Podcasts about Enterobacter

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from reusing plastic drinking water jugs without washing. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of using weekly laundered bath towel to dry hands after using the bathroom and before preparing food. Dr. Don - not risky

El infectólogo Alejandro Macías explicó, en entrevista con Fernando del Rincón, el posible origen del brote de infecciones de las bacterias "Klebsiella oxytoca" y "Enterobacter cloacae", que causó la muerte de al menos 17 menores en México. Aseguró que, para que se produzcan, se debe tener contacto con insumos contaminados y que estos brotes son recurrentes en los hospitales. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Well, even if space turns out to be the place to advance our science it is becoming a very difficult and complex way to achieve success. Now with the Starliner still stuck in one of the ISS docking ports two astronauts stranded on it and a super bug that is immune to anti biotics, things are feeling a little problematic. Add to that air leaks, stress structural fractures and strains it may be just time for the space entertainment module to be attached to the ISS to give the astronauts some down time in its floating cinema.Link to The Angry Astronauthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-f3WaKfd6jYLink to Gilmore In Space https://www.youtube.com/@GilmourSpaceLink to Ellie in Spacehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3A20R2DQoA

Heute in den Wissensnachrichten: +++ Mehr Hitzetote in Europa +++ Mutierte Bakterien auf der ISS +++ Bergmeise ist Brain-Champion +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:Europe experiences widespread flooding and severe heatwaves in 2023, Copernicus Climate Change Service, Website: 22.04.2024Genomic, functional, and metabolic enhancements in multidrug-resistant Enterobacter bugandensis facilitating its persistence and succession in the International Space Station, PubMed, März 2024Genes and gene networks underlying spatial cognition in food-caching chickadees, Current Biology, 17.04.2024Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period, Nature Communications Earth & Environment, 10.04.2024Von den Tagesrändern zu den Geschäftszeiten: Potenziale und Herausforderungen einer Umstellung auf Tagreinigung, Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 11.01.2024Alle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Deadly Listeria Outbreak Linked to Milkshakes From Burger Chain - The New York TimesListeria bacteria found in milkshakes sold at Frugals restaurant in Tacoma | Washington State Department of HealthReconcilable Differences - Relay FM2023 Outbreak of Foodborne Listeriosis Associated with Consumption of Restaurant Milkshakes | Washington State Department of HealthCoincidence - WikipediaMark Knopfler - Boom, Like That Lyrics | SongMeaningsMark Knopfler - Boom, Like That (Først & sist, 17.09.2004) - YouTubeYour reusable water bottle is likely much dirtier than you think. Here's how to clean it properly - BBC Science Focus MagazineDiversity of Bacteria Growing in Natural Mineral Water after Bottling - PMCSwabbing Water Bottles: How Clean Is the Water You Drink?Quantifying the Influence of Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Diluent on the Survival and Growth of Enterobacter aerogenes - ScienceDirectHow Often Should You Wash Your Water Bottle?Amazon.com: SodaStream 0.5 Liter My Only Bottle Icy Blue, 1 count(Pack of 1): Home & KitchenBrian Wilson - WikipediaBrian Wilson (song) - WikipediaUrban Dictionary: metalwhat3words /// The simplest way to talk about locationNorthern District of New York | Former New York Cheese Producer Pleads Guilty in Connection with Raw Milk Products Linked to Listeria Outbreak | United States Department of JusticeMultistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Soft Raw Milk Cheese Made by Vulto Creamery | Listeria | CDCVulto Creamery Issues Voluntary Recall of All Soft, Wash-Rind Raw Milk Cheeses Because of Possible Health Risk | FDADennis D'Amico | Department of Animal ScienceNew Jersey Right to Work Laws - FindLawDennis D'Amico - ProducerDelta flight forced back to Amsterdam after maggots fall onto passenger | CNNMan dies after consuming too much vitamin D as experts warn of risks: ‘Cascade of problems' | Fox NewsHypercalcemia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo ClinicPrevalence and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Escherichia coli in Selected Vegetables and Herbs in Bangkok, Thailand - ScienceDirectOLYMPIA Ice Resurfacers - Resurfice

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of not washing hand towels after 3 uses. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from keeping your toothbrush less than 6 feet from your toilet. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of not fully drying your hands after washing them. Dr. Don - not risky

3.04 Gram Negative Bacteria   Microbiology review for the USMLE Step 1 Exam.   Gram negative bacteria are characterized by a thin cell wall surrounded by a lipid outer membrane They do not retain the violet gram stain and appear pink after staining Gram negative bacteria can be classified by shape: cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, and spirals Gram negative cocci include Neisseria species, which can be further categorized as maltose fermenters or non maltose fermenters Gram negative coccobacilli include: Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pasteurella, Francisella tularensis, Brucella, and Acinetobacter Gram negative bacilli can be divided into lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting categories Lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Serratia Non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli can be further divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative Oxidase positive non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Pseudomonas Oxidase negative non lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli include Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella Gram negative spirals can be divided into oxidase positive and oxidase negative categories Oxidase positive gram negative spirals include Vibrio species, Helicobacter pylori, and Campylobacter jejuni Oxidase negative gram negative spirals include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause of lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause of syphilis)

Çocuklarda ateş yüksekliği acil servislerde sık karşılaştığımız bir durum olup, çoğunlukla viral enfeksiyonlara bağlıdır. Ancak tedavi yönünü tamamen değiştirecek bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara bağlı nedenleri de gözden kaçırmamak gerekir. Çocuklarda ateşin yaklaşık % 7'si idrar yolu enfeksiyonlarından (İYE) kaynaklanır. Uzun dönemde böbrek hastalıklarına da yol açabilecek bu tabloya acilci gözüyle yaklaşmak istedim. Yazıda yenidoğan dönemi dışındaki çocukluk çağı idrar yolu enfeksiyonlarından bahsedilmiştir. Keyifli okumalar dilerim. ​1​ ​2​ ​3​ Giriş İYE'nin genel prevalansı ateşli çocuklar arasında yaklaşık % 7 olsa da özellikle üç aydan küçük sünnetsiz erkek çocuklarda en yüksektir. Kız çocuklarda İYE sünnetli erkek çocuklara kıyasla iki ila dört kat daha fazla görülür. E. coli, % 80 oranıyla İYE'nin en yaygın bakteriyel nedenidir, diğer gram negatif bakteriyel patojenler arasında Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter ve Citrobacter bulunur. Gram-pozitif bakteriyel etkenler arasında Staph. saprophyticus, Enterococcus ve nadiren Staph. aureus yer alır. E. coli dışındaki bir nedenle enfeksiyon, daha yüksek renal skar (dolayısıyla hipertansiyon ve son dönem böbrek hastalığı) olasılığı ile ilişkilidir. Virüsler ve mantarlar çocuklarda İYE'nin yaygın olmayan nedenleridir. Viral İYE genellikle alt üriner sistemle sınırlıdır. Fungal İYE için risk faktörleri, immünsüpresyon, geniş spektrumlu antibiyotik tedavisinin uzun süreli kullanımı ve kalıcı üriner kateter varlığıdır. Kime Test Yapalım? Nasıl Değerlendirelim? Verilmesi gereken ilk karar kimden idrar testi isteyeceğimizdir. Bu konudaki ilk zorluk küçük çocukların karın ağrısı, sırt ağrısı, dizüri, sık idrara çıkma gibi İYE ilişkili semptomları tanımlayamamasıdır. Bu gruptaki çocuklarda ateş, kusma ve huzursuzluk gibi non-spesifik semptomlar görülür. İYE olasılığını tahmin edebilen ve Pittsburg Üniversitesi'ne ait ‘UTICalc' hesaplayıcısı, idrar testi isteme konusundaki yardımcılardan biridir. Peki kimlerde risk fazladır ve dolayısıyla test eşiği düşük tutulmalıdır? Geçirilmiş İYE öyküsü Kadın cinsiyet Küçük yaş 1 yaşından küçük sünnetsiz erkekler > 39 derece ateş 48 saati geçen ateş Kusma Başka net bir ateş kaynağı olmaması Bağırsak ve mesane disfonksiyonu (kronik kabızlık dahil) VUR başta olmak üzere genitoüriner anormallikler Peki örnek nasıl alınmalıdır? Tuvalet eğitimi olmayan çocuklarda dipstick analizi, mikroskobik inceleme ve idrar kültürü için tercih edilen idrar toplama yöntemi kateterizasyon veya suprapubik aspirasyondur. Deneyimli personel varlığında quick-wee gibi teknikler kullanılabilir. Steril idrar poşeti ile örnek alınacaksa kültür için kullanılmamalıdır. Poşet örnekleri, dipstick analizi ve mikroskobik inceleme için ilk adım olarak kullanılabilir. Tuvalet eğitimi olan çocuklarda tüm bu tetkikler için orta akım idrarı kullanılabilir. Tüm idrar örnekleri alındıktan sonra yanlış sonuçlara sebebiyet vermemek için mümkün olan en kısa sürede incelenmelidir. İYE tanısı için kullanılan karakteristik testler. Kaynak: uptodateLE: lökosit esteraz Kimi Hastaneye Yatıralım? Kimi Taburcu Edelim? Hastaneye yatırılması gereken hasta grupları şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Yaş

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of using a boiling water bath canning method for canning water for long-term storage. Dr. Don - not risky

Join Jame and Callum and they discuss some of the other Enterobacterales Gram negatives. Particularly breaking down them into their families and into Lactose fermenters and non-fermenters. Jame has a small breakdown around our Twitter handle near the end.Comments suggestions and criticisms to idiotspodcasting@gmail.com or @IDiots_pod Some lists:Chromosomal AmpC Carriers (high-risk): HECK YES·         Hafnia alvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella aerogenes, Yersinia enterocoliticaLower Risk Chromosomal AMPC: Vulgar Providencia Store AMPC·         Proteus Vulgaris, Providencia, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Morganella, Providencia Intrinsic Colistin Resistance: ·         Burkholderia cepacia (Nonfermenter), Proteus, Providencia, Serratia Biochemical mimics of Salmonella (also can group)·         Hafnia, Morganella,Proteus Cat 3 organisms: ·         Salmonella typhi/paratyphi, Shigella dysenteriae type 1, E.coli O157, Yersinia PestisSome useful resources:SMI ID 16: identification of Enterobacteriaceaehttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/smi-id-16-identification-of-enterobacteriaceae Janda JM, Abbott SL. 2021. The changing face of the family Enterobacteriaceae (order: “Enterobacterales”): new members, taxonomic issues, geographic expansion, and new diseases and disease syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00174-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00174-20 

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of drinking from a water bottle after the lid has been dropped on an airport carpet. Dr. Don - not risky

Drs. Tom Dilworth and Stephanie Shealy May (@stephshealymay) join Dr. Rachel Britt (@RachelBPharmD) in the first episode of Breakpoints Dosing Consults to discuss questions and debates around ceftriaxone dosing. When should we use 1g over 2g? How does critical illness affect what dose to use? Is ceftriaxone the most approachable antibiotic? Tune in for answers to these questions and more!   Learn more about the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: https://sidp.org/About Twitter: @SIDPharm (https://twitter.com/SIDPharm) Instagram: @SIDPharm (https://www.instagram.com/sidpharm/) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sidprx LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/sidp/ References Ettestad PJ, Campbell GL, Welbel SF, Genese CA, Spitalny KC, Marchetti CM, Dennis DT. Biliary complications in the treatment of unsubstantiated Lyme disease. J Infect Dis. 1995 Feb;171(2):356-61. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.2.356. PMID: 7844372. Hasegawa S, Sada R, Yaegashi M, Morimoto K, Mori T; Adult Pneumonia Study Group-Japan. 1g versus 2 g daily intravenous ceftriaxone in the treatment of community onset pneumonia - a propensity score analysis of data from a Japanese multicenter registry. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Dec 26;19(1):1079. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4552-8. PMID: 31878894; PMCID: PMC6933656. Barber KE, Loper JT, Morrison AR, Stover KR, Wagner JL. Impact of Obesity on Ceftriaxone Efficacy. Diseases. 2020 Jul 9;8(3):27. doi: 10.3390/diseases8030027. PMID: 32660113; PMCID: PMC7563366. Herrera-Hidalgo L, de Alarcón A, López-Cortes LE, Luque-Márquez R, López-Cortes LF, Gutiérrez-Valencia A, Gil-Navarro MV. Is Once-Daily High-Dose Ceftriaxone plus Ampicillin an Alternative for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy Programs? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Dec 16;65(1):e02099-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02099-20. Erratum in: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 May 18;65(6): PMID: 33046488; PMCID: PMC7927845. Herrera-Hidalgo L, Lomas-Cabezas JM, López-Cortés LE, Luque-Márquez R, López-Cortés LF, Martínez-Marcos FJ, de la Torre-Lima J, Plata-Ciézar A, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, García-López MV, Vinuesa D, Gutiérrez-Valencia A, Gil-Navarro MV, De Alarcón A. Ampicillin Plus Ceftriaxone Combined Therapy for Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis in OPAT. J Clin Med. 2021 Dec 21;11(1):7. doi: 10.3390/jcm11010007. PMID: 35011748; PMCID: PMC8745305. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1. PMID: 34292926; PMCID: PMC8344968. Whittles LK, White PJ, Paul J, Didelot X. Epidemiological Trends of Antibiotic Resistant Gonorrhoea in the United Kingdom. Antibiotics (Basel). 2018 Jul 13;7(3):60. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics7030060. PMID: 30011825; PMCID: PMC6165062. Ackerman A, Zook NR, Siegrist JF, Brummitt CF, Cook MM, Dilworth TJ. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes among Intensive Care Unit Patients Receiving One or Two Grams of Ceftriaxone Daily. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 May 21;64(6):e00066-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00066-20. PMID: 32205348; PMCID: PMC7269488. Ulldemolins M, Roberts JA, Rello J, Paterson DL, Lipman J. The effects of hypoalbuminaemia on optimizing antibacterial dosing in critically ill patients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011 Feb;50(2):99-110. doi: 10.2165/11539220-000000000-00000. PMID: 21142293. Dailly E, Arnould JF, Fraissinet F, Naux E, Letard de la Bouralière MA, Bouquié R, Deslandes G, Jolliet P, Le Floch R. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in burns patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Jul;42(1):48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.021. Epub 2013 Apr 8. PMID: 23578794. Pai MP. Treatment of bacterial infections in obese adult patients: how to appropriately manage antimicrobial dosage. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;24:12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.06.004. Epub 2015 Jun 25. PMID: 26119488. Mahmood I. Theoretical versus empirical allometry: Facts behind theories and application to pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci. 2010 Jul;99(7):2927-33. doi: 10.1002/jps.22073. PMID: 20127826. Kang N, Housman ST, Nicolau DP. Assessing the Surrogate Susceptibility of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin for Commonly Utilized Parenteral Agents against Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: Focus on Ceftriaxone Discordance between Predictive Susceptibility and in Vivo Exposures. Pathogens. 2015 Jul 30;4(3):599-605. doi: 10.3390/pathogens4030599. PMID: 26264030; PMCID: PMC4584275. Gern BH, Greninger AL, Weissman SJ, Stapp JR, Tao Y, Qin X. Continued in vitro cefazolin susceptibility in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2018 Feb 20;17(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12941-018-0257-x. PMID: 29463249; PMCID: PMC5819674. Bremmer DN, Balada-Llasat JM, Goff DA, Bauer KA. Ceftriaxone Etest non-susceptible methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus time-kill responses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;88(2):192-194. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.019. Epub 2017 Mar 2. PMID: 28291629. Kosowska-Shick K, McGhee PL, Appelbaum PC. Affinity of ceftaroline and other beta-lactams for penicillin-binding proteins from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 May;54(5):1670-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00019-10. Epub 2010 Mar 1. PMID: 20194704; PMCID: PMC2863635. Palmer SM, Kang SL, Cappelletty DM, Rybak MJ. Bactericidal killing activities of cefepime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone against Staphylococcus aureus and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Aug;39(8):1764-71. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.8.1764. PMID: 7486916; PMCID: PMC162823. Craig WA. Interrelationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in determining dosage regimens for broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 May-Jun;22(1-2):89-96. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(95)00053-d. PMID: 7587056. Garot D, Respaud R, Lanotte P, Simon N, Mercier E, Ehrmann S, Perrotin D, Dequin PF, Le Guellec C. Population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in critically ill septic patients: a reappraisal. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Nov;72(5):758-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04005.x. PMID: 21545483; PMCID: PMC3243010. Joynt GM, Lipman J, Gomersall CD, Young RJ, Wong EL, Gin T. The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Apr;47(4):421-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/47.4.421. PMID: 11266414. Van Wart SA et al., ICAAC 2009, poster # A1-010 Housman ST, Sutherland CA, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic profile of commonly utilised parenteral therapies against meticillin-susceptible and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus collected from US hospitals. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014 Sep;44(3):235-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.012. Epub 2014 Jun 24. PMID: 25052866. Zelenitsky SA, Beahm NP, Iacovides H, Ariano RE, Zhanel G. Limitations of ceftriaxone compared with cefazolin against MSSA: an integrated pharmacodynamic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Jul 1;73(7):1888-1894. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky120. PMID: 29635472. Paul M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Talker O, Lishtzinsky Y, Lev B, Samra Z, Leibovici L, Bishara J. Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 Oct;17(10):1581-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03425.x. Epub 2010 Dec 14. PMID: 21073629. Carr DR, Stiefel U, Bonomo RA, Burant CJ, Sims SV. A Comparison of Cefazolin Versus Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care VA Medical Center. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 May 18;5(5):ofy089. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy089. PMID: 30568987; PMCID: PMC5961173. Check out our podcast host, Pinecast. Start your own podcast for free with no credit card required. If you decide to upgrade, use coupon code r-7e7a98 for 40% off for 4 months, and support Breakpoints.

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Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of hand washing raw meat dishes when you don't have an automatic dishwasher. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of hand washing raw meat dishes when you don't have an automatic dishwasher.Dr. Don - not risky

Skincare Hygiene Never place dropper DIRECTLY onto skin Why? Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Proteus spp. are the predominant Gram-negative organisms found on the skin. Most bacteria that are listed here grow in a moist environment. Therefore, logic dictates that when you apply a dropper directly to the skin and pick up even one or two of these bacteria on the tip and then put that same dropper back into your skincare vial, the likelihood of them contaminating and multiplying in the mixture is high. Most skincare e products contain ingredients like natural sugars or glycerin and even water which are all mediums that can grow these gram negative rods. However, these are not the only bacteria found on skin. Depending on the location and environment of the skin's micro environment, various pathogens are prominent in different areas. Some of the most common concerns that can arise due to poor skincare hygiene are: Acne Contact dermatitis Bacterial rashes Breakdown of the immune barrier leading to opportunistic infections by viruses or fungi So what should you do to practice better skincare hygiene? Use your dropper to dispense desired amount of product directly into your palm, making sure to not make contact directly with skin. Also, cleaning the dropper tip with a sterile alcohol wipe is not a bad idea (DO NOT RINSE UNDER TAP WATER). Allow the dropper to air dry (5-10 seconds) and reinsert into vial. Skin health is a very tricky area of science and with an increasing awareness of the micro biome, it is important to understand how bacteria grow and function. Also, do not share skincare with friends and others to help avoid the spread of any contact related reactions. It's just like makeup- sharing lipsticks is looked down upon and so should sharing droppers. We all have a unique micro biome working to protect our skin and therefore it is important to utilize these common safety measures to ensure and also rule out any causes of certain skin pathologies like contact dermatitis or a rash. This also helps provide more information for your dermatologist if something goes wrong so that they know you've been practicing good hygiene habits and can avoid redundancies in patient history. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/skincareanarchy/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/skincareanarchy/support

Ramirez D, Giron M. Enterobacter Infections. [Actualizado el 30 de junio de 2021]. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 enero-. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559296/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/las-poderosas-celulas-nk/message

What is mastitis?Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland (udder), is one of the most common reasons for culling ewes in sheep flocks. Mastitis is usually due to a bacterial infection but can also have non-infectious causes such as injury. It can occur any time in the production cycle of the ewe but is most common two to four weeks post-lambing. It can prove costly for breeders. In general, it usually occurs in animals raising more than one lamb or with an excessively high rate of milk production.   Some cases occur when sheep are being grazed at too high a stocking rate, though the vast majority of all mastitis cases in sheep occur within a few weeks of lambing or just as weaning is due to start  The infection occurs when bacteria make their way into the udder of the ewe. It is most common in breeds that produce multiple offspring per lambing.  Forms of the disease  There are two main types of mastitis in sheep. Mastitis can be classified as clinical and subclinical.   Subclinical mastitis is a difficult one to identify and ewes tend to only show low growth rates when affected. Poor weather and a lack of adequate nutrition can cause subclinical mastitis to develop into clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis can also cause the death of twin lambs.  Clinical mastitis refers to an infection that becomes obvious clinically. Mastitis can rapidly progress, eventually turning parts of the udder black, if the infection becomes severe enough to compromise the blood supply to the udder. Ewes usually appear lame and weak, with lambs also lethargic and depressed. Lambs can die because of a lack of milk when ewes have clinical mastitis and they can die from the infection gained from digesting the infected milk. Euthanasia may be considered in severely affected animals but best to consult your vet for advice.  Picture shows clinical mastitis. When treating mastitis, early detection is key and can prevent further spreading of the infection. Your Vet may provide you with an antibiotic and painkiller for your animal. or may make other treatment suggestions. Some cases of mastitis are due to yeast or fungi and giving these animals antibiotics makes them worse. It is important to get a diagnosis and treat appropriately.   It is a good idea to mark all ewes once treatment occurs, so they can be identified for possible culling at weaning. What causes it?The primary cause of mastitis in cattle, goats and sheep are well-recognized groups of microorganisms, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Pasteurella sp. and coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella sp. Yeast and fungus have also been found frequently infecting the udder, but usually go unnoticed because they produce a mild or subclinical mastitis. Picture shows severe mastitis resulted in an erupted udder How to treat it?Disinfect the teat end with chlorhexidine or iodine-based disinfectants and infuse a tube of mastitis antibiotic through the teat canal if the cause of the mastitis is a bacterial infection.  If the problem is a bacterial infection the ewe can be give an injection of an antibiotic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug as directed by your vet.The udders of ewes should be examined physically for hard lumps after weaning and before breeding. Ewes with ‘lumpy bags' may be considered for culling. The milk supply of these ewes will be decreased, and the amount of decrease will depend upon the amount of tissue damaged. How to prevent it? A strong immune system is the key to preventing mastitis and similar infections. Injectable trace mineral supplement products such as Multimin can help during times of stress such as lambing and weaning.A good management

Ramirez D, Giron M. Enterobacter Infections. [Actualizado el 30 de junio de 2021]. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 enero-. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559296/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/las-poderosas-celulas-nk/message

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of keeping water at human body temperature for hours. Dr. Don - not risky

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of keeping water at human body temperature for hours. Dr. Don - not risky

El tratamiento antibiótico empírico debe basarse en el diagnóstico clínico, el tiempo transcurrido entre el ingreso del paciente al hospital y el diagnóstico de sepsis y los datos epidemiológicos locales de sensibilidad antimicrobiana (neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, neumonía asociada a la atención médica). En pacientes con infección por covid. Los gérmenes aislados son: En las primeras dos semanas de infección por covid: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae Agalctie, Streptococcus viridans Después de las dos semanas de infección por covid: Aumenta la incidencia de gram negativos fermentadores como la Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes y no fermentadores como la Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, stenotropona maltofiala y algunas formas Micoticas como Candida albicans y no albicans La mayoría de gérmenes aislados en UCI covid son gram negativos por causa de la translocación bacteriana. Antibióticos usados en hospitalizados por infección por covid: Betalactámicos de tercera generación como ceftriaxona y si hay factores de riesgo cefepime. No usar meropenem, no imipenem, no doripenem, no piperacilina tazobactam, no vancomicina (a no ser en casos puntuales). Si la infección bacteriana en pacientes hospitalizados por infección por covid es por un gram positivo tipo Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilína, colocamos oxacilina en infusión continua dosis total/día en infusión para 24 horas . Ojo no abusar de antibióticos. Pacientes con infección leve o moderada con negatividad de procalcitonina no antibióticos Antibióticos dejarlos para los pacientes hipotensos, con procalcitonina positiva y con cambios radiográficos evidentes. Siempre hemocultivar y si salen negativos retirar antibióticos al 4 o 5 día, cuando salga el reporte ______________________________________________________ REFERENCIA https://www.minsalud.gov.co/salud/publica/PET/Documents/MEDICAMENTOS%20ESCENCIALES-UCI-COVID-19%20final-25-marzo.pdf ADAPTACION PARA AUDIO-OYENTES: Medicina en una página. ==================================================== PODCAST CORONAVIRUS. COVID-19 Este es un podcast en el que desde el ojo de la ciencia. Aprenderemos del coronavirus y de la enfermedad covid-19. Recuerden al enemigo es mejor conocerlo. Para acabarlo. Esta es una producción de: Medicina en una página. medicinaenunapagina@gmail.com Dirección y Conducción: John Jarbis García Tamayo. Médico y cirujano, Epidemiólogo y Pedagogo Universitario. Portada: Gracias a Sam Balye por compartir su trabajo (foto-portada) en https://unsplash.com/. Música: https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?nv=1

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks of reusing dirty baby bibs within 4 hours. Dr. Don - not risky

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.30.274316v1?rss=1 Authors: Chen, W., Mani, N., Karani, H., Li, H., Mani, S., Tang, J. X. Abstract: Powered by flagella, many species of bacteria exhibit collective motion on a solid surface commonly known as swarming. Physical changes like cell elongation and hyper flagellation have been shown to accompany swarming phenotype. Less noticeable, however, are the contrasts of collective motion between the swarming cells and the planktonic cells of comparable cell density. Here, we show that when confined by microwells of specific sizes mounted on a soft agar surface, novel bacteria Enterobacter sp. SM3 under swarming condition exhibited 'single-swirl' motion pattern distinct from 'multi-swirl' motion pattern formed by its concentrated planktonic counterpart. We hypothesize that 'rafting behavior' of the swarming bacteria upon dilution might account for the motion pattern difference. This was further validated through computational simulation where swarming cells are modeled by lower repulsion and stronger alignment among them than planktonic cells. Our new technical approach also enabled us to observe swarming on a non-agar tissue surface. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Gram negative bacilli - Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia

Intermountain Section IFTCaddyshack - Bill Murray’s story about the Dalai Lama - YouTubeRoderick on the Line - Merlin MannBryan Adams - Summer of 69 - YouTubeSanitation in the Retail Food Industry, Gale PrinceDegradation of DDT and DDE by Cheese Microorganisms - Ledford - 1969 - Journal of Food ScienceEffect of Processing on Recovery of Polio Virus From Inoculated Foods - Heidelbaugh - 1969 - Journal of Food ScienceHeat of Respiration of Fresh Produce as Affected by Controlled Atmosphre - Toledo - 1969 - Journal of Food ScienceUse of Time-Temperature Evaluations in Detecting the Responsible Vehicle and Contributing Factors of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks | Journal of Milk and Food TechnologyOccurrence of Escherichia coli in almond of nonpareil variety, 1969Foodborne Outbreaks Annual Summary 1969 pdfFoodborne illness acquired in the United States–major pathogens 2011ComBaseMyron Solberg - WikipediaEvaluation of a washing procedure in the examination of almonds for Escherichia coli, 1969Incidence of Escherichia coli in black walnut meats, 1969Preventing Illness from C. perfringens - CDCA Risk Assessment for Clostridium perfringens in Ready-to-Eat and Partially Cooked Meat and Poultry ProductsQuantifying the effect of hand wash duration, soap use, ground beef debris, and drying methods on the removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on handsSelf‐reported and observed behavior of primary meal preparers and adolescents during preparation of frozen, uncooked, breaded chicken productsCultured meat - WikipediaInfluence of Soap Characteristics and Food Service Facility Type on the Degree of Bacterial Contamination of Open, Refillable Bulk SoapsHygiene hypothesis - WikipediaResidential Bacteria on Surfaces in the Food Industry and Their Implications for Food Safety and Quality, 2017 - Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

Join Jim Connely (McGraw-Hill Education) as he talks about the 5 second rule, one fun way to kick start your critical thinking in class and how the San Francisco 49ers are making an impact off the field to improve education and equity. The show opens with a scene featuring the amazing & talented Vanessa Franklin (McGraw-Hill Education). Enjoy the show!Cut Through the Buzz: 8 Ways to Teach Critical Thinking by Dr. Gregory Feist:https://www.mheducation.com/highered/ideas/homepage/8-steps-to-develop-critical-thinking-in-the-classroomMyths: True or Falsehttps://www.asm.org/Podcasts/MicrobeWorld-Video/Episodes/True-or-False-The-5-Second-Rule,-Sterile-Urine,-CoLonger Contact Times Increase Cross-Contamination of Enterobacter aerogenes from Surfaces to Foodhttps://aem.asm.org/content/82/21/6490San Francisco 49ers and Chegg Partner to Provide First Generation Students with College Scholarshipshttps://www.49ers.com/news/san-francisco-49ers-and-chegg-partner-to-provide-first-generation-students-with-

Thank you for joining us for our 2nd Cabral HouseCall of the weekend! I’m looking forward to sharing with you some of our community’s questions that have come in over the past few weeks… Let’s get started!  Anonymous: I am curious about your thoughts on iron levels. I don’t recall hearing you ever talk about it on the podcast. A few months ago I thought I had mono - I had all the classic symptoms. Though I didn’t check my blood work I started taking iron and felt much better. My doctor said I was most likely anemic as I was a vegetarian at the time. What are your thoughts on iron levels as it relates to mood, energy etc? Vivian; After listening to your podcast on signs that a disease is coming , i got really concerned cause my husband showed one , very clearly - the diagonal crease on ear lob - His mom passed in 2010 at age of 60 , suddenly from heart disease they never knew she had. After that , in 2011 , he did a full scan and all showed fine. I told him about the podcast and forced him to do it over....we just got a call from the doctor , saying that he has the early stage of a heart disease...that one one of the markers that in 2011 came as zero, came as a 4 now and his red blood cells are kind of "sticky" and can result in heart problems if he doesn't eat right and follow the recommendations. Since i met him , over 2 years ago, his diet has changed completely, i thought him how to eat and all i have learned about nutrition. He finished a doctor Cabral 7 days detox couple weeks ago. Please , what are your recommendations ( what to avoid and what to supplement with) so we can do our best to have him with us for many ,many, years?? I appreciate your help and all you do. Suzanne:  Hello Stephen! Thank you for all the wonderful work you do in the healing world! My question involves a few different sicknesses I’ve accumulated over the last year. Last year during a stressful teaching stint I was diagnosed with an Epstein Bar (Glandular Fever) relapse, despite having the condition in my late teenage years. (I am now 25 years old.I suffered with a chronic sore throat initially which turned into fatigue, muscle aches and peeling fingers and toes. After changing a huge amount of my lifestyle and stress I have helped things but still suffer from the sore throat every few days, fatigue and constant peeling of my fingers and toes. (Despite many coconut oil applications I can’t seem to stop the peeling) On a side note: I have travelled a lot (and did get bitten by a tick in Nepal.) I have been on far too many antibiotics (If only I knew) and did go on a course of Roaccutane for three months. I was also vegan for almost four years in an attempt for perfect health which has since changed since the long absence of my period. My sickness also began when I was vegan. I now eat a small amount of meat including salmon, organic chicken and kangaroo which has fixed my hormones. (Still no dairy, eggs and limited gluten.) BUT Despite my best efforts I’m still fatigued and working part time as a result with peeling fingers and a sore throat most of the time) I believe I will get there I just need a little help and advice. Thank you for all the work you do in this field. The path to wellness in the best gift you could give. Elizabeth: Hi Dr Cabral, I don't think you have done a podcast on this but I was wondering if there is anything you would specifically recommend for PMLE? I have read online that Shirudo AGR+E lotion is good but I wondered if there is also anything else or any supplements that would help (and/or potentially reverse) this? It may help to mention, I believe I have hypothyroidism (which I am naturally treating the past year or so) and that I have changed my sunscreen various times (minor PMLE occurs with each different sunscreen brand; I am also trying to find a natural sunscreen). The PMLE type reaction is relatively minor and has only started to happen the last couple of years. Last summer vacation I had a minor reaction on my arms, legs/ankles and chest and this vacation this past week (mid-June) I had it only on my hands, knees, feet and partly on my collarbone/upper chest. It's not immediate, it seems to take a few days to occur. I remain out of the sun when it does, although using more sunscreen does not help. Not sure if reaction on different areas of the body signifies anything? I am from London, where we don't get much sun. Perhaps there is a relation with thyroid but it would be useful to know what may help it going forward and what may have caused it. I am going away again soon so I did contact your support email in hope for a earlier response but they directed me to ask cabral, however hopefully this may help some others... Thank you so much for you and your podcasts! Andrea: My 25 yr old daughter has had gut issues for years and has been to many dr,’s but still no relief. She was then diagnosed with Hashimotos and thyroid cancer and had her thyroid removed 12/2016. She now also has psoriasis. She now see’s a local Functional medicine dr here in STL who has been trying to help her. She tried a candida cleanse late last year but still has gut pain. She is gluten free and has done food allergy tests that show mild allergy to yogurt but that’s it. She decided to do a GI Map and here are the things that seem off:Enterotoxigenic E. coli LT/ST 1.19e6 High; Normal Bacterial Flora; Bacteroides fragilis 8.8e8 Low; Bifidobacterium spp. 1.6e10; Enterococcus spp. 5.7e6; Escherichia spp. 7.9e5 Low; Lactobacillus spp. 2.6e6; Clostridium spp. 9.66e4; Enterobacter spp. 1.69e5 Low; Phyla Microbiota Result; Bacteroidetes 1.94e10 Low; Firmicutes 7.87e9 Low; Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes Ratio 0.40; Additional Dysbiotic/Overgrowth Bacteria Result Normal; Bacillus spp. 2.71e4; Enterococcus faecalis

The show starts with a discussion about importance of being on time and time management, and then quickly moves to a discussion of recent and future podcast appearances by Don and Ben. They quickly dive into actual food safety, starting with the discussion about the Food Code and the risks posed by an unenclosed  outdoor bar. This is followed by further Food Code discussions related to the importance (or lack thereof) of wearing a head covering if you're bald, and Food Code definitions (or lack thereof) for 'clean' and 'balut'. Listener feedback leads into a discussion of Food Code Annex 3 and the scientific basis of the Food Code. This leads to a discussion of the importance of actually reading the references that you're citing. The guys discuss the comfy cow ice cream recall, and the importance of clear communication with customers. Ben talks about his experience cooking blue apron, and there is further discussion about meal kits safety, specifically on cooking directions.  The guys get heated up on the topic of sponge microbiology, which leads to a discussion of junk science on water bottle germs, and "Water Kefir", whatever that might be. The show wraps up with a quick mention of a recent CNN article, and the microbiology of blowing out candles on a birthday cake. * [What Is the Oxford Comma and Why Do People Care So Much About It?](https://www.grammarly.com/blog/what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-why-do-people-care-so-much-about-it/) * [National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation on iTunes](https://itunes.apple.com/US/movie/id296929739) * [Carolina Eagles Hockey](http://www.carolinaeagleshockey.com/) * [conference call bingo - Google Search](https://www.google.com/search?q=conference+call+bingo&client=safari&rls=en&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCv5z7_czVAhVH4YMKHeIxCVQQsAQILg&biw=1667&bih=997) * [My Food Job Rocks!](http://myfoodjobrocks.com/episodes/) * [Food Safety Magazine podcast](http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/podcast/) * [StoryCorps – Stories from people of all backgrounds and beliefs](https://storycorps.org/) * [Food Safety Talk 1: Frampton Comes Alive — Food Safety Talk](http://foodsafetytalk.com/food-safety-talk/2011/8/28/food-safety-talk-1-frampton-comes-alive.html) * [Food Safety Talk 0: StoryCorps] (****) * [6th Anniversary: Traditional Gift Ideas and More](https://www.thenest.com/content/sixth-anniversary-traditional-gift-ideas) * [Live from the Poundstone Institute : NPR](http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510322/live-from-the-poundstone-institute) * [Gas Light Co. sues city of Portsmouth over outside deck](http://www.seacoastonline.com/news/20170118/gas-light-co-sues-city-of-portsmouth-over-outside-deck) * [Conference for Food Protection](http://www.foodprotect.org/) * [2013 FDA Model Food Code as pdf](https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/RetailFoodProtection/FoodCode/UCM374510.pdf) * [Utilization of Mathematical Models To Manage Risk of Holding Cold Food without Temperature Control](http://jfoodprotection.com/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-424?code=fopr-site&journalCode=food) * [Quantifying the effect of hand wash duration, soap use, ground beef debris, and drying methods on the removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on hands](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25836392) * [The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone](https://unbound.com/books/why-did-the-policeman-cross-the-road/updates/the-case-of-the-creeping-fox-terrier-clone) * [Bully for Brontosaurus pdf](http://www.sjgouldessays.com/content/nh_essay_summaries_content/05%20Bully%20for%20Brontosaurus.pdf) * [The Comfy Cow Recalls Pints of Ice Cream Due To Possible E. Coli Contamination and/or High Coliform Counts](https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls/ucm570565.htm) * [To Our Customers - The Comfy Cow](http://www.thecomfycow.com/comfy-cow-response/) * [Meal kits and food safety | barfblog](http://www.barfblog.com/2017/08/meal-kits-and-food-safety/) * [Who monitors meal kit safety? | WRVO Public Media](http://wrvo.org/post/who-monitors-meal-kit-safety) * [These sponges go to 14 | barfblog](http://www.barfblog.com/2017/08/these-sponges-go-to-14/) * [Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges pdf](http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06055-9.pdf) * [Supplementary material for Sponge study](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-017-06055-9/MediaObjects/41598_2017_6055_MOESM1_ESM.pdf) * [Water Bottle Germs Revealed 2017 from TreadmillReviews.net](http://www.treadmillreviews.net/water-bottle-germs-revealed/) * [Bacterial water quality in the personal water bottles of elementary students](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12353459) * [Water Kefir: How to Brew Water Kefir — Nourished Kitchen](http://nourishedkitchen.com/water-kefir/) * [Water Kefir Benefits & FAQs - Cultures for Health](http://www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/water-kefir/water-kefir-frequently-asked-questions-faq/) * [Filthy food habits: How dirty are they? - CNN](http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/10/health/science-dirty-food-habits-study/index.html) * [Bacterial Transfer Associated with Blowing Out Candles on a Birthday Cake](http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/article/view/67217) * [Blowing out birthday candles increases bacteria on cake on USA Today](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/08/03/blowing-out-birthday-candles-increases-bacteria-cake-1-400/536178001/)

Takin’ Care of Business Food Safety Talk 108: Hyperbole and fire ants Portlandia Season 6 Louis CK on airplane wifi Back to Work Longer Contact Times Increase Cross-Contamination of Enterobacter aerogenes from Surfaces to Food; Is the five-second rule real? barfblog: 89 now sick with hep a what kind of trendy smoothie place gets their frozen strawberries from egypt Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A linked to frozen strawberries Getting Things Done Meat and Poultry Inspection Dialogue Genetic determinants of heat resistance in Escherichia coli New York Times: ‘Five-Second Rule’ for Food on Floor Is Untrue, Study Finds Rutgers Researchers Debunk ‘Five-Second Rule’: Eating Food off the Floor Isn’t Safe Rutgers Open Access Policy & SOAR Modeling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on cut cantaloupe, honeydew and watermelon Mr. Robot wikipedia Five-second rule Surface sanitation and microbiological food quality of a university foodservice operation So Long Farewell

V tomto podcaste si čosi porozprávame o neuveriteľne odolnom živočíchovi - pomalke a o tom, či môžme spadnutý krajec chleba zjesť, pokiaľ na zemi ležal menej ako 5 sekúnd. TémyZdroje Intro  Pomalky a ich trik proti radiácii 5-sekundové pravidlo Fakt a fikcia Outro Tardigrade protein helps human DNA withstand radiation Longer Contact Times Increase Cross-Contamination of Enterobacter aerogenes from Surfaces to Food Older drivers no more dangerous, accident data study says Smartphone study on weather and pain reveals early data Exercise May Cut Alcohol Health Risks Physical activity may offset some of alcohol's lethal harms

Show notes so you can follow along at home. The Talk Show ✪: Ep. 153, With Ben Thompson The Aerobie® AeroPress® Coffee Maker Amazon.com: Porlex Mini Stainless Steel Coffee Grinder: Manual Coffee Grinders: Kitchen & Dining Beeturia The bowel movement beet test: How to measure your digestive ‘transit time’ Beets & Blood in the Stool John Oliver exposes how the media turns scientific studies into “morning show gossip” - Vox xkcd: Significant Quantifying the effect of hand wash duration, soap use, ground beef debris, and drying methods on the removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on hands Frozen produce recall, expanded. Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Frozen Vegetables CDC CRF Frozen Foods Expands Voluntary Recall to Include All Frozen Vegetable and Fruit Products Due To Possible Health Risk Green Giant? Valley Fresh Steamers? Select Whole Green Beans 12 oz. Bag - Walmart.com Parmesan-Garlic Butter Green Beans recipe from Betty Crocker Allrecipes reveals the enormous gap between foodie culture and what Americans actually cook. Rewashing triple-washed greens at home can only increase risk of foodborne illness Why are salad greens always labeled “triple-washed”? Will the Justice Department look at Dole’s history of recalls and outbreaks? Dole knew of Listeria; feds launch criminal investigation | Food Safety News Dole 483 Food Industry’s Current and Future Role in Preventing Microbial Foodborne Illness within the United States Drake on iTunes Rush - YYZ YKK Group The Night Manager (TV Mini-Series 2016) Storytelling engages the brain; even in podcasts Podcasts Surge, but Producers Fear Apple Isn’t Listening Apple’s actual role in podcasting: be careful what you wish for – Marco.org Chris Sacca OMilk - Vegan Almond & Cashew Milks - Brooklyn Unpacking @AcademicsSay: Part 1 | SAS Confidential Shitexpress · Send shit in a box to someone, stay anonymous, pay with Bitcoin/PayPal Emerging Infectious Diseases by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on iTunes PRX » Station » WRVO Public Media Behind CDC’s Raw Milk Probe: More Doubts About CA Illness - David Gumpert Roderick on the Line - Merlin Mann 5by5 | Road Work

Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered infant formulae using a molecular biological method. The aim of the studies presented here was the development of a screening test based on PCR technique for the detection of Enterobacter (E.) sakazakii (Cronobacter spp., IVERSEN et al., 2008a) in powdered infant formulae. Variable regions of the 16S RNA gene of E. sakazakii were chosen for amplification by primers designed with the help of the computer programme Primer3 (ROZEN und SKALETSKY, 2000). Chimeric primer were used as internal amplification control. To check whether the amplicon was generated agarose gel electrophoresis was employed. To test the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR method 57 E. sakazakii strains as well as 169 isolates belonging to 16 species or genera of other bacteria than E. sakazakii were used. Before testing, the E. sakazakii strains were examined by RAPD-PCR to ensure individuality. The PCR method gave positive results for all 57 E. sakazakii strains, three Hafnia alvei isolates, however, were also positive. It could be shown by DNA sequence analysis that H. alvei has a16S rRNA gene sequence identical with the target DNA used for the detection of E. sakazakii. Therefore, the amplicons of the E. sakazakii strains and the H. alvei isolates were analysed by restriction digest using MvaI as restriction enzyme. Both species could be differentiated clearly by their electrophoretic band patterns. To test the performance of the PCR method if food has to be examined 52 samples of powdered infant formulae were artificially contaminated with ten different strains of E. sakazakii (5 to 24 bacteria per 100 g). The samples were from four producers and they included different types of infant formulae, follow-up formulae and powdered formulae for special medical purposes. 100 g in each case of the artifically contaminated as well as 100 g in each case of non contaminated (negative control) sample material was preenriched in buffered peptone water for 24 h at 37 °C. After preenrichment DNA was extracted using a commercial test kit (PrepMan Ultra) and tested by the PCR method. A culture technique for the detection of E. sakazakii (FDA/SCAN, 2002) was carried along as reference method. E. sakazakii was detected in all samples with both methods.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of an Avian Orthoreovirus (ARV) isolated from broiler chicken suffering from infectious runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) after simulated vertical infection of chicken. The influence of the age at infection on the progression of ARV infection is of particular importance. At first, the consequences of an early in ovo inoculation with the ARV-isolate 8474DP4-6 in specific pathogen free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs were evaluated. Infected embryos that survived until the 19th day of incubation were observed regularly after inoculation into the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs with varying doses of the ARV-isolate 8474DP4-6 on the ninth day of incubation. The inoculation into the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs on the sixth day of incubation with the same virus resulted in surviving infected embryos only in singular cases. On the other hand, infected embryos died after in ovo inoculation with the ARV vaccine strain S1133 into the allantoic cavity or the yolk sac on the corresponding days of hatch. The mean death time for the infected embryos displayed a high variability. The mean death time after in ovo inoculation with the ARV strain S1133 was observed between 100 and 168 hours while embryos infected with the ARV-isolate died between 60 and 120 hours post inoculation. For a subsequent animal experiment embryonated chicken eggs (Lohmann Selected White Leghorn) were inoculated with the ARV-strain 8474DP4-6 into the allantoic cavity on the 14th day of incubation and the hatched chickens were raised until the age of 36 days. Inoculated birds were kept together with non-inoculated sentinels while a mock-infected group was raised separately. The in ovo inoculation resulted in the hatch of ARV-infected chicks. The hatchability was reduced in the infected group (56%) as well as in the mock-infected control group (46%). ARV was reisolated regularly from organs of infected chicks until the 12th day post hatch and sporadically until day 36 post hatch. Several organs (liver, duodenum and pancreas [pooled], proventriculus, jejunoileum and bursa of Fabricius) were sampled in order to evaluate the organotropism and the progression of infection in inoculated chicks. ARV was reisolated from all kinds of examined organs, whereas the isolation from intestinal organs occurred more frequently. The transmission to non-inoculated sentinels was demonstrated by reisolation of ARV. The inoculated as well as the sentinel chicks developed antibodies against ARV. The results demonstrate the possibility of a vertical and likewise a horizontal transmission for the ARV-strain 8474DP4-6. An increased mortality became evident within the infected group. From the day of hatch and the seventh day of life 52,2% of the animals died, until the 12th day of life the mortality peaked to 56,5%. Within the control group a mortality of 6 and 12% respectively was observed during the corresponding period. Inoculated as well as control animals were of poor condition and suffered from diarrhea. Not inoculated control birds recovered quickly after an antibiotic treatment while the inoculated chicken did not respond well to the therapy. The gross pathology did not reveal any alterations in neither of the groups. Histopathological changes included myocarditis, pancreatic degeneration and lymphocyte depletion in the spleen. Within the bacteriological examination various ubiquitous bacterial species including Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter cloacae were cultivated from organ swabs from animals of both groups. Body weight and weight gain were significantly decreased in inoculated chicks from day seven post hatch on. In ovo infection of embryonated eggs from ARV-vaccinated broiler breeders with the ARV-isolate 8474DP4-6 resulted in a hundredfold lower egg infectious dose 50 compared to embryonated spf chicken eggs. Furthermore, a larger proportion of infected embryos survived until the 19th day of incubation. In conclusion, the in ovo inoculation of embryonated eggs with the RSS-associated ARV strain resulted in the impairment of hatched chicks. The bacteriological findings indicate an increased susceptibility of the ARV-infected chicks to bacterial overgrowth. Future experiments evaluating the effects of early ARV-infections with the focus on alterations of the immune-response will help to elucidate the role of early ARV-infections in chicks.

Vertreter des Enterobacter cloacae Komplexes sind gram-negative Bakterien der intestinalen Normalflora vieler Menschen und gleichzeitig häufige Erreger von Pneumonien, Septikämien und Harnwegsinfektionen auf Intensivstationen. Einen Unterschied zu anderen Krankheitserregern stellt die große Heterogenität des E. cloacae Komplexes dar. Er besteht aus 13 genetischen Clustern, von denen neun mittlerweile als Spezies bzw. Subspezies beschrieben sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zunächst, die Prävalenz der einzelnen Genotypen des Komplexes bei Patienten im Krankenhaus zu untersuchen und die Genotypen eventuell bestimmten Infektionsherden zuzuordnen. Deshalb wurden 196 prospektiv und randomisiert gesammelte klinische Isolate des E. cloacae Komplexes mittels hsp60 Sequenzierung ihren Genotypen zugeordnet und die Prävalenz sowie die Verteilung der Genotypen auf unterschiedliche klinische Materialien verglichen. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse dabei waren, dass zwei Drittel der klinischen Isolate des E. cloacae Komplexes im Klinikum Großhadern den Subspezies von E. hormaechei und dem Cluster III zugeordnet werden konnten. E. cloacae Stämme, die dem Typstamm zugeordnet werden konnten, kamen selten vor und spielten offensichtlich eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle. Einige der Genotypen zeigten Präferenzen zu bestimmten klinischen Materialien, z.B. waren die Subspezies von E. hormaechei bei Wundinfektionen signifikant überrepräsentiert. Ein Großteil der Berichte über Infektionen mit Stämmen des E. cloacae Komplexes sind Berichte über klonale Ausbrüche. Zur Identifikation von klonalen Ausbrüchen sind schnelle und zuverlässige Methoden unverzichtbar. Die Validierung der dafür zur Verfügung stehenden PCR-basierten Methoden war für den E. cloacae Komplex aufgrund seiner Heterogenität bislang noch völlig unzureichend. Ebenso wenig war bekannt, wie oft klonale Ausbrüche tatsächlich in einem durchschnittlichen Krankenhaus vorkommen. Deshalb wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei PCR-basierte Methoden des genetischen „finger printings“ bei Bakterien, die ERIC- und REP-PCR, anhand zweier Genotypen des E. cloacae Komplexes auf ihr Potential hin untersucht, Isolate genetisch zu trennen. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde die Häufigkeit klonaler Ausbrüche im Klinikum Großhadern in einem Zeitraum von fünf Jahren ermittelt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die ERIC-PCR zur Differenzierung auf Stammebene im E. cloacae Komplex nicht geeignet ist, sie unterscheidet hingegen auf Genotypenebene. Mittels REP-PCR können klonale Isolate mit einer Spezifität von 90% identifiziert werden. Obwohl über fünf Jahre alle Blutkulturisolate untersucht wurden, wurden nur zwei klonale Übertragungen mit jeweils zwei betroffenen Patienten gefunden. Die Genotypen des E. cloacae Komplexes waren ungleich in der Klinik vertreten. Einige Genotypen hatten signifikante Assoziationen zu bestimmten klinischen Materialien. Außerdem schienen nicht klonale Ausbrüche, sondern viele Infektionen mit individuellen Keimen für die zunehmende Bedeutung der Vertreter des E. cloacae Komplexes als nosokomiale Erreger verantwortlich zu sein. Dieser Befund spricht für endogene Infektionen mit Stämmen des E. cloacae Komplexes. Mittels subtraktiver Hybridisierung wurde nach möglichen Faktoren gesucht, die eine verbesserte Überlebensfähigkeit im Krankenhausmilieu vermitteln könnten. Es wurde das Genom eines Sepsiserregers von dem eines Pflanzenisolates „genetisch subtrahiert“. Als Faktor, der möglicherweise die zunehmende Prävalenz von Infektionen mit Vertretern des E. cloacae Komplexes erklären könnte, fand sich eine Resistenz-Determinante gegen Silberionen. Da Silber als Desinfektionsmittel und Antiseptikum eingesetzt wird, würde eine Resistenz einen Überlebens- und Selektionsvorteil im Krankenhausmilieu darstellen. Eine genauere genetische Analyse der Silberresistenz-Determinante zeigte, dass die Nukleotidsequenzen sowie die abgeleiteten Proteinsequenzen im hohen Maße übereinstimmend waren mit denen der ursprünglich beschriebenen sil-Determinante auf Plasmid pMG101 von Salmonella enterica Serotyp Typhimurium. Der Aufbau der Determinante entsprach dem der Originalbeschreibung bei Salmonella enterica Serotyp Typhimurium. 63% der untersuchten Isolate des E. cloacae Komplexes besaßen diese Resistenz-Determinante. Die sil-Determinante war Genotypen-spezifisch verteilt, wobei die häufig in der Klinik vertretenen Genotypen signifikant öfter Träger der Silberresistenz waren. Die sil positiven Isolate wuchsen bei 8x höheren Konzentrationen Silbernitrat als die sil negativen Isolate. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals die unterschiedliche Relevanz der Genotypen des E. cloacae Komplexes bei verschiedenen Infektionen gezeigt. Außerdem wurde durch Identifizierung genetischer Differenz zwischen einem pathogenen und einem als apathogen geltenden Isolats eine Teilerklärung für die unterschiedliche klinische Prävalenz gefunden. Aufbauend auf den vorliegenden Ergebnissen sollte die Virulenz-assoziierte Bedeutung der Silberresistenz-Determinante analysiert werden. Multizentrische Studien könnten die molekular-epidemiologische und Hygiene-Bedeutung des Fitnessfaktors beleuchten.

Fri, 8 Feb 2008 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8377/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8377/1/Kraemer_Iris.pdf Kraemer, Iris ddc:500, ddc:5

By investigating the resistance characteristics of bacteria from organic and conventional keeping systems of laying hens, it was to be determined to what extent different rearing systems influence bacterial resistance patterns. For this purpose, samples from 10 organic and 10 conventional flocks were investigated 4 times between January 2004 and April 2005. In total, 799 cloacal swabs and 800 egg samples were taken and examined. The isolation and identification of Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., E. coli/Coliforms, Campylobacter spp., and Enterococcus spp. was performed with standardized, cultural methods. Selected isolates of the genera Salmonella (n = 44), Listeria (n = 13), Campylobacter (C. jejuni, n = 218; C. coli, n = 46), Escherichia (E. coli, n = 545; E. fergusonii n = 18; E. hermanii n = 1 ) Citrobacter (Citrobacter freundii n = 9), Enterobacter (Enterobacter cloacae n = 5; Enterobacter sakazakii n = 3; Enterobacter gergoviae n = 2; Enterobacter asburiae n = 1), Pantoea (Pantoea agglomerans n = 2) and Enterococcus (E. faecalis, n = 361; E. faecium, n = 57; other enterococci [E. nonfaecalis/nonfaecium], n = 569) were tested for their resistance behaviour with respect to 29 different antibiotics by means of microdilution. During the bacteriological investigation of the cloacal swabs, prevalences were found for all bacteria groups in the same order of magnitude in the different rearing systems (Salmonella spp. 3.5 % (organic [org.]) vs. 1.8 % (conventional [con.]); Listeria spp.: 1.3 % (org.) vs. 1.6 % (con.); Campylobacter spp : 34.8 % (org.) or 29.0 % (con.); E. coli: 66.4 % (org.) vs. 72.0 % (con.); Enterococcus spp.: 95.5 % (org.) vs. 97.5 % (con.). Eggs were generally infected with less bacteria, most of which were of the genera Enterococcus and Escherichia, whereas Listeria, Salmonella and Campylobacter were only rarely isolated from the samples. Salmonella of the serovar type S. Typhimurium were resistant to up to nine antibiotics; Salmonella of the serogroup B were resistant to up to 6 different antibiotics. All Salmonella isolates proved to be resistant towards spectinomycin. A high percentage of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates showed resistance to flourquinolones; a similar resistance was observed in the case of ampicillin and doxycycline. The Listeria isolates were mostly sensitive towards the tested antibiotics, and only a few strains showed resistance to clindamycin and imipenem. E. coli isolates showed a high resistance prevalence to ß-lactames, doxycycline, streptomycin, and cefaclor. High percentages (54.8 %) of E. faecalis were found to be resistant to doxycycline; macrolides were also only marginally effective. The investigated E. faecium isolates proved to have high resistance rates to clindamycin, fosfomycin and erythromycin, while a significant percentage (9.1 %) of E. faecium had already been classified as resistant to the reserve antibiotic synercid. Other enterococci showed higher resistance rates to doxycycline, erythromycin, fosfomycin, and rifampicine. There were no glykopeptide-resistant enterococci. The analysis of the prevalence rates of sensitive and resistant isolates depending on the keeping system showed a correlation between rearing system and resistance rates: In the case of E. faecalis, a significantly lower prevalence of resistance to tylosin, streptomycin and doxycycline was determined among isolates from organic farms, while significantly higher amounts of isolates were found to be sensitive to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin; however, when tested on rifampicin and imipenem, E. faecalis behaved contrary to this. E. coli isolates from organic layers showed significantly lower resistance rates or significantly higher amounts of sensitive isolates with regard to nine agents, while in the case of E. coli from conventional rearing systems, these results could only be observed for two antibiotics. In the case of C. jejuni, significantly better rates were observed for isolates from organic flocks with regard to imipenem and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, whereas fosfomycin favoured isolates from conventional layer flocks. In the case of 8 antibiotics, the amounts of sensitive and resistant enterococci of the E. nonfaecalis/nonfaecium group originating from organic farms were found to be higher and lower respectively compared to the isolates from conventional farms. Overall, the comparison of the amounts of sensitive and resistant bacteria isolates and the mean MIC values showed that the isolates from organic layer rearing systems scored much better statistically than those from conventional systems. The results show that organic layer flocks reduce the amount of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, as both the resistance rates of the selected bacteria to certain antibiotics as well as the mean MIC values for certain antibiotic agents were lower in organic systems than in conventional ones. Thus, organic livestock farming contributes towards securing the continued effectiveness of anti-infectives.

Ziel der Arbeit war es, das Vorkommen Antibiotika-resistenter Keime in Fleisch zu erfassen, um das Risiko des Übergangs resistenter Keime von Fleisch auf den Menschen besser einschätzen zu können. Gleichzeitig sollte geprüft werden, inwieweit die quantitative Erfassung von Resistenzgenen hierzu einen Beitrag leisten kann. Hierzu wurden in dem Zeitraum von November 2003 bis Februar 2005 aus 500 „Hähnchen-" und 500 „Schweinefleisch-Proben“ Bakterien der Gattungen Escherichia (E. coli, n=677), Salmonella (n=89), Campylobacter (n=421), Listeria (n=417), Enterococcus (n=782), Enterobacter (n=167), Citrobacter (n=83), Serratia (n=116) und Klebsiella (n=125) isoliert. Die untersuchten Fleischproben stammten jeweils zu gleichen Teilen vom Schlachthof und von der Verkaufstheke. Die Prüfung der Isolate hinsichtlich ihres Empfindlichkeitsverhaltens erfolgte gegenüber bis zu 31 ausgewählten, größtenteils human-relevanten Antibiotika im Mikrodilutionsverfahren. Weitere 100 „Hähnchen-" und 100 „Schweinefleisch-Proben“ wurden mittels real-time PCR nach Direkt-Extraktion der DNA auf das quantitative Vorkommen der Tetrazyklin-Resistenzgene tet (M) und tet (O) untersucht. Die Analyse der Prävalenzzahlen ergab zum einen, dass aus den „Schweinefleisch-Proben“ weit weniger Isolate (ausgenommen coliformer Keime) als aus den „Hähnchenfleisch-Proben“ gewonnen werden konnten. Zum anderen war das Vorkommen von Listeria spp., aber auch von coliformen Keimen und Salmonella spp. bei den „Verkaufstheke-Proben“ deutlich höher als bei den entsprechenden „Schlachthof-Proben“; gegensätzlich dazu verhielten sich die Campylobacter-Prävalenzraten. Im Rahmen der phänotypischen Empfindlichkeitsuntersuchungen wurde das Vorkommen resistenter und hochmehrfach-resistenter Keime in zum Verzehr geeignetem Fleisch nachgewiesen. Hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Bakterienspezies wurden sehr große Differenzen beobachtet. So mussten 69,0 % der E. coli, 61,8 % der Salmonella spp., 67,1 % der C. jejuni, 76,9 % der C. coli, 74,1 % der E. faecalis, hingegen nur 4,7 % der L. monocytogenes und nur 6,2 % der L. innocua als zumindest einfach-resistent eingestuft werden. Hierbei trugen die untersuchten E. coli-Stämme vor allem Resistenzen gegen Penicilline, die Aminoglykoside Streptomycin und Spectinomycin sowie gegen die Antibiotika Doxyzyklin, Sulfamethoxazol+Trimethoprim. Bei Campylobacter spp. wurden Resistenzraten von bis zu 30 % gegenüber Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin und Doxyzyklin ermittelt; zudem war bei den C. coli-Stämmen ein hohes Resistenzvorkommen gegenüber Sulfamethoxazol+ Trimethoprim zu beobachten. Bei dem Genus Enterococcus traten vor allem gegen Makrolide und die Wirkstoffe Doxyzyklin, Rifampicin und Fosfomycin Resistenzen auf. Die Auftrennung der Ergebnisse entsprechend der Fleischarten ergab ein weit häufigeres Vorkommen von resistenten Keimen in Hähnchenfleisch als in Schweinefleisch. Diese Tendenz war auch bezüglich mehrfach-resistenter Keime zu beobachten. So waren z. B. bei E. coli 46,1 % der aus Schweinefleisch und 61,1 % der aus Hähnchenfleisch isolierten Stämme als mehrfach-resistent einzustufen; bei den E. faecalis-Isolaten 20,3 % bzw. 47,8 %. Des Weiteren wiesen die Proben von der Verkaufstheke tendenziell häufiger Keime mit Resistenzen auf als solche vom Schlachthof. Vergleicht man die erhobenen Resistenzraten mit denen des GENARS-Projektes, so lagen in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle die Resistenzraten der „aviären“ und „porcinen“ Isolate deutlich unter denen „humaner“ Isolate. Bei den molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen wurden relativ geringe Konzentrationen von tet (M) und tet (O) auf Fleischoberflächen gefunden. So ist ein Übergang von resistenten Keimen von Fleisch auf den Menschen durchaus möglich. Allerdings dürfte diesem Weg der Verbreitung Antibiotika-resistenter Keime eine geringere Bedeutung zukommen als mitunter angenommen.

1 Contrary to established metabolic pattern, a recent investigation of NNK metabolism produced in rat urine higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyri dyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) than their N-oxides, suggesting that reconversion of N-oxides could occur after urine formation. 2 To verify the possible role of bacteria in the reduction of NNK-N-oxide and NNAL-N-oxide to their respective parent compounds, NNK and NNAL, in smokers with urinary tract infection (UTI), the N-oxides were isolated from the urine of rats treated with 5-3HNNK and individually incubated at 37°C with ten bacterial species in sterile human urine under different pH regimens. After incubation with the bacteria, aliquots of culture media were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radiochemical detection. 3 Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis possessed varying capacity to regenerate NNK and NNAL from their N- oxides while others showed no detectable reductive capability within 24 h. 4 This result constitutes the first experimental evidence that in tobacco users with concomitant UTI, bacterial regeneration of the procarcinogenic NNK and NNAL from their N-oxides could occur in the bladder leading to increased carcinogen burden in these individuals.