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Last time we spoke about Operation Chahar. In July 1937, the tensions between Japan and China erupted into a full-scale conflict, ignited by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Following a series of aggressive Japanese military maneuvers, Chiang Kai-shek, then enjoying a brief respite at Kuling, learned of the escalating clashes and prepared for battle. Confident that China was primed for resistance, he rallied his nation, demanding that Japan accept responsibility and respect China's sovereignty. The Japanese launched their offensive, rapidly capturing key positions in Northern China. Notably, fierce battle ensued in Jinghai, where Chinese soldiers, led by Brigade Commander Li Zhiyuan, valiantly defended against overwhelming forces using guerrilla tactics and direct assaults. Their spirit was symbolized by a courageous “death squad” that charged the enemy, inflicting serious casualties despite facing dire odds. As weeks passed, the conflict intensified with brutal assaults on Nankou. Chinese defenses, though valiant, were ultimately overwhelmed, leading to heavy casualties on both sides. Despite losing Nankou, the indomitable Chinese spirit inspired continued resistance against the Japanese invaders, foreshadowing a long, brutal war that would reshape East Asia.   #156 The Battle of Shanghai Part 1: The Beginning of the Battle of Shanghai Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. On August 9, a bullet riddled sedan screeched to an abrupt halt at the entrance to the Hongqiao airport along Monument Road. The gruesome scene on the dashboard revealed that one of the victims had died in the car. He had been dragged out and subjected to brutal slashing, kicking, and beating until his body was a mangled mess. Half of his face was missing, and his stomach had been cut open, exposing the sickly pallor of his intestines, faintly glimmering in the night. The other man had managed to escape the vehicle but only got a few paces away before he was gunned down. A short distance away lay a third body, dressed in a Chinese uniform. Investigators swiftly identified the badly mangled body as belonging to 27-year-old Sub-Lieutenant Oyama Isao, while the other deceased Japanese man was his driver, First Class Seaman Saito Yozo. The identity of the Chinese victim remained a mystery. At first glance, the scene appeared to be the aftermath of a straightforward shootout. However, numerous questions lingered: What were the Japanese doing at a military airfield miles from their barracks? Who had fired the first shot, and what had prompted that decision? The Chinese investigators and their Japanese counterparts were at odds over the answers to these questions. As they walked the crime scene, searching for evidence, loud arguments erupted repeatedly. By the time the sun began to rise, they concluded their investigation without reaching any consensus on what had transpired. They climbed into their cars and made their way back to the city. The investigators were acutely aware of the repercussions if they failed to handle their delicate task with the necessary finesse. Despite their hopes for peace, it was evident that Shanghai was a city bracing for war. As they drove through the dimly lit suburbs on their way from Hongqiao back to their downtown offices, their headlights illuminated whitewashed trees, interspersed with sandbag defenses and the silhouettes of solitary Chinese sentries. Officially, these sentries were part of the Peace Preservation Corps,  a paramilitary unit that, due to an international agreement reached a few years earlier, was the only Chinese force allowed to remain in the Shanghai area. In the hours that followed, both sides presented their versions of the incident. According to the Chinese account, the Japanese vehicle attempted to force its way through the airport gate. When members of the Peace Preservation Corps stationed at the entrance signaled for Saito, the driver, to stop, he abruptly turned the car around. Sub-Lieutenant Oyama then fired at the Chinese guards with an automatic pistol. Only then did the Chinese return fire, killing Oyama in a hail of bullets. Saito managed to jump out before he, too, was gunned down. The commander of the Chinese guards told a Western reporter that this wasn't the first time someone Japanese had attempted to enter the airport. Such incidents had occurred repeatedly in the past two months, leading them to believe that the Japanese were “obviously undertaking espionage.” The Japanese account, predictably, placed the blame for the entire incident squarely on China. It asserted that Oyama had been driving along a road bordering the airfield with no intention of entering. Suddenly, the vehicle was stopped and surrounded by Peace Preservation Corps troops, who opened fire with rifles and machine guns without warning. Oyama had no opportunity to return fire. The Japanese statement argued that the two men had every right to use the road, which was part of the International Settlement, and labeled the incident a clear violation of the 1932 peace agreement. “We demand that the Chinese bear responsibility for this illegal act,”. Regardless of either side, it seemed likely to everyone in the region, war would soon engulf Shanghai.  Meanwhile, as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident escalated into a full blown in the far north, General Zhang Fakui was attending a routine training mission at Mount Lu in southeastern Jiangxi. A short and small man, not considered too handsome either, Zhang had earned his place in China's leadership through physical courage, once taking a stand on a bridge and single handedly facing down an enemy army. He was 41 years old in 1937, having spent half his life fighting Warlords, Communists and sometimes even Nationalists. In the recent years he had tossed his lot in with a rebel campaign against Chiang Kai-Shek, who surprisingly went on the forgive him and placed him in charge of anti communist operations in the area due south of Shanghai. However now the enemy seemed to have changed.  As the war spread to Beijing, on July 16th, Zhang was sent to Chiang Kai-Shek's summer residence at Mount Lu alongside 150 members of China's political and military elites. They were all there to brainstorm how to fight the Japanese. Years prior the Generalissimo had made it doctrine to appease the Japanese but now he made grandiose statements such as “this time we must fight to the end”. Afterwards Chiang dealt missions to all his commanders and Zhang Fakui was told to prepare for operations in the Shanghai area.  It had been apparent for weeks that both China and Japan were preparing for war in central China. The Japanese had been diverting naval troops from the north to strengthen their forces in Shanghai, and by early August, they had assembled over 8,000 troops. A few days later, approximately thirty-two naval vessels arrived. On July 31, Chiang declared that “all hope for peace has been lost.” Chiang had been reluctant to commit his best forces to defend northern China, an area he had never truly controlled. In contrast, Shanghai was central to his strategy for the war against Japan. Chiang decided to deploy his finest troops, the 87th and 88th Divisions, which were trained by generals under the guidance of the German advisor von Falkenhausen, who had high hopes for their performance against the Japanese. In doing so, Chiang aimed to demonstrate to both his own people and the wider world that the Chinese could and would resist the invader. Meanwhile, Chiang's spy chief, Dai Li, was busy gathering intelligence on Japanese intentions regarding Shanghai, a challenging task given his focus in recent years. Dai, one of the most sinister figures in modern Chinese history, had devoted far more energy and resources to suppressing the Communists than to countering the Japanese. As a result, by the critical summer of 1937, he had built only a sparse network of agents in “Little Tokyo,” the Hongkou area of Shanghai dominated by Japanese businesses. One agent was a pawnshop owner, while the rest were double agents employed as local staff within the Japanese security apparatus. Unfortunately, they could provide little more than snippets, rumors, and hearsay. While some of this information sounded alarmingly dire, there was almost no actionable intelligence. Chiang did not take the decision to open a new front in Shanghai lightly. Built on both banks of the Huangpu River, the city served as the junction between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the great Yangtze River, which wound thousands of kilometers inland to the west. Shanghai embodied everything that represented modern China, from its industry and labor relations to its connections with the outside world. While foreign diplomatic presence was concentrated in nearby Nanjing, the capital, it was in Shanghai that the foreign community gauged the country's mood. Foreigners in the city's two “concession” areas nthe French Concession and the British-affiliated International Settlement often dismissed towns beyond Shanghai as mere “outstations.” Chiang Kai-shek would throw 650,000 troops into the battle for the city and its environs as well as his modest air force of 200 aircraft. Chiang, whose forces were being advised by German officers led by General Alexander von Falkenhausen, was finally confident that his forces could take on the Japanese. A German officer told a British diplomat, “If the Chinese Army follows the advice of the German advisers, it is capable of driving the Japanese over the Great Wall.”   While Chiang was groping in the dark, deprived of the eyes and ears of an efficient intelligence service, he did have at his disposal an army that was better prepared for battle than it had been in 1932. Stung by the experience of previous conflicts with the Japanese, Chiang had initiated a modernization program aimed at equipping the armed forces not only to suppress Communist rebels but also to confront a modern fighting force equipped with tanks, artillery, and aircraft. He had made progress, but it was insufficient. Serious weaknesses persisted, and now there was no time for any remedial action. While China appeared to be a formidable power in sheer numbers, the figures were misleading. On the eve of war, the Chinese military was comprised of a total of 176 divisions, which were theoretically organized into two brigades of two regiments each. However, only about 20 divisions maintained full peacetime strength of 10,000 soldiers and officers; the rest typically held around 5,000 men. Moreover, Chiang controlled only 31 divisions personally, and he could not count on the loyalty of the others. To successfully resist Japan, Chiang would need to rely not only on his military command skills but also on his ability to forge fragile coalitions among Warlord generals with strong local loyalties. Equipment posed another significant challenge. The modernization drive was not set to complete until late 1938, and the impact of this delay was evident. In every category of weaponry, from rifles to field artillery, the Chinese were outmatched by their Japanese adversaries, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Domestically manufactured artillery pieces had shorter ranges, and substandard steel-making technology caused gun barrels to overheat, increasing the risk of explosions. Some arms even dated back to imperial times. A large proportion of the Chinese infantry had received no proper training in basic tactics, let alone in coordinated operations involving armor and artillery. The chief of the German advisory corps was General Alexander von Falkenhausen, a figure hard to rival in terms of qualifications for the role. Although the 58-year-old's narrow shoulders, curved back, and bald, vulture-like head gave him an unmilitary, almost avian appearance, his exterior belied a tough character. In 1918, he had earned his nation's highest military honor, the Pour le Mérite, while assisting Germany's Ottoman allies against the British in Palestine. Few, if any, German officers knew Asia as well as he did. His experience in the region dated back to the turn of the century. As a young lieutenant in the Third East Asian Infantry Regiment, he participated in the international coalition of colonial powers that quelled the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. A decade later, he traveled through Korea, Manchuria, and northern China with his wife, keenly observing and learning as a curious tourist. From 1912 to 1914, he served as the German Kaiser's military attaché in Tokyo. He was poised to put his extensive knowledge to good use in the months ahead. Chiang believed that Shanghai should be the location of the first battle. This decision was heavily influenced by Falkenhausen and was strategically sound. Chiang Kai-shek could not hope to win a war against Japan unless he could unify the nation behind him, particularly the many fractious warlords who had battled his forces repeatedly over the past decade. Everyone understood that the territory Japan was demanding in the far north did not need to be held for any genuine military necessity; it was land that could be negotiated. The warlords occupying that territory were unpredictable and all too willing to engage in bargaining. In contrast, China's economic heartland held different significance. By choosing to fight for the center of the country and deploying his strongest military units, Chiang Kai-shek signaled to both China's warlords and potential foreign allies that he had a vested interest in the outcome.  There were also several operational reasons for preferring a conflict in the Yangtze River basin over a campaign in northern China. The rivers, lakes, and rice paddies of the Yangtze delta were much better suited for defensive warfare against Japan's mechanized forces than the flat plains of North China. By forcing the Japanese to commit troops to central China, the Nationalists bought themselves the time needed to rally and reinforce their faltering defenses in the north. By initiating hostilities in the Shanghai area, Japan would be forced to divert its attention from the northern front, thereby stalling a potential Japanese advance toward the crucial city of Wuhan. It would also help safeguard potential supply routes from the Soviet Union, the most likely source of material assistance due to Moscow's own animosity toward Japan. It was a clever plan, and surprisingly, the Japanese did not anticipate it. Intelligence officers in Tokyo were convinced that Chiang would send his troops northward instead. Again in late July, Chiang convened his commanders, and here he gave Zhang Fukai more detailed instructions for his operation. Fukai was placed in charge of the right wing of the army which was currently preparing for action in the metropolitan area. Fukai would oversee the forces east of the Huangpu River in the area known as Pudong. Pudong was full of warehouses, factories and rice fields, quite precarious to fight in. Meanwhile General Zhang Zhizhong, a quiet and sickly looking man who had previously led the Central Military Academy was to command the left wing of the Huangpu. All of the officers agreed the plan to force the battle to the Shanghai area was logical as the northern region near Beijing was far too open, giving the advantage to tank warfare, which they could not hope to contest Japan upon. The Shanghai area, full of rivers, creaks and urban environments favored them much more. Zhang Zhizhong seemed an ideal pick to lead troops in downtown Shanghai where most of the fighting would take place. His position of commandant of the military academy allowed him to establish connections with junior officers earmarked for rapid promotion. This meant that he personally knew the generals of both the 87th and 88th Divisions, which were to form the core of Zhang Zhizhong's newly established 9th Army Group and become his primary assets in the early phases of the Shanghai campaign. Moreover, Zhang Zhizhong had the right aggressive instincts. He believed that China's confrontation with Japan had evolved through three stages: in the first stage, the Japanese invaded the northeast in 1931, and China remained passive; in the second stage, during the first battle of Shanghai in 1932, Japan struck, but China fought back. Zhang argued that this would be the third stage, where Japan was preparing to attack, but China would strike first.   It seems that Zhang Zhizhong did not expect to survive this final showdown with his Japanese adversary. He took the fight very personally, even ordering his daughter to interrupt her education in England and return home to serve her country in the war. However, he was not the strong commander he appeared to be, as he was seriously ill. Although he never disclosed the true extent of his condition, it seemed he was on the verge of a physical and mental breakdown after years in high-stress positions. In fact, he had recently taken a leave of absence from his role at the military academy in the spring of 1937. When the war broke out, he was at a hospital in the northern port city of Qingdao, preparing to go abroad for convalescence. He canceled those plans to contribute to the struggle against Japan. When his daughter returned from England and saw him on the eve of battle, she was alarmed by how emaciated he had become. From the outset, doubts about his physical fitness to command loomed large. At 8:30 a.m. on Tuesday, August 10, a group of officers emerged from the Japanese Consulate along the banks of the Huangpu River. This team was a hastily assembled Sino-Japanese joint investigation unit tasked with quickly resolving the shooting incident at the Hongqiao Aerodrome of the previous night. They understood the urgency of reaching an agreement swiftly to prevent any escalation. As they drove to the airport, they passed armed guards of the Chinese Peace Preservation Corps stationed behind sandbag barricades that had been erected only hours earlier. Upon arriving at Hongqiao, the officers walked up and down the scene of the incident under the scorching sun, attempting to piece together a shared understanding of what had transpired. However, this proved to be nearly impossible, as the evidence failed to align into a coherent account acceptable to both parties. The Japanese were unconvinced that any shootout had occurred at all. Oyama, the officer who had been in the car, had left his pistol at the marine headquarters in Hongkou and had been unarmed the night before. They insisted that whoever shot and killed the man in the Chinese uniform could not have been him. By 6:00 pm the investigators returned to the city. Foreign correspondents, eager for information, knew exactly whom to approach. The newly appointed Shanghai Mayor, Yu Hongjun, with a quick wit and proficiency in English, Yu represented the city's cosmopolitan image. However, that evening, he had little to offer the reporters, except for a plea directed at both the Japanese and Chinese factions “Both sides should maintain a calm demeanor to prevent the situation from escalating.” Mayor Yu however was, in fact, at the center of a complex act of deception that nearly succeeded. Nearly eight decades later, Zhang Fakui attributed the incident to members of the 88th Division, led by General Sun Yuanliang. “A small group of Sun Yuanliang's men disguised themselves as members of the Peace Preservation Corps,” Zhang Fakui recounted years later in his old age. “On August 9, 1937, they encountered two Japanese servicemen on the road near the Hongqiao military aerodrome and accused them of forcing their way into the area. A clash ensued, resulting in the deaths of the Japanese soldiers.” This created a delicate dilemma for their superiors. The two dead Japanese soldiers were difficult to explain away. Mayor Yu, likely informed of the predicament by military officials, conferred with Tong Yuanliang, chief of staff of the Songhu Garrison Command, a unit established after the fighting in 1932. Together, they devised a quick and cynical plan to portray the situation as one of self-defense by the Chinese guards. Under their orders, soldiers marched a Chinese death row inmate to the airport gate, dressed him in a paramilitary guard's uniform, and executed him. While this desperate ruse might have worked initially, it quickly unraveled due to the discrepancies raised by the condition of the Chinese body. The Japanese did not believe the story, and the entire plan began to fall apart. Any remaining mutual trust swiftly evaporated. Instead of preventing a confrontation, the cover-up was accelerating the slide into war.  Late on August 10, Mayor Yu sent a secret cable to Nanjing, warning that the Japanese had ominously declared they would not allow the two deaths at the airport to go unpunished. The following day, the Japanese Consul General Okamoto Suemasa paid a visit to the mayor, demanding the complete withdrawal of the Peace Preservation Corps from the Shanghai area and the dismantling of all fortifications established by the corps. For the Chinese, acquiescing to these demands was nearly impossible. From their perspective, it appeared that the Japanese aimed to leave Shanghai defenseless while simultaneously bolstering their own military presence in the city. Twenty vessels, including cruisers and destroyers, sailed up the Huangpu River and docked at wharves near "Little Tokyo." Japanese marines in olive-green uniforms marched ashore down the gangplanks, while women from the local Japanese community, dressed in kimonos, greeted the troops with delighted smiles and bows to the flags of the Rising Sun that proudly adorned the sterns of the battleships. In fact, Japan had planned to deploy additional troops to Shanghai even before the shooting at Hongqiao Aerodrome. This decision was deemed necessary to reinforce the small contingent of 2,500 marines permanently stationed in the city. More troops were required to assist in protecting Japanese nationals who were being hastily evacuated from the larger cities along the Yangtze River. These actions were primarily defensive maneuvers, as the Japanese military seemed hesitant to open a second front in Shanghai, for the same reasons that the Chinese preferred an extension of hostilities to that area. Diverting Japanese troops from the strategically critical north and the Soviet threat across China's border would weaken their position, especially given that urban warfare would diminish the advantages of their technological superiority in tanks and aircraft. While officers in the Japanese Navy believed it was becoming increasingly difficult to prevent the war from spreading to Shanghai, they were willing to give diplomacy one last chance. Conversely, the Japanese Army was eager to wage war in northern China but displayed little inclination to engage in hostilities in Shanghai. Should the situation worsen, the Army preferred to withdraw all Japanese nationals from the city. Ultimately, when it agreed to formulate plans for dispatching an expeditionary force to Shanghai, it did so reluctantly, primarily to avoid accusations of neglecting its responsibilities. Amongst many commanders longing for a swift confrontation with Japan was Zhang Zhizhong. By the end of July, he was growing increasingly impatient, waiting with his troops in the Suzhou area west of Shanghai and questioning whether a unique opportunity was being squandered. On July 30, he sent a telegram to Nanjing requesting permission to strike first. He argued that if Japan were allowed to launch an attack on Shanghai, he would waste valuable time moving his troops from their position more than 50 miles away. Nanjing responded with a promise that his wishes would be fulfilled but urged him to exercise patience: “We should indeed seize the initiative over the enemy, but we must wait until the right opportunity arises. Await further orders.” That opportunity arose on August 11, with the Japanese display of force on the Huangpu River and their public demand for the withdrawal of China's paramilitary police. Japan had sufficiently revealed itself as the aggressor in the eyes of both domestic and international audiences, making it safe for China to take action. At 9:00 p.m. that evening, Zhang Zhizhong received orders from Nanjing to move his troops toward Shanghai. He acted with remarkable speed, capitalizing on the extensive transportation network in the region. The soldiers of the 87th Division quickly boarded 300 trucks that had been prepared in advance. Meanwhile, civilian passengers on trains were unceremoniously ordered off to make room for the 88th Division, which boarded the carriages heading for Shanghai. In total, over 20,000 motivated and well-equipped troops were on their way to battle.  On August 12, representatives from the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, Japan, and China gathered for a joint conference in Shanghai to discuss ceasefire terms. Japan demanded the withdrawal of Chinese troops from Shanghai, while the Chinese representative, Yu Hung-chun, dismissed the Japanese demand, stating that the terms of the ceasefire had already been violated by Japan. The major powers were keen to avoid a repeat of the January 28 Incident, which had significantly disrupted foreign economic activities in Shanghai. Meanwhile, Chinese citizens fervently welcomed the presence of Chinese troops in the city. In Nanjing, Chinese and Japanese representatives convened for the last time in a final effort to negotiate. The Japanese insisted that all Peace Preservation Corps and regular troops be withdrawn from the vicinity of Shanghai. The Chinese, however, deemed the demand for a unilateral withdrawal unacceptable, given that the two nations were already engaged in conflict in North China. Ultimately, Mayor Yu made it clear that the most the Chinese government would concede was that Chinese troops would not fire unless fired upon. Conversely, Japan placed all responsibility on China, citing the deployment of Chinese troops around Shanghai as the cause of the escalating tensions. Negotiations proved impossible, leaving no alternative but for the war to spread into Central China. On that same morning of Thursday, August 12, residents near Shanghai's North Train Station, also known as Zhabei Station, just a few blocks from "Little Tokyo," awoke to an unusual sight: thousands of soldiers dressed in the khaki uniforms of the Chinese Nationalists, wearing German-style helmets and carrying stick grenades slung across their chests. “Where do you come from?” the Shanghai citizens asked. “How did you get here so fast?” Zhang Zhizhong issued detailed orders to each unit under his command, instructing the 88th Division specifically to travel by train and deploy in a line from the town of Zhenru to Dachang village, both located a few miles west of Shanghai. Only later was the division supposed to advance toward a position stretching from the Zhabei district to the town of Jiangwan, placing it closer to the city boundaries. Zhang Zhizhong was the embodiment of belligerence, but he faced even more aggressive officers among his ranks. On the morning of August 12, he was approached by Liu Jingchi, the chief of operations at the Songhu Garrison Command. Liu argued that the battle of 1932 had gone poorly for the Chinese because they had hesitated and failed to strike first. This time, he insisted, should be different, and Zhang should order an all-out assault on the Japanese positions that very evening. Zhang countered that he had clear and unmistakable orders from Chiang Kai-shek to let the Japanese fire first, emphasizing the importance of maintaining China's image on the world stage. “That's easy,” Liu retorted. “Once all the units are deployed and ready to attack, we can just change some people into mufti and send them in to fire a few shots. We attack, and simultaneously, we report that the enemy's offensive has begun.” Zhang Zhizhong did not like this idea. “We can't go behind our leader's back like that,” he replied. Zhang Zhizhong's position was far from enviable. Forced to rein in eager and capable officers, he found himself acting against his own personal desires. Ultimately, he decided to seek the freedom to act as he saw fit. In a secret cable to Nanjing, he requested permission to launch an all-out attack on the Japanese positions in Shanghai the following day, Friday, August 13. He argued that this was a unique opportunity to capitalize on the momentum created by the movement of troops; any further delay would only lead to stagnation. He proposed a coordinated assault that would also involve the Chinese Air Force. However, the reply from Chiang Kai-shek was brief and unwavering: “Await further orders.” Even as Chiang's troops poured into Shanghai, Chinese and Japanese officials continued their discussions. Ostensibly, this was in hopes of reaching a last-minute solution, but in reality, it was a performance. Both sides wanted to claim the moral high ground in a battle that now seemed inevitable. They understood that whoever openly declared an end to negotiations would automatically be perceived as the aggressor. During talks at the Shanghai Municipal Council, Japanese Consul General Okamoto argued that if China truly wanted peace, it would have withdrawn its troops to a position that would prevent clashes. Mayor Yu responded by highlighting the increasing presence of Japanese forces in the city. “Under such circumstances, China must adopt such measures as necessary for self-defense,” he stated. Late on August 13, 1937, Chiang Kai-shek instructed his forces to defend Shanghai, commanding them to "divert the enemy at sea, secure the coast, and resist landings."  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. In July 1937, tensions between Japan and China escalated into war following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. Confident in his country's resolve, Chiang Kai-shek rallied the Chinese against Japanese aggression. On August 9, a deadly confrontation at Hongqiao Airport resulted in the deaths of Japanese soldiers, igniting further hostilities. As both sides blamed each other, the atmosphere became tense. Ultimately, negotiations failed, and the stage was set for a brutal conflict in Shanghai, marking the beginning of a long and devastating war.

Featuring perspectives from Prof Nicolas Girard, Dr Jonathan Goldman, Dr Pasi A Jänne, Dr Suresh S Ramalingam, Dr Joshua K Sabari and Dr Helena Yu, moderated by Dr Yu, including the following topics: Introduction (0:00) Evolving First-Line Treatment for Metastatic EGFR Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) — Dr Yu (1:47) EGFR-Targeted Approaches for Relapsed EGFR-Mutant NSCLC; Strategies to Facilitate Delivery of Recently Approved Agents — Dr Sabari (23:48) Potential Utility of TROP2-Targeted Therapy in the Management of EGFR-Mutant NSCLC — Dr Ramalingam (45:16) Contemporary Care for Patients with Nonmetastatic EGFR-Mutant NSCLC — Dr Goldman (1:03:56) Current and Future Management of EGFR Exon 20 Mutation-Positive NSCLC — Prof Girard (1:24:40) Emerging Role of HER3-Targeted Therapy in the Management of EGFR-Mutant NSCLC — Dr Jänne (1:43:46) CME information and select publications

Willpower is a lie that's been sold to us for generations.The truth?  Even Elon Musk doesn't wake up every morning relying on "discipline" to build rockets and trillion-dollar companies. Something far more powerful is at work.  Gamification expert Yu-kai Cho has identified 8 core drivers that move humans to action. This stuff make us want to do hard things consistently without the struggle of forcing ourselves through sheer willpower. When Yukai needed to write his book despite a packed schedule, he didn't set calendar reminders or try to "be more disciplined." Instead, he used used 8 core drivers to make doing irresistible.  The research is clear: willpower depletes quickly.  Even simple choices between cookies and carrots drain our mental resources. But by designing your environment, schedules, and processes to activate your unique motivational drivers, you transform difficult tasks from obligations into engaging challenges you actually want to pursue. This isn't just theory, it's the hidden mechanism behind every significant achievement and consistent behavior change.  Tune in - let's learn to push our buttons to win the game of life

We discuss and break down everything regarding the recent episode of Yu-gi-oh: The Card Game Chronicles!! Sit back, relax, and enjoy our thoughts on the episode, and theories about where the show will go! Subscribe to our Youtube channel to stay up to date and join us live: https://www.youtube.com/yugioheverything

In Episode 250 we discuss the top 5 board game publishers that are represented on our game shelves.Timestamps:00:00 Introduction02:52 Top 5 Publishers On Our Game Shelves06:44 Dire Wolf (Clank! Legacy, Clank! In Space, Dune: Imperium - Uprising)08:54 Wehrlegig Games (Pax Pamir 2nd Edition, John Company 2nd Edition)10:47 CMON Games (Blood Rage, Cthulhu: Death May Die, Rising Sun)12:57 AEG (Cascadia, Calico, Let's Go To Japan)17:17 Eagle-Gryphon Games and (Baseball Highlight 2045, Xenon Profiteer, On Mars, Clockwork Wars) - Buffalo Games (Planted, Oh No! Volcano)18:51 Garphill Games (Architects of the West Kingdom, Paladins of the West Kingdom, Legacy of Yu)22:30 Wise Wizards Games (Star Realms, Star Realm: Rise of Empire, Hero Realms, Robot Quest Arena)25:13 Cosmodrome Games (Smartphone, Inc., Frozen Frontier, Aquatica)25:52 GMT Games (Dominant Species, SpaceCorp: 2025-2300AD, A Gest of Robin Hood) 30:35 REPOS Production (7 Wonders, 7 Wonders Duel, Just One, Fun Facts, Lord of the Rings: Duel for Middle-Earth)32:07 Awaken Realms (Nemesis, This War of Mine, Lords of Ragnarok, Tainted Grail, Great Wall, Castles of Burgundy: Special Edition)37:04 Roxley Games (Brass: Birmingham, Radlands, Dice Throne, Skyrise)38:51 Stonemaier Games (Libertalia: Winds of Galecrest, Scythe, Viticulture, Tapestry, Apiary, Red Rising, Wingspan, My Little Scythe, Pendulum, Expeditions)44:12 Fantasy Flight Games (Battle for Rokugan, Star Wars Rebellion, Star Wars: The Deckbuilding Game, Android Netrunner, Arkham Horror: CCG)48:26 CGE (T'zolkin: The Mayan Calendar, Lost Ruins of Arnak, Codenames, Pulsar 2849, Under Falling Skies)50:28 Final ThoughtsIf you enjoy the show, please consider supporting us at https://www.patreon.com/boardgamehottakesFollow us on BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/boardgamehottakes.bsky.socialJoin our Board Game Arena Community: https://boardgamearena.com/group?id=11417205Join our Discord server at: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://discord.gg/vMtAYQWURd

Line Producer Kenneth Yu joins Hollywood Gold in our final episode of the season to discuss recently released film, Sinners. From the challenges of shooting in Louisiana to working with acclaimed director Ryan Coogler, Yu shares the highs and lows of the adventure that was creating this groundbreaking film. Diving into behind-the-scenes stories about building entire sets in the middle of nowhere, the technical magic behind filming Michael B. Jordan as twins, and the unpredictable chaos of shooting on location, this episode will be sure to leave you surprised. Thank you for an amazing season of Hollywood Gold, and we will see you in the fall! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

❗️未滿18歲禁止收聽❗️

Whoa that's a lot of 2s, but don't worry we're here to talk about owning Kevin O'Leary, PP heads, Jim Crowe Remastered, Nic Cage Spider-Man, LA Noire movie, Diddy Kong's redesign, French Canadian cartoons, Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Yu Gi Oh wars, wishing you were in the Chaotix world, Zatch Bell child fighter, every McDonald's toy, ruining Yu-gi-oh tournaments , shitty Sonic handhelds, Russian McDonald's rebranding, The Chocolate Rain Guy, The List of YouTubers, Boogie's pain, stopping video games, Chinese Minecraft, omega level mutants, JFK spoilers, after school charisma, the Death of a Salesman video game, Flinstones suicide, Israeli Jetsons, Pro-Gaza ice cream, and Napoleon's dick stank. We are really acting out in this one.

rWotD Episode 2936: Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden Welcome to Random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia's vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Sunday, 18 May 2025, is Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden.Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden (Chinese: 霧峰林家宅園; pinyin: Wùfēng Lín Jiāzhái Yuán) is the former residence and grounds of the Wufeng Lin Family in Wufeng District, Taichung, Taiwan. Owing to the size of the Lin family clan, the vast site can be divided into two sections, the Upper (頂厝) and Lower (下厝) Mansions. The Lai Garden (萊園; Laiyuan) constructed by Lin Wenqin is commonly known as The Lin Family Garden (林家花園).This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:50 UTC on Sunday, 18 May 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Wufeng Lin Family Mansion and Garden on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Geraint.

Our Padres Insider From The UT Kevin Acee Joins The Show To Talk Vedder Cup, Yu's Status And More. Jims Backpage.

Our Padres Insider From The UT Kevin Acee Joins The Show To Talk Vedder Cup, Yu's Status And More.

The Science To Mental Clarity  - Dr. Carlos Yu   On this episode I welcome back good friend, personal physician and presence therapist Dr. Carlos Yu.    Dr. Yu, has 35 years of clinical experience, loves cold plunges, and taking care of his patients with radical new approaches to mental health.    Today we talk about presence therapy, ear acupuncture, what's causing so much depression and anxiety today, we dive into AI, the importance of regular breaks and mini retirements that I'm huge on, and closing the show with a LIVE therapy session!  Take notes and listen twice twice to this one!   Website/contact info for guest: Web: https://ajaxharwoodclinic.com  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/carlos.yu.940 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/c.yu765/   This episode proudly sponsored by BM Select - https://bmselect.ca    Are you looking to become a millionaire through real estate investing? Then BM Select is for you! BM Select has helped more people become millionaires over the past 15 years than ANY OTHER mortgage broker in Canada!   BM Select focuses on working with Real Estate Investors who are looking to begin or expand their portfolio, as well as specializing in working with customers that are engaged with our host of Realtor contacts across Canada. At BM Select we offer strategic mortgage solutions with dedicated Agent Support along with leading-edge Underwriting and Fulfillment Services that allow you to sleep well knowing your mortgage transactions are being handled by top quality professionals.   To find out more, visit the website or email https://bmselect.ca    Other Links:   Real Estate Investment Club visit https://www.smarthomechoice.ca 

In this week's episode, Professor Betty Yu of San Francisco State University provides a brief overview of the workshop on conversational analysis that she will co-present with Dr Vishnu Nair at the SPA Conference 2025. In this unscripted conversation she reflects on the nature of neurodiversity-affirming practice, whose experiences and communication are centred in society, and the role that speech pathology plays in maintaining the status quo or contributing to disability justice. Resources: Kohnert, K., Yim, D., Nett, K., Kan, P.F., Duran, L. (2005). Intervention with linguistically diverse preschool children: A focus on developing home language(s). Language, Speech, and Hearing in School (36) 3. 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2005/025) Yu, B., Sterponi, L. (2023). Toward neurodiversity: How conversation analysis can contribute to a new approach to social communication assessment. Language, Speech, and Hearing in School (1) 54. 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00041 SPA Resources: Speak Up S7E13: Adopting a decolonial vision for the profession https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/adopting-a-decolonial-vision-for-the-profession-s7e13 Speak Up S7E7: Neurodiverse safe work initiative https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/neurodiverse-safe-work-initiative-s7e07 Speak Up S5E36: Stutter-affirming approaches & positive stuttering identity https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/stutter-affirming-approaches-and-positive-stuttering-identity-s05e36 Speak Up S5E9: Translanguaging and linguistic justice https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/s05e09-final Speech Pathology Australia acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of lands, seas and waters throughout Australia, and pay respect to Elders past and present. We recognise that the health and social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are grounded in continued connection to culture, country, language and community and acknowledge that sovereignty was never ceded. Free access to transcripts for podcast episodes are available via the SPA Learning Hub (https://learninghub.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/), you will need to sign in or create an account. For more information, please see our Bio or for further enquiries, email speakuppodcast@speechpathologyaustralia.org.au Disclaimer: © (2025) The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited. All rights reserved. Important Notice, Please read: The views expressed in this presentation and reproduced in these materials are not necessarily the views of, or endorsed by, The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited (“the Association”). The Association makes no warranty or representation in relation to the content, currency or accuracy of any of the materials comprised in this recording. The Association expressly disclaims any and all liability (including liability for negligence) in respect of use of these materials and the information contained within them. The Association recommends you seek independent professional advice prior to making any decision involving matters outlined in this recording including in any of the materials referred to or otherwise incorporated into this recording. Except as otherwise stated, copyright and all other intellectual property rights comprised in the presentation and these materials, remain the exclusive property of the Association. Except with the Association's prior written approval you must not, in whole or part, reproduce, modify, adapt, distribute, publish or electronically communicate (including by online means) this recording or any of these materials.

Dr. Tobias Hermle and Dominik Spitz discuss the findings of their study, "A Drug-Screening Platform for Podocytopathies in Drosophila Nephrocytes," with JASN Deputy Editor Alan S.L. Yu.

TUNE IN TO LEARN:  What if the solution to your productivity struggles isn't found in the next AI tool, but in mastering something you already possess?   This episode explores a simple truth about personal growth and leadership: we've mistakenly believed that better tools, more knowledge, or the perfect system will finally help us get organized and reach our potential. Yet despite having access to all the knowledge we need to live better lives, most of us still struggle with consistency and follow-through.  Why is that?  The real operating system for success isn't external - it's internal.  Drawing from research on emotional regulation and insights from experts and entrepreneurs like Derek Sivers and Yu-kai Chou, we unpack how the most important human problem to "fix" isn't knowledge or access to tools - it's self-leadership.  At the heart of this episode is a practical five-step framework for emotional mastery to unlock self-leadership skills you need to get the most of all the tools and knowledge humanity has to offer - you'll discover how to cultivate your "emotional garden" to drive meaningful change.  Ready to move beyond the endless search for the perfect productivity system?  Join us to learn how emotional mastery creates the foundation for everything else in your life to work successfully.    Text Me Your Thoughts and IdeasSupport the show Brought to you by Angela Shurina EXECUTIVE & OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE COACH

Reindustrialization has been a persistent theme in Silicon Valley circles the past few years, and now it's having its moment in the sun in Washington DC too. More and more policymakers, legislators and administrators have come to terms with a stark reality: America has left the means of production behind, and in the process, has surrendered some of the country's most powerful advantages to its adversaries, namely China.This decline wasn't inevitable, and neither will its renaissance. But with the right ideas and a renewed force of will, it's doable. That's the goal of a brand-new project, the Techno-Industrial Policy Playbook, published this week by a quadrangle of policy institutions from the Foundation of American Innovation (FAI) to the Institute for Progress. Leading the charge as editor is my guest today, Kelvin Yu. Yu is a former staffer on Capitol Hill and investor at In-Q-Tel who is now a fellow at FAI while working on startup projects.We talk about the genesis of the playbook, how 27 different proposals came together, the highlights from each of the playbook's three sections, and what America's prognosis is to reindustrialize in the coming years.

Senior officials and industry experts have expressed confidence in China's job market growth, as the central government has prepared for uncertainties and will continue releasing supportive policies in finance, skills training and entrepreneurship to maintain the stability of domestic employment.我国高级官员和行业专家对就业市场前景充满信心。中央政府已做好应对不确定因素的准备，将继续出台金融支持、技能培训、创业扶持等政策措施，全力保障就业形势稳定。The domestic job market delivered some eye-catching results in the first quarter of this year, with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security announcing on Monday that about 3.08 million new jobs were created in urban areas in the first quarter, an increase of around 50,000 jobs compared with the same period last year.今年第一季度就业市场交出亮眼成绩单，人力资源社会保障部周一的公布数据显示，第一季度全国城镇新增就业308万人，较去年同期增加约5万个就业岗位。The surveyed unemployment rate in the first quarter stayed at around 5.3 percent, a slight rise of 0.1 percentage point year-on-year but still within the target range of 5.5 percent set for this year in the 2025 Government Work Report.第一季度的城镇调查失业率均值保持在5.3%水平，较去年同期微升0.1个百分点，但仍控制在《2025年政府工作报告》提出的5.5%年度调控目标范围内。Yu Jiadong, vice-minister of human resources and social security, said at a news conference in Beijing on Monday that the central government has fully analyzed the domestic employment landscape and is prepared to tackle challenges and uncertainties.人力资源社会保障部副部长俞家栋周一在京出席新闻发布会时表示，中央已对当前就业形势进行系统研判，做好充分准备应对各类风险挑战。"We've noted international challenges and hefty tariffs imposed by the United States, which have made some Chinese foreign trade companies face business difficulties and, thus, see a hit to employees. But we will spare no effort to make sure the domestic job market grows steadily," he said."我们注意到美国挑起的国际经贸摩擦和加征高额关税行为，使部分中国外贸企业面临经营压力，因此对员工就业造成一定影响。但我们将不遗余力确保国内就业市场保持稳定增长。"俞部长表示。Yu also said the government will continue to develop new growth points for employment and encourage employers, especially small and medium-sized companies and those involved in key industries like modern services and manufacturing, to create more job opportunities with financial incentives.俞部长进一步指出，政府将持续培育就业新增长点，并通过财政激励措施鼓励用人单位，尤其是中小微企业及现代服务业、智能制造等关键行业企业去创造更多就业岗位。"It's important to fully implement the current policies (such as low-interest loans and hiring subsidies). The loan limit to small and medium-sized companies has been raised to 50 million yuan ($6.85 million) at most, and for individuals 10 million yuan at most," he said. The loans are specifically to be used to stabilize job positions or for job creation.他强调："当前各项稳就业政策（如低息贷款和雇佣补贴）必须全面落实到位。针对中小微企业的贷款额度已提升至最高5000万元人民币（约合685万美元），个人贷款额度最高可达1000万元，这些专项资金将专项用于稳岗扩岗。"The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance have recently granted a subsidy totaling 66.7 billion yuan for employment promotion, Yu said, adding that stronger financial support and subsidies will be given to companies and individuals, especially those bearing greater losses or influence related to high US tariffs.据俞部长介绍，人力资源社会保障部与财政部近期已联合下达667亿元就业补助资金，未来还将加大对企业和个人的财政支持和补贴，特别是那些因美国高额关税而蒙受更大损失或影响的企业和个人。He said at the conference that the central government will continue to prioritize the employment of key groups such as college graduates and migrant workers, while preferential policies on loans, taxes and skills training will be available to people who face difficulties in landing jobs because of disability or family financial conditions.俞部长在会议上表示，中央政府将继续优先考虑高校毕业生、农民工等重点群体的就业。同时，对于因身体残疾或家庭经济困难导致就业受阻的人群，政府将通过贷款优惠、税收减免、技能培训等组合政策予以精准帮扶。He stressed the importance of skills training and said that companies hit by the hefty US tariffs are encouraged to keep their employees by organizing on-the-job skills training programs or training employees for new positions.他强调技能培训的重要性，并鼓励那些受美国高额关税影响的企业通过组织在职技能培训或针对新岗位开展员工培训来留住人才。"We have a sufficient policy tool kit, which can support the companies in keeping their staff members or hiring new people, and can also improve people's working skills or ability to run their own businesses. We have confidence in stabilizing the domestic job market," Yu said.俞家栋表示："我们拥有充足的政策工具箱，既可以支持企业稳定现有员工队伍或吸纳新成员，也能提升劳动者的职业技能水平或自主创业能力。我们有信心稳定国内就业市场。"Li Qiang, vice-president of recruitment portal Zhaopin, said he is confident about China's economy and employment resilience and potential, citing the economic performance in the first quarter and growing domestic hiring demand.智联招聘副总裁李强对中国经济和就业市场的韧性及潜力持乐观态度，并以第一季度的经济表现和国内招聘需求不断增长的情况为证。""The GDP in the first quarter marked 5.4 percent year-on-year growth, and we've noticed that hiring demand from employers in modern services, manufacturing and real estate have all registered growth during this period of time, showing China's optimized economic structure," Li said.第一季度国内生产总值实现5.4%的同比增长。我们注意到，在此期间服务业、制造业和房地产行业的企业招聘需求均呈现增长态势，这反映出我国经济结构持续优化的趋势。""With the progress of the establishment of China's modern industrial system, the job market will continue to play a key role in turning the economic development results into benefits for people's livelihood," he added. "随着现代产业体系建设持续推进，就业市场将继续发挥关键作用，将经济发展成果转化为民生福利。”entrepreneurship /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/n.创业；企业家的身份the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security人力资源社会保障部unemployment rate失业率hefty tariffs高额关税financial incentives财政激励

In this episode Gudrun speaks with Nadja Klein and Moussa Kassem Sbeyti who work at the Scientific Computing Center (SCC) at KIT in Karlsruhe. Since August 2024, Nadja has been professor at KIT leading the research group Methods for Big Data (MBD) there. She is an Emmy Noether Research Group Leader, and a member of AcademiaNet, and Die Junge Akademie, among others. In 2025, Nadja was awarded the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) Emerging Leader Award (ELA). The COPSS ELA recognizes early career statistical scientists who show evidence of and potential for leadership and who will help shape and strengthen the field. She finished her doctoral studies in Mathematics at the Universität Göttingen before conducting a postdoc at the University of Melbourne as a Feodor-Lynen fellow by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Afterwards she was a Professor for Statistics and Data Science at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin before joining KIT. Moussa joined Nadja's lab as an associated member in 2023 and later as a postdoctoral researcher in 2024. He pursued a PhD at the TU Berlin while working as an AI Research Scientist at the Continental AI Lab in Berlin. His research primarily focuses on deep learning, developing uncertainty-based automated labeling methods for 2D object detection in autonomous driving. Prior to this, Moussa earned his M.Sc. in Mechatronics Engineering from the TU Darmstadt in 2021. The research of Nadja and Moussa is at the intersection of statistics and machine learning. In Nadja's MBD Lab the research spans theoretical analysis, method development and real-world applications. One of their key focuses is Bayesian methods, which allow to incorporate prior knowledge, quantify uncertainties, and bring insights to the “black boxes” of machine learning. By fusing the precision and reliability of Bayesian statistics with the adaptability of machine and deep learning, these methods aim to leverage the best of both worlds. The KIT offers a strong research environment, making it an ideal place to continue their work. They bring new expertise that can be leveraged in various applications and on the other hand Helmholtz offers a great platform in that respect to explore new application areas. For example Moussa decided to join the group at KIT as part of the Helmholtz Pilot Program Core-Informatics at KIT (KiKIT), which is an initiative focused on advancing fundamental research in informatics within the Helmholtz Association. Vision models typically depend on large volumes of labeled data, but collecting and labeling this data is both expensive and prone to errors. During his PhD, his research centered on data-efficient learning using uncertainty-based automated labeling techniques. That means estimating and using the uncertainty of models to select the helpful data samples to train the models to label the rest themselves. Now, within KiKIT, his work has evolved to include knowledge-based approaches in multi-task models, eg. detection and depth estimation — with the broader goal of enabling the development and deployment of reliable, accurate vision systems in real-world applications. Statistics and data science are fascinating fields, offering a wide variety of methods and applications that constantly lead to new insights. Within this domain, Bayesian methods are especially compelling, as they enable the quantification of uncertainty and the incorporation of prior knowledge. These capabilities contribute to making machine learning models more data-efficient, interpretable, and robust, which are essential qualities in safety-critical domains such as autonomous driving and personalized medicine. Nadja is also enthusiastic about the interdisciplinarity of the subject — repeatedly changing the focus from mathematics to economics to statistics to computer science. The combination of theoretical fundamentals and practical applications makes statistics an agile and important field of research in data science. From a deep learning perspective, the focus is on making models both more efficient and more reliable when dealing with large-scale data and complex dependencies. One way to do this is by reducing the need for extensive labeled data. They also work on developing self-aware models that can recognize when they're unsure and even reject their own predictions when necessary. Additionally, they explore model pruning techniques to improve computational efficiency, and specialize in Bayesian deep learning, allowing machine learning models to better handle uncertainty and complex dependencies. Beyond the methods themselves, they also contribute by publishing datasets that help push the development of next-generation, state-of-the-art models. The learning methods are applied across different domains such as object detection, depth estimation, semantic segmentation, and trajectory prediction — especially in the context of autonomous driving and agricultural applications. As deep learning technologies continue to evolve, they're also expanding into new application areas such as medical imaging. Unlike traditional deep learning, Bayesian deep learning provides uncertainty estimates alongside predictions, allowing for more principled decision-making and reducing catastrophic failures in safety-critical application. It has had a growing impact in several real-world domains where uncertainty really matters. Bayesian learning incorporates prior knowledge and updates beliefs as new data comes in, rather than relying purely on data-driven optimization. In healthcare, for example, Bayesian models help quantify uncertainty in medical diagnoses, which supports more risk-aware treatment decisions and can ultimately lead to better patient outcomes. In autonomous vehicles, Bayesian models play a key role in improving safety. By recognizing when the system is uncertain, they help capture edge cases more effectively, reduce false positives and negatives in object detection, and navigate complex, dynamic environments — like bad weather or unexpected road conditions — more reliably. In finance, Bayesian deep learning enhances both risk assessment and fraud detection by allowing the system to assess how confident it is in its predictions. That added layer of information supports more informed decision-making and helps reduce costly errors. Across all these areas, the key advantage is the ability to move beyond just accuracy and incorporate trust and reliability into AI systems. Bayesian methods are traditionally more expensive, but modern approximations (e.g., variational inference or last layer inference) make them feasible. Computational costs depend on the problem — sometimes Bayesian models require fewer data points to achieve better performance. The trade-off is between interpretability and computational efficiency, but hardware improvements are helping bridge this gap. Their research on uncertainty-based automated labeling is designed to make models not just safer and more reliable, but also more efficient. By reducing the need for extensive manual labeling, one improves the overall quality of the dataset while cutting down on human effort and potential labeling errors. Importantly, by selecting informative samples, the model learns from better data — which means it can reach higher performance with fewer training examples. This leads to faster training and better generalization without sacrificing accuracy. They also focus on developing lightweight uncertainty estimation techniques that are computationally efficient, so these benefits don't come with heavy resource demands. In short, this approach helps build models that are more robust, more adaptive to new data, and significantly more efficient to train and deploy — which is critical for real-world systems where both accuracy and speed matter. Statisticians and deep learning researchers often use distinct methodologies, vocabulary and frameworks, making communication and collaboration challenging. Unfortunately, there is a lack of Interdisciplinary education: Traditional academic programs rarely integrate both fields. It is necessary to foster joint programs, workshops, and cross-disciplinary training can help bridge this gap. From Moussa's experience coming through an industrial PhD, he has seen how many industry settings tend to prioritize short-term gains — favoring quick wins in deep learning over deeper, more fundamental improvements. To overcome this, we need to build long-term research partnerships between academia and industry — ones that allow for foundational work to evolve alongside practical applications. That kind of collaboration can drive more sustainable, impactful innovation in the long run, something we do at methods for big data. Looking ahead, one of the major directions for deep learning in the next five to ten years is the shift toward trustworthy AI. We're already seeing growing attention on making models more explainable, fair, and robust — especially as AI systems are being deployed in critical areas like healthcare, mobility, and finance. The group also expect to see more hybrid models — combining deep learning with Bayesian methods, physics-based models, or symbolic reasoning. These approaches can help bridge the gap between raw performance and interpretability, and often lead to more data-efficient solutions. Another big trend is the rise of uncertainty-aware AI. As AI moves into more high-risk, real-world applications, it becomes essential that systems understand and communicate their own confidence. This is where uncertainty modeling will play a key role — helping to make AI not just more powerful, but also more safe and reliable. The lecture "Advanced Bayesian Data Analysis" covers fundamental concepts in Bayesian statistics, including parametric and non-parametric regression, computational techniques such as MCMC and variational inference, and Bayesian priors for handling high-dimensional data. Additionally, the lecturers offer a Research Seminar on Selected Topics in Statistical Learning and Data Science. The workgroup offers a variety of Master's thesis topics at the intersection of statistics and deep learning, focusing on Bayesian modeling, uncertainty quantification, and high-dimensional methods. Current topics include predictive information criteria for Bayesian models and uncertainty quantification in deep learning. Topics span theoretical, methodological, computational and applied projects. Students interested in rigorous theoretical and applied research are encouraged to explore our available projects and contact us for further details. The general advice of Nadja and Moussa for everybody interested to enter the field is: "Develop a strong foundation in statistical and mathematical principles, rather than focusing solely on the latest trends. Gain expertise in both theory and practical applications, as real-world impact requires a balance of both. Be open to interdisciplinary collaboration. Some of the most exciting and meaningful innovations happen at the intersection of fields — whether that's statistics and deep learning, or AI and domain-specific areas like medicine or mobility. So don't be afraid to step outside your comfort zone, ask questions across disciplines, and look for ways to connect different perspectives. That's often where real breakthroughs happen. With every new challenge comes an opportunity to innovate, and that's what keeps this work exciting. We're always pushing for more robust, efficient, and trustworthy AI. And we're also growing — so if you're a motivated researcher interested in this space, we'd love to hear from you." Literature and further information Webpage of the group G. Nuti, Lluis A.J. Rugama, A.-I. Cross: Efficient Bayesian Decision Tree Algorithm, arxiv Jan 2019 Wikipedia: Expected value of sample information C. Howson & P. Urbach: Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach (3rd ed.). Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8126-9578-6, 2005. A.Gelman e.a.: Bayesian Data Analysis Third Edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1-4398-4095-5, 2013. Yu, Angela: Introduction to Bayesian Decision Theory cogsci.ucsd.edu, 2013. Devin Soni: Introduction to Bayesian Networks, 2015. G. Nuti, L. Rugama, A.-I. Cross: Efficient Bayesian Decision Tree Algorithm, arXiv:1901.03214 stat.ML, 2019. M. Carlan, T. Kneib and N. Klein: Bayesian conditional transformation models, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 119(546):1360-1373, 2024. N. Klein: Distributional regression for data analysis , Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 11:321-346, 2024 C.Hoffmann and N.Klein: Marginally calibrated response distributions for end-to-end learning in autonomous driving, Annals of Applied Statistics, 17(2):1740-1763, 2023 Kassem Sbeyti, M., Karg, M., Wirth, C., Klein, N., & Albayrak, S. (2024, September). Cost-Sensitive Uncertainty-Based Failure Recognition for Object Detection. In Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1890-1900). PMLR. M. K. Sbeyti, N. Klein, A. Nowzad, F. Sivrikaya and S. Albayrak: Building Blocks for Robust and Effective Semi-Supervised Real-World Object Detection pdf. To appear in Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2025 Podcasts Learning, Teaching, and Building in the Age of AI Ep 42 of Vanishing Gradient, Jan 2025. O. Beige, G. Thäter: Risikoentscheidungsprozesse, Gespräch im Modellansatz Podcast, Folge 193, Fakultät für Mathematik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 2019.

In this week's episode Dr Vishnu Nair lays groundwork for his keynote address at the SPA Conference on a Critical and Decolonial Vision for Speech and Language Therapy. He discusses communication as an embodied experience for - and the knowledge of - people who live with disability, critically examining historical and current power dynamics in the profession, essentialism and its impact on practice, and the variety of ways of knowing needed to address these. Resources: Nair, V. K., Brea-Spahn, M. R., & Yu, B. (2024). Decolonizing Speech Language“Pathology”: Critical Foundational Concepts for Research, Pedagogy and Praxis. Journalof Critical Study of Communication and Disability,2(2), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.48516/jcscd_2024vol2iss2.28 Pillay, M., & Kathard, H. (2015). Decolonizing health professionals' education: Audiology & speech therapy in South Africa. African Journal of Rhetoric, 7(1), 193-227. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC172807  SPA Resources: SPA 2025 Conference: https://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/Public/Public/CPD-events/SPA-conference/2025/Home.aspx Speak Up S6E30 Speech Pathology Week: Speech pathologists communicating their way: https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/speech-pathology-week-speech-pathologists-communicating-their-way-s6e30 Speak Up S5E9 Translanguaging and linguistic justice: https://soundcloud.com/speechpathologyaustralia/s05e09-final Speech Pathology Australia acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of lands, seas and waters throughout Australia, and pay respect to Elders past and present. We recognise that the health and social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are grounded in continued connection to culture, country, language and community and acknowledge that sovereignty was never ceded. Free access to transcripts for podcast episodes are available via the SPA Learning Hub (https://learninghub.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/), you will need to sign in or create an account. For more information, please see our Bio or for further enquiries, email speakuppodcast@speechpathologyaustralia.org.au Disclaimer: © (2025) The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited. All rights reserved. Important Notice, Please read: The views expressed in this presentation and reproduced in these materials are not necessarily the views of, or endorsed by, The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited (“the Association”). The Association makes no warranty or representation in relation to the content, currency or accuracy of any of the materials comprised in this recording. The Association expressly disclaims any and all liability (including liability for negligence) in respect of use of these materials and the information contained within them. The Association recommends you seek independent professional advice prior to making any decision involving matters outlined in this recording including in any of the materials referred to or otherwise incorporated into this recording. Except as otherwise stated, copyright and all other intellectual property rights comprised in the presentation and these materials, remain the exclusive property of the Association. Except with the Association's prior written approval you must not, in whole or part, reproduce, modify, adapt, distribute, publish or electronically communicate (including by online means) this recording or any of these materials.

Senior officials and industry experts have expressed confidence in China's job market growth, as the central government has prepared for uncertainties and will continue releasing supportive policies in finance, skills training and entrepreneurship to maintain the stability of domestic employment.我国高级官员和行业专家对就业市场前景充满信心。中央政府已做好应对不确定因素的准备，将继续出台金融支持、技能培训、创业扶持等政策措施，全力保障就业形势稳定。The domestic job market delivered some eye-catching results in the first quarter of this year, with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security announcing on Monday that about 3.08 million new jobs were created in urban areas in the first quarter, an increase of around 50,000 jobs compared with the same period last year.今年第一季度就业市场交出亮眼成绩单，人力资源社会保障部周一的公布数据显示，第一季度全国城镇新增就业308万人，较去年同期增加约5万个就业岗位。The surveyed unemployment rate in the first quarter stayed at around 5.3 percent, a slight rise of 0.1 percentage point year-on-year but still within the target range of 5.5 percent set for this year in the 2025 Government Work Report.第一季度的城镇调查失业率均值保持在5.3%水平，较去年同期微升0.1个百分点，但仍控制在《2025年政府工作报告》提出的5.5%年度调控目标范围内。Yu Jiadong, vice-minister of human resources and social security, said at a news conference in Beijing on Monday that the central government has fully analyzed the domestic employment landscape and is prepared to tackle challenges and uncertainties.人力资源社会保障部副部长俞家栋周一在京出席新闻发布会时表示，中央已对当前就业形势进行系统研判，做好充分准备应对各类风险挑战。"We've noted international challenges and hefty tariffs imposed by the United States, which have made some Chinese foreign trade companies face business difficulties and, thus, see a hit to employees. But we will spare no effort to make sure the domestic job market grows steadily," he said.“我们注意到美国挑起的国际经贸摩擦和加征高额关税行为，使部分中国外贸企业面临经营压力，因此对员工就业造成一定影响。但我们将不遗余力确保国内就业市场保持稳定增长。”俞部长表示。Yu also said the government will continue to develop new growth points for employment and encourage employers, especially small and medium-sized companies and those involved in key industries like modern services and manufacturing, to create more job opportunities with financial incentives.俞部长进一步指出，政府将持续培育就业新增长点，并通过财政激励措施鼓励用人单位，尤其是中小微企业及现代服务业、智能制造等关键行业企业去创造更多就业岗位。"It's important to fully implement the current policies (such as low-interest loans and hiring subsidies). The loan limit to small and medium-sized companies has been raised to 50 million yuan ($6.85 million) at most, and for individuals 10 million yuan at most," he said. The loans are specifically to be used to stabilize job positions or for job creation.他强调：“当前各项稳就业政策（如低息贷款和雇佣补贴）必须全面落实到位。针对中小微企业的贷款额度已提升至最高5000万元人民币（约合685万美元），个人贷款额度最高可达1000万元，这些专项资金将专项用于稳岗扩岗。”The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance have recently granted a subsidy totaling 66.7 billion yuan for employment promotion, Yu said, adding that stronger financial support and subsidies will be given to companies and individuals, especially those bearing greater losses or influence related to high US tariffs.据俞部长介绍，人力资源社会保障部与财政部近期已联合下达667亿元就业补助资金，未来还将加大对企业和个人的财政支持和补贴，特别是那些因美国高额关税而蒙受更大损失或影响的企业和个人。He said at the conference that the central government will continue to prioritize the employment of key groups such as college graduates and migrant workers, while preferential policies on loans, taxes and skills training will be available to people who face difficulties in landing jobs because of disability or family financial conditions.俞部长在会议上表示，中央政府将继续优先考虑高校毕业生、农民工等重点群体的就业。同时，对于因身体残疾或家庭经济困难导致就业受阻的人群，政府将通过贷款优惠、税收减免、技能培训等组合政策予以精准帮扶。He stressed the importance of skills training and said that companies hit by the hefty US tariffs are encouraged to keep their employees by organizing on-the-job skills training programs or training employees for new positions.他强调技能培训的重要性，并鼓励那些受美国高额关税影响的企业通过组织在职技能培训或针对新岗位开展员工培训来留住人才。"We have a sufficient policy tool kit, which can support the companies in keeping their staff members or hiring new people, and can also improve people's working skills or ability to run their own businesses. We have confidence in stabilizing the domestic job market," Yu said.俞家栋表示：“我们拥有充足的政策工具箱，既可以支持企业稳定现有员工队伍或吸纳新成员，也能提升劳动者的职业技能水平或自主创业能力。我们有信心稳定国内就业市场。”Li Qiang, vice-president of recruitment portal Zhaopin, said he is confident about China's economy and employment resilience and potential, citing the economic performance in the first quarter and growing domestic hiring demand.智联招聘副总裁李强对中国经济和就业市场的韧性及潜力持乐观态度，并以第一季度的经济表现和国内招聘需求不断增长的情况为证。"The GDP in the first quarter marked 5.4 percent year-on-year growth, and we've noticed that hiring demand from employers in modern services, manufacturing and real estate have all registered growth during this period of time, showing China's optimized economic structure," Li said.“第一季度国内生产总值实现5.4%的同比增长。我们注意到，在此期间服务业、制造业和房地产行业的企业招聘需求均呈现增长态势，这反映出我国经济结构持续优化的趋势。”李强说。"With the progress of the establishment of China's modern industrial system, the job market will continue to play a key role in turning the economic development results into benefits for people's livelihood," he added.“随着现代产业体系建设持续推进，就业市场将继续发挥关键作用，将经济发展成果转化为民生福利。”entrepreneurship /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/n.创业；企业家的身份the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security人力资源社会保障部unemployment rate失业率hefty tariffs高额关税financial incentives财政激励

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Az előfizetők (de csak a Belső kör és Közösség csomagok tulajdonosai!) már szombat hajnalban hozzájutnak legfrissebb epizódunk teljes verziójához. A hétfőn publikált, ingyen meghallgatható verzió tíz perccel rövidebb. Itt írtunk arról, hogy tudod meghallgatni a teljes adást. 00:23 Interpápum. Pápaválasztás vs. Eurovízió. Mindig van egy Bakócz Tamás. 05:31 Tippjeink pápára. Esélylatolgatás, fogadóirodák. Lehet-e goás a pápa? 11:15 A pápaválasztás nagyjából pontos ügymenete. Kampány és dezinformáció a pápaválasztásban. AI-verekedésben végződő csúcstalálkozók: Vance-Ferenc. Kedvenc pápáink. Kevin bíboros. 17:30 Vészabó zavar a rendszerben. Utasítást teljesítő és lelkes önként jelentkező fideszesek. Csizi Péter és a jó bredai buszok. 23:11 Rendőrségi vallomások: manórúd és autós üldözés. A győri Fittipaldi. Akkor mostantól felesleges kergetőzni. 28:28 Usain Bolt, a Coccolino reklámarca. A Hell Észak-Görögországban. Barabásék perei. 32:11 Ez nektek nagytakarítás? A Yu-mex-szcéna. Paloma Negra. A mariachi eredete. 36:59 Csetelgetés Ádám Martinnal. Diósgyőr-ellenes szurkolói rigmusok. Mindjárt Fradi-Felcsút. 41:20 Jelentősebb túszdrámák a világtörténelemből. A londoni iráni követség ostroma. Dubrovka és Beslan. Kizljar és Bugyonnovszk. Mekka megszállása. 47:40 A limai japán nagykövetség és Entebbe. Az izraeli túszszabadítások PR-problémái. C.J. Chivers: The School. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The hardest chapters of your life often become the clearest mirror of your values. When Rabbi Jonathan Cohen woke up one Shabbat (Saturday) morning unable to move, he had no idea he was facing a life-altering medical emergency. What followed - emergency brain surgery, a cancer diagnosis, and a whirlwind of hospital visits - could have broken his spirit. Instead, it clarified his purpose. In this raw and deeply human conversation, Jonathan - affectionately known as "JoCo" - shares how he continues to show up with purpose during hard times, for his family, his community, and himself, even in the midst of fear, fatigue, and the unknown. With humor, wisdom, and an unmistakable warmth, he invites us to rethink what it means to live meaningfully when life turns upside down. This isn't just a story about illness. It's a story about resilience, presence, and the power of showing up with purpose, even when everything else falls away. In this conversation about showing up with purpose during hard times, you'll hear: The Shabbat (Saturday) morning that changed everything for Jonathan How he stayed grounded in his values through a health crisis and what helps him through the hard times What it meant for him to suddenly be a patient What makes a visit meaningful when someone is seriously ill Caring for others and visiting communities affected by October 7, even as he confronts his own health challenges Jonathan's reflections on vulnerability, community, and setting boundaries And many more insights   TIMESTAMPS 00:00 – Introduction to Jonathan Cohen's Journey 01:37 – Life Before the Cancer Diagnosis 07:27 – The Morning Everything Changed 13:59 – Emergency Brain Surgery and Hospitalization 21:03 – Adjusting to Life as a Patient 26:50 – Support from Family and Friends 32:09 – Navigating Visits and Staying Positive 36:12 – What Makes a Visit Truly Meaningful 40:10 – Balancing Illness with Family Life 40:57 – Creative Ways Visitors Made an Impact 42:44 – Community Engagement as a Healing Practice 45:44 – The Therapeutic Power of Getting Outside 47:37 – Supporting Others Through Small Gestures 50:28 – Seeing Life Differently Through Illness 55:42 – Fighting vs. Managing Illness 59:33 – Finding Strength Through Support and Positivity 01:02:44 – Final Reflections and Life Lessons   ABOUT THE GUEST Rabbi Jonathan Cohen (affectionately known as "JoCo") is a dynamic force of inspiration within the Jewish community. He works with Yeshiva University (YU) recruiting gap-year students to continue their education at YU, while also serving with NCSY (a division of the Orthodox Union) to help young couples find their place in Jewish communities across the United States. Beyond his professional roles, Rabbi Cohen is renowned for his exceptionally warm and open home, where he and his family have hosted countless students for Shabbos and Yom Tov meals. Recently diagnosed with cancer, Rabbi Cohen faces this challenge with remarkable resilience and positivity. Despite undergoing intensive treatment, he remains steadfast in his mission to serve others. He continues to travel across Israel, leading impactful trips and providing support to communities affected by the events of October 7th, turning his personal struggle into an opportunity to spread kindness and connection to those in need. QUOTES “Being a hero also means going through challenges and creating opportunities.” - Jonathan Cohen “What I've learned most importantly is that we have to be there more for each other.” - Jonathan Cohen “That first week, there were certain people [who] weren't even thinking about themselves. They were thinking about ‘what can we do to put a smile on your face?'” - Jonathan Cohen “Communication is still a hard thing in the generation that we live.” - Jonathan Cohen ABOUT THE HOST Uri Schneider, M.A. CCC -SLP is co-founder and leader at Schneider Speech; creator and host of Transcending Stuttering; and former faculty at the University of California, Riverside School of Medicine. SEE ALL SHOW NOTES http://www.transcendingx.com/podcast LEARN MORE at http://www.transcendingx.com and http://www.schneiderspeech.com

We discuss and break down everything regarding the recent episode of Yu-gi-oh: The Card Game Chronicles!! Sit back, relax, and enjoy our thoughts on the episode, and theories about where the show will go! Subscribe to our Youtube channel to stay up to date and join us live: https://www.youtube.com/yugioheverything

Download my free guided meditation audio bundle here: https://thewellnessengineer.com/audiobundle   Save your seat at the Rheumatoid Arthritis and Autoimmunity Symposium - A groundbreaking event hosted by Dr. Micah Yu. Live May 12–18, 2025 | Free & Online. RSVP here: https://yu.myautoimmunemd.com/register?sa=sa02304049090547256a42cc0997f4cfc37b4ac399     Did you know that the pain you're feeling might be more than just inflammation? It could be your body's complex response to stress, trauma, and even the food on your plate. Join me and Dr. Micah Yu, MD, to explore a holistic approach to rheumatoid arthritis, covering personalized diets, stress management, and the truth about restrictive eating. Get ready to see your health and your path to healing in a whole new light!   In this episode you'll learn: ⏰ 03:06 - A medical student's experience with joint pain ⏰ 10:22 - No one anti-inflammatory diet is good for everyone  ⏰ 11:25 - Trauma can be a contributing factor for autoimmune disease ⏰ 12:24 -  The role of stress in triggering the immune system ⏰ 19:22 - Identifying protocols for individual patients ⏰ 26:55 - The ONE thing you can do to activate self-healing ⏰ 28:00 - What to watch out for when eating restrictive diets  Check out Dr. Micah Yu, MD's Bio: Dr. Yu is an integrative rheumatologist who incorporates complementary medicine with traditional rheumatology. He is quadruple board-certified in Rheumatology, Internal Medicine, Integrative Medicine, and Lifestyle Medicine. He obtained his MD from Chicago Medical School and holds a Masters in Healthcare Administration and Biomedical sciences. He completed his internal medicine residency and rheumatology fellowship at Loma Linda University in Southern California. He is a graduate of the Andrew Weil Integrative Medicine Fellowship at the University of Arizona. In addition, he is certified in functional medicine through the Institute of Functional Medicine. He is a member of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society(ILADS), International Society for Environmentally Acquired Illness(ISEAI), and American Academy of Environmental Medicine(AAEM). He has a very unique perspective on autoimmune disease and arthritis as he is both a patient with arthritis and physician. Dr. Yu was diagnosed with gout at the age of 17 and later diagnosed with spondyloarthritis as well. He is able to understand his patient's medical problems from a patient perspective. The foundation of his practice is to combine allopathic medicine with complementary medicine. He works with his patients to come up with a treatment plan that not only fights the disease but also is aligned with his patient's goals. Dr. Micah Yu, MD's gift and link: Are you or someone you love struggling with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or another autoimmune condition? Join Dr. Micah Yu - who lives with RA himself - for his first-of-its-kind symposium with over 30 world-class experts who'll share cutting-edge science and real-life strategies to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and live with vitality and purpose—no matter where you are in your journey. The Rheumatoid Arthritis and Autoimmunity Symposium - A groundbreaking event hosted by Dr. Micah Yu (MD, MHA, MS, ABOIM, DipABLM, IFMCP). Live May 12–18, 2025 | Free & Online. RSVP here: https://yu.myautoimmunemd.com/register?sa=sa02304049090547256a42cc0997f4cfc37b4ac399    Connect with Dr. Micah Yu, MD: Website: https://drlifestyle.org/  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drlifestyleclinic  Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drlifestyleclinic/    ***** Hi there! I am Jane Hogan, the Wellness Engineer, and the host of Wellness By Design. I spent 30 years designing foundations for buildings until the pain and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis led me to hang up my hard hat and follow my heart. Now I blend my backgrounds in science and spirituality to teach people how to tap into the power of their mind, body and soul. I help them release pain naturally so they can become the best version of themselves.    Wellness By Design is a show dedicated to helping people achieve wellness not by reacting to the world around them but by intentionally designing a life based on what their own body needs. In this show we explore practices, methods and science that contribute to releasing pain and inflammation naturally.   Learn more at https://thewellnessengineer.com   Would you like to learn how to release pain by creating more peace and calm?  Download my free guided meditation audio bundle here: https://thewellnessengineer.com/audiobundle   Connect with Jane:  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JaneHoganHealth/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/janehoganhealth  

Kinzie Norton shares about the many moments that have shaped her YU experience, and how God was with her for all of them.

Tracklist : 1.Braxton - Karuru Falls 2.Levorica - Moonshield 3.Sultan + Shepard - Mainline 4.Quivver & Dave Seaman - The Promise 5.Jody Wisternoff - Mui (Ezequiel Arias Remix) 6.Larrosa & Nico Sparvieri - Influences (Mike Griego Remix) [EXPLORATION OF THE WEEK] 7.YU-1 & Santiago Luna - Choose to Shine (Atom Remix) 8.Kostya Outta - Closer 9.Royksopp - The Girl And The Robot (feat. Robyn) 10.Grum - Amnesia 11.Luttrell - Space (Dusky Remix) 12.Signum - Homage

Today on Integrative Cancer Solutions Dr. Karlfeldt interviews Dr. Simon Yu about the surprising connection between parasites and cancer treatment. Dr. Yu, an internist with military experience in Bolivia, explains how he became known as the "parasite guy" despite not having formal training in parasitology. His experience treating patients with medications like ivermectin and parental palm oil led to unexpected improvements in various conditions, including cancer cases. Dr. Yu discusses the limitations of conventional parasite testing, noting that stool tests often miss parasitic infections. He emphasizes the importance of using a combination of parasite medications at appropriate dosages to effectively target multiple microorganisms. Dr. Yu shares specific dosing protocols for medications like ivermectin and niclosamide, while highlighting the need to support the liver, kidneys, and colon during treatment. The conversation includes compelling case studies, including a lung cancer patient who improved after taking ivermectin and coughing up a parasite. Dr. Yu explains that parasites can compromise the immune system and create an environment conducive to cancer development. He also emphasizes the importance of addressing dental infections and using energetic testing to identify hidden infections that conventional tests might miss. Dr. Yu believes parasitic treatment will become increasingly important in cancer therapy due to its ability to address multiple system infections and inflammation. He reassures listeners that proper parasitic treatment can actually help restore gut microbiome health rather than harm it. Throughout the interview, Dr. Yu advocates for a comprehensive approach to cancer treatment that looks beyond conventional therapies to address underlying infections and immune system challenges.Dr. Simon Yu, an internist with military experience in Bolivia, explains how parasite treatments can unexpectedly help cancer patients, with some seeing their cancer stabilize or even disappear after treatment.High doses of parasite medications like ivermectin, niclosamide, and parental palm oil are recommended for effective treatment with minimal side effects.Dr. Yu emphasizes that conventional stool tests often miss parasites, requiring alternative testing methods and a combination approach to treatment.Addressing dental infections and other hidden infections is crucial alongside parasite treatment, as demonstrated by a case where a patient with a fungating tumor improved after having a tooth pulled.Dr. Yu believes parasitic treatment will become more integral to cancer therapy due to its ability to address multiple system infections and inflammation that may contribute to cancer development.----Grab my book A Better Way to Treat Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Preventing and Most Effectively Treating Our Biggest Health Threat - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CM1KKD9X?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860 Unleashing 10X Power: A Revolutionary Approach to Conquering Cancerhttps://store.thekarlfeldtcenter.com/products/unleashing-10x-power-Price: $24.99-100% Off Discount Code: CANCERPODCAST1Healing Within: Unraveling the Emotional Roots of Cancerhttps://store.thekarlfeldtcenter.com/products/healing-within-Price: $24.99-100% Off Discount Code: CANCERPODCAST2----Integrative Cancer Solutions was created to instill hope and empowerment. Other people have been where you are right now and have already done the research for you. Listen to their stories and journeys and apply what they learned to achieve similar outcomes as they have, cancer remission and an even more fullness of life than before the diagnosis. Guests will discuss what therapies, supplements, and practitioners they relied on to beat cancer. Once diagnosed, time is of the essence. This podcast will dramatically reduce your learning curve as you search for your own solution to cancer. To learn more about the cutting-edge integrative cancer therapies Dr. Karlfeldt offer at his center, please visit www.TheKarlfeldtCenter.com

David Gornoski sits down with Dr. Weiping Yu for a conversation on Dr Yu's recent appearance on the PBD Podcast alongside Terrence Howard, why single-charged particles don't exist, the truth about electrons, why quantum mechanics is false, Uon theory, and more. Follow Dr Yu on X here. Follow David Gornoski on X here. Visit aneighborschoice.com for more

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Després que tanqués el passat setembre i sabéssim que l'edifici es posava a la venda finalment el Ricky's no desapareixerà. Tot ha estat fruit de l'amor a primera vista, el que va sentir l'igualadí Marc Moreno i la seva parella Yu Okanto en visitar l'edifici del carrer Sant Pau, 25 amb la intenció de comprar-lo. El que havia de ser una operació immobiliària sense més s'ha acabat convertint en la compra de l'edifici i la gestió de la discoteca de la que se n'ocuparan, d'entrada, en Marc i la Yu i a més amb una voluntat clara de recuperar l'esperit dels orígens del Ricky's, aquella sala que va obrir com a pensió Sol y Mar i que va acabar esdevenint en un bar i pub, per després ser una boîte i finalment una discoteca. El nou propietari encara no té data d'obertura però la intenció és que sigui aviat, en un mes aproximadament, dependrà del treball d'interiorisme que s'hi està fent i que ha de donar-li un aire completament diferent al dels darrers anys de la discoteca. El canvi ha de venir també en el model de negoci, la voluntat és oferir música en directe i sessions de dj destinades a un públic de més de 35 anys i en horari de vespre-nit fins a les tres de la matinada aproximadament com a màxim. El que segur no es toca és el nom, Ricky's. N'hem parlat amb Marc Moreno, Yu Okanto i amb Toni Llorià. L'entrada El Ricky’s tornarà a obrir portes aviat amb aire renovat inspirat en els orígens de la discoteca ha aparegut primer a Radio Maricel.

Drs. Yu and Sabari trace the evolution of HER2-mutant lung cancer treatment from chemotherapy to targeted therapies, highlighting key advancements, challenges, and patient responses. They also explore emerging treatment strategies, resistance mechanisms, and the future of personalized therapy based on biomarkers and co-mutations.

Drs. Sabari and Yu discuss the molecular landscape of HER2-mutant lung cancer, including its genomic characteristics, common co-mutations, and differences between HER2 mutations and HER2 amplification. This discussion also explores the prevalence and clinical patterns of HER2 mutations, their oncogenic mechanisms, their impact on tumor behavior and metastases, and potential environmental or genetic contributors to their development.

What is it? Does the Torah agree to it? Can we have groups in our yeshivos that we are forced to have or is it better to close down? Do ends justify the means? Joining up with Ovrei Aveira  Is it diffrent than sitting on the Knesset or the WZO? Should we have public forums talking about our Yetzer Hora? Harav Mordechai Giftar – Rosh Yeshivah of Telshe – 17:26 Harav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik – Rosh Yeshivah YU – 21:24 Rabbi Meyer Twersky – Rosh Yeshivah YU – 25:26 with Rabbi Hershel Schachter – Rosh Yeshivah YU – 27:30 with Dov Pfeiffer – Student in YU on the board of Hareni – 34:17 with Rabbi Aryeh Lebowitz – Head of Semicha at RIETS (YU), Rov of Bais Haknesses of North Woodmere – 48:12 with Rabbi Pini Dunner – Rov of Beverly Hills CA, Noted Historian and Lecturer – 1:03:14 with Meir Moschel – Alumus and parent at YU – 1:19:00  

Mở bát cho Cởi Mở mùa 5, chúng ta cùng chào đón cặp đôi Kendall Nguyễn và Yu Trần. Không những gấp đôi visual mỗi lần xuất hiện bên cạnh nhau, Kendall và Yu cũng mang đến trường quay một bầu không khí vô cùng dễ chịu với sự cởi mở trong cách chia sẻ quan điểm về hôn nhân và cách hoà hợp trong tình yêu để có một mối quan hệ bền vững. Vậy suy nghĩ về hôn nhân của một cặp đôi "đam mỹ" có gì đặc biệt? Tập Cởi Mở lần này không chỉ bàn luận về việc có nên kết hôn hay không, mà còn bóc tách những rào cản, khoảng cách của cả 2 trước quyết định trở thành người thân, người tình và người bạn đồng hành cùng nhau lâu dài. Sự thấu hiểu, tôn trọng và luôn giữ sự cởi mở với nhau trong mọi vấn đề là mấu chốt giúp cả 2 dễ dàng vượt qua nhiều khó khăn trong hành trình yêu. Cùng 2 host Phương Nam và Minh Trang lắng nghe câu chuyện của 2 chàng trai đáng yêu này với những chia sẻ đầy thú vị nhé! —Cảm ơn Durex đã đồng hành cùng Vietcetera trong hành trình Cởi_Mở và khám phá bản thân.#CoiMo #Vietcetera #DurexVietnam #Durex001#KhongMotKhoangCach #CM_S5_1— Đừng quên có thể xem bản video của podcast này tại: YouTube Và đọc những bài viết thú vị tại website: Vietcetera — Yêu thích tập podcast này, bạn có thể donate tại: ● Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/vietcetera ● Buy me a coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/vietcetera Nếu có bất cứ góp ý, phản hồi hay mong muốn hợp tác, bạn có thể gửi email về địa chỉ team@vietcetera.com

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Episode 342 Discussed in this episode: the heebie jeebies, Snobs Con Midwest, The Electric State, Legacy of Yu, Earthborne Rangers, Medical Mysteries: NYC Emergency Room, Roy D Mercer and more! To find out more touch the links below!   Snobs Con Midwest   Our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/bgsnobs Follow/join us at: Board Game Snobs Discord https://www.instagram.com/boardgamesnobs/ Board Game Snobs Facebook Group For merch: https://sirmeeple.com/collections/board-game-snobs For questions, comments or general adulation: Send emails to boardgamesnobs@gmail.com

In this episode we honor the life and work of Maddie Blaustein. At 4Kids, Maddie is best known for voicing Meowth on Pokémon, Solomon Muto on Yu-gi-Oh!, Wally Tusket on Ultimate Muscle, Dr. Kureha on One Piece, Helga on Dinosaur King, Dr. K on Cubix, Oslo on Fighting Foodons and so much more. Here are the links that were referenced in the episode Trans-Ponder Podcast https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8bi5KPPC8c  Them Article https://www.them.us/story/maddie-blaustein-pokemon  Some of Maddie's comics https://amzn.to/40f8xTM    https://amzn.to/3Px1qkG https://amzn.to/3CdfXPp  Here is Maddie on the message boards https://forums.serebii.net/threads/ask-maddie-blaustein-q-a-with-meowth.116935/page-105  Special thanks to Voice Actors Ciaran Strange, Mike Pollock, Marin Miller, Kayzie Rogers, Lisa Ortiz, Chris Niosi and Marc Thompson and Sena Bryer. 4Kids Flashback is a behind the scenes podcast about the 4Kids era of television as told by the people who were actually there. 4Kids is the company that brought Pokémon, Yu-Gi-Oh!, One Piece and many other anime series to English speaking audiences. Our website is https://www.4kidsflashback.com/  Subscribe at https://www.patreon.com/4KidsFlashback for episodes one week early and ad-free plus bonus content! For merch go to https://4kids-flashback.printify.me/products  Leave us a voice message at www.Speakpipe.com/4KidsFlashback  Autographs for Charity available at https://www.ebay.com/usr/flashback4kids  Watch videos at https://www.youtube.com/@4KidsFlashback.  Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent or of this podcast and/or it's hosts. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Zevi Samet is a captain on the YU basketball team and host of the YU Ball: beyond the court podcast. Hear about his journey on the court and his amazing off the court initiatives.To contact Zevi about speaking opportunities or the podcast: zsbeyondthecourt@gmail.comLinks mentioned in the episode:GoFundMe: https://gofund.me/5e4e2263 Roy Episode: https://youtu.be/8iC9cp1jDNsOr Episode: https://youtu.be/txrst-dt6iYFind more videos on the Meaningful Minute app and 24Six @zevi.samet.The 501c: TAKE TEN 4 TORAH, 9 BROKAW LANE, GREAT NECK NY 11023 (TAX ID # 83-1308961) MEMO - ZEVI'S PROJECT-----To sponsor an episode: JewsShmoozeMarketing@gmail.comListen on the phone!! UK: 44-333-366-0589 IL: 972-79-579-5005 USA: 712-432-2903Check out the Jews Shmooze T-shirts and mug: https://rb.gy/qp543

Many people believe arthritis pain is inevitable, but what if there was a way to reduce inflammation, protect your joints, and improve mobility naturally? In this episode, I have an enlightening conversation with Dr. Micah Yu, a triple-board-certified integrative rheumatologist who merges functional medicine, lifestyle changes, and conventional treatments to help patients reverse arthritis symptoms and reclaim their lives. Dr. Yu shares his journey with autoimmune arthritis, the key differences between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, the link between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, and how food, gut health, and environmental toxins impact joint pain. He also discusses natural remedies, supplements, and targeted lifestyle changes that can help you move pain-free. Want to learn more? Follow Dr. Yu and explore his resources for natural arthritis solutions. Discover how you can take control of your arthritis and live pain-free!   “Rheumatoid arthritis patients have a higher risk of having osteoporosis because there is inflammation going on in the body." ~ Dr. Micah Yu   In this episode: [02:06] - Dr. Yu's journey with autoimmune arthritis [07:04] - The difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis [08:14] - The connection between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis [09:06] - Hope for people with rheumatoid arthritis [11:20] - How inflammation impacts arthritis and bone health [13:35] - Why gut health plays a role in joint pain [18:01] - The hidden environmental toxins affecting arthritis [23:24] - Anti-inflammatory diet to ease joint pain [28:31] - How stress and mindset influence joint pain [31:38] - Food, supplements, and simple ways to alleviate pain [35:31] - Dr. Yu's advice for managing and reversing arthritis    Resources mentioned Dr. Yu's Websites - www.myautoimmunemd.com and www.drlifestyle.org Osteoporosis Exercises Handout - https://www.happyboneshappylife.com/osteoporosis-exercises-to-strengthen-your-bones-and-prevent-fractures-1   More about Margie Website - https://margiebissinger.com/  Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/p/Margie-Bissinger-MS-PT-CHC-100063542905332/  Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/margiebissinger/?hl=en    DISCLAIMER – The information presented on this podcast should not be construed as medical advice. It is not intended to replace consultation with your physician or healthcare provider. The ideas shared on this podcast are the expressed opinions of the guests and do not always reflect those of Margie Bissinger and Happy Bones, Happy Life Podcast.   *In compliance with the FTC guidelines, please assume the following about links on this site: Some of the links going to products are affiliate links of which I receive a small commission from sales of certain items, but the price is the same for you (sometimes, I even get to share a unique discount with you). If I post an affiliate link to a product, it is something that I personally use, support, and would recommend. I personally vet each and every product. My first priority is providing valuable information and resources to help you create positive changes in your health and bring more happiness into your life. I will only ever link to products or resources (affiliate or otherwise) that fit within this purpose.

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Çağdaş Yüksel ist Filmemacher, Regisseur, Produzent und Geschäftsführer von Cocktailfilms. Der 30-jährige gebürtige Möchengladbacher hat mit Dokumentationen wie Asyland, Gleis 11 und die für den Grimme Preis nominierte fiktionale Serie "Uncivilized" (ZDF) gesellschaftspolitische Themen verfilmt. Mit Frank spricht er über seine Low-Budget-Doku über Geflüchtete, die erste Generation Gastarbeiter*innen, Straßensperrungsanträge, kleine Momente und große Träume. Wie er schon so jung zum Film kam, warum er in Istanbul einen positiven Kulturschock erlitt und wie er mit Ablehnung und Wut umgeht. GLEIS 11: https://www.bpb.de/mediathek/video/506674/gleis-11/ UNCIVILIZED: https://www.zdf.de/serien/uncivilized (06:50) Passkontrolle (10:10) Klischee-Check (18:40) Humanistisches Gymnasium, Musikband & Parentifizierung (35:15) Filmset-Praktika, Kulturschock in Istanbul & Asyland (55:25) Doku über Gastarbeiter: Habe Wut in Energie umgewandelt" (1:03:05) "Uncivilized": Kleine Momente statt große Story PODCAST-WORKSHOP Meldet euch jetzt an zum Online-Podcast-Workshop "How to Podcast"--> https://halbekatoffl.de/workshops/ SUPPORT: Halbe Katoffl unterstützen: https://halbekatoffl.de/unterstuetzen/ Paypal: frank@halbekatoffl.de Steady: https://steadyhq.com/de/halbekatoffl/about Überweisung/ Dauerauftrag: Schreib an frank@halbekatoffl.de | Stichwort: KONTO Website: https://halbekatoffl.de Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/halbekatoffl/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/frank-joung-76-fjo/

In this episode of Vanessa Codorniu's podcast, the focus is on the themes of the New Moon in Pisces and its celestial implications. Vanessa begins with a cleansing ritual using white sage, setting the stage for a discussion about the spiritual and energetic significance of this lunar phase. She emphasizes the importance of setting intentions for healing and transformation and explains the astrological backdrop of the North Node in Pisces and the South Node in Virgo. Vanessa blends astrology with socio-political elements, drawing on current world events to convey the urgency of spiritual awakening and unity. Vanessa Codorniu delves into the potential of the New Moon in Pisces to act as a catalyst for personal and collective transformation. This new moon offers an opportunity for deep spiritual renewal, inviting introspection, creativity, and emotional healing. Vanessa touches on various astrological influences during this period, including Mercury and Uranus aspects, and suggests practical ways to harness these energies. From embracing creativity to reevaluating personal relationships, she provides guidance on navigating the intense energies of this astronomical time. The episode concludes with announcements of upcoming workshops and a heartfelt reminder of resilience and unity, encouraging listeners to embrace the magical possibilities presented by the cosmos. The New Moon in Pisces presents an ideal time for spiritual renewal and intention-setting for emotional healing and creative expression. Astrological insights highlight the importance of embracing unity, faith over fear, and the potential for transformation during this lunar phase. Practical strategies, such as journaling and dream exploration, can aid in harnessing heightened intuition and seeking emotional clarity. Vanessa underscores the significance of forgiveness as a personal liberation tool, aiding in releasing the past to make space for future growth. Upcoming workshops and events emphasize the need for regular cleansing practices to maintain energetic balance amidst collective and personal challenges. Back to Basics: Egg Limpia, Cleansing & Grounding for Chaotic Times Saturday, March 22 1-3pm ET $44 Purchase here https://thebizbruja.com/events OR here  https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/YU... and an email will be sent out:   Reach out for more info: www.thebizbruja.com or muzeworks@gmail.com Nodal shift Episode:    • Navigating 2025's Nodal Shifts: Embra...     BIO: Vanessa Codorniu is a renowned intuitive, healer, and teacher who specializes in spiritual guidance, astrology, and hypnosis. She is known for her deep understanding of psychic development and healing practices, as well as her ability to bridge indigenous and contemporary spiritual modalities. As a bilingual practitioner fluent in English and Spanish, Vanessa serves a global community, empowering others to connect with their inner wisdom and spiritual path.   #newmoon #newmooninpisces #thebizbruja #astrology2025 #spiritualhealing #intuition

BGMania B-Sides #18 of BGMania: A Video Game Music Podcast. Today on the show, Bedroth from RPGera explores a very different kind of music festival, one that is very adult and rhythm-based... SpunkStock: Music Festival! Email the show at bgmaniapodcast@gmail.com with requests for upcoming episodes, questions, feedback, comments, concerns, or whatever you want! Special thanks to our Executive Producers: Jexak, Xancu & Jeff. EPISODE PLAYLIST AND CREDITS The Pit -Full Main Theme- from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Regulus, 2023] Samga's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Regulus, 2023] Pica's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Regulus, 2023] Cali's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Fufu's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Yu's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Mei's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Toto's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Yoni's Theme from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] Under the Stage -Future Fragments x SpunkStock- from SpunkStock: Music Festival [Wishful Simping, 2023] SUPPORT US Patreon: https://patreon.com/rpgera CONTACT US Website: https://rpgera.com Discord: https://discord.gg/cC73Heu Twitch: https://twitch.tv/therpgera Twitter: https://twitter.com/OriginalLDG Instagram: https://instagram.com/bryan.ldg/ Facebook: https://facebook.com/leveldowngaming RPGERA PODCAST NETWORK Very Good Music: A VGM Podcast Listening Religiously

Dr. Simkovich taught in a Catholic University and now is at JPS and YU. She continues her interfaith dialogue throughout. But here we spoke, among other things, about the concept of diaspora and exile - what is a Judean, a Judahite, and an Israelite. These are terms that are often thrown around interchangeably, but understanding the meaning and etymology of each helps us understand the spatial and temporal elements of being Jewish, of Judean roots, and in the context of today.  Letters from Home: The Creation of Diaspora in Jewish Antiquity (Eisenbrauns, 2024) is an analysis of letters from Jewish Antiquity and spans the Persian and Babylonian Empires in space and time and touches upon the Greek and Roman Empires. Is diaspora curse? If a main prohibition was for Israelites to return to Egypt, how is one of the most ancient Jewish communities found in Egypt? How and why did they get there? Was it a negative or positive evolution of the exile?  As the conversation evolved Dr. Simkovich let out a call for suggested readings on the term and concept of "golah" as opposed to "galut", diaspora and exile. Please reach out if you want to share your thoughts on this and the significance of the diaspora as a phenomenon. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Dr. Simkovich taught in a Catholic University and now is at JPS and YU. She continues her interfaith dialogue throughout. But here we spoke, among other things, about the concept of diaspora and exile - what is a Judean, a Judahite, and an Israelite. These are terms that are often thrown around interchangeably, but understanding the meaning and etymology of each helps us understand the spatial and temporal elements of being Jewish, of Judean roots, and in the context of today.  Letters from Home: The Creation of Diaspora in Jewish Antiquity (Eisenbrauns, 2024) is an analysis of letters from Jewish Antiquity and spans the Persian and Babylonian Empires in space and time and touches upon the Greek and Roman Empires. Is diaspora curse? If a main prohibition was for Israelites to return to Egypt, how is one of the most ancient Jewish communities found in Egypt? How and why did they get there? Was it a negative or positive evolution of the exile?  As the conversation evolved Dr. Simkovich let out a call for suggested readings on the term and concept of "golah" as opposed to "galut", diaspora and exile. Please reach out if you want to share your thoughts on this and the significance of the diaspora as a phenomenon. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/jewish-studies

Dr. Simkovich taught in a Catholic University and now is at JPS and YU. She continues her interfaith dialogue throughout. But here we spoke, among other things, about the concept of diaspora and exile - what is a Judean, a Judahite, and an Israelite. These are terms that are often thrown around interchangeably, but understanding the meaning and etymology of each helps us understand the spatial and temporal elements of being Jewish, of Judean roots, and in the context of today.  Letters from Home: The Creation of Diaspora in Jewish Antiquity (Eisenbrauns, 2024) is an analysis of letters from Jewish Antiquity and spans the Persian and Babylonian Empires in space and time and touches upon the Greek and Roman Empires. Is diaspora curse? If a main prohibition was for Israelites to return to Egypt, how is one of the most ancient Jewish communities found in Egypt? How and why did they get there? Was it a negative or positive evolution of the exile?  As the conversation evolved Dr. Simkovich let out a call for suggested readings on the term and concept of "golah" as opposed to "galut", diaspora and exile. Please reach out if you want to share your thoughts on this and the significance of the diaspora as a phenomenon. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

Full show: https://kNOwBETTERHIPHOP.com Artist Played: AMiAM, Swamburger, conshus, Sadat X, Dat Guy Ike, Trexz, Say She She, Emma-Jean Thackray, Kassa Overall, Izabel, Basia Bulat, Brother Ali, Little Barrie, Arc De Soleil, DJ Center, Oddisee, Shinobi Stalin, 7X3=21, DJ Freddy Fresh, Eddie Chacon, Fly Anakin, $ilkmoney, Quelle Chris, Big Kahuna OG, Colette Chantel, Raging Moses, Cory Ard, Fernie, Jehst, Boog Brown, yU, CeeLo Green, OutKast, GOODie MOb, IMAKEMADBEATS

Last time we spoke about how Zhang Xueliang lost Manchuria. In September 1931, the Mukden Incident ignited conflict in Manchuria as Japan executed a false flag attack, prompting a swift assault on Peitaying Barracks. Zhang Xueliang, urged by Chiang Kai-shek, chose not to resist, fearing a full-scale war. The Japanese invasion revealed deep political divisions in Manchuria, with some officials defecting, others sabotaging, and a few fighting back. Amidst chaos, Zhang sought to unify his forces, but rivalries and external threats complicated his efforts, setting the stage for prolonged conflict. In post-1929 Manchuria, nationalist activists joined the KMT, including Yan Baohang and his friends, who attended a 1931 conference in Nanjing. They aimed to resist Japanese influence while navigating local elite tensions and economic struggles. As Zhang Xueliang rose to power, he sought reform but faced distrust and challenges, including high military spending and a devastating depression. By 1931, Japanese aggression loomed, culminating in a coup that threatened the fragile nationalist aspirations in the region.   #139 Gokokujo and Collaborators  Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. The Japanese Imperial General Headquarters had hoped to localize the Mukden Incident and communicated their orders to Kwantung Command. However as we had seen, the Kwantung Command in chief General Shigeru Honjo, had his wrist twisted somewhat by certain culprits in the form of Ishiwara Kanji and Itageki Seishiro. Honjo thus ordered the forces to proceed with expanding operations along the South Manchuria Railway zone. On September the 19th, the 29th infantry regiment stormed Mukden, easily overwhelming the Chinese forces within the inner walled city. Simultaneously the 2nd battalion occupied Pei Ta Ying, where they were met with some fierce resistance before storming Tung Ta Ying. Afterwards the 2nd Division drove out the remaining Chinese resistance from the eastern area of Mukden. Meanwhile the 1st Battalion fought Chinese forces at Kuan Cheng Tze near Changchun. By this point Honjo's request for assistance from the Korea Army was confirmed. General Senjuro Hayashi ordered the 20th infantry division to divide itself, forming the 39th mixed brigade who marched into Manchuria, without any authorization from Tokyo nor the Emperor to do so. By the end of the 19th, the Japanese had seized Liaoyang, Shenyang, Yingkou, Dandong, Fushun, Changchun and Jilin.  On the 20th, Wan Shu Cheng, the commander of the Chinese 2nd army ordered a withdrawal of the 44th and 643rd regiments stationed at Taching to head for Tiantsin. On the 21st the Japanese took Jilin city, by the 23rd they captured Jiaohe and Dunhua, both within Jilin. On the 26th, the Governor of Jilin, Zhang Zuoxiang who was not there at the time, was overthrown by a newly formed provisional provincial government with Xi Xia as its chairman. By October 1st Zhang Haiping would surrender the area of Taonan, later in October Ji Xing surrendered the Yanbian Korean Autonomous prefecture area and on the 17th Yu Zhishan surrendered Eastern Liaoning. General HQ in Tokyo were flabbergasted at the news all of this was being done without their orders, in fact in most cases it was directly against their orders. The civilian government of Japan was in absolute disarray over what was an act of Gekokujo. Gekokujo directly translated meaning "the low overcomes the high",was when someone of a lesser position in the military or politics overthrew someone in a higher position to seize power. The term goes all the way back to the Sui Dynasty of China, for Japan during the Kamakura period, but its most prominently known for being used during the Sengoku period. It was through the chaotic political climate of the Sengoku period that Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose to power. During the Showa period, Gekokujo would occur often. Those of the Kodoha faction used it as a means to an end during the 1920s and 1930s, assassinating political opponents as they tried to press for a Showa restoration. Back to Manchuria, as Gokokujo ran rampant, with reports coming in after each quick victory and city taken by Japanese forces, Tokyo General HQ felt utterly powerless to stop it. There is also another facet to this, the role of Emperor Hirohito. Many of you might only have a vague idea of how much “actual power” Emperor Hirohito had during the Showa Era. The Meiji Constitution of Japan going back to 1889 remained in force until 1947. It was enacted after the Meiji restoration in 1868 and provided a form of mixed constitutional and absolute monarchy. Thus in theory the Emperor governed the empire upon the advice of his ministers. In practice this meant while the Emperor was head of state, it was still the Prime Minister who was actually heading the government. Now this was all fine and dandy, however the constitution also stated the Emperor had direct control over the military. Imagine this scenario, you work for a company and take orders from the boss of the company. The father of the boss used to run the company and is seen as the face of it, but retired long ago and has no real authority. So you do the orders your boss gives you, but what about if that father figure suddenly shows up and gives orders? Many in the company would go ahead and do what the father says, feeling this obligatory need to. Now in the case of Showa Era Japan, the entire population of Japan saw the Emperor as a divine being, maybe you can call him the spiritual leader of Japan. He wasn't expected to intervene in political or military matters, but if he did, you but your ass people would follow his orders. Now since the Japanese navy and army knew the Emperor could directly control them, they actually used this as a tool. On many occasions in order to secure further funding or specific policy adjustment, military leaders would appeal to the Emperor or do things in the name of the Emperor, completely superseding the civilian government. Basically the military used the Meiji Constitution to earn a large degree of autonomy, case and point being the Mukden Incident. As long as they made it seem like they were doing everything they believed the Emperor wanted them to do, they believed they could get away with it. If the Civilian government came after them for their actions, they could appeal to the emperor, but how did Hirohito feel about all this? Rumors had emerged even before the Mukden Incident, to which Hirohito demanded the army be reigned in. Attempts were made, but the Mukden Incident went off on September 18th. The next day the imperial palace were given a report and Hirohito was advised by chief aide de camp Nara Takeji “this incident would not spread and if the Emperor was to convene an imperial conference to take control of the situation, the virtue of his majesty might be soiled if the decisions of such a conference should prove impossible to implement”.  As the Mukden incident was getting worse, the Kwantung officers began to demand reinforcements be sent from the Korea army. The current Wakatsuki cabinet met on the issue and decided the Mukden incident had to remain an incident, they needed to avoid a declaration of war. The official orders were for no reinforcements of the Korea army to mobilize, however the field commander took it upon his own authority and mobilized them. The army chief of staff Kanaya reported to Hirohito the Korea army was marching into Manchuria against orders. At 31 years of age Hirohito now had an excellent opportunity to back the current cabinet, to control the military and stop the incident from getting worse. At this time the military was greatly divided on the issue, politically still weak compared to what they would become in a few years, if Hirohito wanted to rule as a constitutional monarch instead of an autocratic monarch, well this was his chance. Hirohito said to Kanaya at 4:20pm on September 22nd “although this time it couldn't be helped, [the army] had to be more careful in the future”. Thus Hirohito accepted the situation as fait accompli, he was not seriously opposed to seeing his army expand his empire. If it involved a brief usurpation of his authority so bit, as long as the operation was successful.    It actually a lot more complicated, but to general sum it up, Emperor Hirohito cared about only one thing, the Kokutai. The Kokutai was the national essence of Japan. It was all aspects of Japanese polity, derived from history, tradition and customs all focused around the cult of the Emperor. The government run by politicians was secondary, at any given time the kokutai was the belief the Emperor could come in and directly rule. If you are confused, dont worry, its confusing. The Meiji constitution was extremely ambiguous. It dictated a form of constitutional monarchy with the kokutai sovereign emperor and the “seitai” that being the actual government. Basically on paper the government runs things, but the feeling of the Japanese people was that the wishes of the emperor should be followed. Thus the kokutai was like an extra-judicial structure built into the constitution without real legal framework, its a nightmare I know.    Emperor Hirohito was indoctrinated from a young age that the most important aspect of his reign was to defend the Kokutai. This is actually why Hirohito took so long to finally intervene during WW2 and call for Japan's surrender. I have taken far too long going down the rabbit hole of Showa Era Japan and Hirohito, if you are interested on the subject, over only my Youtube Membership or Patreon I did a two part exclusive podcast specifically on Hirohito's responsibility for the war.  The weeks following the Mukden Incident were marked by wide scale cooperation between the local Chinese leaders and Japanese invaders. In many places there was of course valiant resistance by Chinese forces, but it was not centrally coordinated and honestly amounted to little. The Kwantung army despite being vastly outnumbered was highly trained and highly mechanized in comparison to the Chinese. The Kwantung army had very few troops to conquer over 350,000 square miles, populated by over 30 million Chinese. Prior to 1931 the Kwantung Army numbered under 10,000, by late 1931 this would increase to 65,000 and by 1933 140,000. Yet during the initial invasion the army's behavior was heavily affected by the actions of the Chinese, or in many cases their inability to act. The only way Japan was going to do what they wanted to do was to encourage co-optation amongst the Chinese elites of Manchuria, typically at the provincial and local levels. This meant showering them with extravagant new positions in the new regime, promoting a policy of nonresistance and targeting prominent members of Zhang Xueliang's regime who were expected to oppose Kwantung rule.  When the Mukden Incident broke out, Zhang Xueliang was in Beiping acting in his new capacity as the North China Garrison commander. On the night of September 18th, Zhang Xuliang was enjoying an opera performance by the famous singer Mei Lanfang. His deputies also all happened to be away from Shenyang. Wan Fulin was in Beiping and Zhang Zuoxiang was attending his fathers funeral in Jinzhou. Within their absence the most senior provincial commanders were quickly pounced upon by Kwantung operatives who secured their cooperation. Within Shenyang the Eastern Borders Garrison commander Yu Zhishan and Xi Xia the acting provincial forces commander of Changchun both immediately defected to the Japanese. Although the Northeastern Army had roughly 130,000 troops within Manchuria, compared to the Kwantung and Korea army troops who together were roughly 50,000, Chiang Kai-Shek hastily issued a nonresistance order that was confirmed by Zhang Xueliang. The troops were to not fight back and instead await a negotiated settlement. While they waited, the Japanese secured high level provincial elite cooperation within a few weeks time. On November 10th, Zhang Zuolin's former civil affairs minister, Yuan Jinkai was made chairman of the committee in charge of Japanese controlled Liaoning. On December 16th, the formerly existing post of governor was re-established and a previous holder of this post under Zhang Xueliang, Zang Shiyi was appointed. Thus Yuan Jinkai's post as chairman was redundant. Meanwhile Xi Xia was made governor of Jilin.  Some of you might be wondering, why in the hell would Chiang Kai-Shek relay orders to not resist an invasion? Let us not forget the timeline here, during this exact time period, Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan formed an alliance in North China against the NRA; the Soviet of Jiangxi was running rampant and in the south the Old Guangxi clique was running amok. Even though Zhang Xueliang had 250,000 men on paper, only 100-130,000 of them were in Manchuria while the rest were scattered around Hebei. Chiang Kai-Shek had an expert understanding of the Japanese numbers, their training and equipment. To put it frankly, if the quote en quote “incident” escalated into a full-scale war, China would most likely lose. There was also another aspect to this, the role of the League of Nations and the current Wakatsuki government in Tokyo. Either of these bodies could potentially restrain what appeared to be renegade Japanese forces on the asia mainland.  Going a bit forward in time, the last redoubt during the invasion would be at Jinzhou where Zhang Xueliang would establish his HQ. When it was about to finally fall, Zhang Xueliang ultimately decided to withdraw his forces from Manchuria. According to the US minister to CHina, Nelson Johnson, Counselor Yano of the Japanese legation tam at Beiping had conducted informal discussions with the Young Marshal, in which he stated Jinzhou would inevitably fall to the Japanese and quote “the Tokyo Foreign Office would gain prestige and be better able to shape events to the advantage of China if the Chinese avoid[ed] a clash by withdrawing voluntarily.” He also advised Zhang Xueliang, that some of his followers might be reappointed to official positions within the newly emerging government in Shenyang. Nelson tells us “Chang is believed to have been led to his present decision by these inducements, along with the bitter hostility toward him at Nanking and the lack of support from that quarter.” Thus Zhang Xueliang was being blackmailed by both sides into nonresistance. By late December of 1931 it also seemed certain international intervention was not going to happen and Chiang Kai-Shek's resignation over Nanjing did not provide the Young Marshal with many options.  Now what about the Japanese government during all of this. When the Mukden Incident boke out, the government in Tokyo, headed by premier Wakatsuki Reijiro were appalled to hear the news of what was essentially a mutiny. The Kwantung officers disagreed with Tokyo's policies and kept Tokyo's consul in Shenyang under lock and key during the night of September 18th. If there had been more significant resistance to the invasion, Tokyo probably would have ordered the Kwantung army to withdraw. Without the co-optation of many Chinese elites, the Kwantung Army would have most likely not succeeded in taking all of Manchuria. The co-optation policy the Japanese took was also very much not an ad hoc measure. There had been elements within the IJA who had been working overtime to persuade cooperation with local power holders as part of their strategy. The Kwantung officers who launched the Mukden Incident, mostly working under Ishiwara and Itegaki had initially aimed to enact a simply military occupation in which “local Chinese officials would be granted a considerable degree of autonomy in exchange for their cooperation.” However, Tokyo HQ outright rejected annexation out of fear of Soviet reprisals and this led the mutiny leaders to  “the subterfuge of Manchurian independence.” The improvised nature of the original plan led to arguments between the different sections of those Japanese forces in Manchuria. Historian Akira Iriye noted “What emerges . . . is an almost total absence of ideology as a driving force behind military action.” While this sounds clearly dysfunctional, it actually aided the occupiers, because many areas of life in Manchuria were not immediately affected by the occupation and thus were more likely to cooperate.  The actual coordination of the occupation was placed in the hands of the Kwantung Army Special Affairs Unit “Tokumubu”, operating via the General Affairs Board of the Council of State under Komai Tokuzo. Komai Tokuzo had been born near Kyoto and from an early age was consumed with a desire to see China. He was trained as an agriculturalist, before he joined the SMR and worked for a company during the reign of Zhang Zuolin. He became acquainted with the Old Tiger and debated with him and other prominent leaders on questions such as Mongol land rights and the Guo Songling rebellion. During this time he befriended Yu Chonghan and Zhang Jinghui. After the Mukden Incident, he was appointed as a financial adviser to the Kwantung Army, a very senior post with direct access to Honjo Shigeru, the commander of the Northeast. As Akira Iriye also notes “in fact, [Komai] was a top-level adviser to the army on politics and economics in Manchuria.”Komai would become responsible for the strategies of co-opting local elite, and thus was essential to the power structure of the Kwantung Army going forward.  The Japanese utilized a lethal combination of violence and persuasion to take over. Many power brokers refused to cooperate and were forced into exile in North China. However, plenty of collaborators were found to quickly set up structures and controls within the new regime. The bulk of the Japanese forces moved into the principal cities of the SMR region first. Robert E Lewis, the adviser to the foreign affairs ministry in Nanjing sent a telegram declaring the Japanese had sent a large number of troops into Manchuria just prior to the 18th of September “On Friday night September eighteenth the Japanese Army sent from Korea into Manchuria through Antung seven army railway trains fully loaded with soldiers. On Saturday night September ninteenth [sic] Japanese army sent four additional trains loaded with soldiers in to [sic] Manchuria at the same point . . . Japanese occupied every Chinese public office in Antung excepting the customs house which has Europeans in it, also placed guard over Chinese customs superintendent to prevent his free action. [The Japanese] arrested superintendent of schools and forbad [sic] teaching of Dr Sun Yatsen's principles. Japanese army occupied Kirin seventy nine miles east of the south Manchuria railway zone on September ninteenth [sic] they seized and held the telegraph office telephone office wireless station provincial arsenal waterworks plant Bank of China Kirin Provincial Bank police headquarters and subdivisions Kuo Ming Tang [sic] Party headquarters and all other public offices. Search and seizure was conducted of non-military population. Troops and military cadets were disarmed when captured and the arms and munitions of the Chinese arsenal were removed by Japanese including modern rifles field guns heavy guns military motor trucks.”. The capture of Shenyang only took a single day. The Japanese military, their Chinese military collaborators and the local media all coordinated efforts to persuade the people to continue life as normal. Many businesses closed down temporarily within the first few days, worried about a breakdown of the social order or Japanese attacks. But a week after the initial occupation, reports came to the Chambers of Agriculture and Commerce in Shenyang that businesses were all operating normally again, public order was restored. On the second day of the occupation the Kwantung installed Colonel Doihara Kenji as the new mayor of Shenyang, yes that psychopath a mayor. However by October 20th, the mayorship would be handed over to Zhao Xinbo, who by that point became a legal adviser to the Kwantung Army.  The capture of Changchun took a bit longer than Shenyang. On September 23rd the Japanese demanded of the Jilin based forces their surrender. Their acting commander Xi Xia agreed to the demands so that in his words “the province fortunately to escape the horrors of war.” However there were some troops looking to resist. In some ensuing clashes, 200 Chinese soldiers and around 10 civilians were killed in combat. An eye witness reported “At 4 P.M. on the 23rd, the Japanese army made strong use of their armaments, causing Xi Xia concern. So that afternoon, he met [Japanese] commander Tamon, and said that the present situation was serious[;] . . . only he himself could take responsibility for removing the Jilin army's weapons . . . As a result, at 2 P.M. [the next day], they handed over 1,200 rifles, 11 machine-guns and 6 mortars.” Afterwards the city police were given permission to maintain public order, though they clearly were working under the Japanese. On September 24th, Xi Xia announced to the provincial assembly that the Chamber of Commerce of the old government was dissolved and that he would be leading the new Jilin governor's office. He also added that there would be no maintenance committees and that he would exercise complete control. Of course that was bullshit, he was nothing more than a Japanese puppet taking direct orders from Kwantung officers. Despite all of this, Jilin would not be fully dominated, for several months, northern Jilin was in control of rebel forces, based out of Bin county.  The Japanese occupation led to the removal of the Northeastern Governmental Affairs Council, the structure Zhang Xueliang used to nominally control the region. The Japanese did not seek to create a new cross-provincial authority until it seemed there existed popular demand for an independent state. While in the interim, the policy was to establish provincial authorities headed by prominent Chinese figures, secretly under Japanese control. Within Fengtian, the authority was originally only there to maintain public order, but by December it was declared to be a full provincial government. Within Jilin, Xi Xia declared an independent provincial government from the very start. Within the special Zone, Zhang Jinghui declared autonomy, but still stayed in contact with Zhang Xueliang for several months, fence sitting as it were.  At the provincial level, Zhang Xueliang had never really controlled Manchuria, it was honestly in the hands of his subordinates, many of whom already had close ties to the Japanese. For example, Yu Chonghan, a former foreign minister under Zhang Zuolin had for many years received a regular retainer as an “adviser” to the Japanese. He was retired in Liaoyuan when the Mukden Incident occurred and by November was persuaded to return to Shenyang to form a pro-Japanese statement. As far as Yu Chonghan was concerned “Zhang Xueliang squandered the regional assets on expanding their armies in a futile quest for national supremacy through military conquest”. The Japanese also made it apparent to various interest groups that cooperation with them would be advantageous. Take for example the imperial restorationists, yes they still existed. One was Zheng Xiaoxu, who would become the first Manchukuo prime minister. People such as him were persuaded by the prospect of restoring the Qing Dynasty, as batshit crazy as that sounds. There was also White Russians in Harbin persuaded they would be protected from KMT hooligans who had been assaulting them as of late.  In general a huge motivation for regional military leaders to collaborate was to minimize the effect that the Japanese occupation would impose on their spheres of influence. I mean lets be honest, if your choice was to collaborate and maintain some autonomy over your own little slice of Manchuria, or go into exile in North China, what would you choose? Many who opted to collaborate retained the same roles they had before the Mukden Incident. Zhang Shiyi who was acting governor of Liaoning prior became governor of Fengtian province. Zhang Jinghui was the commander of the Harbin Special Zone and this went unchanged. Xi Xia was deputy governor of Jilin, and since his superior Zhang Zuoxiang was exiled to Jinzhou, he simply succeeded his post. Through the initial cooperation, southern manchuria was taken over without wide-scale bloodshed, though there was of course some savage bombing of certain cities.  On September 24th, a Liaoning public order maintenance committee was set up and a Jilin provincial government followed on the 26th. Liaoning did not have a provincial government spring up immediately because the prominent elites such as Yuan Jinkai and Zang Shiyi at first had some qualms about turning against Zhang Xueliang. They of course believed it was possible Zhang Xueling could rally the Northeastern Army and recapture the occupied areas. Yet they chose immediately to maintain public order in a quasi neutral stance. To coordinate all of the newly formed collaborative bodies, the Kwantung Army set up a Control Bureau “Tochibu” with Komai Tokuzo in charge. He was given sole control over it  “so that if it were successful, then it would be the Kwantung Army's success, but if by some chance it should fail, then Komai alone could take the responsibility.” By far and large the Japanese wanted a cross-provincial administrative structure to appear organically created by the Manchurian lites. Therefore during the initial phase of the occupation the Japanese exercised control through the medium of public order maintenance committees, which had long been tradition in Manchuria to form organizations to deal with local social issues such as policing, fire fighting and so forth. Yuan Jinkai, the former chief secretary for military and civil affairs and governor of Fengtian, was now appointed by the Kwantung Army to lead their newly established public order maintenance committee. The committee's stated purpose was "to uphold local order and ensure that finance and businesses operate normally, as well as to establish police and militia forces responsible for maintaining public order." Additionally, other prominent local figures were recruited to various similar committees, including a Liaoning United People's Provisional Committee and a Northeastern Gentry and People's Committee for Discussing Solutions to the Current Situation. On September 28, both the Liaoning Committee and Xi Xia's Jilin administration issued a "declaration of independence" and created new government departments staffed by Chinese officials. It quickly became evident to the Japanese that Yuan Jinkai was not suited for the role of chairman. A contemporary Japanese commentator remarked that “his attitude appeared half-formed and confusing to those outside the provincial capital.” Specifically, Yuan was still reluctant to officially establish a Liaoning provincial government. Consequently, the Kwantung Army turned to the other remaining member of the triad of elders from Zhang Zuolin's administration, Yu Chonghan. From the early days following the Manchurian Incident, there had been indications that Yu was “moving toward participation.” Yu had a long history of collaboration with the Japanese, dating back to the Russo-Japanese War, during which he served as a spy for them. He would have been an obvious choice for the council from the outset if not for his recovery from a serious illness at his home in Liaoyuan. As it became apparent that local leaders had lost faith in Yuan Jinkai's judgment, consultations were held among the provincial heads, who recommended that Yu Chonghan be brought out of retirement to join the committee, provided his health permitted. On November 1, Morita Fukumatsu from the Fengtian Japanese Residents' Association visited Yu's home to assess his health. After Morita briefed Yu on the Committee's situation, they discussed a policy aimed at unifying the Northeast and the adoption of the Kingly Way (Wangdao) as a guiding principle for the new state. Yu agreed to come out of retirement, and on November 3, he traveled to Shenyang for a meeting with Honjo. During this meeting, Yu presented eight points he believed would foster a “paradise” of Sino-Japanese cooperation, which included reforms in local policing, tax and salary systems, and a commitment to non militarism. Subsequently, Yu was appointed head of the committee, with Yuan reporting to him. By the end of 1931, committee members who had previously hesitated to declare an autonomous government due to concerns that Zhang Xueliang might launch an attack to reclaim the Northeast were convinced to support the idea of separating from Nanjing's authority. Well Zhang Xueliang would try to face the Japanese with his northeastern Army. It would not only be him, other figures would emerge to lead resistance efforts against the Japanese, trying to claw back Manchuria from the Empire of the Rising Sun.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Yes thus far the episodes have been awfully heavy on the politics, schemes and dynamics of how Manchuria was invaded. Some of you must be clamoring for the battles, and for the next few episodes that's exactly what we will jump into. For the fight for Manchuria has only just begun.

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