Podcasts about ganglia

To learn more about what Corey and Muttz with Mannerz™ offers visit us at www.muttzwithmannerz.comVisit Karen's K9 Behaviour center Unified K9 at https://www.unifiedk9.caTraining Plans to Help Build and Maintain Resilience: The Resilience Rainbow read hereThe Biology of Dogs Dr. Tim Lewis https://www.amazon.ca/Biology-Dogs-Gonads-Through-Ganglia/dp/1617812765https://www.audible.ca/pd/Biology-of-Dogs-Audiobook/B0DF99LMK5Dr. Kathy Murphy, BVetMed, DPhil, CVA, CLAS, MRCVShttps://www.facebook.com/neuroscienceisawesome/https://www.instagram.com/barking.brains/?hl=enEpisode 55: The Resilience Rainbow with Bobbie Bhambree-Wirkmaa Listen hereThe Biology of Dogs: from Gonads through Guts to Ganglia. by Bobbie Bhambee Amazon LinkCanadian Kennel Club – https://www.ckc.ca/clubs/default.aspxSpecial Guest – Karen BaxterKaren is the owner and head Behaviour Consultant at Unified K9 Behaviour Centre which she founded in 2022. Her training philosophy is “one size does NOT fit all!” and true to the Unified K9 difference, tailors her training protocols and/or treatment plans to the needs of the dog and the lifestyle and goals of the dog's owner. Her positive and fair techniques are designed to bring out enthusiasm in each dog so they learn to love training which results in building stronger relationships with their humans, based on trust.Karen has a diploma in Canine Science Technology and is a Licenced Canine Complexity Consultant as well as a Certified as Dog Behaviour Consultant by the International Association of Behaviour Consultants.  She is a Certified Professional Dog Trainer. Karen has also studied and completed training on the practical application of Behaviour Adjustment Training for fearful, anxious and aggressive dogs and Aggressive Dog Conflict Resolution with Behaviourist and author Cheryl Smith and has completed the Master Aggression Course with world-renowned Behaviour Consultant and expert on dog aggression, Michael Shikashio. Her continuing education and experience have ensured Karen has developed expertise in dog psychological issues manifesting themselves as anxiety or aggression.Karen's training specialties include Rally Obedience, Agility, Working Dogs Tracking, Scent work, and puppy foundations. She is a member of the International Association of Animal Behaviour Consultants, The Agility Association of Canada, the Canadian Association for Professional Dog Trainers and is certified in Pet First Aid and CPR.Karen lives in York Region with her dogs most of which compete in obedience, agility and Rally Obedience. Her dogs have reached master level in all sports.Your Host:Corey McCusker, Canine CoachCorey's passion for helping humans and dogs excel led her to take a leap of faith and leave her corporate job in 2006 to start two coaching companies. She works with business leaders & high-performance teams, as well as canines. Corey's 30 years of diverse experience includes over 15 years of dog training, 22 years of corporate experience, and the last 13 years as a successful Solopreneur delivering a niche service coaching high-performing leaders, athletes, and canines to achieve their goals.Corey's roles have included Senior Manager, Dog Trainer, Vet Assistant, Group Tour Leader, and Mental Performance Coach. She believes in giving back to the community and over many years has volunteered at the Toronto Humane Society and the OSPCA. Currently, she is active with Markham Fair, and Stouffville Ladies Floor Hockey League, and was proud to be an evaluator for St. John Ambulance Dog Therapy Program. She also held the position of Director of Communications on the Canadian Association for Women Entrepreneurs and Executives.Corey has made Stouffville her home for the last 18 years and shares it with Mike, her partner, two step-daughters, Karla and Alison, Skye, her 2-year-old Manitoba Mutt, plus her two energetic kittens, Dino and Demi. She stays active with her two businesses and when not with the canines or family she loves playing floor hockey with the ladies or golfing with Mike.Contact:Muttz with Mannerz – https://muttzwithmannerz.comCorey's Email – corey@muttzwithmannerz.comJoin Corey each month for the Women and Dog Circle Free Meetups you can register here >> https://www.seewhatshecando.com/women-and-dogs-circle

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The team discusses various topics including sports, Star Wars, and the impact of COVID-19 on the film industry. They explore fictional narratives, new Marvel characters, and storytelling intricacies within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. They also cover recent MCU developments, the concept of the multiverse, and the team's appreciation for the franchise. TBJ gives her 30 second recap, Everyone loves Florence Pugh and Scarlett Johansson and David Harbour as Red Guardian The team discuss the debut of Taskmaster and what fans might think, as well as appreciate the acting legend Ray Winstone. Plus Julia Louis Dreyfuss as Contessa.

Überwachen von Applikationen in Zeiten von dynamischer InfrastrukturCloud hier, Serverless da, Container-Scheduler dort. In Zeiten von dynamischen Infrastrukturen weiß man gar nicht mehr so genau, auf welchem Server und Port deine Applikation eigentlich läuft. Dies wirft die große Frage auf: Wie überwache ich meine Applikation denn eigentlich so ordentlich, dass ich sicherstellen kann, dass diese so funktioniert, wie ich mir das initial gedacht habe?Die Antwort dreht sich oft um den de facto Standard im Cloud Native Monitoring-Segment: Prometheus.In dieser Episode sprechen wir mit Julius Volz, einem der zwei initialen Autoren von Prometheus.Mit ihm sprechen wir über die Entstehungsgeschichte von Prometheus bei SoundCloud, wie sich das System von traditionellen Monitoring-Systemen unterscheidet, warum mit PromQL eine eigene Query-Language ins leben gerufen wurde aber auch welche Flaws er nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung gerne beheben würde.Bonus: Wer kennt noch Nagios, Ganglia oder Graphite?Das schnelle Feedback zur Episode:

Improving our understanding of the complex neural circuits involved in normal function of the basal ganglia and other parts of the brain impacted by Parkinson's disease is critical for developing more targeted and more effective treatment approaches. In this episode, Dr. Aryn Gittis discusses her research examining how the activity of specific basal ganglia circuits relates to motor control in both health and pre-clinical models of movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. She describes new research on basal ganglia circuits that expands upon existing theoretical frameworks and provides important insights that can be leveraged to improve current therapies for Parkinson's disease by better targeting specific cell types in relevant circuits. Aryn also shares details about her ongoing project evaluating the impacts of stimulus location for a novel pattern of deep brain stimulation (DBS) that has been shown to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects in pre-clinical models. Aryn is Professor of Biological Sciences and the Neuroscience Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.This podcast is geared toward researchers and clinicians. If you live with Parkinson's or have a friend or family member with PD, listen to The Michael J. Fox Foundation Parkinson's Podcast. Hear from scientists, doctors and people with Parkinson's on different aspects of life with the disease as well as research toward treatment breakthroughs at https://www.michaeljfox.org/podcasts.

The basal ganglia should be called the basal nuclei, and are also referred to as the corpus striatum. This demonstrates one of the problems with studying neuroanatomy as terms seem to overlap. Let's talk about what the basal ganglia are, what they do, some of this terminology and what they have to do with Parkinson's disease.

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In this special episode of Stimulating Brains, we dive deep into the intricacies of the human brain with two esteemed guests, Mac Shine from Sydney University and Paul Cisek from the University of Montreal. Building upon our earlier conversation with Mac in episode 9, this episode sees these brilliant minds sharing their insights on the basal ganglia, the role of dopamine, and the fascinating interplay between various brain regions. In addition, we explore the modulation of the thalamus by the basal ganglia, discussing its impact on both the cortex and the brainstem. Moreover, the conversation takes us on a journey through the evolution of the brain, examining the concept of the phylogenetic refinement approach. Join us in this intellectually stimulating episode as we explore groundbreaking concepts that could significantly impact both systems and clinical neuroscience. 

Kevin R. Housman was undergoing brain surgery to rectify a hand tremor and experienced a Lower Basal Ganglia Stroke while the procedure was being performed. The post Lower Basal Ganglia Stroke Recovery | Kevin R. Housman appeared first on Recovery After Stroke.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.25.550402v1?rss=1 Authors: Lowenstein, E. D., Misios, A., Buchert, S., Ruffault, P.-L. Abstract: The vagal ganglia, comprised of the superior (jugular) and inferior (nodose) ganglia of the vagus nerve, receive somatosensory information from the head and neck, or viscerosensory information from the inner organs, respectively. Developmentally, the cranial neural crest gives rise to all vagal glial cells and to neurons of the jugular ganglia, while the epibranchial placode gives rise to neurons of the nodose ganglia. Crest-derived nodose glial progenitors can additionally generate autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system, but how these progenitors generate neurons is unknown. Here, we found that some Sox10+ neural crest-derived cells in, and surrounding, the nodose ganglion transiently expressed Phox2b, a master regulator of autonomic nervous system development, during early embryonic life. Our genetic lineage tracing analysis revealed that despite their common developmental origin and extreme spatial proximity a substantial proportion of glial cells in the nodose, but not in the neighboring jugular ganglia, have a history of Phox2b expression. Lastly, we used single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to demonstrate that these progenitors give rise to all major glial subtypes in the nodose ganglia, including Schwann cells, satellite glia and glial precursors, and mapped their spatial distribution by in situ hybridization. Our work demonstrates that these crest-derived nodose glial progenitors transiently express Phox2b, give rise to the entire complement of nodose glial cells and display a transcriptional program that may underlie their bipotent nature. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550788v1?rss=1 Authors: Ba, W., Nollet, M., Yu, X., Wong, S., Miao, A., Beckwith, E., Harding, E. C., Ma, Y., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A., Wisden, W. C., Franks, N. P. Abstract: REM sleep has been hypothesized to promote emotional resilience, but any neuronal circuits mediating this have not been identified. We find that in mice, somatostatin (Som) neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus (EPSom)/internal globus pallidus are predominantly active selectively during REM sleep. This unique REM activity is necessary and sufficient for maintaining normal REM sleep. Inhibiting or exciting EPSom neurons reduced or increased REM sleep duration, respectively. Activation of the sole downstream target of EPSom neurons, Vglut2 cells in the lateral habenula (LHb), increased sleep via the ventral tegmental area (VTA). A simple chemogenetic scheme to periodically inhibit the LHb over 4 days selectively removed a significant amount of cumulative REM sleep. Chronic REM reduction correlated with mice becoming anxious and more sensitive to aversive stimuli. Therefore, we suggest that REM sleep, in part generated by the EP-LHb-VTA circuit identified here, could contribute to stabilizing reactions to habitual aversive stimuli. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.05.547821v1?rss=1 Authors: Cabral, L., Calabro, F., Foran, W., Parr, A., Ojha, A., Rasmussen, J., Ceschin, R., Panigrahy, A., Luna, B. Abstract: In the perinatal period, reward and cognitive systems begin trajectories, influencing later psychiatric risk. The basal ganglia is critical for reward and cognitive processing but early development is understudied. To assess age-related development, we used a measure of basal ganglia physiology, specifically brain tissue iron, obtained from nT2* signal in rsfMRI, linked to dopaminergic processing. We used data from the Developing Human Connectome Project (N=464) to assess how moving from the prenatal to the postnatal environment affects rsfMRI nT2*, modeling gestational and postnatal age separately for basal ganglia subregions in linear models. We didn't find associations with tissue iron and gestational age [Range:24.29-42.29] but found positive associations with postnatal age [Range:0-17.14] in the pallidum and putamen, but not the caudate. We tested if there was an interaction between preterm birth and postnatal age, finding early preterm infants (GA less than 35 weeks) had higher iron levels and changed less over time. To assess multivariate change, we used support vector regression to predict age from voxel-wise nT2* maps. We could predict postnatal but not gestational age when maps were residualized for the other age term. This provides evidence subregions differentially change with postnatal experience and early preterm birth may disrupt trajectories. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Welcome to the 11th episode of The Brain Podcast - the official podcast of the journals Brain and Brain Communications.  In this episode we speak with Ted Price, senior author of the article entitled: RNA profiling of human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) reveals sex differences in mechanisms promoting neuropathic pain This article explores exciting findings around differences in the DRG transcriptome which were only apparent when stratifying participants by sex and how these differences may inform mechanistic targets for neuropathic pain. Check out the full article on the Brain website: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac266 This episode was co-hosted by Andreas Thermistocleous and Debra Ehrlich, edited and produced by Xin You Tai; co-produced by Antonia Johnston and David Michael; original music by Ammar Al-Chalabi.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547740v1?rss=1 Authors: Bhuiyan, S., Xu, M., Yang, L., Semizoglou, E., Bhatia, P., Pantaleo, K. I., Tochitsky, I., Jain, A. A., Erdogan, B., Blair, S., Cat, V., Mwirigi, J. M., Sankaranarayanan, I., Tavares-Ferreira, D., Green, U., McIlvried, L. A., Copits, B. A., Bertels, Z., Del Rosario, J. S., Widman, A., Slivicki, R. A., Yi, J., Woolf, C. J., Lennerz, J. K., Whited, J., Price, T. J., Gereau, R., Renthal, W. Abstract: Peripheral sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) are specialized to detect and transduce diverse environmental stimuli including touch, temperature, and pain to the central nervous system. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have provided new insights into the diversity of sensory ganglia cell types in rodents, non-human primates, and humans, but it remains difficult to compare transcriptomically defined cell types across studies and species. Here, we built cross-species harmonized atlases of DRG and TG cell types that describe 18 neuronal and 11 non-neuronal cell types across 6 species and 19 studies. We then demonstrate the utility of this harmonized reference atlas by using it to annotate newly profiled DRG nuclei/cells from both human and the highly regenerative axolotl. We observe that the transcriptomic profiles of sensory neuron subtypes are broadly similar across vertebrates, but the expression of functionally important neuropeptides and channels can vary notably. The new resources and data presented here can guide future studies in comparative transcriptomics, simplify cell type nomenclature differences across studies, and help prioritize targets for future pain therapy development. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.04.547640v1?rss=1 Authors: C, V., Nair, S. S., Chakravarthy, S. Abstract: Working memory is considered as the scratchpad to write, read, and process information to perform cognitive tasks. Basal Ganglia (BG) and Prefrontal Cortex are two important parts of the brain that are involved in working memory functions and both the structures receive projections from dopaminergic nuclei. In this modelling study, we specifically focus on modelling the working memory functions of the BG, the working memory deficits in Parkinson's disease conditions, and the impact of dopamine deficiency on different kinds of working memory functions. Though there are many experimental and modelling studies of working memory properties, there is a paucity of models of the BG that provide insights into the contributions of the BG in working memory functions. The proposed model of the BG is a unified model that can explain the working memory functions of the BG over a wide variety of tasks in normal and Parkinson's disease conditions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.04.538973v1?rss=1 Authors: Abrams, M. J., Zhang, L., von Emster, K., Lee, B. H., Zeigler, H., Jain, T., Jafri, A., Chen, Z., Harland, R. J. Abstract: Sleep in animals plays roles that appear specific to the brain, including synaptic homeostasis [1], neurotransmitter regulation [2], cellular repair [3], memory consolidation [4], and neural plasticity [5,6]. Would any of these functions of sleep be relevant to an animal without a brain? The upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana, like other cnidarians, lacks a centralized nervous system, yet the animal sleeps [7]. By tracking the propensity of the radially spaced ganglia to initiate muscle contractions over several days we determined how neural activity changes between sleep and wake in a decentralized nervous system. Ganglia-network sleep/ wake activity patterns range from being highly specialized to a few ganglia, to being completely unspecialized. Ganglia specialization also changes over time, indicating a high degree of plasticity in the neural network. The ganglia that lead activity can persist or switch between sleep/wake transitions, signifying a level of local control of the behavioral state in a decentralized nervous system. Following sleep deprivation, ganglia usage becomes far more sleep-specialized, demonstrating reduced network plasticity. Together, these findings identify a novel behavioral control system that is decentralized and yet displays temporal specialization and centralization, and show a role for sleep in maintaining neural network plasticity, revealing a conserved function of sleep in this brain-less animal. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

The Basal Ganglia is actually a set of brain structures that are across the Telencephalon, Diencephalon, and Mesencephalon, Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Nucleus Accumbens (Ventral Striatum), and the Globus Pallidus. Together, these structures are known as the Corpus Striatum. In this fast-facts episode, Edward reviews the Basal Ganglia's form and function, as well as the key features that make us who we are.To create this episode, I used information provided by the McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas's Health Science Center at Houston and from Lanciego et al., 2012 in the Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, which can be found here: https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter04.html ; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543080/#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9Cbasal%20ganglia%E2%80%9D%20refers%20to,functions%20and%20behaviors%2C%20and%20emotions.No statement, phrase, or episode of this series—or any episode in this podcast—are intended to treat, diagnose, cure, prevent, or otherwise change your mind or body in any form or manner. This podcast—and this series especially—is meant purely for education purposes for the common person. Please do not rely on any of the information I share in this podcast in any way for your medical or psychological treatment. If you feel that you may have a condition mentioned or not mentioned in this podcast, do not come to me. Instead, immediately go to a trusted psychiatrist, psychologist, therapist, counselor, or other reliable source of information and help for further guidance. Never disregard professional, psychological, or medical advice—nor delay in the seeking of this advice—because of something that you have heard or read from this podcast, this podcast's episode descriptions, this podcast's promotional materials, or any other information explicitly or implicitly generated from this podcast.-----If you love this podcast, show your support by rating, subscribing, and downloading!  The best way to support me is by sharing this podcast with others—the more people can learn, the better we can understand the crazy world we live in :DI realize that this episode is coming back after a very long hiatus--I have had a few issues with my podcast server, but the rest of the episodes of this season will be published in the next few days :) Sorry for the delays and thank you for your patience!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.19.533030v1?rss=1 Authors: Kuster, J. K., Levenstein, J. M., Waugh, J., Multhaupt-Buell, T. J., Lee, M. J., Kim, B. W., Pagnacco, G., Makhlouf, M. L., Sudarsky, L. R., Breiter, H. C., Sharma, N., Blood, A. J. Abstract: We previously observed sustained fMRI BOLD signal in the basal ganglia in focal hand dystonia patients after a repetitive finger tapping task. Since this was observed in a task-specific dystonia, for which excessive task repetition may play a role in pathogenesis, in the current study we asked if this effect would be observed in a focal dystonia (cervical dystonia [CD]) that is not considered task-specific or thought to result from overuse. We evaluated fMRI BOLD signal time courses before, during, and after the finger tapping task in CD patients. We observed patient/control differences in post-tapping BOLD signal in left putamen and left cerebellum during the non-dominant (left) hand tapping condition, reflecting abnormally sustained BOLD signal in CD. BOLD signals in left putamen and cerebellum were also abnormally elevated in CD during tapping itself and escalated as tapping was repeated. There were no cerebellar differences in the previously studied FHD cohort, either during or after tapping. We conclude that some elements of pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology associated with motor task execution/repetition may not be limited to task-specific dystonias, but there may be regional differences in these effects across dystonias, associated with different types of motor control programs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.20.533567v1?rss=1 Authors: Li, H., Jin, X. Abstract: The basal ganglia are known to be essential for action selection. However, the functional role of basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action selection remains unresolved. Here by employing cell-type-specific neuronal recording and manipulation in mice trained in a choice task, we demonstrate that multiple dynamic interactions from the direct and indirect pathways control the action selection. While the direct pathway regulates the behavioral choice in a linear manner, the indirect pathway exerts a nonlinear inverted-U-shaped control over action selection, depending on the inputs and the network state. We propose a new center (direct) - surround (indirect) - context (indirect) "Triple-control" functional model of basal ganglia, which can replicate the physiological and behavioral experimental observations that cannot be simply explained by either the traditional "Go/No-go" or more recent "Co-activation" model. These findings have important implications on understanding the basal ganglia circuitry and action selection in health and disease. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.06.531239v1?rss=1 Authors: Yoshizawa, T., Miyamura, Y., Ochi, Y., Hira, R., Funahashi, M., Sakai, Y., Cui, Y., Isomura, Y. Abstract: Animals optimize their actions by predicting and verifying their outcomes (e.g., rewards). Reward prediction often requires working memory (WM)-based information. To elucidate the neural basis of WM-based reward prediction, we compared the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in an alternate reward condition (WM-based) with that in a random (WM-free) reward condition in rats and mice. Positron emission tomography revealed greater VTA activation in the WM-based than the WM-free condition. Lateral and medial VTA neurons displayed differential electrophysiological spike activities reflecting WM- based and WM-free reward prediction error, respectively. Furthermore, phasic DA release in the dorsal and ventral striatum changed as WM-based and WM-free classical conditioning progressed. Consistent with our WM-based model, reward acquisition caused a DA dip only in the dorsal striatum. Thus a dual DA system processes WM-based and WM-free reward prediction in parallel. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Listen in to hear Caleb and Bridger dig back in to the short series of articles of Koziol and colleagues detailing a new way to understand the function of the various systems that make up our interconnected brain and give way to an emerging and complex mind. The title of the article discussed in this episode is Large-Scale Brain Systems and Subcortical Relationships: The Vertically Organized Brain. Here's the abstract from the article: This article reviews the vertical organization of the brain. The cortico-basal ganglia and the cerebro-cerebellar circuitry systems are described as fundamental to cognitive and behavioral control. The basal ganglia anticipate and guide implicitly learned behaviors on the basis of experienced reward outcomes. The cerebellar-cortical network antici- pates sensorimotor outcomes, allowing behaviors to be adapted across changing settings and across contexts. These vertically organized systems, operating together, represent the underpinning of cognitive control. The medial temporal lobe system, and its development, is also reviewed in order to better understand how brain systems interact fo both implicit and explicit cognitive controlTo read along, download the article here: https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/21622965.2014.946804See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.23.529814v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, Z., Donahue, E. K., Guo, Y., Renteln, M., Petzinger, G. M., Jakowec, M. W., Holschneider, D. P. Abstract: The basal ganglia are important modulators of the cognitive and motor benefits of exercise. However, the neural networks underlying these benefits remain poorly understood. Our study systematically analyzed exercise-associated changes in functional connectivity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network during the performance of a new motor task, with regions-of-interest defined based on mesoscopic domains recently defined in the mouse brain structural connectome. Mice were trained on a motorized treadmill for six weeks or remained sedentary (control), thereafter undergoing [14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic brain mapping during wheel walking. Regional cerebral glucose uptake (rCGU) was analyzed in 3-dimensional brains reconstructed from autoradiographic brain sections using statistical parametric mapping. Functional connectivity was assessed by inter-regional correlation of rCGU. Compared to controls, exercised animals showed broad decreases in rCGU in motor areas, but increases in limbic areas, as well as the visual and association cortices. In addition, exercised animals showed (i) increased positive connectivity within and between the motor cortex and caudoputamen (CP), (ii) newly emerged negative connectivity of the substantia nigra pars reticulata with the globus pallidus externus, and CP, and (iii) reduced functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Increased functional connectivity in the motor circuit in the absence of increases in rCGU strongly suggests greater network efficiency, which is also supported by the reduced involvement of PFC-mediated cognitive control during the performance of a new motor task. Our study delineates exercise-associated changes in functional circuitry at the subregional level and provides a framework for understanding the effects of exercise on new motor learning. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.526934v1?rss=1 Authors: Schulte, A., Degenbeck, J., Aue, A., Schindehuette, M., Schlott, F., Schneider, M., Monoranu, C. M., Bohnert, M., Pham, M., Antoniadis, G., Blum, R., Rittner, H. L. Abstract: Objective: Plexus injury results in lifelong suffering of flaccid paralysis, sensory loss, and intractable pain. For this clinical problem, regenerative medicine concepts, such as cell replacement for restoring dorsal root ganglion (DRG) function, set high expectations. However, it is completely unclear which DRG cell types are affected by plexus injury. Methods: We investigated the cellular composition of human DRG in a clinically characterized cohort of patients with plexus injury. Avulsed DRG of 13 patients were collected during reconstructive nerve surgery. Then, we analyzed the cellular composition of the DRG with a human-adapted objective deep learning-based analysis of large-scale microscopy images. Results: Surprisingly, in about half of the patients, the injury-affected DRG no longer contained DRG cells. The complete entity of neurons, satellite glial cells, and microglia was lost and replaced by mesodermal/connective tissue. In the other half of patients, the cellular entity of the DRG was well preserved. We found no loss of neurons, no gliosis, and macrophages close to single sensory neuron/satellite glial cell entities. Patients with "neuronal preservation" had less pain than patients with "neuronal loss". Interpretation: The findings classify plexus injury patients in two categories: type I (neuronal preservation) and type II (neuronal loss). We call for early, post-accidental interventions to protect the entire DRG and improved MRI diagnostics to detect "neuronal loss". Regenerative medicine to restore DRG function will need at least two translational directions: reafferentation of existing DRG units for type I injuries; or replacement of the entire DRG structure for type II patients. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.01.526688v1?rss=1 Authors: Sanz-Alcazar, A., Britti, E., Delaspre, F., Medina-Carbonero, M., Pazos-Gil, M., Tamarit, J., ROS, J., Cabiscol, E. Abstract: Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a rare, recessive neuro-cardiodegenerative disease caused by deficiency of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a reduction in the activity of iron-sulfur enzymes, iron accumulation, and increased oxidative stress have been described. However, the mechanisms causing such cellular disturbances in mammals are not completely understood. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons are among the cellular types most affected in the early stages of this disease. We have previously demonstrated that frataxin depletion in primary cultures of DRG neurons results in calcium dysregulation, neurite degeneration and apoptotic cell death. However, its effect on mitochondrial function remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that in primary cultures of DRG neurons as well as in DRGs from the FXNI151F mouse model, frataxin deficiency resulted in lower activity and levels of the electron transport complexes, mainly complexes I and II. As a consequence, the NAD+/NADH ratio was reduced and SirT3, a mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, was impaired. We identified alpha tubulin as the major acetylated protein from DRG homogenates whose levels were increased in FXNI151F mice compared to WT mice. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), a SirT3 substrate, displayed increased acetylation in frataxin-deficient DRG neurons. Since SOD2 acetylation inactivates the enzyme, and higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide anion were detected, oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Elevated levels of hydroxynonenal bound to proteins and mitochondrial Fe2+ accumulation were detected when frataxin decreased. Honokiol, a SirT3 activator, restores mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, these results provide the molecular bases to understand mitochondria dysfunction in sensory neurons which have greater susceptibility to frataxin deficiency compared to other tissues. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Basal Ganglia from the Neurology section. Follow Medbullets on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

Follow Phuc, an entrepreneur In Boston as he chases the American Dream, works on cool startups (using cutting edge science/tech) and investigates spirituality, family, UFO's (UAP's) and the meaning of life. Hosted by Roberto Souza an entrepreneur that's living the Canadian Dream in sunny Ecuador working remotely as a videographer/digital animator/graphic designer.So, come join us on today's talk on the amazing Season 3 as we talk about the Basil Ganglia, Mutants, a Year End RECAP, and amazing Health Tips that'll change your life! @RepublicCo  https://republic.com/phuc-labsCheck us out on our other socials!Spotify: Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/whatthephucwtp/https://www.instagram.com/phucnet8/https://www.instagram.com/souza.now/

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.15.516581v1?rss=1 Authors: Boonstra, E. A., Bais, M. N., van Schouwenburg, M. R., van den Munckhof, P., Smit, D. J. A., Denys, D., Slagter, H. A. Abstract: Conscious perception is thought to depend on global amplification of sensory input. In recent years, the basal ganglia have been implicated in gating conscious access due to their consistent involvement in thalamocortical loops. However, much of the evidence implicating the basal ganglia in these processes in humans is correlational. The current study is a preliminary investigation in four patients to explore whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the basal ganglia might improve conscious perception. In our study, treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients with a striatal DBS implant completed two canonical conscious perception tasks: emotion-induced blindness and backward masking. We found preliminary evidence in support of a role played by the basal ganglia in conscious perception at the behavioral level: patients performed better when stimulation was active, but we could not establish neural effects corresponding to these behavioral findings, possibly due to our small sample size. We discuss the potential implications and limitations of our study and delineate avenues for future research. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.14.516462v1?rss=1 Authors: Gorecki, A. M., Singh, A., Zhang, C., Gurumurthy, R., Kulkarni, S. Abstract: Major gastrointestinal and systemic functions are regulated by the Enteric Nervous System (ENS), whose cells are organized in interconnected clusters or ganglia to form plexuses in the gut wall. Previously, we showed that neuronal turnover, driven by overall equal rates of neurogenesis and neuronal loss, is an important homeostatic mechanism that maintains the larger myenteric plexus of the healthy adult ENS. While this process maintains neuronal numbers, whether it occurs at the same rate across the two sexes, in different regions and within ganglia that contain a diversity of neuronal numbers remains unknown. Here, by using antibodies against the DNA replication marker phospho-Histone H3 and against the pan-neuronal marker Hu to detect new-born neurons, we observe that while the proportions of new-born myenteric neurons are conserved irrespective of the region or sex in the healthy small intestine, they are inversely correlated with ganglia size. In contrast, by using antibodies against the apoptosis marker Cleaved Caspase 3 and Hu, we found that proportions of apoptotic neurons were directly correlated with ganglia size. Our observations on the unequal rate of neuronal turnover across ganglia, where smaller ganglia are more neurogenic and larger ganglia are more apoptotic, suggests that the myenteric ganglia are plastic in nature. These results provide further insight into the dynamic nature of the adult ENS. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.12.516285v1?rss=1 Authors: Jackson, T. B., Damme, K. S. F., Mittal, V. A., Bernard, J. A. Abstract: Psychotic disorders are conceptualized as brain-network diseases and both the cerebellum (CB) and basal ganglia (BG) are implicated in widely used conceptual models. Previous research has focused on these structures and their respective circuits as distinct, however, both are functionally and anatomically connected to each other and to cortical networks via domain-specific, topographically organized thalamo-cortical loops. Currently, it is unclear how CB-BG network dysfunction may play a mechanistic role in the course of psychosis; however, network global efficiency (GE), a measure of functional integration, is a novel approach that aims to represent cognitive and motor CB-BG network (CCBN, MCBN, respectively) connectivity in cross-sectional groups of healthy control (HC), clinical high-risk (CHR), early course psychosis (ECP), and chronic psychosis (CP) participants. We compared network GE between groups and inspected individual differences in CCBN- and MCBN-GE as it relates to group membership and to psychosis symptoms. We also associated CB-BG network GE with cortical network GE. Results indicated that CCBN-GE was associated with cognitive dysfunction and lower in CHR individuals, compared to HC and CP; while MCBN was associated with negative psychosis symptoms. Last, we detailed CB-BG associations with sensory, motor, default mode, and salience networks across groups, with group effects demonstrating complex differences within the ECP group. Findings indicating that CB-BG network dysfunction may play an important role in early pathogenesis and authors argue for CB-BG dysfunction to be analyzed from a network perspective. Future work is needed however to incorporate this approach into our understanding of psychosis. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.01.514655v1?rss=1 Authors: Haast, R. A., Testud, B., Makhalova, J., Dary, H., Cabane, A., Le Troter, A., Ranjeva, J.-P., Bartolomei, F., Guye, M. Abstract: Focal epilepsy is characterized by repeated spontaneous seizures that originate from one or multiple epileptogenic zones (EZ). These epileptic activities rapidly propagate to other regions in the brain following a hierarchical organization defined by a decrease in epileptogenicity and the anatomical specificity of subnetworks, also known as EZ networks (EZN). More recently, analysis of intracerebral recordings showed that subcortical structures, and in particular the thalamus, play an important role in facilitating and/or propagating epileptic activity. This supports previously reported structural alterations of these structures. Nonetheless, between-patient differences in EZN (e.g., temporal vs. non-temporal lobe epilepsy) as well as other clinical features (e.g., number of EZs) might impact the magnitude and spatial distribution of subcortical structural changes. Here we used 7 Tesla MRI T1 data to provide a comprehensive description of subcortical morphological (volume, tissue deformation, and shape) and longitudinal relaxation (T1) changes in focal epilepsy patients to evaluate the impact of the EZN and patient-specific clinical features. Our results revealed widespread morphometric alterations as well as reduction in T1, with volume acting as the dominant discriminator between patients and controls, while thalamic T1 measures looked promising to further differentiate patients based on EZN. In particular, the observed differences in T1 changes between thalamic nuclei indicated differential involvement of thalamic nuclei based on EZN. Finally, the number of EZs was found to best explain the observed variability between patients. To conclude, this work revealed multi-scale subcortical alterations in focal epilepsy as well their dependence on several clinical characteristics. Our results provide a basis for further, in-depth investigations using (quantitative) MRI and SEEG data and warrant further personalization of intervention strategies, such as deep brain stimulation, for treating focal epilepsy patients. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.25.513649v1?rss=1 Authors: Sato, R., Shimomura, K., Morita, K. Abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been suggested to be associated with impairment of model-based behavioral control. Meanwhile, recent work suggested shorter memory trace for negative than positive prediction errors (PEs) in OCD. Relation between these two suggestions remains unclear. Based on the properties of cortico-basal ganglia pathways, we modeled human as agent having a combination of successor representation (SR)-based system that enables model-based-like control and individual representation (IR)-based system that only hosts model-free control. We show that if the SR- and IR-based systems learn mainly from positive and negative PEs, respectively, agent can develop obsession-compulsion cycle, similarly to the agent with memory trace imbalance in the previous study. Fitting of behavior of such an opponent SR+IR agent in the two-stage decision task resulted in smaller weights for model-based control than the SR-only agent. These results reconcile the previous suggestions about OCD, raising a possibility that opponent learning in model-based/free controls underlies obsession-compulsion. Moreover, together with a recent suggestion that the opponent SR+IR combination actually performs well in certain dynamic environments and its cortico-striatal implementation appears consistent with various findings, this possibility explains why human is prone to OCD and even healthy people tended to show shorter memory trace for negative PEs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.23.513403v1?rss=1 Authors: Ciancone-Chama, A. G., Bozzi, Y., Balasco, L. Abstract: Sensory difficulties represent a crucial issue in the life of autistic individuals. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders describes both hyper- and hypo-responsiveness to sensory stimulation as a criterion for the diagnosis autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Among the sensory domain affected in ASD, altered responses to tactile stimulation represent the most commonly reported sensory deficits. Although tactile abnormalities have been reported in monogenic cohorts of patients and genetic mouse models of ASD, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Traditionally, autism research has focused on the central nervous system as the target to infer the neurobiological bases of such tactile abnormalities. Nonetheless, the peripheral nervous system represents the initial site of processing of sensory information and a potential site of dysfunction in the sensory cascade. Here we investigated the gene expression deregulation in the trigeminal ganglion (which directly receives tactile information from whiskers) in two genetic models of syndromic autism (Shank3b and Cntnap2 mutant mice) at both adult and juvenile ages. We found several neuronal and non-neuronal markers involved in inhibitory, excitatory, neuroinflammatory and sensory neurotransmission to be differentially regulated within the trigeminal ganglia of both adult and juvenile Shank3b and Cntnap2 mutant mice. These results may help in entangling the multifaced complexity of sensory abnormalities in autism and open avenues for the development of peripherally targeted treatments for tactile sensory deficits exhibited in ASD. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.10.511532v1?rss=1 Authors: Ortone, A., Vergani, A. A., Mannella, R., Mazzoni, A. Abstract: Motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD) are associated with dopamine deficits and pathological oscillation of basal ganglia (BG) neurons in the beta range ([12-30] Hz). However, how the dopamine depletion affects the oscillation dynamics of BG nuclei is still unclear. With a spiking neurons model, we here captured the features of BG nuclei interactions leading to oscillations in dopamine-depleted condition. We found that both the loop between subthalamic nucleus and Globus Pallidus pars externa (GPe) and the loop between striatal fast spiking and medium spiny neurons and GPe displayed resonances in the beta range, and synchronized to a common beta frequency through interaction. Crucially, the synchronization depends on dopamine depletion: the two loops were largely independent for high levels of dopamine, but progressively synchronized as dopamine was depleted due to the increased strength of the striatal loop. Our results highlight the role of the interplay between the GPe-STN and the GPe-striatum loop in generating sustained beta oscillations in PD subjects, and explain how this interplay depends on the level of dopamine. This paves the way to the design of therapies specifically addressing the onset of pathological beta oscillations. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.01.510246v1?rss=1 Authors: Larry, N., Zur, G., Joshua, M. Abstract: The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are major subcortical structures in the motor system. The basal ganglia have been cast as the reward center of the motor system, whereas the cerebellum has been hypothesized to be involved in adjusting sensorimotor parameters. Recent findings of reward signals in the cerebellum have challenged this dichotomous view. To directly compare the basal ganglia and the cerebellum we recorded from oculomotor regions in both structures from the same monkeys. We partitioned the trial-by-trial variability of the neurons into reward and eye-movement signals to compare the coding within and across structures. Reward expectation and movement signals were the most pronounced in the output structure of the basal ganglia, intermediate in the cerebellum, and the smallest in the input structure of the basal ganglia. These results indicate different information convergence properties within these structures and demonstrate differences in internal computations. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.27.509527v1?rss=1 Authors: Brys, I., Barrientos, S. A., Ward, J. E., Wallander, J., Petersson, P., Halje, P. Abstract: The neurophysiological mechanisms behind the profound changes in perception and cognition induced by psychedelic drugs are not well understood. To identify neuronal activity specific to the psychedelic state, we here investigated the effects of classic psychedelics (LSD, DOI) and dissociative psychedelics (ketamine, PCP) on neuronal firing rates and local field potentials in several brain structures involved in cognitive processing in freely moving rats. The classic psychedelics had a net inhibitory effect on firing rates of putative interneurons and principal cells in all recorded regions. The dissociative psychedelics had a similar inhibitory effect on principal cells, but an opposite excitatory effect on interneurons in most regions. However, the inhibitory effect on principal cells was not specific to the psychedelic state, as similar inhibition occurred with a non-psychedelic psychotropic control (amphetamine). In contrast, both types of psychedelics dramatically increased the prevalence of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in local field potentials, while the non-psychedelic control did not. Further analysis revealed strong HFO phase locking between structures and very small phase differences corresponding to less than 1 ms delays. Such standing-wave behavior suggests local generation of HFOs in multiple regions and weak, fast coupling between structures. The observed HFO hypersynchrony is likely to have major effects on processes that rely on integration of information across neuronal systems, and it might be an important mechanism behind the changes in perception and cognition during psychedelic drug use. Potentially, similar mechanisms could induce hallucinations and delusions in psychotic disorders and would constitute promising targets for new antipsychotic treatments. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506894v1?rss=1 Authors: Yoshizawa, T., Ito, M., Doya, K. Abstract: While animal and human decision strategies are typically explained by model-free and model-based reinforcement learning, their choice sequences often follow simple procedures based on working memory of past actions and rewards. Here we address how working memory-based choice strategies, such as win-stay-lose-switch (WSLS), are represented in the prefrontal and motor cortico-basal ganglia loops by simultaneous recording of neuronal activities in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the primary motor cortex (M1). In order to compare neuronal representations when rats employ working memory-based strategies, we developed a new task paradigm, a continuous/intermittent choice task, consisting of choice and no-choice trials. While the continuous condition (CC) consisted of only choice trials, in the intermittent condition (IC), a no-choice trial was inserted after each choice trial to disrupt working memory of the previous choice and reward. Behaviors in CC showed high proportions of win-stay and lose-switch choices, which could be regarded as "a noisy WSLS strategy." Poisson regression of neural spikes revealed encoding specifically in CC of the previous action and reward before action choice and prospective coding of WSLS action during action execution. A striking finding was that the DLS and M1 in the motor cortico-basal ganglia loop carry substantial WM information about previous choices, rewards, and their interactions, in addition to current action coding. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.08.26.505381v1?rss=1 Authors: van Beest, E. H., Abdelwahab, M. A., Cazemier, J. L., Baltira, C., Maes, M. C., Peri, B. D., Self, M. W., Willuhn, I., Roelfsema, P. R. Abstract: The striatum, input nucleus of the basal ganglia, receives topographically organized input from the cortex and gives rise to the direct and indirect pathways with antagonistic effects on the output of the basal ganglia. We optogenetically stimulated the direct and indirect pathways in mice and measured their influence on perceptual decisions and neuronal activity in the cortex. In a task in which mice had to detect a visual stimulus, unilateral direct-pathway stimulation increased the probability of lick responses to the non-stimulated side and increased cortical activity globally. In contrast, indirect-pathway stimulation increased the probability of licks to the stimulated side and decreased activity in visual cortical areas. To probe the possible role of the two pathways in working memory, we trained the mice to report the location of a stimulus with licking one of two spouts, after a memory delay. Direct-pathway stimulation prior to and during the memory delay enhanced both the neural representation of a contralateral visual stimulus and the number of contraversive choices, whereas indirect-pathway stimulation had the opposite effects, in accordance with an antagonistic influence of the direct and indirect pathways on licking direction. Our results demonstrate how these two pathways influence perceptual decisions and working memories, and modify activity in the cerebral cortex. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

In this episode, I had the tremendous honor of speaking with Anne Young about the many highlights of her career, including key evidence that established Glutamate as a neurotransmitter, as well as her work on Huntington's Disease. Directly building upon the preceding episode with Mahlon DeLong, we now hear about the Ann Arbor Side of the so-called “Albin-Delong” model, which was equally informed by the team of Anne Young & her late husband John Penney alongside Roger Albin. In 1991, Dr. Young was appointed chief of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital and with that the first female service chief in the hospital's 180-year history and the first female chief of neurology at a teaching hospital in the United States. During her career, she was president of both the American Neurological Association and the Society for Neuroscience – which so far nobody else has achieved. We take these unique achievements as examples to talk about success, leadership and career advice, while also covering a bit of the struggles and challenges associated with a clinician-scientist career.

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay.In today's talk, I will talk about both Stimulants and Blockers acting on Autonomic Ganglia. Names, mechanisms, details, indications, uses, etc. for both types will be discussed in detail.Short convo though, I will be hitting it out of the park!!For all the updates and latest episodes of my podcast, please visit www.ispharmacologydifficult.com where you can also sign up for a free monthly newsletter of mine. It actually contains lot of updates about the medical sciences, drug information and my podcast updates also.You can follow me on different social media handles like twitter, insta, facebook and linkedin. They all are with same name "IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT".If you are listening for the first time, do follow me here, whatever platform you are consuming this episode, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay safe, stay happy, stay enlightened, Thank you!!You can access various links via- https://linktr.ee/ispharmacologydifficult

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay. In today's talk, I will talk about both Stimulants and Blockers acting on Autonomic Ganglia. Names, mechanisms, details, indications, uses, etc. for both types will be discussed in detail. Short convo though, I will be hitting it out of the park!! For all the updates and latest episodes of my podcast, please visit www.ispharmacologydifficult.com where you can also sign up for a free monthly newsletter of mine. It actually contains lot of updates about the medical sciences, drug information and my podcast updates also. You can follow me on different social media handles like twitter, insta, facebook and linkedin. They all are with same name "IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT". If you are listening for the first time, do follow me here, whatever platform you are consuming this episode, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay safe, stay happy, stay enlightened, Thank you!! You can access various links via- https://linktr.ee/ispharmacologydifficult

What are essential tremors? In this program, Dr. Doris Wang explains that essential tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements of the head, voice or extremities. Common neurological diseases associated with tremors are cerebellar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and thalamic hemorrhage. Yang discusses how tremors are diagnosed and treated. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 37859]

What are essential tremors? In this program, Dr. Doris Wang explains that essential tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements of the head, voice or extremities. Common neurological diseases associated with tremors are cerebellar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and thalamic hemorrhage. Yang discusses how tremors are diagnosed and treated. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 37859]

What are essential tremors? In this program, Dr. Doris Wang explains that essential tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements of the head, voice or extremities. Common neurological diseases associated with tremors are cerebellar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and thalamic hemorrhage. Yang discusses how tremors are diagnosed and treated. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 37859]

What are essential tremors? In this program, Dr. Doris Wang explains that essential tremors are rhythmic, involuntary movements of the head, voice or extremities. Common neurological diseases associated with tremors are cerebellar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and thalamic hemorrhage. Yang discusses how tremors are diagnosed and treated. Series: "Mini Medical School for the Public" [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 37859]

In this episode, we will discuss the anatomy and physiology of the basal ganglia. We will learn how to approach a patient with parkinsonism, one of the most common movement disorders.  For notes and images of the episode, visit neurologyteachingclub.com. Say hello to us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Tumblr. For live classes, follow us on Clubhouse.Clinical neurology with KD is now one of the Top 10 International neurology podcasts, according to Feedspot. Thank you all for your considerable support. Please subscribe to our newsletter and leave your comments and valuable suggestions here.Support the show

In this episode, I had the great pleasure of speaking with Mahlon DeLong about the past and future of our field, the most influential model of the basal ganglia circuitry, microexciteable zones in the striatum, the role of the nucleus basalis in Alzheimer's Disease and many other topics. We also touch upon the role of the basal ganglia model for psychiatry, more recent topics such as psychedelics or how instrumental the MPTP model for Parkinson's Disease in nonhuman primates was. Mahlon needs no introduction and can certainly be seen as one of the key founding fathers of modern basal ganglia research and together with Hagai Bergman and Thomas Wichmann directly paved the way to establish deep brain stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus. The episode is enriched by guest questions from Marwan Hariz and Hagai Bergman, as well as planning input from Helen Mayberg. I hope you enjoy the episode with Mahlon as much as I did and thank you for tuning in!

The boys talk about dirty bathrooms, getting heckled, Dan's travels to Boston and New York, and getting tipped by celebrities.

In this episode, Hagai Bergman and I talk about his new book, The Hidden Life of the Basal Ganglia: At the Base of Brain and Mind. We cover some of the many highlights of his life in basal ganglia and deep brain stimulation research. This includes his crucial discovery that paved the way to subthalamic deep brain stimulation during his work at John Hopkins together with Mahlon DeLong and Thomas Wichmann. We talk about his three-layer model of the basal ganglia, one of the first proof-of-principle demonstrations of closed-loop DBS, his work on the basal ganglia as a dimensionality reduction system and his newer interest in asleep DBS (and basal ganglia electrophysiology during sleep). We also talk about collaborations and friendships between academia and industry, as his research has found commercial applications such as in the HaGuide algorithm in the NeuroOmega system by AlphaOmega. Together with the surgeon of his center, Zvi Israel, Hagai has carried out over seven hundred DBS surgeries as a pair of two – and he has further studied DBS electrophysiology in numerous experiments in the macaque model. Likely, there are few if no people around that know the basal ganglia as well as Prof. Bergman. Hence, it was a true privilege to carry out this in-depth conversation about the key concepts of his research with him.

It was a tremendous privilege to pick Mark Humphrey's brain who has insight about broad domains of the brain like few others. His new book The Spike: An Epic Journey Through the Brain in 2.1 Seconds takes us on a journey through the brain starting at the retina and ending in the spinal cord. As we follow spikes along, we learn how information is processed in the brain, but also how it's simply lost and forgotten. Mark has done his PhD with Kevin Gurney, who together with Tony Prescott and Peter Redgrave has published an influential computational model of the basal ganglia in 2001. We disentangle how it differs from the Albin-DeLong model, talk about implications for whole-brain computational models and the mechanism of action of DBS. Based on a twitter thread that Mark once published about the Wishaw decorticate rat experiments, I ask him: Does the brain even need the cortex? Finally, we touch about compression of data and his recent paper about a weak and strong principle of dimensionality reduction of the brain.

Mac Shine and I talk about Mac's recent intriguing opinion paper that may have radical implications for systems and clinical neuroscience. In it, the thalamus mediates between feed-forward type input from cerebellum, sensori nuclei and cortex one one hand and input from the basal ganglia that introduces an element of randomness. By projecting to the cortex in a specific manner, the thalamus can recruit these inputs to shape the attractor landscape of cortical activations. Mac develops this a theory from the cell- to the systems neuroscience level and hints at how Kahneman's system I and II levels of thinking fast and slow could be implemented in the brain. The theory radically extends and partly opposes existing concepts such as the thalamus as a mere relay station and the model of the basal ganglia for action selection proposed by Alexander, DeLong and Strick in 1989 – so there is vast potential of this becoming transformative for deep brain stimulation, as well.