Podcasts about special reference

This webinar was a launch of 'Industrial Policy in Turkey: Rise, Retreat and Return' by William Hale, Mustafa Kutlay and Mina Toksoz published by Edinburgh University Press. At a time when many advanced and emerging economies are adopting more active industrial policies, this book provides an in-depth historical–empirical account of industrial policy in Turkey – its rise, retreat and return. This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach and covers the role of the state in Turkey's initial industrialisation to the current period of restructuring and potential technological upgrading of its manufacturing base. The analysis traces how industrial policy has been shaped by state capacity, the waves of reforms following economic crises, the dearth of long-term finance for industrialisation and, more recently, the need to address issues such as low-tech industrial structure and pre-mature de-industrialisation. The book aims to answer questions of what worked and what went wrong with previous policies. It asks how current policies could be shaped to overcome the problems of cronyism and corruption, and also achieve new objectives of technological upgrading and socio-environmental sustainability. William Hale is an Emeritus Professor at SOAS, having retired as Professor of Politics with Special Reference to Turkey in 2006. His main interests are the modern politics and international relations of Turkey. Mustafa Kutlay is a senior lecturer in the Department of International Politics at City, University of London. His current research focuses on the comparative politics and political economy of developing countries (with particular reference to Turkey, Turkish politics and foreign policy), institutions and development in the global South, and political risk analysis. Mina Toksoz is an International Economist having worked at the Economist Intelligence Unit variously as Editorial Director of the Middle East, Europe, and the Country Risk Service. Arda Bilgen is a Research Officer at the LSE Middle East Centre, where he works on the PeaceRep project ‘Surface Water Changes in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin since 1984 and their Governance Implications for Iraq', led by Dr Michael Mason. His work mainly focuses on water politics, transboundary water resources management, and hydraulic infrastructure development.

Henry Hazlitt Memorial Lecture. Sponsored by Shone and Brae Sadler.Recorded at the Austrian Economics Research Conference, 22 March 2024, in Auburn, Alabama. Includes an introduction by Joseph T. Salerno.Lecture Text: Thank you, Joseph, for your kind introduction and thank you, Shone and Brae Sadler, for your generous sponsorship in making this event possible. It is a pleasure and personal honor to be invited to deliver this Henry Hazlitt Memorial Lecture titled “Ayn Rand and the Austrian Economists” at the Mises Institute's Austrian Economics Research Conference.Henry Hazlitt is one of my favorite writers on economics and ethics. His thoughtful, incisive, and influential writings are marked by his clarity of style and logical analysis. Both Henry Hazlitt and Ayn Rand could really write. Hazlitt's non-fiction books, Economics in One Lesson and Foundations of Morality, along with his novel, Time Will Run Back, complement Ayn Rand's ideas in her books such as The Virtue of Selfishness, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, and Atlas Shrugged. In their philosophical, political, and economic views, Hazlitt and Rand largely agree, as they make the same points in different ways with respect to the virtue of the free market as the path to prosperity and happiness. Also, they were friends in their personal lives. In addition, Henry Hazlitt and I had a great friend in common in the late, well-respected and greatly-loved Austrian economist, Bill Peterson.I am excited to be here to give this talk on Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, and Murray Rothbard and how their ideas may be complementary to the essential ideas of Ayn Rand's philosophy of Objectivism. Perhaps I will be able to provide some new insights to you. We'll see!Like my recently deceased friend, Sam Bostaph, I have great admiration for the ideas of Carl Menger. I will begin by discussing some of Menger's key ideas and comparing them with those of Ayn Rand. I will then repeat this process with the fundamental ideas of Mises and Rothbard. I will conclude with an overall assessment with respect to the potential compatibility of Austrian economics and Objectivism.Carl Menger (1840-1921) began the modern period of economic thought and provided the foundation for the Austrian School of Economics in his two books, Principles of Economics (1871) and Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics (1883). In these books Menger destroyed the existing structure of economic science, including its theory and methodology, and put it on totally new foundations.Menger was a realist who said that we could know the world through both common sense and scientific method. Menger was committed to finding exact laws of economics based on the direct analysis of concrete phenomena that can be observed and characterized with precision. He sought to find the necessary characteristics of economic phenomena and their relationships. He also heralded the advantages of verbal language over mathematical language in that the former can express the essences of economic phenomena, which is something that mathematical language cannot do.Menger viewed exchange as the embodiment of the essential desire and search to satisfy individual human needs. It follows that the intersection between human needs and the availability of goods capable of satisfying those needs is at the root of economic activity. Emphasizing human uncertainty, error, and the time-consuming nature of economic processes, Menger was concerned with the information content of economic choices and the process of acquiring information in order to increase the well-being of economic actors.As this talk will demonstrate, Carl Menger's writings are the closest to Randian doctrines that have ever emanated from any economist. It will follow that we should read and reread his great books and share them with our friends and students.Aristotelian philosophy was at the root of Menger's framework. His biologistic language goes well with his Aristotelian foundations in his philosophy of science and economics. Menger illustrated how Aristotelian induction could be used in economics and he based his epistemology on Aristotelian induction. Menger's Aristotelian inclinations can be observed in his desire to uncover the essence of economic phenomena. He viewed the constituent elements of economic phenomena as immanently ordered and emphasized the primacy of exactitude and universality as preferable epistemological characteristics of theory.Menger's desire was to uncover the real nature or essence of economic phenomena. As an immanent realist, he was interested in essences and laws as manifested in the world. His general and abstract economic theory attempted to unify all true fragments of economic knowledge.Holding that causality underpins economic laws, Menger taught that theoretical science provides the tools for studying phenomena that exhibit regularities. He distinguished between exact types and laws that deal with strictly typical phenomena and empirical-realistic types and laws that deal with truth within a particular spatio-temporal domain. Empirical laws are found by observation and exact laws are found by conceptualization. Menger's exact approach involves deductive-universalistic theory that looks for regularities in the coexistence and succession of phenomena that admits no exceptions and that are strictly ordered. His theoretical economics is concerned with exact laws based on the assumptions of self-interest, full-knowledge, and freedom. Menger's exact theoretical approach involves both isolation and abstraction from disturbing factors.Menger developed a number of fundamental Austrian doctrines such as the causal-genetic approach, methodological individualism, and the connection between time and error. He incorporated purposeful action, uncertainty, the occurrence of errors, the information acquisition process, learning, and time into his economic analysis. As an Aristotelian essentialist and immanent realist, he considered a priori essences as existing in reality. His goal was to discover invariant principles or laws governing economic phenomena and to elaborate exact universal laws. To find strictly ordered exact laws he said that we had to omit principles of individuation such as time and space. This entails isolation of the economic aspect of phenomena and abstraction from disturbing factors such as error, ignorance, and external compulsion. Menger thus argued for an exact orientation of theoretical research whose validity is totally independent of any empirical tests.Both Aristotle and Menger viewed essences, universals, or concepts as metaphysical and had no compelling explanations of the method to be employed in order to abstract the essence from the particulars in which it is indivisibly wedded. For Rand, essences are epistemological and contextual, rather than metaphysical. For her, concepts are the products of a cognitive method whose processes are performed by a human being but whose content is determined by reality.Menger's theory of needs and wants is the link between the natural sciences (particularly biology) and the human sciences. He established this link by describing the final cause of human economic enterprise as an aspect of human nature biologically understood. He analyzed economic activity based on a theory of human action. His theory emphasized individual perception, valuation, deliberation, choice, and action.The foundation of Menger's value theory is a theory of human action that involves a theory of knowledge. He believed that men can understand the workings of the economy. Menger's goal was to establish economic theory on a solid foundation by grounding it on a sound value theory. To do this, he consistently incorporated his methodological individualism into his theory of value.Menger understood that values can be subjective (i.e., personally estimated), but that men should rationally seek objective life-affirming values. He explained that real wants correspond with the objective state of affairs. Menger distinguished between real and imaginary wants and goods depending upon whether or not a person correctly understands a good's objective ability to satisfy a want. Individuals can be wrong about their judgment of value. Menger's emphasis on objective values is consistent with philosophical realism and with a correspondence theory of truth.Menger does trace market exchange back to a man's personal valuations of various economic goods and observes that scales of value are variable from person to person and are subject to change over time. There are certainly “subjectivist” features in Menger's economic analysis that are founded on his methodological individualism which implies that people differ and have a variety of goals, purposes, and tastes. Personal evaluation is therefore inherent in a principled and consistent understanding of methodological individualism.As a supreme advocate of individualist methodology, Menger recognized the primacy of active individual agents who generate all of the phenomena of the social sciences. His methodological individualism is a doctrine that reflects the real structure of society and economy and the centrality of the human agent.Menger's theory of value essentially states that life is the ultimate standard of value. According to Menger, human life is a process in which a person, given his needs and the command of the means to satisfy them, is himself the specific point where human economic life both originates and ends. Menger thus introduced life, value, individual preferences that motivate people, and individual choices into economics. He thus essentially agreed on the same standard of life as the much later Ayn Rand. Value is a contextual judgment made by economizing men. Value is related to the existential state of the individual and the ability of the good in question to change that state in a manner desired by the person.Although Menger speaks of economic value while Rand is concerned with moral value, their ideas are much the same. Both view human life as the ultimate value. The difference is that Menger was concerned with economic values that satisfy a man's needs for food, shelter, healthcare, wealth, production, and so forth. From Rand's perspective, every human value (including economic value) is potentially a moral value that may be important to the ethical standard of a man's life qua man. Their shared biocentric concept of value holds that objective values support a man's life and originate in a relationship between a man and his survival requirements.Both Rand and Menger espouse a kind of contextually-relational objectivism in their theories of value. Value is seen as a relational quality dependent on the subject, the object, and the context or situation involved.Not many Objectivists, or others for that matter, know much about Menger's Austrian Aristotelianism and his commonsense and scientific realism. This is unfortunate. His writings have the potential to provide essential building blocks for a realist construction of economics. Ultimately, they may provide the vehicle for the harmonization and integration of Austrian economics with Objectivism.As we know, the preeminent theory within Austrian economics is the Misesian subjectivist school. Mises maintained that it is by means of its subjectivism that praxeological economics develops into objective science. The praxeologist takes individual values as given and assumes that individuals have different motivations and prefer different things. The same economic phenomena mean different things to different people. In fact, buying and selling take place because people value things differently. The importance of goods is derived from the importance of the values they are intended to achieve. When a person values an object, this simply means that he imputes enough importance to it to be willing to start a chain of causation to change or maintain it, thus making it a thing of value. Misesian economics does not study what is in an object, as does the natural scientist, but rather, studies what is in the subject.Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), the Austrian philosophical economist, is one of our most passionate, consistent, and intransigent defenders of capitalism. Mises defends the free society and private ownership on the grounds that they are desirable from the perspective of human happiness, freedom, peace, and productivity. He constructed a monumental, overarching, systematic, and comprehensive conceptual framework that elucidated the timeless, immutable laws that guide human behavior. Mises integrated his profound theories of methodology, economics, political science, history, and the social sciences in his 1949 magnum opus, Human Action.There is an important dissemblance within Austrian value theory between Menger and Mises. However, it is possible for Menger's more objective-value-oriented theory to coexist and complement Mises's pure subjectivism which is based on the inscrutability of individual values and preferences. Although Menger agrees with Mises that an individual's chosen values are personal and, therefore subjective and unknowable to the economist, he also contended that a person ought to be rationally pursuing his objective life-affirming values. Menger thus can be viewed as a key link-pin figure between Misesian praxeology and Objectivist ethics.According to Mises, economics is a value-free science of means, rather than of ends, that describes but does not prescribe. However, although the world of praxeological economics, as a science, may be value-free the human world is not value-free. Economics is the science of human action and human actions are inextricably connected with values and ethics. It follows that praxeological economics needs to be situated within the context of a normative framework. Praxeological economics does not conflict with a normative perspective on human life. Economics needs to be connected with a discipline that is concerned with ends such as the end of human flourishing. Praxeological economics can stay value-free if it is recognized that it is morally proper for people to take part in market and other voluntary transactions. Such a value-free science must be combined with an appropriate end.Economics, for Mises, is a value-free tool for objective and critical appraisal. Economic science differentiates between the objective, interpersonally valid conclusions of economic praxeology and the personal value judgments of the economist. Critical appraisal can be objective, value-free, and untainted by bias. It is important for economic science to be value-free and not to be distorted by the value judgments or personal preferences of the economist. The credibility of economic science depends upon an impartial and dispassionate concern for truth. Value-freedom is a methodological device designed to separate and isolate an economist's scientific work from the personal preferences of the given economic researcher. His goal is to maintain neutrality and objectivity with respect to the subjective values of others.Misesian economics focuses on the descriptive aspects of human action by offering reasoning about means and ends. The province of praxeological economics is the logical analysis of the success or failure of selected means to attain chosen ends. Means only have value because, and to the degree that, their ends are valued.The reasons why an individual values what he values and the determination of whether or not his choices and actions are morally good or bad are certainly significant concerns but they are not in the realm of the praxeological economist. The content of moral or ultimate ends is not the domain of the economist qua economist. There is another level of values that value in terms of right preferences. This more objectivist sphere of value defines value in terms of what an individual ought to value.Mises grounds economics upon the action axiom which is the fundamental and universal truth that individual men exist and act by making purposive choices among alternatives. Upon this axiom, Mises deduces the entire systematic structure of economic theory. Mises's advocacy of free markets and his opposition to statism stem from his analysis of the nature and consequences of freely acting individuals compared to the nature of government and the consequences brought about by government intervention.For Mises, economic behavior is a special case of human action. He contends that it is through the analysis of the idea of action that the principles of economics can be deduced. Economic theorems are seen as connected to the foundation of real human purposes. Economics is based on true and evident axioms, arrived at by introspection into the essence of human action. From these axioms, Mises derives the logical implications or truths of economics.Through the use of abstract economic theorizing, Mises recognizes the nature and operation of human purposefulness and entrepreneurial resourcefulness and identifies the systematic tendencies which influence the market process. Mises's insight was that economic reasoning has its basis in the understanding of the action axiom. He says that sound deductions from a priori axioms are apodictically true and cannot be empirically tested. Mises developed, through deductive reasoning, the chains of economic theory based on introspective understanding of what it means to be a rational, purposeful, and acting human being. The method of economics is deductive and its starting point is the concept of action.According to Mises, all of the categories, theorems, or laws of economics are implied in the action axiom. These include, but are not limited to: subjective value, causality, ends, means, preference, cost, profit and loss, opportunities, scarcity, marginal utility, marginal costs, opportunity cost, time preference, originary interest, association, and so on.As an adherent of Kantian epistemology, Mises states that the concept of action is a priori to all experience. Thinking is a mental action. For Mises, a priori means independent of any particular time or place. Denying the possibility of arriving at laws via induction, Mises argues that evidence for the a priori is based on reflective universal inner experience.However, Misesian praxeology could operate within a Randian philosophical structure. The concept of action could be formally and inductively derived from perceptual data. Actions would be seen as performed by entities who act in accordance with their nature. Man's distinctive mode of action involves rationality and free will. Men are thus rational beings with free wills who have the ability to form their own purposes and aims. Human action also assumes an uncoerced human will and limited knowledge. All of the above can be seen as consistent with Misesian praxeology. Once we arrive at the concept of human action, Mises's deductive logical derivations can come into play.Knowledge gained from praxeological economics is both value-free (i.e., value-neutral) and value relevant. Value-free knowledge supplied by economic science is value-relevant when it supplies information for rational discussions, deliberations, and determinations of the morally good. Economics is reconnected with philosophy, especially the branches of metaphysics and ethics, when the discussion is shifted to another sphere. It is fair to say that economic science exists because men have concluded that the objective knowledge provided by praxeological economics is valuable for the pursuit of both a person's subjective and ultimate ends.Advocating the idea of “man's survival qua man” or of a good or flourishing life involves value judgments. To make value judgments, one must accept the existence of a comprehensive natural order and the existence of fundamental absolute principles in the universe. This acceptance in no way conflicts with the Misesian concept of subjective economic value. Natural laws ae discovered, are not arbitrary relationships, but instead are relationships that are already true. A man's human nature, including his attributes of individuality, reason, and free will, is the ultimate source of moral reasoning. Value is meaningless outside the context of man.Praxeological economics and the philosophy of human flourishing are complementary and compatible disciplines. Economics teaches us that social cooperation through the private property system and division of labor enables most individuals to prosper and to pursue their flourishing and happiness. In turn, the worldview of human flourishing informs men how to act. In making their life-affirming ethical and value-based judgments, men can refer to and employ the data of economic science.Mises and Rand were passionate critics of collectivism. Whereas Mises criticized the economic and political functioning of collectivism, Rand attacked the morality of collectivism. They agree that collectivism in the form of people, races, or nations does not exist independently from the individuals who comprise them. In addition, they both dismissed positivism's rejection of the human mind as real and as the tool of knowledge about the world, man, and his actions. They also believed that free-market capitalism is the best possible arrangement for society. Their promotion of rationality, free choice, and subjective (i.e., personally estimated) and objective values (in their respective contexts) make their worldviews compatible. Mises's arguments for capitalism in terms of its utility can be interpreted to be in harmony with Rand's criterion of man's life as the standard of value. There is a great deal in Mises's science of human action that is consistent with Objectivist principles. As stated by Walter Block, on the majority of issues Rand and Mises “are as alike as two peas in a pod”.Murray Rothbard (1926-1995) was a grand system builder. In his monumental Man, Economy, and State (1962), Rothbard continued, embodied, and extended Mises's methodological approach of praxeology to economics. His magnum opus was modeled after Mises's Human Action and, for the most part, was a massive restatement, defense, and development of the Misesian praxeological tradition. Rothbard followed up and complemented Man, Economy, and State with his brilliant The Ethics of Liberty (1982) in which he provided the foundation for his metanormative ethical theory. Exhibiting an architectonic character, these two works form an integrated system of philosophical economics.In a 1971 article in Modern Age Rothbard declares that Mises's work provides us with an economic paradigm grounded in the nature of man and in individual choice. He explains that Mises's paradigm furnishes economics in a systematic, integrated form that can serve as a correct alternative to the crisis situation that modern economics has engendered. According to Rothbard, it is time for us to adopt this paradigm in all of its facets.Rothbard defended Mises's methodology, but went on to construct his own edifice of Austrian economic theory. Although he embraced nearly all of Mises's economics, Rothbard could not accept Mises's Kantian extreme aprioristic position in epistemology. Mises held that the axiom of human action was true a priori to human experience and was, in fact, a synthetic a priori category. Mises considered the action axiom to be a law of thought and thus a categorical truth prior to all human experience.Rothbard agreed that the action axiom is universally true and self-evident, but argued that a person becomes aware of that axiom and its subsidiary axioms through experience in the world. A person begins with concrete human experience and then moves toward reflection. Once a person forms the basic axioms and concepts from his experiences and from his reflections upon those experiences, he does not need to resort to external experience to validate an economic hypothesis. Instead, deductive reasoning from sound basics will validate it.In a 1957 article in the Southern Economic Journal, Rothbard states that it is a waste of time to argue or try to determine how the truth of the action axiom is obtained. He explains that the all-important fact is that the axiom is self-evidently true for all people, at all places, at all times, and that it could not even conceivably be violated. Whether it was a law of thought as Mises maintained, or a law of reality as Rothbard himself contended, the axiom would be no less certain because the axiom need only be stated to become at once self-evident.Both Murray Rothbard and Ayn Rand were concerned with the nature of man and the world, natural law, natural rights, and a rational ethics based on man's nature and discovered through reason. They also agreed that the purpose of political philosophy and ethics is the promotion of productive human life on earth. In addition, both adopted, to a great extent, Lockean natural rights perspectives and arguments that legitimize private property. Additionally, they both disagreed with Mises's epistemological foundations, and on similar grounds.Both Rothbard and Rand endeavored to determine the proper rules for a rational society by using reason to examine the nature of human life and the world by employing logical deductions to ascertain what these natures suggest. They agreed with respect to the volitional nature of rational human consciousness, a man's innate right of self-ownership, and the metanormative necessity of noncoercive mutual consent. Both thus subscribed to the nonaggression principle and to the right of self-defense.Rothbard and Rand did not agree, however, on the nature of (or need for) government. They disagreed with respect to the practical applications of their similar philosophies. Rejecting Rand's idea of a constitutionally-limited representative government, Rothbard believed that their shared doctrines entailed a zero-government or anarcho-capitalist framework based on voluntarism, free exchange, and peace.Rothbard and Rand subscribed to different forms of metanormative libertarian politics—Rothbard to anarcho-capitalism and Rand to a minimal state. Unlike Rand, Rothbard ended his ethics at the metanormative level. Rand, on the other hand, advocated a minimal state form of libertarian politics based on the fuller foundation of Objectivism through which she attempted to supply an objective basis for values and virtues in human existence. Of course, Rothbard did discuss the separate importance of a rational personal morality, stated that he agreed essentially with most of Rand's philosophy, and suggested his inclination toward a Randian ethical framework. The writings of Rothbard, much like those of Menger, have done a great deal toward building a bridge between Austrian economics and Objectivism.Although Misesian economists hold that values are subjective, and Objectivists argue that values are objective, these claims are not incompatible because they are not really claims about the same things. They exist at different levels or spheres of analysis. The methodological value-subjectivity of the Austrians complements the Randian sense of value objectivity. The level of objective values dealing with personal flourishing transcends the level of subjective value preferences. The value-freedom (or value-neutrality) and value-subjectivity of the Austrians have a different function or purpose than does Objectivism's emphasis on objective values. On the one hand, the Austrian emphasis is on the value-neutrality of the economist as a scientific observer of a person acting to obtain his “subjective” (i.e., personally-estimated) values. On the other hand, the philosophy of Objectivism is concerned with values for the acting individual moral agent, himself. There is a distinction between methodological subjectivism and philosophical subjectivism. Whereas Austrians are methodological subjectivists in their economics, this does not imply that they are moral relativists as individuals.Austrian economics is thus an excellent way of looking at “social science methodology” with respect to the appraisal of means but not of ends. Misesian praxeology therefore must be augmented. Its value-free economics is not sufficient to establish a total case for liberty. A systematic, reality-based ethical system must be discovered to firmly establish a total case for liberty. Natural law provides the groundwork for such a theory, and both Objectivism and the Aristotelian idea of human flourishing are based on natural law ideas.Austrian economics and Objectivism agree on the significance of the ideas of human actions and values. The Austrians explain that a person acts when he prefers the way he thinks things will be if he acts compared to the way he thinks things will be if he fails to act. Austrian economics is descriptive and deals with the logical analysis of the ability of selected actions (i.e., means) to achieve certain ends. Whether these ends are truly objectively valuable is not the concern of the praxeological economist when he is acting in his capacity as an economist. There is another realm of values that views value in terms of objective values and correct preferences and actions. Objectivism is concerned with this other sphere and thus studies what human beings ought to value and act to attain.When thinkers from the Austrian school speak of subjective knowledge they simply mean that each person has his own specific and finite context of knowledge that directs his action. In this context, “subjective” merely means “subject-dependent”. Subjectivism for the Austrians does not mean the rejection of reality—it only focuses on the view that consumer tastes are personal.Austrian economists contend that values are subjective and Objectivists maintain that values are objective. These claims can be seen as compatible because they are not claims about the same phenomena. These two senses of value are complementary. The Austrian economist, as a neutral examiner, does not force his own value judgments on the personal values and actions of the human beings that he is studying. Operating from a different perspective, Objectivists maintain that there are objective values that stem from a man's relationship to other existents in the world.At a descriptive level, the economist's idea of demonstrated preferences agrees with Rand's account of value as something that a person acts to gain and/or keep. Of course, Rand moves from an initial descriptive notion of value to a normative perspective on value that includes the idea that a legitimate or objective value serves one's life. The second view of value provides a standard to evaluate the use of one's free will.Praxeological economics and Objectivism are complementary and compatible disciplines. Economics teaches us that social cooperation through the private property system and division of labor enables most individuals to prosper and to pursue their flourishing and happiness. In turn, Objectivism informs men how to act. In making their life-affirming ethical and value-based judgments, men can refer to and employ economic science.Objectivism's Aristotelian perspective on the nature of man and the world and on the need to exercise one's virtues can be viewed as synergic with the economic coordination and praxeology of Austrian economics. Placing the economic realm within the general process of human action, which itself is part of human nature, enables theoretical progress in our search for truth and in the construction of a systematic, logical, and consistent conceptual framework. The Objectivist worldview can provide a context to the economic insights of the Austrian economists.In conclusion, there is much common ground between Rand and the Austrians and much to be gained through the intellectual exchange between Objectivism and Austrian economics. Objectivism can be viewed as an ethical and logical augmentation of Austrian economics and Austrian praxeology can be seen as the ideal means for Objectivists when addressing economic issues. Economics would focus on attempting to discover economic principles but would leave ethical issues to philosophy.

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals 7 IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals 5 IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals 4 IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals 6 IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

MPSE007 unit 9 Ethnic Movements With Special Reference to Tribals IGNOU by Dr Sushma Singh --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-sushma-singh/message

Elizabethan Demonology by Thomas Alfred Spalding audiobook. Elizabethan Demonology: An Essay in Illustration of the Belief in the Existence of Devils, and the Powers Possessed By Them, as It Was Generally Held during the Period of the Reformation, and the Times Immediately Succeeding; with Special Reference to Shakespeare and His Works This Essay is an expansion, in accordance with a preconceived scheme, of two papers, one on 'The Witches in Macbeth,' and the other on 'The Demonology of Shakespeare,' which were read before the New Shakespeare Society in the years 1877 and 1878. The Shakespeare references in the text are made to the Globe Edition. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

https://youtu.be/ONpydsGW3Tg Children can be impressively ingenious when given enough time to work thru a problem, but we tend to judge their mental prowess by how quickly they figure things out - is mental speed really the best yardstick for intelligence? - Links for the Curious - Stankov, Lazar, and Richard D. Roberts. “Mental Speed Is Not the ‘Basic' Process of Intelligence.” Personality and Individual Differences 22, no. 1 (January 1997): 69–84. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00163-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2896%2900163-8 "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00163-8"). Berger, M. “The ‘Scientific Approach' to Intelligence: An Overview of Its History with Special Reference to Mental Speed.” In A Model for Intelligence, edited by Hans J. Eysenck, 13–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68664-1_2. Danthiir, Vanessa, Richard D. Roberts, Ralf Schulze, and Oliver Wilhelm. “Mental Speed: On Frameworks, Paradigms, and a Platform for the Future.” In Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence, by Oliver Wilhelm and Randall Engle, 27–46. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2005. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233529.n3. Schubert, Anna-Lena, Dirk Hagemann, Gidon T. Frischkorn, and Sabine C. Herpertz. “Faster, but Not Smarter: An Experimental Analysis of the Relationship between Mental Speed and Mental Abilities.” Intelligence 71 (November 2018): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.10.005. Vernon, Philip A., ed. Speed of Information-Processing and Intelligence. Norwood, N.J: Ablex Pub. Corp, 1987. Eysenck, Hans J. “The Concept of ‘Intelligence': Useful or Useless?” Intelligence 12, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–16. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(88)90019-0](https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896%2888%2990019-0 "https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(88)90019-0"). Neisser, Ulric. “The Concept of Intelligence,” n.d. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. “IQ Is Largely a Pseudoscientific Swindle.” INCERTO (blog), May 17, 2023. https://medium.com/incerto/iq-is-largely-a-pseudoscientific-swindle-f131c101ba39. “253 – Why IQ Is Bullshit – Srsly Wrong,” April 1, 2022. https://srslywrong.com/podcast/253-why-iq-is-bullshit/. Mulrow, John, and Sybil Derrible. “Is Slower More Sustainable? The Role of Speed in Achieving Environmental Goals.” Sustainable Cities and Society 57 (June 1, 2020): 102030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102030. “High-Speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power, and Modernity,” n.d. Inc.com. “4 Reasons Speed Is Everything in Business,” July 5, 2015. https://www.inc.com/adam-fridman/4-reasons-speed-is-everything-in-business.html.

Cristãos não parecem estar na linha de frente da preservação do meio ambiente. Será que a ordem de "sujeitar a terra" lá em Gênesis 1 é o que está por trás do desastre ecológico contemporâneo, ou pelo menos da indiferença ambiental de alguns cristãos? Neste episódio, procuramos socorro em outro relato da criação, menos conhecido que o de Gênesis, mas igualmente inspirado e edificante. O Salmo 104 muda não só como vemos todas as criaturas de Deus em seus respectivos ecossistemas, mas até a própria presença de Deus no jardim que é este belo planeta que ele cultivou. Venha passear neste jardim ecologicamente sustentável conosco! Veja uma transcrição deste episódio em nosso ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠blog.⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Na Pilgrim você também pode ouvir um dos melhores comentários devocionais sobre os Salmos. Se você gostou deste episodio, compartilhe o Em Suma, um produto gratuito da Pilgrim, para que possamos continuar financiando este trabalho. _____ PARA SE APROFUNDAR Walter Brueggemann e William Bellinger. Psalms. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Gert Kwakkel. “The Monster as a Toy. Leviathan in Psalm 104:26”. Bekkum, Dekker, van de Kamp & Peels (eds.) Playing with Leviathan. Gert Kwakkel. "La théologie de la création dans le Psaume 104". La Revue Réformée, n. 26. Johan Coetzee. "Psalm 104 and ‘Yahweh's History'"  OTE 21/2 (2008), 298-309 Robert Gnuse. Psalm 104: The Panorama of Life. Biblical Theology Bulletin, 51(1), 4–14. Karl Barth, Geoffrey William Bromiley, e Thomas F. Torrance (eds.), Church dogmatics: The doctrine of creation, Part 3, 3ª ed, vol. 3 (London; New York: T&T Clark, 2004). Jeehoon Brian Kim. "YHWH as Gardener in the Old Testament with Special Reference to Psalm 104". Dissertação de mestrado. Trinity Western University J. C. McCann, Jr., “Book of Psalms,” in L. E. Keck et al. (eds.), The New Interpreter's Bible, vol. 4 (1996) _____ JÁ CONHECE A PILGRIM? A nossa plataforma oferece acesso a conteúdos cristãos de qualidade no formato que você preferir. Na Pilgrim você encontra audiolivros, ebooks, palestras, resumos, livros impressos e artigos para cada momento do seu dia e da sua vida: https://thepilgrim.com.br/ _____ SEJA PILGRIM PREMIUM Seja um assinante da Pilgrim e tenha acesso a mais de 10.000 livros, cursos, artigos e muito mais em uma única assinatura mensal: https://thepilgrim.com.br/seja-um-assinante Quais as vantagens? Acesso aos originais Pilgrim + Download ilimitado para ouvir offline + Acesso a mais de 10.000 títulos! + Frete grátis na compra de livros impressos em nossa loja _____ SIGA A PILGRIM No Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pilgrim.app/ no Twitter: https://twitter.com/AppPilgrim no TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@pilgrimapp e no YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy1lBN2eNOdL_dJtKnQZlCw Entre em contato através do contato@thepilgrim.com.br. Em suma é um podcast original Pilgrim. Todos os direitos reservados. O ponto de vista deste texto é de responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es) e colaboradores diretos, não refletindo necessariamente a posição da Pilgrim ou de sua equipe de profissionais. _____ SIGA-ME NAS REDES SOCIAIS No Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theolo.gui/ No Twitter: https://twitter.com/GCPdf

Jon C. Laansma is the Gerald F. Hawthorne Professor of New Testament Greek and Exegesis in the Classical Languages program at Wheaton College, IL. Among other things he has authored I Will Give You Rest: The Rest Motif in the New Testament with Special Reference to Mt 11 and Heb 3-4 and The Letter to the Hebrews: A Commentary for Preaching, Teaching, and Bible Study. Today's topic: What does the Greek wording of Heb. 4:1-11 tell us about the writer's idea of God's promise of entering into his resting place to celebrate the Sabbath?

Our heroes are racing down the streets of New Republica when a Marut appears, calling out to Salem and Lisette that they are contract breakers. An attempt to flee is cut short by a realization that these things are called Inevitable for a reason, and so we find ourselves in an extra-planar courthouse in the city of Sigil. We recorded this on one of the hottest days of the year, which just so happened to be Pride, and the heat made us all loony. Come on in and listen to four fully grown humans trying to debate one another with brains that are actively melting. Cast: Marcus Stusek (he/him) as the Dungeon Master Craig Chapman (he/him) as Salem Brennan Harder (he/him) as Rathmus Rex Elliot White (they/them) as Lisette Audio Production by Liam Catarina (it/its) https://www.liamcatarina.com/ Music provided courtesy of the YouTube Audio Library Our website: www.dirtytwentiespodcast.com Contact us: dirtytwentiespodcast@gmail.com

The development of penicillin started – but definitely did not end – with the chance discovery of some mold in a petri dish. There is so much more to the story. Research: Bernard, Diane. “How a miracle drug changed the fight against infection during World War II.” Washington Post. 7/11/2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/07/11/penicillin-coronavirus-florey-wwii-infection/ British Library. “Inventor(s) of the month, Alexander Fleming and the story of Penicillin.” 7/28/2021. https://blogs.bl.uk/business/2021/07/inventors-of-the-month-alexander-fleming.html Chain, E. et al. “Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent.” The Lancet. Vol. 236, Issue 6104. 8/24/1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1 Fleming A. On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ. Br J Exp Pathol. 1929 Jun;10(3):226–36. PMCID: PMC2048009. Gaynes, Robert. “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use.” Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May; 23(5): 849–853.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050/ Lee, Victoria. “Microbial Transformations.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, SEPTEMBER 2018, Vol. 48, No. 4. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26507225 National Museums of Scotland. “Culture Vessel.” https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/culture-vessel/ Quinn, Roswell. “Rethinking Antibiotic Research and Development: World War II and the Penicillin Collaborative.” American Journal of Public Health | March 2013, Vol 103, No. 3. Scibilia, Anthony Julius. “Being Prometheus in 1943:: Bringing Penicillin to the Working Man.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies , Vol. 80, No. 3 (Summer 2013). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/pennhistory.80.3.0442 Science History. “Alexander Fleming.” 12/5/2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/alexander-fleming Science Museum. “How Was Penicillin Developed?” 2/23/2021. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/how-was-penicillin-developed Shama, Gilbert. “'Déjà Vu' – The Recycling of Penicillin in Post-liberation Paris.” Pharmacy in History , 2013, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23645718 The Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum, London, UK. “The Discovery and Development of Penicillin 1928-1945.” 11/19/1999. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin/the-discovery-and-development-of-penicillin-commemorative-booklet.pdf Wainwright, Milton. “Moulds in Folk Medicine.” Folklore , 1989, Vol. 100, No. 2 (1989). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260294 Wainwright, Milton. “The History of the Therapeutic Use of Crude Penicillin.” Medical History, 1987, 31: 41-50. Williams KJ. The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet. J R Soc Med. 2009 Aug;102(8):343-8. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036. PMID: 19679737; PMCID: PMC2726818. Wood, Jonathan. “Penicillin: The Oxford Story.” Oxford News Blog. 7/16/2010. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/penicillin-oxford-story Zaffiri, Lorenzo et al. “History of Antibiotics. From Salvarsan to Cephalosporins.” Journal of Investigative Surgery, 25, 67–77, 2012.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bright on Buddhism Episode 36 - Who is Maitreya/Mile/Miroku? What are some stories about him? What sort of devotional texts/rituals are there for him? Resources: Kevin Trainor: Buddhism: An Illustrated Guide; Donald Lopez: Norton Anthology of World Religions: Buddhism; Chan Master Sheng Yen: Orthodox Chinese Buddhism; The Bodhisattva Vow: A Practical Guide to Helping Others, page 1, Tharpa Publications (2nd. ed., 1995) ISBN 978-0-948006-50-0; Flanagan, Owen (2011-08-12). The Bodhisattva's Brain: Buddhism Naturalized. MIT Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-262-29723-3.; Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge, 2008.; Robert Buswell, Encyclopedia of Buddhism - Maitreya, Alan Sponberg; Horner, IB, ed. (1975). The minor anthologies of the Pali canon. Volume III: Buddhavaṁsa (Chronicle of Buddhas) and Cariyāpiṭaka (Basket of Conduct). London: Pali Text Society. ISBN 0-86013-072-X.; Mipham, Jamgon; Maitreya; Shenga, Khenpo; Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2013). Distinguishing Phenomena from Their Intrinsic Nature: Maitreya's Dharmadharmatavibhanga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham. Snow Lion. ISBN 978-1-55939-502-1.; Iida, Shōtarō; Goldston, Jane, trans. (2016). Descent of Maitreya Buddha and his Enlightenment, (Taishō Volume 14, Number 454), Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai.; Mipham, Jamgon; Maitreya; Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2021). Middle Beyond Extremes: Maitreya's Madhyantavibhaga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham. Snow Lion. ISBN 978-1-55939-501-4.; Hurvitz, Leon. 1976. Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma. New York: Columbia University Press.; Kato, Bunno. 1971. The Threefold Lotus Sutra: Innumerable Meanings, The Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law, and Meditation on the Bodhisattva Universal Virtue. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company.; Kern, H. 1884. 1963. Saddharma-Puṇḍarīka or The Lotus of the True Law. London: New York: Clarendon Press. Dover Publications. The Sacred Books of the East, Volume XXI; Kubo, Tsugunari and Akira Yuyama. 1993. The Lotus Sutra: The White Lotus of the Marvelous Law. Tokyo and Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.; Murano, Senchū. 1974. 1991. The Lotus Sutra: The Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma. Tokyo: Nichiren Shu Shimbun.; Reeves, Gene. 2008. The Lotus Sutra. Boston: Wisdom Publications.; Soothill, W.E. 1930. The Lotus of the Wonderful Law or The Lotus Gospel: Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra, Miao-fa Lien Hua Ching. Oxford: Clarendon Press.; Watson, Burton. 1993. The Lotus Sutra. New York: Columbia University Press.; Kitagawa, Joseph M. “The Career of Maitreya, with Special Reference to Japan.” History of Religions 21, no. 2 (1981): 107–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062220.; McBride, Richard D. “The Cult of Maitreya.” In Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, 33–61. University of Hawai'i Press, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wqmqr.7.; Gold, Jonathan C. “VASUBANDHU'S YOGĀCĀRA: Enshrining the Causal Line in the Three Natures.” In Paving the Great Way: Vasubandhu's Unifying Buddhist Philosophy, 128–75. Columbia University Press, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/gold16826.9.; https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/miroku.shtml Do you have a question about Buddhism that you'd like us to discuss? Let us know by tweeting to us @BrightBuddhism, emailing us at Bright.On.Buddhism@gmail.com, or joining us on our discord server, Hidden Sangha https://discord.gg/tEwcVpu! Credits: Nick Bright: Script, Cover Art, Music, Voice of Hearer, Co-Host Proven Paradox: Editing, mixing and mastering, social media, Voice of Hermit, Co-Host

Amarna Tales (Part 1). East of Akhet-Aten (Amarna), a walled-village hides among the hills. This "East Village" is a well-ordered, secluded community. It seems to be the new home of pharaoh's tomb builders. Originally, they lived at Deir el-Medina in west Luxor. But when Akhenaten founded his new royal city, the tomb-builders left their homes and came here. Today, archaeologists have uncovered a vast amount of material. Homes, animal pens, chapels, and countless artefacts shed light on daily life and family organisation in ancient Egypt. From homes to chapels, guard-houses to water depots, the East Village offers fantastic insights. It even includes traces of Tutankhamun, before he abandoned Amarna...Episode details:Date: c.1355 - 1340 BCE.Location: Akhet-Aten (el-Amarna).Kings: Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun.Logo image: A battle standard or soldier's emblem, with a sigil of Wepwawet (Kemp 2012).Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net.Music by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com.Music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos.Bibliography:Read reports on the East Village and other aspects of Amarna's archaeology free, at The Amarna Project.M. Bierbrier, The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs (1982).A. H. Bomann, The Private Chapel in Ancient Egypt: A Study of the Chapels in the Workmen's Village at El Amarna with Special Reference to Deir el Medina and Other Sites (1991).B. G. Davies, Life Within the Five Walls: A Handbook to Deir el-Medina (2018).B. Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People (2012).B. J. Kemp, Amarna Reports I (1984). Free at The Amarna Project.B. J. Kemp, ‘The Amarna Workmen's Village in Retrospect', The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987), 21–50.T. E. Peet and C. L. Woolley, The City of Akhenaten, Volume I (1923). Available free at Archive.org.A. Stevens, Private Religion at Amarna. The Material Evidence (2006).A. Stevens, ‘Private Religion in the Amarna Suburbs', in F. Kampp-Seyfried (ed.), In the Light of Amarna: 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery (2012), 95—97.A. Stevens, ‘Visibility, Private Religion and the Urban Landscape of Amarna', in M. Dalton et al. (eds.), Seen & Unseen Spaces (2015), 77—84. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In this episode, we, joined by our friend and project manager/editor Alaina, talk about covenant brotherhood, via the particular instantiation of TJ's covenant brotherhood/s with four brothers. TJ shares his general story, we talk about the general shape and contours of the relationship, consider its relationship to celibate partnerships, and provide general preliminary advice about what it might look like to pursue this relationship in the US context. This is the first of many planned conversations on this topic - enjoy! Show Notes: Book - Brothermaking in Late Byzantium and Antiquity by Claudia Rapp: Brother-Making in Late Antiquity and Byzantium - Claudia Rapp - Oxford University Press (oup.com) Your Other Brother's Podcast on Covenant Friendship: YOBcast 083: Covenant Friendship w/ Dr. Paul Eddy • Your Other Brothers Share feedback or questions by sending us a voice message at https://anchor.fm/communion-shalom or emailing us at davidfrank.mn@gmail.com

Infection and Immunity with Special Reference to the Prevention of Infectious Diseases presents a subject that is as relevant today as it was in 1903. This book was written for readers without a medical background, and includes general information on infectious disease, as well as specific diseases prevalent at the time. To quote the author, who served as the U.S. Army Surgeon General from 1893-1902, "The general statement may be made that all infectious disease are preventable disease, and at the present time it is possible to indicate the necessary measures of prevention for nearly all of these diseases. That they continue to prevail, and to claim hundreds of thousands of victims annually, is largely due to the fact that the public, generally, has not yet been educated upon these subjects." Many of the diseases described in this book have since been largely eradicated through education of the public regarding modes and prevention of transmission and with effective vaccines. Some persist, and new ones will continue to arise, despite tremendous advances in public health, science and medicine. While some of the specific advice is outdated, the general principles are still relevant. Genre(s): Medical, Life Sciences George M. Sternberg (1838 - 1915) --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/3daudiobooks0/support

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat if I told you that when you hear the word anti-vaxxer and you feel yourself relating to the term, it can almost exclusively be tied to one of three events? Even if it's because of something you've heard that just never really sat right with you. Nearly the entire history of the anti vaccination movement can be tied to a process called variolation, a horrible manufacturing oversight, and a modern day monster known as Andrew Wakefield. Since the beginning of this podcast we've alluded to the importance of this episode and the crazy misinformation surrounding the concept. Now, as we surpass a year of weekly episodes it's finally time to talk about vaccines, vaccination, and Mr. yes MR. not Dr. Andrew Wakefield.ReferencesImperato, P., Imperato, G.; Smallpox Inoculation (Variolation) in East Africa with Special Reference to the Practice Among the Boran and Gabra of Northern Kenya. Journal of Community Health. 07-Aug-2014. 39 (1053 - 1062). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9928-5Grundy, I.; Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley [nee Lady Mary Pierrepont]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23-Sep-2004. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/19029Liebowitz, D.; Smallpox Vaccination: An Early Start of Modern Medicine in America. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 31-Mar-2017. 7:1 (61 - 63). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2016.1273611Riedel, S.; Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination. Jan-2005. 18:1 (21 - 25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028Melnick, J., et. al.; Effectiveness of Salk Vaccine. Analysis of Virologically Confirmed Cases of Paralytic and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis. Journal of American Medicine. 01-Apr-1961. 175: (1159 - 1162). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1961.03040130043010Fitzpatrick, M.; The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to a Growing Vaccine Crisis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Mar-2006. 99:3 (156).42 U.S. Code § 300aa-22 - Standards of Responsibility. Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School. 01-Oct-1988. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/300aa-22Smith, R.; Andrew Wakefield - The Man Behind the MMR Controversey. The Telegraph. 29-Jan-2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/7091767/Andrew-Wakefield-the-man-behind-the-MMR-controversy.htmlAdditional References on websiteSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

05/10/2020Thin End of the WedgeEpisode 1: Laith Hussein: Tell Harmal, heart of EshnunnaLaith Hussein talks about a key centre in the kingdom of Eshnunna. Eshnunna was one of several rival kingdoms fighting for supremacy in Iraq about 4000 years ago. What was found, and what work is being done? 3:06 about the site of Tell Harmal. Where is it? How big is it? When was it excavated? What was its ancient name?7:54 what ancient texts have been found there?13:01 how the archaeological remains and texts relate to each other. The production of huge numbers of bricks.15:54 what language are the texts in? And what do they talk about?17:36 what do they tell us about life in ancient Iraq?21:00 any plans for new excavations?Music by Ruba Hillawi Website: http://wedgepod.orgYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/WedgePod Email: wedgepod@gmail.com Twitter: @wedge_pod Patreon: http://Patreon.com/WedgePod The article Dr Laith mentioned is: "Bauplanung und Administration in altbabylonischer Zeit: ein Tonbullen-Archiv aus Tell Harmal (Shaduppum)", in Kaskal 9 (2012), pp. 3-29A brief report on the 1997-1998 excavations is available in English. The Iraqi scholars Dr Laith mentions as having worked on tablets from Tell Harmal are:Basima Jalil Abed, Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from the Old Babylonian Period in the Iraq Museum. Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1998Khalid al-A’dami, Some Old Babylonian Letters in the Iraq Museum. PhD dissertation. 1971Abdulkarim Abdullah Ahmed, Old Babylonian Loan Contracts in the Iraq Museum from Tell al-Dhiba’i and Tell Harmal. Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (= OBLC). 1964Saad Salman Fahad, Cuneiform Texts from the Old Babylonian Period, Diyala Region, Tell Harmal. Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1996Ahmad Hamid Majeed, Studies of Unpublished Old Babylonian Cuneiform Texts from the Diyala Region, Tell Harmal. Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1990 Ridha al-Hashimi, Some Old Babylonian Purchase Contracts in the Iraqi Museum from Harmal and Dhiba’i (OBPC). Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1964Menshed Mutlaq Menshed, Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from the Old Babylonian Period, Diyala Region, Tell Harmal. Masters dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1997 Ahmad Kamil Muhammed, Unpublished Old Babylonian Letters in the Iraq Museum. PhD dissertation, Baghdad University (in Arabic). 1996Amir Suleiman, A Study of Land Tenure in the Old Babylonian Period with Special Reference to The Diyala Region, Based on Published and Unpublished Texts (= SLTOB). PhD dissertation, University of London. 1966Amir Suleiman, Harvest Documents and Loan Contracts from the Old Babylonian Period, Sumer 34/I-II (1978), pp. 130-138

Første sæson er slut med dette afsnit. Vi afslutter med et tematisk tilbageblik på sæsonen og ser om nogle af de mange store tænkere vi har stødt på, måske kan gøre os klogere på pandemier og deres håndtering. Har du nogensinde tænkt over, hvad økonomi er for en videnskab? Hvordan opstod den, og hvem var dens grundlæggere? Eller har du interesseret dig for moderne diskussioner om samfundet, herunder ulighed, ressourceforbrug eller konkurrence? Hvis dette er tilfældet, er økonomiens teorihistorie vigtig og nyttig for dig. Den type af diskussioner er nemlig mindst lige så gammel som den økonomiske videnskab selv, og du vil i dens rødder også finde rødderne til de moderne argumenter.   Til dagens afsnit har jeg læst: Aquinas, T. (1485). Summa Theologica. Benzinger Brothers Printers to the Holy Apostolic See. Bastiat, F. (1850). What is Seen and What is Not Seen. Paris: Librairie de Guillaumin et Co. Jevons, W. S. (2012). The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method. New York: Cosimo Classics. Keynes, J. M. (2016). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Stellar Classics. Malthus, T. R. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: J. Johnson. Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. Marx, K. (1887). Kapitalen. Moskva: Progress Publishers. Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). Det Kommuniske Manifest. Workers' Educational Association: London. Menger, C. (1985). Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics. New York: New York University Press. Schumpeter, J. A. (2008). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper Perennial. Smith, A. (2011). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Salt Lake City: Gutenberg Publishers. Smith, A. (2018). The Welath of Nations. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Veblen, T. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Macmillan.   I like to dedicate this season to my teachers Ole Bruus and Bruce Caldwell. All mistakes and mispronunciations are mine alone and no fault of theirs.

The Confederate flag is a widely known and highly debated symbol in the U.S. To many, the Confederate flag is a shrine to the fallen southern soldiers from the Civil War. Those flying the flag today claim that they do so to honor their ancestors and the freedom and independence they fought for. To others, however, the Confederate flag is associated with the painful history of slavery and the subsequent white supremacist movements that adopted the flag because of their alignment with the values of the Confederacy. Whatever the motives may be, flying the Confederate flag in public has sparked a lot of controversy in America. References Confederate Flag 1. Scott Eric Kaufman (9 July 2015). “What tradition does the Confederate flag represent? Is it slavery, rape, genocide, treason, or all of the above?" Salon. 2. Ta-Nehisi Coates (22 June 2015). "What this Cruel War Was Over." The Atlantic. 3. Coski 2005, pp. 92–94 4. Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). "Why do People Still Fly the Confederate Flag?" BBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2013. Yasukuni Shrine 1. Nelson, John. "Social Memory as Ritual Practice: Commemorating Spirits of the Military Dead at Yasukuni Shinto Shrine". Journal of Asian Studies 62, 2 (May 2003): 445–467. 2. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963). Vicissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 36655 3. Pye, Michael: "Religion and Conflict in Japan with Special Reference to Shinto and Yasukuni Shrine". Diogenes 50:3 (2003), S. 45–59. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/pacific-atrocities-education/support

Penelope is one of the most compelling characters from ancient Greek mythology. And yet her intelligence and agency in Homer's Odyssey is seldom appreciated. Towards the end of the epic, Penelope comes face-to-face with Odysseus, who has finally returned home disguised as a beggar. After they exchange a few stories (with Odysseus still maintaining his disguise), Penelope sets in motion a chain of events that seals the fate of all the major characters in the story. Since antiquity people have debated whether Penelope realizes who this beggar is or not. Obviously, how you come down on that question is going to profoundly affect how you see her as a character. Is she naive and passive or is she discerning and cunning? Homeric scholar Olga Levaniouk has a unique take on this question and other aspects of Penelope's role. She joins us to illuminate the complexities of Penelope's character and mythological background. Levaniouk is Professor of Classics at the University of Washington in Seattle, and author of the book Eve of the Festival: Making Myth in Odyssey 19. ------------------ Support Ancient Greece Declassified on Patreon: patreon.com/greecepodcast Or make a one-time donation: paypal.me/greecepodcast ------------------ Scholarly works mentioned during the conversation: Elizabeth Barber, Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press, 1991. (discusses the shroud/tapestry Penelope weaves on pp. 258-9) Louise Pratt, “Odyssey 19.535-50: On the Interpretation of Dreams and Signs in Homer,” Classical Philology 89 (1994): 150-52. (argues that the 20 geese in Penelope's dream symbolize the twenty years she has waited for Odysseus)

I dette afsnit af Stemmer i Dansk Antropologi - Årgang 1948 vil du møde professor emeritus Kirsten Blinkenberg Hastrup. Kirsten blev magister fra Københavns Universitet i 1973. Hun blev året efter optaget på University of Oxford, hvor hun i 1980 modtog graden D.Phil for afhandlingen Cultural Classification and History with Special Reference to Medival Iceland. Kirsten fortsatte efterfølgende sine feltstudier i Island med særlig fokus på den Islandske historie, hvilket dannede grundlag for hendes doktorafhandling, Nature and Policy in Iceland 1400-1800, som hun forsvarede på Københavns Universitet i 1990. Efterfølgende bandt Kirsten sine doktorafhandlinger sammen til en islandsk trilogi med en tredje bog om Island A Place Apart, og tog desuden initiativ til det smukke tobindsværk Den Nordiske Verden. Kirsten har siden 1990 været Professor i Antropologi på Københavns Universitet, hvor hun som institutleder op gennem 90’ernen var med til at forme antropologi som akademisk fag i Danmark. Kirsten har gennem sin karriere redigeret og udgivet en lang række undervisningsbøger såsom Etnografisk Grundbog, Ind i Verden og Kultur: Det fleksible fællesskab. I 2008 blev Kirsten desuden valgt som præsident for Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabelige Selskab. Kirsten har i de senere år vendt blikket mod det nordvestlige Grønland, hvor hun har undersøgt skiftende naturforhold. Med afsæt i dette arbejde har hun bl.a. udgivet et antropologisk portræt af polarforskeren Knud Rasmussen; Vinterens hjerte: Knud Rasmussen og hans tid, samt den smukke og velformidlede bog om Thule; Thule på tidens rand. Podcasten baserer sig på en samtale optaget i januar 2019.

Creatine is one of the most extensively studied ergogenic aids on the market. It has been documented to improve strength, endurance and overall athletic performance but are you aware of it's other applications? How about how to differentiate between all the different forms of creatine supplements on the market? Find out all of that and more in our latest podcast episode. Research Cited in this Episode: • THE FATE OF CREATINE WHEN ADMINISTERED TO MAN: http://www.jbc.org/content/67/1/29.full.pdf • Energy metabolism and fatigue during intense contraction: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/21265601_Energy_metabolism_and_fatigue_during_intense_contraction • Creatine in Humans with Special Reference to Creatine Supplementation: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15382274_Creatine_in_Humans_with_Special_Reference_to_Creatine_Supplementation • Muscle creatine loading in men: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8828669 • The effect of 7 days of creatine supplementation on 24-hour urinary creatine excretion: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11708707 • Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9627907 • Creatine : the power supplement: https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29221403?q&versionId=46378036 • International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048496/ • Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12701815 Connect With Us: Email: Trainitforlife@gmail.com Instagram: www.instagram.com/makeittrain (Company) Instagram: www.instagram.com/donuts_then_deadlifts (Dr. Andrew Stewart DPT, PT) Instagram: www.instagram.com/jvromo3 (John Romanelli) Youtube: Bit.ly/watchmit (Company) Facebook: www.facebook.com/makeittrain (Company)

This week, we'll take a look at two common types of animal wives, and learn how forcing someone to marry you can doom an entire island!ReferencesSwan MaidenBolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiří (2014) [1918]. "193. Der Trommler". Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm (in German). 4. Dieterich. pp. 406–417 (416).Miller, Alan L. (1987), "The Swan-Maiden Revisited: Religious Significance of" Divine-Wife" Folktales with Special Reference to Japan", Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 46 (No. 1): 55–86, JSTOR 1177885 Selkie“Baily's Magazine of Sports & Pastimes". 42. July 1884: 355–356.Hardie, Alison (20 January 2007). "Dramatic decline in island common seal populations baffles experts". The Scotsman. Retrieved 17 September 2016.Animal Wive Taleshttps://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0402.html See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Lecture 199 (28 October 1985). Full title "The Flowering of Typography: The Development of Printers’ Flowers with Special Reference to French Rococo Ornament"

Institute of Historical Research Some reflections on Philanthropy with special reference to Higher Education William Squire Voluntary Action History seminar series

Thoracic & Lung Cancers

Institute of Commonwealth Studies Mr Jitendra Kumar, First Secretary (Consular), High Commission of India, London 'Connecting Cultures' and internationalisation through Commonwealth Foreign Languages (CFL): Language, cultural connections and Inte...

Institute of Commonwealth Studies Mr Jitendra Kumar, First Secretary (Consular), High Commission of India, London 'Connecting Cultures' and internationalisation through Commonwealth Foreign Languages (CFL): Language, cultural connections and Inte...

Activation of tissue mast cells (MCs) and their abnormal growth and accumulation in various organs are typically found in primary MC disorders also referred to as mastocytosis. However, increasing numbers of patients are now being informed that their clinical findings are due to MC activation (MCA) that is neither associated with mastocytosis nor with a defined allergic or inflammatory reaction. In other patients with MCA, MCs appear to be clonal cells, but criteria for diagnosing mastocytosis are not met. A working conference was organized in 2010 with the aim to define criteria for diagnosing MCA and related disorders, and to propose a global unifying classification of all MC disorders and pathologic MC reactions. This classification includes three types of `MCA syndromes' (MCASs), namely primary MCAS, secondary MCAS and idiopathic MCAS. MCA is now defined by robust and generally applicable criteria, including (1) typical clinical symptoms, (2) a substantial transient increase in serum total tryptase level or an increase in other MC-derived mediators, such as histamine or prostaglandin D 2, or their urinary metabolites, and (3) a response of clinical symptoms to agents that attenuate the production or activities of MC mediators. These criteria should assist in the identification and diagnosis of patients with MCAS, and in avoiding misdiagnoses or overinterpretation of clinical symptoms in daily practice. Moreover, the MCAS concept should stimulate research in order to identify and exploit new molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

Robert H. Gundry is Westmont College's Scholar-in-Residence after retiring from a teaching career of nearly forty years. His various areas of expertise include New Testament Greek, Eschatology (end times studies), the Gospels, and New Testament Theology. He received his Ph.D. in New Testament Studies from Manchester University in 1961. He has been honored with the Teacher of the Year Award three times, the Faculty Researcher of the Year Award, and the Sears-Roebuck Foundation Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership Award. His many publications include Jesus the Word according to John the Sectarian: A Paleofundamentalist Manifesto for Contemporary Evangelicalism, Especially Its Elites, in North America, First the Antichrist, Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross, A Survey of the New Testament, Matthew: A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art, Soma in Biblical Theology with Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology, The Church and the Tribulation, The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew's Gospel with Special Reference to the Messianic Hope, as well as numerous articles and book reviews in New Testament studies.

Robert H. Gundry is Westmont College's Scholar-in-Residence after retiring from a teaching career of nearly forty years. His various areas of expertise include New Testament Greek, Eschatology (end times studies), the Gospels, and New Testament Theology. He received his Ph.D. in New Testament Studies from Manchester University in 1961. He has been honored with the Teacher of the Year Award three times, the Faculty Researcher of the Year Award, and the Sears-Roebuck Foundation Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership Award. His many publications include Jesus the Word according to John the Sectarian: A Paleofundamentalist Manifesto for Contemporary Evangelicalism, Especially Its Elites, in North America, First the Antichrist, Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross, A Survey of the New Testament, Matthew: A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art, Soma in Biblical Theology with Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology, The Church and the Tribulation, The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew's Gospel with Special Reference to the Messianic Hope, as well as numerous articles and book reviews in New Testament studies.

Robert H. Gundry is Westmont College's Scholar-in-Residence after retiring from a teaching career of nearly forty years. His various areas of expertise include New Testament Greek, Eschatology (end times studies), the Gospels, and New Testament Theology. He received his Ph.D. in New Testament Studies from Manchester University in 1961. He has been honored with the Teacher of the Year Award three times, the Faculty Researcher of the Year Award, and the Sears-Roebuck Foundation Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership Award. His many publications include Jesus the Word according to John the Sectarian: A Paleofundamentalist Manifesto for Contemporary Evangelicalism, Especially Its Elites, in North America, First the Antichrist, Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross, A Survey of the New Testament, Matthew: A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art, Soma in Biblical Theology with Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology, The Church and the Tribulation, The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthew's Gospel with Special Reference to the Messianic Hope, as well as numerous articles and book reviews in New Testament studies.

This thesis entails the results of three research projects. These have focused on the influence of diversity, demography and structure in the divergence (i.e. the speciation process) of four wild tomato species. In the first project, using coalescent simulations, we studied the impact of three different sampling schemes on patterns of neutral diversity in structured populations. Specifically, we evaluated two summary statistics based on the site frequency spectrum (Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D) as a function of migration rate, demographic history of the entire metapopulation and the sampling scheme. Using simulations, we demonstrate strong effects of the sampling scheme on Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D statistics, particularly under specieswide expansions. Under such scenarios, the effects of spatial sampling may persist up to very high levels of gene flow (Nm > 25). This suggests that validating the assumption of panmixia is crucial if robust demographic inferences are to be made from local or pooled samples. For the second project, we investigated how selection acts in four species of wild tomatoes (S. habrochaites, S. arcanum, S. peruvianum, and S. chilense) using sequence data from eight housekeeping genes. Our analysis quantified the number of adaptive and deleterious mutations, and the distribution of fitness effects of new mutations (its mean and variance) taking into account the demography of the species. We found no evidence for adaptive mutations but very strong purifying selection in coding regions of the four species. More interestingly, the four species exhibit different strength of purifying selection in non-coding regions (introns). Taking into account the results from the first project, we also highlighted the utility of analyzing pooled samples and local samples from a metapopulation in order to measure selection and the distribution of fitness effects. Finally, the third project deals with the estimation of nucleotide diversity and population structure in S. habrochaites and S. arcanum. We also compared these results to those of S. peruvianum and S. chilense. We found that S. arcanum and S. habrochaites present lower diversity levels than S. peruvianum and S. chilense. Our neutrality tests have not revealed any particular pattern, leading us to conclude that the loci sequenced for the present study have not evolved under strong positive selection, although they show a distinctive pattern of purifying selection (second project). We also tested the demography of all four species and found a strong expansion after a bottleneck in the recent past for S. peruvianum and a similar statistically significant pattern for S. arcanum, even though the signal seemed weaker in this case. Additionally, we found moderate levels of population sub-structure in these species, similar to previous results found in S. peruvianum and S. chilense. Still, regardless of the levels of population structure, we found at least two (Rupe and San Juan from S. arcanum) populations collected in the field that could actually be considered as a single deme. We also expanded these population structure analyses to gain insight into the phylogenetic relations between the four species in order to contribute to the taxonomical treatment of the Solanum section Lycopersicon from a population genetics perspective. Thus, we found a clear differentiation between S. arcanum and S. peruvianum based on all polymorphic sites.

Guest speaker: Gary Fisher PROGRAM NOTES: (Minutes : Seconds into program) Our conversation began by looking at photos of some of Gary's former students, patients, and famous friends. 13:12 We begin a discussion of Gary's work in the 1960s with severely emotionally disturbed children suffering from variants of childhood schizophrenia and infantile autism who he treated with LSD and psilocybin. 16:36 Al Hubbard is discussed 18:23 Gary Fisher: "All our model was from Hubbard, because Hubbard was the guy who taught my brother-in-law and Duncan Blewett. . . . He was the father of all this stuff. . . . He was the one who introduced Osmond and Hoffer to this whole approach." 25:45 Gary provides more details about his work with the severely disturbed children, beginning with the story of Nancy's nearly miraculous improvement after being treated with LSD. 35:59 Gary describes the deplorable conditions in the public hospital wards where severely disturbed children were being held. Download MP3 PCs – Right click, select option Macs – Ctrl-Click, select option THE LINKS BELOW will take you to several articles by Dr. Fisher that have been posted on the Web stie of the Albert Hofmann Foundationin The Gary Fisher Collection: Treatment of Childhood Schizophrenia Utilizing LSD and Psilocybin by Gary Fisher, Ph.D. A Note of the Successful Outcome of a Single Dose LSD Experience in a Patient Suffering from Grand Mal Epilepsy Gary Fisher, Ph.D. Some Comments Concerning Dosage Levels Of Psychedelic Compounds For Psychotherapeutic Experiences [Print-friendly copy] by Gary Fisher, Ph.D. Death, Identity, and Creativity by Gary Fisher, Ph.D. Successful Outcome of a Single LSD Treatment in a Chronically Dysfunctional Man by Gary Fisher, Ph.D. The Psychotherapeutic Use Of Psychodysleptic Drugs by Gary Fisher, Ph.D. and Joyce Martin M.D. Psychotherapy for the Dying: Principles and Illustrative Cases with Special Reference to the use of LSD by Gary Fisher, Ph.D.; Assistant Professor, Division of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, School of Public Health. University of California, Los Angeles Counter-Transference Issues in Psychedelic Psychotherapy by Gary Fisher, PH.D