst gaan de onafhankelijke rechtbank en de media op het slachtblok en nu ook de gewone burger. De laatste hoop is een veto van de president, maar de lont zit in het kruitvat. Polen neemt niet alleen afscheid van de democratie, maar is nu ook begonnen met het herschrijven van zijn geschiedenis. Wie niet meedoet, krijgt drie jaar cel.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Die Bücher der Sendung u.a.: Die Wahlprogramme als politische Literatur. Teil 1: FDP / Easternization. Asia?s Rise and America?s Decline. From Obama to Trump and Beyond / Der Kern des Holocaust. Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka und die Aktion Reinhardt

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My marginal comment, recorded at the end of the chapter on the Belzec trial in Michael Bryant‘s fine new book Eyewitness to Genocide: The Operation Reinhard Death Camp Trials, 1955-1966 (University of Tennessee Press, 2014), is simple:  “!!!!”  Text speak, to be sure, but it conveys the surprise I felt. One can ask many questions about the trials of the German guards and administrators of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka.  Why did it take so long to put them on trial?  How did the German public and government respond to the trials?  What do the trials say about German memory of the Holocaust? Bryant answers all of these questions thoughtfully and persuasively.  But, the heart of his book is a close study of the prosecution of a few dozen German soldiers, most of whom clearly had dirty hands.  He takes us step by step through the process of locating the accused and those who could testify against them, through the complexities of the German legal code, and through the testimony and eventual convictions.   And he explains why many of the accused were convicted of lesser crimes, or not convicted at all. Bryant, trained as both a lawyer and an historian, is uniquely qualified to lead us on this journey.  He does so with the verve of someone writing in the true crime genre,  integrating life stories of the accused and the courtroom strategies of their trials with a thoughtful analysis of the legal code and culture that shaped their fates. By the time I finished the book, my initial response had turned into a reluctant understanding. I’m not sure what the right solution is to the problems of transitional justice.  But Bryant makes it abundantly clear why these trials turned out in this way, however uncomfortable that might make us. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices