Breaking Bad Science

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThe practice of chiropractics is widely popular, especially in the United States. A practice that evolved in parallel with what's known as osteopathic medicine. The question at this point, is how many of us have ever even heard the second term. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what the similarities are and how they differ? Most importantly, we'll talk about whether either of them stack up from a scientific perspective as far as efficacy is concerned? ReferencesErnst, E.; Chiropractic: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 15-Feb-2008. 35:5 (544 - 562). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004 Michas, F.; Number of Chiropractic Licenses in the U.S. 1996 - 2020. Statista.com. 25-Aug-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/450353/number-of-chiropractic-licenses-in-the-us/Baer, H.; The Drive for Legitimation by Osteopathy and Chiropractic in Australia: Between Heterodoxy and Orthodoxy. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 01-Apr-2006. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210106292467Baer, H.; Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. Jun-1987. 1:2 (176 - 193). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.2.02a00030American Chiropractic Association. What Research Shows About Chiropractic. ACA. https://www.acatoday.org/research/what-research-shows/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn medieval times witchcraft was a dark, mysterious, and even dangerous practice. So much so, that it became the focus of the witch trials. But what's considered witchcraft? Everyone's seen some movie or TV show where the witch is boiling something in their cauldron or casting spells, but what about dowsing? Ever seen one walk around with a Y shaped stick or a couple of rods held out in front of them? No? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what dowsing is and how we realize maybe we never stopped doing it.ReferencesEbersole, R.; He Trains Cops in “Witching” to Help Find Corpses. Experts Are Alarmed. MotherJones. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2022/03/national-forensic-academy-police-training-dowsing-witching-arpad-vass/McCarney, R., et. al.; Can Homeopaths Detect Homeopathic Medicines by Dowsing? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Apr-2022. 95:4 (189 - 191). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.4.189Harvalik, Z.; Anatomical Localization of Human Detection of Weak Electromagnetic Radiation: Experiments with Dowsers. Physiological Chemistry and Physics. 1978. 19:6 (525 - 534). Henry, V.; The Modern Dowser. Nature. 27-Feb-1937. 139: 352. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/139352c0Weaver, M.; UK Water Firms Admit Using Divining Rods to Find Leaks and Pipes. The Guardian. 21-Nov-2017. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/21/uk-water-firms-admit-using-divining-rods-to-find-leaks-and-pipesSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWill Smith was in a movie about it. The Thundamentals and several others have written songs about it, but what is the “Hypothesis concerning soul substance together with experimental evidence of the existence of such substance?” More importantly, why does it make some people believe in the importance of the specific value, 21 grams? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the paper that led to the infamous belief that the soul weighs 21 grams.ReferencesMacDougall, D.; Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance. American Society of Psychical Research. 1901. 1:5 (237 - 275).  https://diogenesii.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/duncan_macdougall_1907_-_21pp.pdfHollander, L.; Unexplained Weight Gain Transients at the Moment of Death. Journal of Scientific Exploration. 2001. 15:4 (495 - 500). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.4701&rep=rep1&type=pdfSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIf you listen to the show regularly, you know we just love space. In this episode, join hosts Shanti and Danny for something that is 1 part updating everyone on the world's most innovative telescope and 1 part just geeking out over how cool space is. ReferencesNASA; NASA's Webb Reaches Alignment Milestone, Optics Working Successfully. NASA.gov. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-webb-reaches-alignment-milestone-optics-working-successfullyIndiaToday; James Webb Telescope Packs 1000 Ancient Galaxies Into One Picture. IndiaToday. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/james-webb-telescope-picture-photobomb-galaxy-nasa-esa-1926325-2022-03-17Amos, J.; James Webb ‘Fully Focused' Telescope Beats Expectations. BBC News. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60771210Explore Light, this is the link mentioned in the episode for the imaging differences. https://www.nasa.gov/content/explore-lightSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWay back in episode 35 we discussed how educating the entire populace of a country is still sort of a new concept. The importance of an entirely educated population is a belief system barely around 100 years old now. With that always comes a clear division in understanding of how and what is best. Because of this we have public schools, private schools, boarding schools, and charter schools. But what is a charter school? How does it differ from any of these other categories that it seems like we're all well acquainted with and is it better?ReferencesDigest of Education Statistics. Public and Private Elementary and SEcondary Teachers, Enrollment, Pupil/Teacher Ratios, and New Teacher Hires: Selected Years, Fall 1955 Through Fall 2029. National Center for Education Statistics. 2020. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d20/tables/dt20_208.20.aspLogan, J., Burdick-Will, J.; School Segregation, Charter Schools, and Access to Quality Education. Journal of Urban Affairs. Aug-2016. 38:3 (323 - 343). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12246Hojo, M.; Association Between Student-Teacher Ratio and Teachers' Working Hours and Workload Stress: Evidence from a Nationwide Survey in Japan. BMC Public Health. 7-Sep-2021. 21:1 (1635). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11677-wNational Conference of State Legislatures. Education Research. National Conference of State Legislatures. https://www.ncsl.org/research/education/charter-schools-research-and-report.aspx#:~:text=The%20most%20rigorous%20studies%20conducted,charter%20schools%20in%20different%20states.Hirsh, K.; Class Size and Charter Schools. Chalkbeat New York. 24-Feb-2009. https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2009/2/24/21098084/class-size-and-charter-schoolsSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIt feels like only a couple days ago the Breaking Bad Science team set about trying to figure out what Bitcoin even really was. So how then are we already faced with some new currency. Is that the right term? Maybe collectible would be better? Whatever it is, the acronym N.F.T. is at the very least a massive buzz word. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what they are. How long have they been around and if fungible has anything to do with the item's ability to provide entertainment.ReferencesConti, R., Schmidt, J.; What is an NFT? Non-Fungible Tokens Explained. Forbes Advisor. 15-Feb-2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nft-non-fungible-token/BBC News; Elvis's Pink Cadillac Auctioned. 13-Sep-2006. BBC News.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/5343214.stmDash, A.; NFTs Weren't Supposed to End Like This. The Atlantic. 02-Apr-2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-werent-supposed-end-like/618488/Brandon, R.; $1.7 Million in NFTs Stolen in Apparent Phishing Attack on OpenSea Users. 20-Feb-2022. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/20/22943228/opensea-phishing-hack-smart-contract-bug-stolen-nftSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhen my wife was first pregnant with our son, we were desperate to try to figure out the sex. We discovered that people had some of the most interesting theories about what factors would influence this result in the end. Right down to how the deed was done. The reality is, in the simplest form that the male sperm decides the gender and that is produced at a 1:1 ratio. But if that's where the story ends shouldn't birth rates be 50:50 as well?  Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the idea that maybe they're not? If there is something else going on, what the actual rates are and why might this actually make sense? ReferencesStatista. Resident Population of the United States by Sex and Age as of July 1, 2020. Statista.com. July-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/241488/population-of-the-us-by-sex-and-age/Orzack, S., et. al.; The Human Sex Ratio from Conception to Birth. PNAS. 21-Apr-2015. 112:16 (E2102 - E2111). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416546112Spears, K., et. al.; Gender, Famine, and the Female Mortality Advantage. World Peace Foundation and Tufts University. Dec-2021. https://sites.tufts.edu/wpf/files/2021/12/Genderfamine-and-mortality-2021120634.pdfSong, S.; Does Famine Influence Sex Ratio at Birth? Evidence from the 1959 - 1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences. 22-Jul-2012. 279: 1739 (2883 - 2890). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0320Knox, R.; Examining Environmental Factors in Sex Ratio. NPR. 18-Jul-2005. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4758495Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn the immaculate words of the great Serj Tankian, “Eating, it seems, is a pass-time activity.” And he's not wrong. When I'm bored or down, eating has been a great way to get through those moments. As one might guess, that's not healthy. This is why we humans develop things like diets, eating disorders, and the unfortunate term hangry. But lately it seems like everyone is mentioning something else: intermittent fasting. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if it's just eating, then not eating for a long time, then eating again? What it is. How it works, or if it even does work. ReferencesCabo, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 12-Feb-2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1905136Gunnars, K.; 10 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting. Healthline.com. 13-May-2021. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-health-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting#TOC_TITLE_HDR_10Baik, S., et. al.; Intermittent Fasting Increases Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Brain and Behavior. 05-Dec-2019. 10:1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1444Longo, V., Mattson, M.; Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Cell Metabolism. 16-Jan-2014. 19:2 (181 - 192). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008Antoni, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 16-Jan-2017. 76:3 (361 - 368). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116002986Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceBetween 1961 and 1968 one man led JFK's dream to put a man on the moon. That was when James Webb retired. A year later, that mission would finally be accomplished. Though he would be far from the only person responsible for that incredible accomplishment, it would be him that NASA would honor on Dec 25th 2021. So why does James Webb matter now 52 years later, and what is Legrange Point 2? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if this is really important or if it's just an updated version of some patented hand gesture?ReferencesWall, M.; The Alignment of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Has Begun. Space.com. 03-Feb-2022. https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-alignment-beginsHowell, E.; NASA's James Webb Space Telescope: The Ultimate Guide. Space.com. 25-Dec-2021. https://www.space.com/21925-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst.html#google_vignetteTillman, N.; What is the Eagle Nebula. Space.com. 18-Apr-2019. https://www.space.com/16396-eagle-nebula-m16-hubble-images-pillars-of-creation.htmlHammel, H. Why Will it Take Six Months to See JWST's First Science Images?. Planetary.org. 22-Dec-2021. https://www.planetary.org/articles/jwst-first-imagesSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceOh she's hot but a psycho, a little bit psycho. Well, is she Ava Max? Is she a psycho? In the late 90's and early 2000's it became commonplace to refer to people as psycho or a complete psychopath. Here in the early 20's it's become more hip to refer to these same people as sociopaths. Is this just us, as humans, discovering new words or are we really surrounded by that many psychopaths and sociopaths? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what these terms actually mean, and commiserate with Dr. Brian Wasicek our resident psychiatrist on the very idea of psychopathy, not to be confused with cyclopothy. ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). APA. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWe talked last week about the wonders and possibilities of traveling among the stars and visiting other planets via warp drives. While discussing it, we mentioned the incredible amount of power required to make something like that a reality. So what would that kind of power look like? How can it be achieved on a scale to even make it feasible? What exactly is Fusion...besides that thing that makes Gotenks? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the wonders of nuclear power and the possibility of fusion energy. Encyclopedia Britannica; Atomic Bomb, Fission Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20-Dec-2021. https://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-bombEncyclopedia Britannica; Thermonuclear Bomb, Fusion Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 22-Oct-221. https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bombIrfan, U.; Fusion Energy is a Reason to Be Excited About the Future. Vox.com. 06-Jan-2022. https://www.vox.com/22801265/fusion-energy-electricity-power-climate-change-research-iterGamillo, E.; China's Artificial Sun Just Broke a Record for Longest Sustained Nuclear Fusion. Smithsonian Magazine. 10-Jan-2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chinas-artificial-sun-reactor-broke-record-for-nuclear-fusion-180979336/Clifford, C.; A National Lab Just Achieved a ‘Wright Brothers Moment' in Nuclear Fusion. CNBC. 17-Aug-2021. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/08/17/lawrence-livermore-lab-makes-significant-achievement-in-fusion.htmlBlain, L.; Chinese Tokamak Keeps Plasma 2.6 Times as Hot as the Sun for 17 Minutes. New Atlas. 04-Jan-2022. https://newatlas.com/energy/asipp-east-tokamak-plasma-record/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhen it comes to the idea of faster than light travel, as Scotty famously said, we just don't have the power. The question is, is that all? Does anything we know of move faster than the speed of light? Is it theoretically possible? Most importantly, could a warp drive ever truly exist? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss these drives and the idea of faster than light, what it means, and if we think it could ever be achievable. ReferencesSiegel, E.; There's Only One Way to Beat the Speed of Light. Forbes. 12-May-2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/05/12/theres-only-one-way-to-beat-the-speed-of-light/?sh=24c3069583afWilliams, M.; Scientists Are Starting to Take Warp Drives Seriously, Especially This One Concep. ScienceAlert. 01-Mar-2020. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-are-starting-to-take-warp-drives-seriously-especially-this-one-conceptCollura, S.; Star Trek's Warp Drive Could Really Happen Someday…. Ign. 18-Sep-2012. https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/18/star-treks-warp-drive-could-really-happenAnkers, A.; Scientists Take a Step Towards Building a Rea-Life Warp Drive…By Accident. Ign. 31-Dec-2021. https://www.ign.com/articles/warp-bubble-discovery-real-life-warp-drive-by-accidentWhite, H., et. al.; Worldline Numerics Applied to Custom Casimir Geometry Generates Unanticipated Intersection with Alcubierre Warp Metric. The European Physical Journal. 31-Jul-2021. 81: 677. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09484-zSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThis week we learned something. Not just about science, not just about the research people are doing, but human nature and how good intentions don't always translate to good results. Mostly though, we came to the realization that the nut jobs we rail so hard against on this podcast, the David Ickes and Alex Joneses of the world, really aren't what should concern us. What should, are those that pursue science with the desire to do something worthwhile, to change the world for the better, and eventually realize that dream might not be in the cards. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss Dr. Sinclair and his anti-aging miracle, and how sometimes when it's not in the cards, you stack the deck. ReferencesDr. Sinclair; The Sinclair Lab Blavatnik Institute - Genetics. Harvard Medical School. https://sinclair.hms.harvard.edu/people/david-sinclairWallace, B.; An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill is the Fountain of Youth. New York Magazine. 22-Aug-2016. https://www.thecut.com/2016/08/is-elysium-healths-basis-the-fountain-of-youth.htmlDuncan, D.; The Enthusiast - A Controversial Biologist at Harvard Claims He Can Extend Life Span and Treat Diseases of Aging. He May be Right. 15-Aug-2007. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/08/15/224308/the-enthusiast/Fahy, G., et. al.; Reversal of Epigenetic Aging and Immunosenescent Trends in Humans. Aging Cell. 08-Sep-2019. 6:18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13028Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIf you've played SimCity you know that if you don't have resources readily available, your only residential area is overlooking the beach, or you put your housing next to a coal refinery the frequency with which everyone just moves out is a little too high. Worse yet, with the latter, maybe the whole place burns down. So how does city planning work, why is it a thing, and how do the nuances of it sometimes cause more issues than they solve? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what goes into city planning and how it can affect you and those around you.References Ahrend, R., Cho, J.; Where SimCity Gets Zoning Right and Where Not. Cogito. 28-Jul-2021. https://oecdcogito.blog/2021/07/28/where-simcity-gets-zoning-right-and-where-not/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIf spongebob taught us anything it's that seafaring creatures are…not intelligent at all. Fortunately, we have science and it turns out cephalopods and even decapods have a type of intelligence that we're only beginning to understand. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the fascinating creatures we know as cephalopods and why their intelligence is or ever was really in question.ReferencesVendetti, J.; The Cephalopoda. Berkeley. 2006. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.phpSeabrook, A.; The Story of an Octopus Named Otto. NPR. 02-Nov-2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96476905Davis, H.; Resting and Action Potential of Squid Giant Axons Intracellularly Perfused with Sodium-Rich Solutions. PNAS. 31-Jul-1963. 50 (619 - 626). https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/50/4/619.full.pdfBirch, J., et. al.; Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans. London School of Economics and Political Science. Nov-2021. https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/2021/Sentience-in-Cephalopod-Molluscs-and-Decapod-Crustaceans-Final-Report-November-2021.pdfSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThe human body is incredibly resilient; especially with advancements such as modern medicine. We can survive and come out relatively unscathed from some pretty horrific looking issues. So why then are we so adept at permanently modifying said meat suit? Why is it that we can make changes that don't just fade into nothing? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss body modifications, the changes we humans make, and why they work.ReferencesTadokoro, T., et. al.; Mechanisms of Skin Tanning in Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in Response to Ultraviolet Radiation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Jun-2005. 124:6 (1326 - 1332). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23760.xTaahashi, T., Nakamura, K.; A Study of the Photolightening Mechanism of Blond Hair with Visible and Ultraviolet Light. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. May-2004. 55:3 (291 - 305). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00233_5.xBerry, J.; What Causes a Piercing Rejection to Occur?. Medical News Today. 11-May-2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321770Kim, H., et. atl.; Autologous Fat Graft in the Reconstructed Breast: Fat Absorption Rate and Safety Based on Sonographic Identification. Archives of Plastic Surgery. 03-Nov-2014. 41:6 (740 - 747). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2014.41.6.740Naga, L., Alster, T.; Laser Tattoo Removal: An Update. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 08-Oct-2016. 18 (59 - 65). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0227-zSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIt's unclear at this point if the regular research and looking into the most recent science is the reason or if this information hit everyone at the same time, but the question for us the last couple of weeks has been how close are we to Skynet? Is Arnie himself about to walk through the door? I speak of course about the recent articles claiming self-replicating robots have been produced. Fear the scary self-replicating robots. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about what they are, what they can do, and what is even considered a robot in this day and age.ReferencesNeuman, S.; Living Robots Made in a Lab Have Found a New Way to Self-Replicate, Researchers Say. NPR. 01-Dec-2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/12/01/1060027395/robots-xenobots-living-self-replicating-copyKriegman, S., et. al.; Kinematic Self-Replication in Reconfigurable Organisms. PNAS. 07-Dec-2021. 118:49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2112672118Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn the continuation of last week's episode, we talk more rocket science and the incredible feats of Jordan Slavish's high school students.NASA Student Launch is a program designed to test High School and University rocketry students, and give them the opportunity to evaluate their understanding in real life situations. Jordan Slavish is a teacher in Oregon and our podcast's go-to person for rocket information and expertise. Dr. Jonathan McDowell, also featured in this episode, is an astrophysicist and a fountain of knowledge on rocket launches since as early as the Apollo missions. He is here to answer the questions of the students involved in this challenge from Jordan's class. Join hosts Shanti and Danny for part 2 while we learn more about astrophysics and rocketry from Dr McDowell, Jordan, and his class.Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceNASA Student Launch is a program designed to test High School and University rocketry students, and give them the opportunity to evaluate their understanding in real life situations. Jordan Slavish is a teacher in Oregon and our podcast's go-to person for rocket information and expertise. Dr. Jonathan McDowell, also featured in this episode, is an astrophysicist and a fountain of knowledge on rocket launches since as early as the Apollo missions. He is here to answer the questions of the students involved in this challenge from Jordan's class. Join hosts Shanti and Danny while we learn more about astrophysics and rocketry from Dr McDowell, Jordan, and his class. Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 - The Fibonacci sequence and Binet's formula also known as the Golden Ratio. What are they? What would you think if we said they're how science defines beauty? Would you be surprised to find science even tries to define beauty much less successfully? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we define beauty in nature and how it all revolves around the Fibonacci spiral and the golden ratio.ReferencesSaini, A.; The Code of Cuteness. BBCEarth. https://www.bbcearth.com/news/the-code-for-cutenessHorowitz, K.; 6 Surprising Facts About Quokkas. Mental Floss. 16-Jun-2014. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57159/6-things-know-about-super-cute-quokkaWu, K.; Love, Actually: The Science Behind Lust, Attraction, and Companionship. Harvard University. 14-Feb-2017. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/love-actually-science-behind-lust-attraction-companionship/Bourne, M.; The Math Behind the Beauty. Inmath. https://www.intmath.com/numbers/math-of-beauty.phpLivio, M.; The Golden Ratio: The World's Most Astonishing Number. Broadway Books. 12-Nov-2008. ISBN 0-7679-0816-3.Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat causes a person to be so convinced they need to run faster, jump higher, or lift more that their own muscle tears their tendons from the bone? Combine that with something that can make a person lose impulse control and go into a rage bad enough to end like Chris Benoit and you really only have one possibility. So what are Steroids? Roids? Anabolics? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what they are and what are their uses and misuses?ReferencesBeiner, J, et. al.; The Effect of Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids on Healing of Muscle Contusion Injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine. Jan-1999. 27:1 (2 - 9). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270011101Salamin, O., et. al.; Erythropoietin as a Performance-Enhancing Drug: Its Mechanistic Basis, Detection, and Potential Adverse Effects. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Mar-2018. 15:464 (75 - 87). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.033Wheeler, T.; Bulk Up Your Steroid Smarts. WebMD. 30-Jul-2021. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-steroids-101Piacentino, D., et. al.; Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use and Psychopathology in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Current Neuropharmacology. Jan-2015. 13:1 (101 - 121). Doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210222725Unger, C.; Hormone Therapy for Transgener Patients. Translational Andrology and Urology. Dec-2016. 5:6 (877 - 884). Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2016.09.04Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceBurnout is the term used to describe the phenomenon in which one works until they reach the point where they just crash. Overtraining, while sharing similarities is associated specifically with working out. Is this type of condition real and how do you know if it's happening to you? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss burnout and overtraining, what they are, their causes, and how to know if it's happening.ReferenceIsraetel, M.; Fatigue Explained. Juggernaut. 27-Sep-2013. https://www.jtsstrength.com/fatigue-explained/Mayo Clinic Staff; Job Burnout: How to Spot it and Take Action. Mayo Clinic. 05-Jun-2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/burnout/art-20046642Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIs veisalgia an unfortunate punishment for a good time or something Arnold's Kindergarten Cop might tell you to just, "Stop Whining" about? Maybe more importantly, what is veisalgia? Well, normally we refer to it as a hangover. So what is it truly and can we cure it with some sort of weird eye of newt and tail of rat type concoction? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss why we get hungover, what we do about it, and if it can really be cured.ReferencesMcGovern, P., et. al.; Fermented Beverages of Pre- and Proto-historic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 21-Dec-2004. 101:51 (17593 - 17598). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407921102Bustamante, J., et. al.; Alterations of Motor Performance and Brain Cortex Mitochondrial Function During Ethanol Hangover. Alcohol. Aug-2012. 46:5 (473 -479). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.09.027Karadayian, A., et. al.; Alcohol Hangover Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Free Radical Production in Mouse Cerebellum. Neuroscience. 24-Sep-2015. 304 (47 - 59). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.012Murphy, J.; Researchers ‘Cure' Hangover in Largest Study of its Kind. MDLinx. 14-May-2020. https://www.mdlinx.com/article/researchers-cure-hangover-in-largest-study-of-its-kind/6ifEDqpNIq3UGm5czMTdWNLieb, B., Schmitt, P.; Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study on the Nutritional Efficacy of a Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) and a Dietary Supplement in Reducing the Symptoms of Veisalgia. BMJ Nutrition Prevention and Health. 30-Apr-2020. 3:1 (31 - 39). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2019-000042Royle, S., et. al.; Pain Catastrophising Predicts Alcohol Hangover Severity and Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 20-Jan-2020. 9:1 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010280Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceFor the last year plus we've been living in a world in which COVID seems like something we discuss every day. We've even done several episodes on it. I guess I've just sort of adjusted to the idea that everyone truly understands what a virus is, what they're made of, how they differ from one another, and why we deal with some much more regularly than others. That is not a real reasonable thought. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we take a step back and discuss viruses themselves and highlight a few others relevant here in the US and the rest of the world. ReferencesInstitute for Molecular Biosciences; What's the Difference Between Bacteria and Viruses. The University of Queensland. 20-Apr-2020. https://imb.uq.edu.au/article/2020/04/difference-between-bacteria-and-virusesBerthold, E.; What are Archaea?. Australian Academy of Science. 27-Jul-2018. https://www.science.org.au/curious/earth-environment/what-are-archaeaCarroll, L.; Deaths due to West Nile Virus are on the Rise - How to Stay Safe. Today. 27-Sep-2021. https://www.today.com/health/west-nile-virus-2021-how-safe-deaths-rise-some-spots-t232267Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Dengue. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.htmlCenter for Disease Control and Prevention; Genital Herpes Basic Fact Sheet. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htmCenter for Disease Control and Prevention; Plague Ecology and Transmission. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.htmlSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We apologize for the poorer quality on this one. We are having some technical issues but didn't want to delay recording until we get it solved. We are working on it behind the scenes and should have our normal quality back next week. We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThough often misquoted, and attributed to Edmund Burke, it was George Santayana who once said, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." It was Winston Churchill who modified the statement claiming, "Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it." Though this isn't a history podcast, there are certainly lessons we can learn from the past lives of humans, and just a couple of weeks ago Cassie requested we tackle one in particular. That is how and why social reform happens. Why it works or doesn't. We may not be historians, but we have at least a basal understanding of psychology and it turns out there's more to that than we would have thought. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what social reform is and the human psychology around why it doesn't always work and why that maybe isn't such a bad thing.  ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association; Social Movement. APA. https://dictionary.apa.org/social-movementsKillian, L.; Social Movement. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 03-Oct-2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-movement/Psychological-factorsThe editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Petruzzello, M.); Reformation Christianity. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 03-Oct-2021. https://www.britannica.com/event/ReformationSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceMatthew McConaughey once said, “Time is a flat circle. Everything we've ever done or will do we're gonna do over and over again forever.” Because when you're Mr. McConaughey, no one recognizes that you're simply paraphrasing Nietzsche. Is time a flat circle though, or is it a crystal? Can it be a crystal? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the science behind what a Time Crystal even is and try to get to the bottom of this incredible but maybe not what you think it is discovery. ReferenceScott, J.; Time Crystals Explained: Answers with Joe. Youtube. 28-Feb-2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucwmGZ51X7EWolchover, N.; Eternal Change for No Energy: A Time Crystal Finally Made Real. 30-Jul-2021. Quanta Magazine. https://www.quantamagazine.org/first-time-crystal-built-using-googles-quantum-computer-20210730/IQS Directory; Time Crystals: A New Form of Matter That Could Change Everything. Industrial Quick Search Manufacturer Directory. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/resources/time-crystals-a-new-form-of-matter-that-could-change-everything/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIs it a horse dewormer? Is it a treatment for lice? Is it a magic cure for COVID? Maybe it's just a poison. Or maybe, a thing can be more than one thing. What even is Ivermectin? Why has this drug caused such a controversy? What do we know about it and why does everyone think those on the other side of the conversation are completely uneducated? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss this controversial treatment and what science really has to say about it.ReferencesLaing, R., et. al.; Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks?. Trends in Parasitology. Jun 2017. 33:6 (463 - 472). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.004Goodman, B.; CDC Alerts Doctors After Sharp Increases in Ivermectin Use for COVID. WebMD Health News. https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210827/cdc-alerts-doctors-sharp-increase-ivermectin-use-covidBryant, A., et. al.; Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines. American Journal of Therapeutics. Aug-2021. 28:4 (434 - 460). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000001402Pittman, A., Person Hospitalized After Taking LIvestock Ivermectin from Feed Store to Treat COVID-19. 18-Aug-2021. Mississippi Free Press. https://www.mississippifreepress.org/15002/person-hospitalized-after-taking-livestock-ivermectin-from-feed-store-to-treat-covid-19/Krajewski, M.; New Mexico Health Officials Believe 1 is Dead After Livestock Drug Overdose. KOAT Action News. https://www.koat.com/article/ivermectin-overdose-covid-19-new-mexico/37548538#Center for Disease Control. Possibility of COVID-19 Illness after Vaccination. 07-Sep-2021. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/why-measure-effectiveness/breakthrough-cases.htmlSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceOur community of listeners, at least those we've interacted with, have been the most incredible group of people. We thought we'd take this opportunity to talk with what may very well be our very first listener and fan about the listener experience and how one becomes the dime store Hank Green. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the ins and outs, what it is that people do and don't like, and try to answer any burning questions that a listener might have. Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhen Thor's hammer strikes the ground, there's no doubt the impact will be loud, but why do we know that? He's no larger than a regular human. So where does the sound come from? How does any of this weather stuff happen? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how heat becomes weather, weather becomes lightning, and lightning becomes sound and how these revelations add to the global warming and climate change conversation.ReferencesNational Severe Storms Laboratory. Severe Weather 101. NSSL. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/types/Ranada, A., Trueba, J.; Ball Lightning an Electromagnetic Knot?. Nature. 05-Sep-1996. 383:32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/383032a0Fritz, A.; Scientists Think They've Solved the Mystery of How Volcanic Lightning Forms. Washington Post. 13-Apr-2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/04/13/scientists-think-theyve-solved-the-mystery-of-how-volcanic-lightning-forms/Mason, B.; Weird, Rare Clouds and the Physics Behind Them. Wired. 29-Sep-2009. https://www.wired.com/2009/09/clouds/Scientific American; Why do We Have Hurricane Season? Scientific American. 27-Aug-2007. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-we-have-a-hurricane-season/#EPA. Climate Change Indicators: Tropical Cyclone Activity. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activitySupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat do Ted Kaczynski, Bono's character in the movie Across the Universe, and the inventor of one of the most important technological advancements of our time have in common? In a word, Psychedelics. In most of these cases it's specifically lysergic acid diethylamide, colloquially known as LSD. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss, what psychedelics are, how the UN fits into the conversation, and if there is more than we were taught in the D.A.R.E program in the 90's?ReferencesCarlson, P.; Nobel Chemist Kary Mullis, Making Waves as a Mind Surfer. Washington Post. 03-Nov-1998. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1998/11/03/nobel-chemist-kary-mullis-making-waves-as-a-mind-surfer/31e7e720-44e4-49ff-8458-a9822cdcb47e/The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations; Final Act of the United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances. UN Convention 1971. 21-Feb-1971. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdfByock, I.; Taking Psychedelics Seriously. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 01-Apr-2018. 21:4 (417 - 421). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2017.0684Brodwin, E.; The Truth About ‘Microdosing,' Which Involves Taking Tiny Amounts of Psychedelics Like LSD. Business Insider. 30-Jan-2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/microdosing-lsd-effects-risks-2017-1Vardy, M., Kay, S.; LSD Psychosis or LSD-Induced Schizophrenia? A Multimethod Inquiry. Archives of General Psychiatry. Aug-1983. 40:8 (877 - 883). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070067008Cheung, T.; Compass Pathways Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression. 23-Oct-2018. US Food and Drug Administration. https://compasspathways.com/compass-pathways-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-psilocybin-therapy-for-treatment-resistant-depression/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceTurns out looking into information that centers around the brain is a complete nightmare. Even for a biology focused person like me. When considering meditation it's unsurprising that this is the path we were led down. So what did we find? What is the truth about meditation and the brain and how deep does the research go? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we explore meditation and how it affects the brain. ReferencesWalsh, R., Shapiro, S.; The Meeting of Meditative Disciplines and Western Psychology. American Psychologist. Apr-2006. 61:3 (227 - 239). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.3.227Goyal, M., et. al.; Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 01-Mar-2015. 174:3 (357 - 368). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018Konjedi, S., Maleeh, R.; Sleep and Mindfulness Meditation as They Relate to False Memory. Psychological Research. 22-Sep-2018. 84 (1084 - 1111). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0Lutterveld, R., et. al.; Meditation is Associated with Increased Brain Network Integration. Neuroimage. 01-Sep-2018.158 (18 - 25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.071Pokorski, M., Suchorzynske, A.; Psychobehavioral Effects of Meditation. Pulmonary Disorders and Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 25-Jun-2017.  1023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_52Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat happens when you say “Hey Google or “Alexa” or when you press the summon button on the Tesla app? How has our society gotten to the point where, as Anna Kendrick said, “If I touch my phone in the right places, a pizza shows up at my door.” How much of this is artificial intelligence, and how far are we from Isaac Asimov's Sonny, or at least robot butlers? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we have a cursory discussion on what even is A.I., how is it being used, and what's in the future.ReferencesSolomonoff, R.; The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Social Effects. Elsevier Science Publishers. 1985. 5 (149 - 153). https://content.iospress.com/download/human-systems-management/hsm5-2-07?id=human-systems-management%2Fhsm5-2-07Hernandez, J.; A Military Drone With a Mind of Its Own Was Used in Combat, U.N. Says. NPR. 01-Jun-2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/01/1002196245/a-u-n-report-suggests-libya-saw-the-first-battlefield-killing-by-an-autonomous-dTuring, A.; Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind. Oct-1950. 59:236 (433 - 460). https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433Savage, N.; Tapping Into the Drug Discovery Potential of AI. Nature.com. 27-May-2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d43747-021-00045-7Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceBefore this research, we were convinced significant blows to the head were totally fine. Even the idea of brain injury seemed like media sensationalism. Ok, maybe we didn't go that far, but it was certainly surprising to find out some of the reality about preventing concussions, especially in sports. So what are concussions? How are they different from standard brain injury and what can we do to prevent them? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dig into concussion, brain injury, CTE, and how headgear fits into all of it. ReferencesRutherford, P.; Fighter Safer Without Headear - AIBA Chief Wu. Reuters.com. 12-Nov-2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-wu/fighters-safer-without-headgear-aiba-chief-wu-idUSKCN0IW0N620141112Inalsingh, C.; Some Common Injuries in Boxing. World Boxing Association. 31-Jan-2012. https://www.wbaboxing.com/box-medical-articles/some-common-injuries-in-boxing#.YRA3gI5KiUkDaneshvar, D., et. al.; Helmets and Mouth Guards: The Role of Personal Equipment in Preventing Sport-Related Concussions. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 01-Jan-2011. 30:1 (145 - 163). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.006Bernick, C., et. al.; Repeated Head Trauma is Associated with Smaller Thalamic Volumes and Slower Processing Speed: The Professional Fighters' Brain Health Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29-Jan-2015. 49:15 (1007 - 1011). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093877Stein, T., et. al.; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Spectrum of Neuropathological Changes Following Repetitive Brain Trauma in Athletes and Military Personnel. Alzheimer's Research and Therapy. 15-Jan-2014. 6:1 (4). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt234Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIt's widely understood that flushing your pet turtle results in them being found by a rat in a robe, learning to walk on two legs, and getting borderline addicted to the consumption of pizza. But aside from the adolescent genetically altered martial artist tortoises, are there more natural ways for mutation to come about? Is Xavier's prediction that mutant humans are already among us true? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we explore what mutation is and how it's linked to things like radioactivity and the sun. ReferencesRehman, H.; Heterochromia. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 26-Aug-2008. 179:5 (447 - 448). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.070497CIA. Explore All Countries World. CIA.gov. 27-Jul-2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/Cox, M., Battista, J.; Deinococcus radiodurans - The Consummate Survivor. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 01-Nov-2005. 3 (882 - 892). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1264The Pierre Auger Collaboration. Observation of a Large-Scale Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays Above 8 x 1018 eV. Science. 22-Sep-2017. 357:6357 (1266 - 1270). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4338Venken, K., Bellen, H.; Chemical Mutagens, Transposons, and Transgenes to Interrogate Gene Function in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods. 15-Jun-2014. 68:1 (15 - 28). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.025Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceOur world might not be the 1995 hit Kevin Costner movie, Waterworld, but it is 71% water. Even the human body is around 60% water. It's even literally in the air around us. Particularly so for those in places like Singapore. So why do we have a “Water Crisis?” What does that term even mean, and does anyone have a plan to fix it? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what defines the water crisis and how we can be so limited in a resource that seems to be everywhere we look. ReferencesFulton, J., et. al.; Water-Indexed Benefits and Impacts of California Almonds. Ecological Indicators. Jan-2019. 96:1 (711 - 717). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.063Albrecht, C.; Toxicity of Sea Water in Mammals. American Journal of Physiology. Nov-1950. 163:2 (370 - 385). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1950.163.2.370Gleick, P.; Why Don't We Get Our Drinking Water from the Ocean by Taking the Salt Out of Seawater?. Scientific American. 23-Jul-2008. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-dont-we-get-our-drinking-water-from-the-ocean/Korok, W., et. al.; Terminology for Membranes and Membrane Processes. IUPAC. 1996. 68:7 (1479 - 1489). http://old.iupac.org/publications/pac/1996/pdf/6807x1479.pdfChandler, D.; Turning Desalination Waste into a Useful Resource. MIT News. 13-Feb-2019. https://news.mit.edu/2019/brine-desalianation-waste-sodium-hydroxide-0213Water.org. The Water Crisis. Water.org. https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn 1983, Terry Prachett brought the fantastical planet to life that he referred to as discworld. The series would prove to be wildly popular and inspire all sorts of fantasy writers today. It was, however, a fantasy series. The idea of a disc shaped world has long since been dismissed, at least outside this genre of novels for perhaps quite a bit longer than most of us realize. So why can so many of us name at least one person who is certain the Earth is flat or is a part of the Flat Earth Society; especially considering a man walked 800 km measuring every step to prove it's not. I know Kyrie Irving is an athlete, but something tells me he hasn't repeated this test. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the history of the shape of the Earth and how religions, cults, and the internet have molded our perspective. ReferencesBrown, C.; Measuring the Circumference of the Earth. Khan Academy. 13-Jun-201. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/solar-system-and-earth/knowing-solar-system-earth/a/eratosthenes-of-cyreneDure, B.; Flat-Earthers are Back: ‘It's Almost Like the Beginning of a New Religion'. The Guardian. 20-Jan-2016. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/20/flat-earth-believers-youtube-videos-conspiracy-theoristsDwyer, C.; ‘I Don't Believe in Science,' Says Flat-Earther Set to Launch Himself in Own Rocket. NPR. 22-Nov-2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/22/565926690/i-dont-believe-in-science-says-flat-earther-set-to-launch-himself-in-own-rocketMalik, T.; ‘Mad Mike' Hughes, Daredevil Who Built a Homemade Steam Rocket, Dies in Launch Attempt. Space.com. 23-Feb-2020. https://www.space.com/daredevil-mad-mike-hughes-dies-in-homemade-rocket-launch.htmlUselessPickles. Behind the Scenes: Flat Basketball Proof. Imgur.com. 10-Jun-2018. https://imgur.com/gallery/nSGtPtzEnns, P.; The Firmament of Genesis 1 is Solid but That's Not the Point. Biologos. 14-Jan-2010. https://biologos.org/articles/the-firmament-of-genesis-1-is-solid-but-thats-not-the-point/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn today's world of body positivity and cosmetic surgery it seems like something has been left out on both fronts. Male enhancement. How has the penis become a central focus of society but also taboo to talk about? Everyone has things we would like to change about ourselves but what works and what's effectively just snake oil when it comes to male enhancement. Join Shanti and a bit of a surprise host as we talk about the uncomfortable but important topic of penile augmentation.ReferencesDillon, B., et. al.; Penile Size and Penile Enlargement Surgery: A Review. International Journal of Impotence Research. 22-May-2008. 20 (519 - 529). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.14Mayo Clinic Staff. Penis-Enlargement Products: Do They Work?. Mayo Clinic. 03-Jun-2020.  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/sexual-health/in-depth/penis/art-20045363Burry, M.; What Is a Micropenis? - and How It Does (and Doesn't) Affect Sex. Health. 14-Sep-2020. https://www.health.com/condition/sexual-health/micropenis-sexArackal, B., Benegal, V.; Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Male Subjects with Alcohol Dependence. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Apr-2007. 49:2 (109 - 112). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.33257Shah, J., Christopher, N.; Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length?. British Journal of Urology International. Oct-2002. 90:6 (586 - 587). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02974.xIliades, C.; What's Wrong With Long-Lasting Erections. Everyday Health. 08-Mar-2012. https://www.everydayhealth.com/erectile-dysfunction/whats-wrong-with-long-lasting-erections.aspxArmstrong, J., et. al.; Impact of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Sexual Function. Translational Andrology and Urology. Jun-2018. 7:3 (483 - 489). Doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.04.23Goldstein, I., et. al.; The Serendipitous Story of Sildenafil: An Unexpected Oral Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Sexual Medicine Reviews. Jan-2019. 7:1 (115 - 128). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.005Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceCombing through the internet for new scientific discoveries can, as we've seen, sometimes lead to the most ridiculous headlines. After all, if that wasn't the case this podcast wouldn't even exist. In a few rare and beautiful moments, though, Google says hey man you might enjoy this. I have to hand it to you my eerily always listening AI friend, you nailed this one. Ok so the headline may read Dragon Man, which despite our hopes was not a reference to Trogdor, the burninator, but what it truly is, is more fascinating than we assumed. Before the phrase blows up all over social media and we start hearing conspiracies of some dragon-human Shrek style hybrid, join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about the science and see if we can't generate a, you heard it here first, moment for many of you.ReferencesLarkin, A.; Massive “Dragon Man” Skull Found in China Might Be a New Human Evolutionary Branch. CBSNews. 29-Jun-2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dragon-man-skull-found-china-evolution/Shao, Q., et. al.; Geochemical Provenancing and Direct Dating of the Harbin Archaic Human Cranium. The Innovation: CellPress Partner Journal. 25-Jun-2021. https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/pdf/S2666-6758(21)00056-4.pdfGeorge, A.; ‘Dragon Man' Claimed as New Species of Ancient Human but Doubts Remain. NewScientist. 25-Jun-2021. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2282223-dragon-man-claimed-as-new-species-of-ancient-human-but-doubts-remain/Jacobs, Z., et. al.; Timing of Archaic Hominin Occupation of Denisova Cave in Southern Siberia. Nature. 30-Jan-2019. 565 (594 - 599). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0843-2Relethford, J.; Genetic Evidence and the Modern Human Origins Debate. Heredity. 05-Mar-2008. 100: (555 - 563). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.14Callaway, E.; ‘Minimal' Cell Raises Stakes in Race to Harness Synthetic Life. Nature News. 24-Mar-2016. 531: (557 - 558). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/531557aSubbaraman, N.; First Monkey-Human Embryos Reignite Debate Over Hybrid Animals. Nature News. 15-Apr-2021. 592: (497). https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01001-2Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat if I told you that when you hear the word anti-vaxxer and you feel yourself relating to the term, it can almost exclusively be tied to one of three events? Even if it's because of something you've heard that just never really sat right with you. Nearly the entire history of the anti vaccination movement can be tied to a process called variolation, a horrible manufacturing oversight, and a modern day monster known as Andrew Wakefield. Since the beginning of this podcast we've alluded to the importance of this episode and the crazy misinformation surrounding the concept. Now, as we surpass a year of weekly episodes it's finally time to talk about vaccines, vaccination, and Mr. yes MR. not Dr. Andrew Wakefield.ReferencesImperato, P., Imperato, G.; Smallpox Inoculation (Variolation) in East Africa with Special Reference to the Practice Among the Boran and Gabra of Northern Kenya. Journal of Community Health. 07-Aug-2014. 39 (1053 - 1062). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9928-5Grundy, I.; Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley [nee Lady Mary Pierrepont]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23-Sep-2004. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/19029Liebowitz, D.; Smallpox Vaccination: An Early Start of Modern Medicine in America. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 31-Mar-2017. 7:1 (61 - 63). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2016.1273611Riedel, S.; Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination. Jan-2005. 18:1 (21 - 25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028Melnick, J., et. al.; Effectiveness of Salk Vaccine. Analysis of Virologically Confirmed Cases of Paralytic and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis. Journal of American Medicine. 01-Apr-1961. 175: (1159 - 1162). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1961.03040130043010Fitzpatrick, M.; The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to a Growing Vaccine Crisis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Mar-2006. 99:3 (156).42 U.S. Code § 300aa-22 - Standards of Responsibility. Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School. 01-Oct-1988. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/300aa-22Smith, R.; Andrew Wakefield - The Man Behind the MMR Controversey. The Telegraph. 29-Jan-2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/7091767/Andrew-Wakefield-the-man-behind-the-MMR-controversy.htmlAdditional References on websiteSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceOrson Scott Card could not have had any idea when he wrote Ender's game that he was predicting instant messaging, VR, and yes even social media. In his view of the concept the technology was used for some interesting things. The question is, how right was he? Can two people with a voice on a forum impact the entire world like Locke and Demosthenes? We've railed against social media before on this podcast, and it begs the question: is it just something that rots your brain like our parents once claimed the TV did? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the impacts of social media as well as its importance in our future. ReferencesChappet, M.; Have We Been Brain-Jacked by Instagram? As We're Given the Option to Hide Likes, We Investigate How the ‘gram Has Rewired our Brains for Good…. Glamour. 26-May-2021. https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/instagram-effect-on-brainBarker, E.; This is the Best Way to Overcome Fear of Missing Out. Time. 07-Jun-2016. https://time.com/4358140/overcome-fomo/Sherman, L., et. al.; What the Brain ‘Likes': Neural Correlates of Providing Feedback on Social Media. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 04-Jul-2018. 13:7 (699 - 707). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy051Hunt, M., et. al.; No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Dec-2018. 37:10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751Ahmad, S., et. al.; Detection and Classification of Social Media-Based Extremist Affiliations Using Sentiment Analysis Techniques. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences. 01-Jul-2019. 9:24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-019-0185-6Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceThere are few things more terrifying than considering the possibility of developing Alzheimer's towards the end of one's life. With modern medicine the way it is there could be little doubt we've made great advances in the treatment of this disease. So it might surprise you to hear that the recent Biogen news means that the FDA has approved the first drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's in twenty years. Turns out, though, that's not actually what makes it such big news. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about what's going on with aducanumab, Biogen, and some strange moves by the FDA.ReferencesLovelace, B.; Third Member of the Prestigious FDA Panel Resigns Over Approval of Biogen's Alzheimer's Drug. CNBC. 10-Jun-2021.  https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/10/third-member-of-prestigious-fda-panel-resigns-over-approval-of-biogens-alzheimers-drug.htmlKnopman, D., et. al.; Failure to Demonstrate Efficacy of Aducanumab: An Analysis of the EMERGE and ENGAGE Trials as Reported by Biogen, December 2019. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 10-Nov-2020. 17:4 (696 - 701). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12213Shankar, G., et. al.; Amyloid B-Protein Dimers Isolated Directly from Alzheimer Brains Impair Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. Nature Medicine. 22-Jun-2008. 14:8 (837 - 842). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1782Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We'd love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat happens when the family you've always known or the story about them turns out to be, I dunno a lie or maybe a confused misconception repeated through generations? If you listened to the intro, you know that I'm a firm believer in the fact that people as a whole, sometimes lie. The beauty and the danger with this is that science can be misconstrued or misinterpreted, but the science itself doesn't lie. So why then, are there so many questions about our DNA ancestry? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we welcome back Dr. Sonya Iverson and discuss genetic heritage, DNA ancestry, and the mailman.ReferencesZimmer, C.; She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity. Dutton. 29-May-2018. ISBN-10: 1101984597Rosenfield, J.; ‘I Was Numb': Family Secrets Come to Light as DNA Testing Gains Popularity. NBCPhiladelphia. 04-Nov-2019. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/investigators/i-was-numb-family-secrets-come-to-light-as-dna-testing-gains-popularity/2117880/Grayson, G.; My Grandmother Was Italian. Why Aren't My Genes Italian?. WBUR.org. 22-Jan-2018. https://www.wbur.org/npr/578293890/my-grandmother-was-italian-why-arent-my-genes-italianSykes, B.; The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. W.W. Norton & Company. 17-May-2002. ISBN-10: 0393323145Loogvali, E., et. al.; Disuniting Uniformity: A Pied Cladistic Canvas of mtDNA Haplogroup H in Eurasia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Nov-2004. 21:11 (2012 - 2021). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh209Harrington, C.; Your ‘Ethnicity Estimate' Doesn't Mean What you Think it Does. Wired.com. 02-Oct-2020. https://www.wired.com/story/your-ethnicity-estimate-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-does/Kirkpatrick, B., Rashkin, M.; Ancestry Testing and the Practice of Genetic Counseling. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 04-Oct-2016. 26:1 (6 - 20). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-016-0014-2Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceGhengis Khan had some pretty brutal war tactics, but did he once use biology as a weapon? How is Ted Kaczyinski tied to chemical warfare experimentation? Has a biological weapon ever been used intentionally? Are either of these even scientifically practical? When was the last time chemical weapons were employed? Is the fear of biological and chemical weapons just a great premise for video games and TV or are these as terrifying as they seem? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the legitimacy of biological and chemical warfare and why the practice is virtually teeming with conspiracy theories and rumors.ReferencesKaminski, J., Et. al.; Evolution of Facial Muscle Anatomy in Dogs. PNAS. 16-Jul-2019. 116: 29 (14677-14681). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820653116IHL. Rule 74. The Use of Chemical Weapons is Prohibited. IHL Database. 2: 24 (Section A) Doi: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule74IHL. Rule 73. The Use of Biological Weapons is Prohibited. IHL Database. 2: 23 Doi: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule73Wheelies, M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Sep-2002 8:9 (971-975) Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536Kiger, P.; Did Colonists Give Infected Blankets to Native Americans as Biological Warfare?. History.com. 25-Nov-2019. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/colonists-native-americans-smallpox-blanketsCarlton, J.; Of Microbes and Mock Attacks: Years Ago, the Military Sprayed Germs on US Cities. Wall Street Journal. 22-Oct-2001. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003703226697496080Nofil, B.; The CIAs Appalling Human Experiments with Mind Control. History.com. https://www.history.com/mkultra-operation-midnight-climax-cia-lsd-experimentsTechnical Secretariat; Report of the Fact-Finding Mission Regarding the Incident of Alleged Use of Toxic Chemicals as a Weapon in Duoma, Syrian Arab Republic on 7 April 2018. 01-Mar-2019. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019/03/s-1731-2019%28e%29.pdfSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceAs a scientist, obviously Danny knows plenty about the creatures from Klyntar and their partnerships with other species. Well, did we say scientist? I guess we meant nerd. Venom and Marvel's other symbiotes do certainly portray a practice that has been fascinating scientists for centuries, though. Symbiosis and more importantly mutualism is the pinnacle of interspecies relationships, but what is it, what do we know about it and what other interspecies relationships exist. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how some species can be so intricately tied together that separation could mean certain extinction for both. ReferencesParacer, S. Ahmadjian, V.; Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations by Surindar Paracer. Oxford University Press. 01-Jan-1867. ISBN: 978-0-19-511806-3Mougi, A.; The Role of Amensalistic and Commensalistic Interactions in Large Ecological Network Stability. Scientific Reports. 13-Jul-2016. 6:29929. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29929Yarlagagadda, T.; 10 Images of Unlikely Animal Relationships. Inverse. 11-Apr-2021. https://www.inverse.com/science/unlikely-animal-relationships-science/ampSpecial RElationships: Keeping Pistol Shrimps and Gobies. Practical Fishkeeping. https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/special-relationships-keeping-pistol-shrimps-and-gobies/Willmer, P., Stone, G.; How Aggressive Ant-Guards Assist Seed-Set in Acacia Flowers. Nature. 10-Jul-1997. 388 (165 - 167). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/40610English Ivy. Invasive.org. https://www.invasive.org/alien/pubs/midatlantic/hehe.htmSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWhat happens when toxic males go out into the wild, propagate more toxic males, and kill every female progeny they produce? Well...Florida is working on finding out. That is, at least, with their mosquito population. Genetically Engineered mosquitoes, can they accomplish what the aliens in Lilo and Stitch worked so hard to prevent? Both kudos and my apologies for those of you who get that reference. What does it mean to have these creatures in the wild? Is it a concern and is it even the first time something like this has been done? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the recent news that Florida has released genetically engineered mosquitoes into the wild.ReferencesWaltz, E.; First Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Released in the United States. Nature. 03-May-2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01186-6Waltz, E.; Oxitec Trials GM Sterile Moth to Combat Agricultural Infestations. Nature Biotechnology. 07-Aug-2015. 33 (792 - 793). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0815-792cFang, J.; Ecology: A World Without Mosquitoes. Nature. 21-Jul-2010. 466: (432 - 434) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/466432aPloetz, R.; Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1. The Beginning of the Banana Export Trade. Plant Management Network. 17-Oct-2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20180821194641/https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspxSupport the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIf you listen to David Icke, the whole world is a simulation controlled by the lizard people using the moon..you know...the moon matrix. But can we create a whole new virtual world? Could we remake our world virtually? What is VR? What is AR? Training, gaming, and just making the world more convenient; how far has this technology come and what is the future? ReferencesCenter for Near Earth Object Studies.Planetary Defense Conference Exercise - 2021: The 2021 PDC Hypothetical Asteroid Impact Scenario. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/pd/cs/pdc21/ Baig, E.; View-Master Rides Googld Cardboard into Virtual REality. USAToday. 13-Feb-2015. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/baig/2015/02/13/view-master--of-old-uses-google-cardboard-vr/23297205/Maw, I.; How Lockheed Martin is Using Augmented Reality in Aerospace Manufacturing. Engineering.com. 13-Aug-2019. https://www.engineering.com/story/how-lockheed-martin-is-using-augmented-reality-in-aerospace-manufacturingNewberry, J.; How to Watch Sports Events in VR. The Sports Daily. 27-Nov-2020. https://thesportsdaily.com/2020/11/27/how-to-watch-sports-events-in-vr/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIs war an exclusively human practice? How about sexual behavior and pair-bonding among members of the same sex? Is the heat of the surface of the sun just an everyday experience for some in nature? Is one-punch man alive and well in the animal kingdom? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss. Emu wars, chimpanzees, and the terrifying creatures of the deep and talk about what makes nature so much stranger than even the fiction we imagine.ReferencesJohnson, M.; ‘Feathered Foes’: Soldier Settlers and Western Australia’s ‘Emu War’ of 1932. Journal of Australian Studies. 18-May-2009. 88 (147 - 157). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050609388083Wilson, M., et. al.; Lethal Aggression in Pan is Better Explained by Adaptive Strategies than Human Impacts. Nature. 18-Sep-2014. 513 (414 - 417). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13727Poiani, A.; Animal Homosexuality A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN: 978-0-521-19675Versluis, M., et. al.; How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles. Science. 22-Sep-2000. 289: 5487 (2114 - 2117). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2114Patek, S., et. al.; Deadly Strike Mechanism of a Mantis Shrimp. Nature. 22-Apr-2004. 428 (819 - 820). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/428819aBaum-Haines, S.; These Bizarre Animal Behaviors Prove that Mother Nature is Insane. 03-Nov-2020. Science101. https://www.science101.com/bizarre-animal-behaviors-prove-nature-metal/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn the past, we discussed the idea of reversing the aging process. The concept that in the future we might be able to end a human's tendency to die simply because we survived for too many years. What about the issues that arise simply from trying to live. What if our organs fail or get damaged, or what if we lose large sections of bone? From 3D printing to organ-on-a-chip, what does the future look like when we consider where medicine is going?ReferencesAbrams, M.; 3D Printing Bones. 14-Jan-2016. American Society of Mechanical Engineering. https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/3d-printing-bonesHanaphy, P.; University of Minnesota Researchers Use 3D Bioprinting to Create Beating Human Heart. 3D Printing Industry. 07-Jul-2020. https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/university-of-minnesota-researchers-use-3d-bioprinting-to-create-beating-human-heart-173210/Rajkumar, S.; The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 01-Jan-2020. 95:1 (22 - 28). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.013Everett, H.; Aldershof Startup Develops Novel Dual-Color Volumetric 3D Printing Method. 3D Printing Industry. 08-Jan-2021. https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/aldershof-startup-develops-novel-dual-color-volumetric-3d-printing-method-182018/#:~:text=Volumetric%203D%20printing%20is%20regarded,in%20a%20matter%20of%20seconds.Carneiro Neto, A., Malta, O.; Glowing Nanocrystals Enable 3D X-Ray Imaging. Nature. 17-Feb-2021. 590 (396 - 397). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00350-2Nillesen, S., et. al.; Increased Angiogenesis and Blood Vessel Maturation in Acellular Collagen-Heparin Scaffolds Containing Both FGF2 and VEGF. Biomaterials. 20-Nov-2006. 28:6 (1123 - 1131). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.029Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceEvery week we look at a new scientific concept and delve into the science behind it. How do we go about that? What does it take to look at information that someone presents and evaluate its quality? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dive into Shanti’s fitness background and evaluate the work of Dr. Mike Israetel who influenced our co-host in his training days.ReferencesIsraetel, M., Hoffman, J., et. al.; The Renaissance Diet. Renaissance Periodization. 09-Feb-2019. ASIN: B07NKTD9MS.Hall, K.; What is the Required Energy Deficit Per Unit Weight Loss?. International Journal of Obesity. 11-Sep-2007. 32:3 (573 - 576). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803720Forbes, G.; Body Fat Content Influences the Body Composition Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 25-Jan-2006. 904:1 (359 - 365). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06482.xDrazin, B, et. al.; Effect of Dietary Macronutrient Composition on AMPK and SIRT1 Expression and Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 06-Jun-2012. 44:9 (650 - 655). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312656Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceWe all understand what it means to be dirty, more importantly we understand how something becomes clean. But what about energy? How do we clean energy? What is clean energy? Is it achievable? Do we even have any energy that can be considered clean? What is lithium mining? Why does it come up in this discussion. What does the word fossil fuel even mean?ReferencesSato, M.; Thermochemistry of the Formation of Fossil Fuels. Fluid-Mineral Interactions The Geochemical Society. 1990. Special Publication #2. https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6214/1261/1770/SP-2_271-284_Sato.pdfEllabban, O., et. al.; Renewable Energy Resources: Current Status, Future Prospects and Their Enabling Technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Nov-2014. 39 (748 - 764). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113Early, C.; The New ‘Gold Rush’ for Green Lithium. BBC. 24-Nov-2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201124-how-geothermal-lithium-could-revolutionise-green-energyRitchie, H., Roser, M.; Fossil Fuels. Our World in Data. 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuelsJacoby, M.; It’s Time to Get Serious About Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemical and Engineering News. 14-Jul-2019. 97:28. https://cen.acs.org/materials/energy-storage/time-serious-recycling-lithium/97/i28Battery Technology. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/topic/climate-change/battery-technology/Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)

We’d love to hear from you (feedback@breakingbadscience.com)Look us up on social media Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/385282925919540Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/breakingbadsciencepodcast/Website: http://www.breakingbadscience.com/Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscienceIn the late 1980's a former NFL defensive end stabbed 2 men with zero provocation, and if you ask him it was done at the urging of his leader to which he was devout. In the mid to late 2010's the hit show Smallville took on an entirely different meaning when the world realized a star actress was recruiting other women to be branded and exploited. In both cases we can't help but ask ourselves, how does this happen? How does a human being find themselves in a situation where these things happen? In a word, cults, but it's so much more than that. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dig into manipulation, fear, blackmail, and the disturbing minds of what passes for a "leader" in this world's cults. ReferencesNaftulin, J.; The Science-Backed Psychology Techniques Nxivm Used to ‘Fetishize Vulnerability’ and Manipulate Members into Sex. Insider. 27-Oct-2020. https://www.insider.com/nxivm-used-real-psychology-to-fetishize-vulnerability-manipulate-2020-9Scheeres, J.; The Yaweh ben Yahweh Cult. CrimeLibrary. 03.-Jun-2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603192839/http://www.trutv.com:80/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/yahweh_cult/12.htmlBest, J.; Cults: A Psychological Perspective. Theses and Dissertations 361. Columbus State University. 2018. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations/361Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/breakingbadscience?fan_landing=true)