Speaking of Race

In this episode we describe some of the early roots of eugenics and Erik describes his three-ingredient model for eugenics.

In this episode we interview Erik Peterson about the book he recently released with fellow historian, Margaret Peacock, about the crazy pandemic year of 2020. Race features prominently throughout! Some resources: The website that accompanies the book: https://adhc.lib.ua.edu/pandemicbook/ The book: https://www.amazon.com/Deeper-Sickness-Journal-America-Pandemic/dp/0807040290

In this episode we respond to a listener question about our top 5 examples of scientific racism. Unfortunately, in the five years of this podcast, we've only discussed two of these people/topics, so we've got a lot of work to do to get up to speed. Here are some resources for our examples. Some resources 1. The Bell Curve Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded ed.). New York: WW Norton & Company. Herrnstein, R., & Murray, C. A. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press. Bindon, J., Peterson, E.L.. Weaver, L.J. (2018, 12/22/2018). Race and Intelligence, Part 3 [Retrieved from http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/race-and-intelligence-part-3] 2. Biological determinism of the 1960s Ardrey, R. (1966). The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry Into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations. New York: Atheneum. Ehrlich, P. R. (1968). The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books. Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. Montagu, A., Barnett, S. A., & Montagu, T. L. A. (1968). Man and Aggression. New York: Oxford University Press. Morris, D. (1967). The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Carleton Stevens Coon Coon, C. S. (1962). The Origin of Races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Coon, C. S. (1981). Adventures and discoveries: The autobiography of Carleton S. Coon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Myrdal, G. (1944). An American dilemma: the Negro problem and modern democracy. (2 vols.). Oxford, England: Harper. Putnam, C. (1961). Race and reason: A Yankee view. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press. 4. Ernst Haeckel Levit, G. S., & Hossfeld, U. (2019). Ernst Haeckel in the history of biology. Current Biology, 29(24), R1276-R1284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.064 5. Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systema naturae, sive Regna Tria Naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Leiden: Johan Wilhelm de Groot. Bindon, J., Peterson, E.L., Weaver, L.J. (2018, 5/8/2018). The blame game—18th century version [Retrieved from http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/the-blame-game-18th-century-version]

At least since Stephen Jay Gould's 1981 classic Mismeasure of Man, Darwin has been characterized as a kindly anti-racist while Morton has been characterized as a founding father of scientific racism. We argue that the two men were much more alike in their views on both slavery and race.

In this episode, we talk with evolutionary biologist Joe Graves and biological anthropologist Alan Goodman about their roles as thought leaders on public education around race, racism, and science (https://cup.columbia.edu/book/racism-not-race/9780231200660). They tell us about how they came to collaborate on their new book Racism not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions, which tackles many of these issues. As promised, here are the links to the Wikipedia pages for Joe (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L._Graves_Jr.&oldid=1051037675) and for Alan (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_H._Goodman&oldid=1063696168) so you can see some of their many accomplishments. Also as promised in the episode, here is Joe's paper telling why Lewontin's fallacy isn't a fallacy, a key argument against biological races in humans (http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/). If you want more, you'll have to listen to the episode and buy the book! Here's a transcript of the episode: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/transcript.pdf

Eugenics: the science and practice of promoting “good breeding” among humans. An early-20th-century movement so steeped in white supremacy that even some white people don't count, much less people of color. Here we begin a series with more than you ever wanted to know about the sinister history of eugenics, including mass sterilization campaigns in the US and direct connections to the Holocaust.

The idea that race is a biological reality has hung on longest and strongest in the parts of biological anthropology that deal with skeletal remains. In this episode we talk with two forensic anthropologists, Sean Tallman and Allysha Winburn, about how typological notions of race and ancestry have changed over time in this segment of the discipline. They have published a recent paper discussing this change (Tallman, S. D., Parr, N. M., & Winburn, A. P. (2021). Assumed Differences; Unquestioned Typologies: The Oversimplification of Race and Ancestry in Forensic Anthropology. Forensic Anthropology, Early View, 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.5744/fa.2020.0046). Additional resources: J. Bindon, M. Peterson, & L. J. Weaver (Producer). (2017, 11/14/2017). Race and the Human Genome Project [Retrieved from http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/race-and-the-human-genome-project Bindon, J. R. (2020). Race in the wake of the Human Genome Project. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342215956_Race_in_the_wake_of_the_Human_Genome_Project Crews, D. E., & Bindon, J. R. (1991). Ethnicity as a taxonomic tool in biomedical and biosocial research. Ethnicity & disease, 1(1), 42-49. Dixon, R. B. (1923). The Racial History of Man. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. Holden, C. (2008). Personal genomics. The touchy subject of ‘race'. Science (New York, N.Y.), 322(5903), 839. Hooton, E. A. (1931). Up from the Ape. New York: Macmillan. Lieberman, L., Kirk, R. C., & Littlefield, A. (2003). Perishing Paradigm: Race—1931–99. American Anthropologist, 105(1), 110-113. Morning, A. (2011). The nature of race. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wagner, J. K., Yu, J. H., Ifekwunigwe, J. O., Harrell, T. M., Bamshad, M. J., & Royal, C. D. (2017). Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162(2), 318-327.

Racial equality is a new idea, right? Wrong! Meet Anténor Firmin, renegade Haitian intellectual of the late 19th century. He traveled all over the world, duked it out with elite scientific racists, hung out with Frederick Douglass, even ran for president -- but was exiled. Twice. On this episode, we discuss the Haitian anthropologist whose work is finally gaining the recognition it deserves, and why you've never heard of him. Here's the script with resources: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/joseph_ant%C3%A9nor_firmin.pdf

In this episode we finish our discussion of skin color with genetic and evolutionary models proposed throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Spoiler alert: It's complicated! Script and resources available here: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/skin_color_-_2.pdf

Skin color is probably THE key thing we think of when we think about race these days, but it wasn't always that way. In this episode, we ask: where and when did skin color become the trait most associated with race? There's so much to talk about that we don't quite make it up to the present day--stay tuned for a sequel where we discuss contemporary understandings of skin color, genetics, and race! Here's a heavily footnoted and referenced script for the episode: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/skin_color_part_1.pdf

What does it mean to “decolonize” teaching and scholarship? Why would we want to do that? And how? We take on these questions and more in a panel discussion with social scientists and established scholars of race Lance Gravlee, John L. Jackson Jr., Stephanie McClure, and Yolanda Moses. Some Resources: Blum, Susan D., and Alfie Kohn, eds. (2020). Ungrading: Why rating students undermines learning (and what to do instead). West Virginia University Press. https://www.powells.com/book/ungrading-9781949199826 Harrison, Faye V., ed. (1991). Decolonizing anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology for liberation. American Anthropological Association. https://www.powells.com/book/decolonizing-anthropology-2nd-edition-9780913167830 hooks, bell. (2014). Teaching to transgress. Routledge. https://www.powells.com/book/teaching-to-transgress-education-as-the-practice-of-freedom-9780415908085 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. (2003). "Anthropology and the savage slot: The poetics and politics of otherness." In Global transformations. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 7-28. Wendland, Claire L. (2010). A heart for the work: Journeys through an African medical school. University of Chicago Press. https://www.powells.com/book/a-heart-for-the-work-9780226893273 The Boise State diversity course controversy: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/03/18/boise-state-suspends-diversity-course-1300-students Select works our guests wanted to share with podcast listeners: Gravlee, Clarence C. (2009). “How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138: 47–57. Gravlee, Lance. (2021) “How whiteness works: JAMA and the refusals of white supremacy.” Somatosphere. http://somatosphere.net/2021/how-whiteness-works.html/ Jackson Jr, John L. (2013). Thin description: Ethnography and the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. Harvard University Press. https://www.powells.com/book/thin-description-9780674049666 McClure, SM (2017). Symbolic body capital of an “other” kind: African American females as a bracketed subunit in female body valuation. In Anderson-Fye, EP and Brewis, A (eds.) Fat Planet: Obesity, Culture and Symbolic Body Capital. University of New Mexico Press. McClure, SM. (2020) Living Unembodiment: Physicality and body/self discontinuity among African American Adolescent Girls. Ethos, 48(1): 3-28. Mukhopadhyay, Carol C., Rosemary Henze, and Yolanda T. Moses. (2013). How real is race? A sourcebook on race, culture, and biology, 2nd edition. Rowman & Littlefield. https://www.powells.com/book/how-real-is-race-9780759122734

In this episode we interview historian of science Iris Clever about her research untangling the early 20th century entanglements of the biometricians, physical anthropology, and race. She pursues this topic through the exploration of work by the statistician and Galton protégé, Karl Pearson, and one of Pearson’s favorite students, Geoffrey Morant. Morant, who publicly opposed Nazi racism in the 1930s and 40s maintained the biological reality of race and the possibility of racial differences in mental characteristics. Resources: Clever, I., & Ruberg, W. (2014). Beyond Cultural History? The Material Turn, Praxiography, and Body History. Humanities, 3(4), 546-566. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/3/4/546/htm Morant, G. M. (1934). 126. A Biometrician's View of Race in Man. Man, 99-105. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2790912 Morant, G. M. (1939). The races of central Europe: A footnote to history: G. Allen & Unwin Limited. Morant, G. M. (1952). The Significance of Racial Differences. Paris: UNESCO. Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2018, 5/3/2018). Karl Pearson’s Worst Quotation? [Racist quotes from Karl Pearson's writings]. Retrieved from https://www.bayesianspectacles.org/karl-pearsons-worst-quotation/

In this episode we talk with Paul Wolff Mitchell, of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, about the skull measurements of 19th century founding father of the American School of Anthropology, Samuel George Morton. Morton used his skull measurements to provide scientific support for polygenism (multiple origins of human races), slavery, and the ranking of races (as we discussed in earlier episodes: Monogenism and Polygenism and Morton and Gould--Polygeny Side B). Mitchell has analyzed Morton’s handwritten notes in an attempt to shed further light on the issue of Morton’s bias which was initially raised by Stephen Jay Gould in his 1978 article (Gould, 1978) and elaborated in his book, The Mismeasure of Man (Gould, 1981, 1996). Mitchell uses Morton’s contemporary, Friedrich Tiedemann, as an exemplar of someone using cranial measurements to come to the exact opposite conclusion, that the races were equal (Tiedemann, 1836). Here are some resources about this controversy: Publications by Mitchell: Mitchell, P. W. (2018). The fault in his seeds: Lost notes to the case of bias in Samuel George Morton’s cranial race science. Plos Biology, 16(10), e2007008. Mitchell, P. W., & Michael, J. S. (2019). Bias, Brains, and Skulls: Tracing the Legacy of Scientific Racism in the Nineteenth-Century Works of Samuel George Morton and Friedrich Tiedemann. In E. August, B. R. Furrow, K. Richter, K. K. Thomason, D. Costello, J. S. Michael, P. W. Mitchell, & U. Bettray (Eds.), Embodied Difference: Divergent Bodies in Public Discourse (pp. 77-98). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Gould’s paper and book: Gould, S. J. (1978). Morton's ranking of races by cranial capacity. Unconscious manipulation of data may be a scientific norm. Science, 200(4341), 503-509. doi:10.1126/science.347573 Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: WW Norton. Gould, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man (Revised and Expanded ed.): WW Norton & Company. Other reconsiderations of the Morton and Gould argument: Kaplan, J. M., Pigliucci, M., & Banta, J. A. (2015). Gould on Morton, Redux: What can the debate reveal about the limits of data? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 52, 22-31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.001 Lewis, J. E., DeGusta, D., Meyer, M. R., Monge, J. M., Mann, A. E., & Holloway, R. L. (2011). The mismeasure of science: Stephen Jay Gould versus Samuel George Morton on skulls and bias. PLoS Biol, 9(6), e1001071. Michael, J. S. (1988). A New Look at Morton's Craniological Research. Current Anthropology, 29(2), 349-354. doi:10.1086/203646 Michael, J. S. (2012, June 14, 2013). Personal Commentary on Morton & Gould Part 1. Retrieved from http://michael1988.com/?page_id=424 Weisberg, M. (2014). Remeasuring man. Evolution & Development, 16(3), 166-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12077 Morton’s work: Morton, S. G. (1844). Crania Aegyptiaca: or, Observations on Egyptian ethnography, derived from anatomy, history, and the monuments (Vol. 9): J. Pennington. Morton, S. G. (1849). Catalogue of Skulls of Man and the Inferior Animals, in the Collection of Samuel George Morton: Merrihew & Thompson, printers. Morton, S. G., & Combe, G. (1839). Crania Americana; or, a comparative view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of North and South America: to which is prefixed an essay on the varieties of the human species: Philadelphia: J. Dobson; London: Simpkin, Marshall. Tiedemann on skulls: Tiedemann, F. (1836). XXIII. On the Brain of the Negro, Compared with That of the European and the Orang-Outang. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London(126), 497-527. Our episode about Thugee Skulls and phrenology: Phrenology, Race, and Thug Heads

In this episode, Jo invites Alan Goodman back to review Isabel Wilkerson’s book, Caste. They provide some context from a science and history perspective on both caste and race. Here’s the source that Alan refers to: Egorova, Y. (2009). De/geneticizing Caste: Population Genetic Research in South Asia. Science as Culture, 18(4), 417-434. doi:10.1080/09505430902806975 Speaking of Race, Race in India playlist: https://soundcloud.com/user-88955638/sets/race-in-india Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. New York: Random House.

Did you know that how your neighborhood was assessed by a government agency over 70 years ago had an impact on your health and even your voting rights today? In this episode we talk about how the Home Owners Loan Corporation gave systemic racism in the U.S. a huge boost with their neighborhood ratings from the 1930s to the 1950s! Script: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/redlining_health_and_voting.pdf Sources: AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. (9/23/2020). Growing Disapproval of Protests Against Police. Retrieved from https://apnorc.org/?post_type=project&p=2761 Herndon, A. W. (9/26/2020). How a Pledge to Dismantle the Minneapolis Police Collapsed. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://nyti.ms/2S0hDRJ Hoffman, J.S., V. Shandas, and N. Pendleton (1/13/2020). The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat; A Study of 108 US Urban Areas. Climate 8(12). Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/8/1/12/pdf https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2747697 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1476-069X-8-50 Jones, B. (5/26/2020). Coronavirus Death Toll is Heavily Concentrated in Democratic Congressional Districts. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/05/26/coronavirus-death-toll-is-heavily-concentrated-in-democratic-congressional-districts/ Kolbert, E. (6/20/2016). Drawing the Line–How redistricting turned America from blue to red. The New Yorker. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/06/27/ratfcked-the-influence-of-redistricting Kranish, M. and R. O’Harrow. (1/23/2016). Inside the Government’s Racial Bias Case Against Donald Trump’s Company, and How He Fought It. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html Lockwood, B. (6/16/2020). The History of Redlining. Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/redlining-definition-4157858 McGhee F. (9/5/2018). The most important Housing Law Passed in 1968 Wasn’t the Fair Housing Act. Retrieved from https://shelterforce.org/2018/09/05/the-most-important-housing-law-passed-in-1968-wasnt-the-fair-housing-act/ Plumer, B., N. Popovich, and B. Palmer. (8/24/2020). How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/24/climate/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html Remigio, Richard V., et al. (2019). Association of extreme heat events with hospital admission or mortality among patients with end-stage renal disease. JAMA Network Open 2.8. Retrieved from: Richardson, J. et al. National Community Reinvestment Coalition: Redlining and Neighborhood Health. Retrieved from: https://ncrc.org/holc-health/ Schifano, Patrizia, et al. (2009). Susceptibility to heat wave-related mortality: a follow-up study of a cohort of elderly in Rome. Environmental Health 8.1: 50. Retrieved from: Stone, B., Hess, J. J., & Frumkin, H. (2010). Urban form and extreme heat events: are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities?. Environmental health perspectives, 118(10), 1425-1428. Retrieved from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/ehp.0901879 Wines, M. (6/27/2019). What is Gerrymandering? And How Does it Work? Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/us/what-is-gerrymandering.html Wong, K. V., Paddon, A., & Jimenez, A. (2013). Review of world urban heat islands: Many linked to increased mortality. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 135(2). Retrieved from: https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/energyresources/article-abstract/135/2/022101/365904/Review-of-World-Urban-Heat-Islands-Many-Linked-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext

In this episode, we share an interview with Clarence Gravlee and Connie Mulligan, who talk about their cutting-edge research on racism and its effects on our genes (yes, you heard that right!). They show how experiences of racism have direct effects on the telomeres (the caps on the ends of our DNA) that control aging and cell death, literally wearing down our bodies over time and contributing to many of the race-based health disparities we see today. This work is right in line with our race and health mini-series, as well as our recent episode on racism and the COVID pandemic. Resources: Our miniseries on race and health: https://soundcloud.com/user-88955638/sets/race-and-health Our recent episode on racism and the COVID pandemic: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/racism-in-the-pandemic Rej, Gravlee, and Mulligan’s article: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajhb.23375 The Sausage of Science podcast: https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/human-biology-association-2/sausage-of-science

A brief discussion of what Speaking of Race is all about. Transcript and links: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/what_is_speaking_of_race.pdf Episodes mentioned: What you don’t see when you don’t look https://youtu.be/1pwQuN4AM7k THE PROTESTS ABOUT THE DEATH OF GEORGE FLOYD http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/the-protests-about-the-death-of-george-floyd THE BEGINNING OF RACE http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/the-beginning-of-race RACE IN BRAZIL http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/august-26th-2018 RACISM AND BLACK BODIES http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/racism-and-black-bodies RACE IN INDIA, PART 1 http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/race-in-india-part-1 RACE IN INDIA, PART 2 http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/july-15th-2018 MONOGENISM AND POLYGENISM http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/monogenism-and-polygenism RACE AND THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/race-and-the-human-genome-project RACE AND ATHLETICS http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/race-and-athletics DNA ANCESTRY TESTING AND RACE http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/dna-ancestry-testing-and-race SCIENTIFIC RACISM http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/podcast/scientific-racism

A short suggestion about a sister-podcast on anthropology and science.

In this episode we discuss a speaker who came to UA in Fall 2019 to give a presentation about the evolution of human diversity—but it was actually a presentation of scientific racism in evolutionary clothing. Erik and Jim were part of a panel that rebutted his presentation and we share our experience with Jo. For a transcript and sources, click here: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/scientific_racism.pdf Low quality (especially the audio) videos of our presentations are available: Jim’s presentation: https://www.facebook.com/ALLELEseries/videos/1011372252533221/ Erik’s presentation: https://www.facebook.com/ALLELEseries/videos/955242114852838/.

In this episode we discuss issues surrounding the demonstrations in the wake of the murder of George Floyd. Resources Crowdsourced spreadsheet documenting police violence: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1YmZeSxpz52qT-10tkCjWOwOGkQqle7Wd1P7ZM1wMW0E/ DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it's so hard for white people to talk about racism. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight (June 7, 2020): https://youtu.be/Wf4cea5oObY Samuel Sinyangwe’s organization, Campaign Zero: https://www.joincampaignzero.org/ Samuel Sinyangwe’s twitter thread on research-based solutions to stop police violence: https://twitter.com/samswey/status/1180655701271732224 Wekker, G. (2016). White innocence: Paradoxes of colonialism and race: Duke University Press. White People, Read This Before You Text Your Black Friends: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tomiobaro/how-white-people-can-help

In this episode we talk with two past presidents of the American Anthropological Association who played key roles in presenting the public face of American anthropology with regard to race over the past several decades: Yolanda Moses and Alan Goodman. They discuss the outreach efforts of the AAA. Some Resources: Blog posts on Sapiens: Five posts on race from 2016 and 2017 by Yolanda Moses: https://www.sapiens.org/authors/yolanda-moses/ Goodman’s post from Mar 2020: https://www.sapiens.org/body/is-race-real/ Goodman, Alan H., Yolanda T. Moses, and Joseph L. Jones. (2020) Race: Are We So Different? 2nd Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. Moses, Y. T. (1989). Black Women in Academe. Issues and Strategies. In F. Foundation (Ed.). Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges, Project on the Status and Education of Women. Project website: Race: Are We So Different?

In this episode we give our take on the rapidly growing information about racial disparities in the face of the current pandemic. Some resources: https://www.propublica.org/article/early-data-shows-african-americans-have-contracted-and-died-of-coronavirus-at-an-alarming-rate https://theconversation.com/covid-19-is-hitting-black-and-poor-communities-the-hardest-underscoring-fault-lines-in-access-and-care-for-those-on-margins-135615 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-21/covid-19-divides-u-s-society-by-race-class-and-age https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-19/trump-says-coronavirus-could-have-been-stopped-in-china https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/world/coronavirus-equipment-rich-poor.html https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/826780041/as-coronavirus-cases-rise-navajo-nation-tries-to-get-ahead-of-pandemic https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/829575332/how-is-the-coronavirus-affecting-black-americans https://www.npr.org/2020/04/10/831480462/misinformation-distrust-may-contribute-to-black-americans-covid-19-deaths https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/10/832026070/u-s-surgeon-general-people-of-color-socially-predisposed-to-coronavirus-exposure https://the1a.org/segments/coronavirus-death-toll-racial-disparities/ Racism in the time of COVID-19 https://iaphs.org/racism-in-the-time-of-covid-19/ Fang, L., Karakiulakis, G., & Roth, M. (2020). Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 8, e21.

In this episode we continue our discussion with the sociologist, David Embrick. Here, we talk first about white public space including academia and anthropology as well as museums, where Dr. Embrick has looked at this issue. Next we talk about reverse racism as illustrated by Dr. Embrick’s work on the imbalance of racial slurs. Resources: Embrick, D. G., & Henricks, K. (2013). Discursive colorlines at work: How epithets and stereotypes are racially unequal. Symbolic Interaction, 36(2), 197-215. Embrick, David G., Simón Weffer, and Silvia Dómínguez. (2019). White sanctuaries: race and place in art museums. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(11/12), 995-1009. Feagin, J. (2013). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. (2008). White logic, white methods: Racism and methodology. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

In this episode we interview the sociologist, David Embrick, about structural and institutional racism and diversity ideology. If you’d like to learn more about the relationship of structural racism and other inequities to the impact of the COVID pandemic, listen to this podcast from This Anthropological Life: https://anchor.fm/thisanthrolife/episodes/A-Virus-Without-Borders-The-Design-of-Public-Health--Inequality--and-Hope-ebot2d. Resources: Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465-480. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Bonilla-Silva, E., & Embrick, D. G. (2006). Racism without racists: “Killing me softly” with color blindness. In C. A. Rossatto, R. L. Allen, & M. Pruyn (Eds.), Reinventing critical pedagogy (pp. 21-34). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it's so hard for white people to talk about racism. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Embrick, David G. (2011). The Diversity Ideology in the Business World: A New Oppression for a New Age. Critical Sociology, 37(5), 541–556. Embrick, David G. (2018). "Diversity: Good for Maintaining the Status Quo, Not So Much for Real Progressive Change." In Challenging the Status Quo. Brill, pp. 1-9. Feagin, J. R. (2013). The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an Antiracist. New York: One World/Ballantine. Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1980s. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Rossatto, C. A., Allen, R. L., & Pruyn, M. (2006). Reinventing Critical Pedagogy: Widening the Circle of Anti-Oppression Education. Abingdon, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

We finally fulfill our promise to talk about the seven thug skulls that arrived at the Edinburgh Phrenological Society in 1833. We also discuss how phrenology has been used to bolster biological ideas about race. Transcript: https://110557873-374249423321902787.preview.editmysite.com/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/thug_heads.pdf

In this episode we interviewed an expert on Franz Boas, Herb Lewis, to learn more about how Boas developed his ideas about race and how he acted on them throughout his life. Program notes available at: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/lewis-boas_interview.pdf

In this episode we explore the history of racial ideas about blood pressure. We focus on problems with many genetic explanations of racial differences seen in hypertension in the U.S. Finally we discuss some of the better alternative explanations for racial differences based on the history of racism in America.

In this episode we take on the notion that sickle cell is Black disease and show that it is a genetic condition that has been selected for in areas of life-threatening malaria. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_health_part_2.pdf

In this episode we begin the long and sordid saga of how race is entangled with health and medicine, and along the way you’ll find out how a rail-riding hobo took over two issues of the Journal of the American Economic Association in 1896 with 329 pages that shaped ideas about African American health for decades. Sources are available in the transcript at: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_health_part_1.pdf.

Remember when we talked about race science and caste in India last summer? Here, we return to that thread with historian of science Projit Mukharji, whose work traces the ways scientific racism has persisted in India since the end of the colonial period and right up into the present. Once again, we find that scientific racism is not just a Euro-American phenomenon! And (spoiler alert) it hasn’t gone away! Some sources (unfortunately, these are all behind pay-walls, but you can see the abstracts of the articles): Mukharji, Projit. 2014. From Serosocial to Sanguinary Identities: Caste, Transnational Race Science and the shifting metonymies of Blood Group B, India c. 1918–1960. The Indian Economic & Social History Review. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0019464614525711 —2015. Profiling the Profiloscope: Facialization of Race Technologies and the Rise of Biometric Nationalism in Inter-War British India. History and Technology 31(4): 376-96. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341512.2015.1127459 —2017. Vernacularizing the Body: Informational Egalitarianism, Hindu Divine Design, and Race in Physiology Schoolbooks, Bengal 1859–1877. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 91(3): 554-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29081433 —2017. The Bengali Pharaoh: Upper-Caste Aryanism, Pan-Egyptianism, and the Contested History of Biometric Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Bengal. Comparative Studies in Society and History 59(2): 446-76. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/bengali-pharaoh-uppercaste-aryanism-panegyptianism-and-the-contested-history-of-biometric-nationalism-in-twentiethcentury-bengal/37417F64E39C96FED199F428E3EEF870

In this episode, we discuss the racial term Caucasian: origins, uses (and abuses) and how it figures in the racial conversation today. For a transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/origin_of_the_term__caucasian_.pdf

​In the fourth and final installment of our mini-series on race and intelligence, we get right-up-to-the-minute with James Watson’s recent (unfounded) claims that genetics and IQ are linked. Along the way, we figure out how IQ research has changed since the 1990s (spoiler alert: not much), and—most importantly—why people keep returning to this stuff even though it’s never been substantiated. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_intelligence_part_4.pdf

In this episode we try to shed some light on the shadowy Pioneer Fund which has supported racist science and white supremacist political activism since the 1930s. From its founder Wycliffe Draper through Henry Garrett and Roger Pearson with Mankind Quarterly to William Shockley and Arthur Jensen and finally The Bell Curve, we trace some of the racist threads that dogged the 20th century and are still active. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_intelligence_part_3.pdf

In this episode, we continue the series on race and intelligence by heading across the pond to discuss work of the knighted psychologist, Sir Cyril Burt, and the two British ex-pats who worked in the U.S., psychometrician Raymond Cattell and anthropologist Ashley Montagu. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_intelligence_part_2.pdf Some Resources: Cattell, R. B. (1933). Psychology and social progress: Mankind and destiny from the standpoint of a scientist. London: C.W. Daniel. Dobzhansky, T. and M. F. Ashley Montagu. (1947). Natural Selection and the Mental Capacities of Mankind. Science, 105(2736), 587-90. Jensen, A. R. (1974). Kinship correlations reported by Sir Cyril Burt. Behavior Genetics, 4(1), 1-28. Kamin, Leon J. (1974). The Science and Politics of I.Q. Social Research 41(3), 387-425. For those who never saw him, here’s Montagu talking anthropology, although nothing to do with race: Ashley Montagu on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson (Sept. 13, 1974). Montagu, Ashley. (1962). The Concept of Race. American Anthropologist 64(5), 919-28. Montagu, Ashley, ed. (1974). Race and IQ. New York: Oxford University Press. Montagu, M.F.A. (1942). Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. New York: Columbia University Press. Montagu, MF Ashley. (1945). Intelligence of Northern Negroes and Southern Whites in the First World War. The American Journal of Psychology 58(2), 161-88. Sperling, Susan. (2000). Ashley Montagu (1905–1999). American Anthropologist 102(3), 583-88. Thompson, Matthew. (1998). The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain, c.1870-1959. New York: Oxford-Clarendon Press. Tucker, W. H. (2010). The Cattell controversy: Race, science, and ideology. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

In today’s episode, we travel to East Africa with Dr. Melissa Graboyes, a historian of medicine. Melissa talks with us about medical experimentation in East Africa during the colonial period, race-based health inequality in those parts of the world today, and how it was that prisoners in Zanzibar subverted racial categories through food! Some resources for this episode: ​Melissa’s professional website Johanna Crane, Scrambling for Africa: AIDS, Expertise, and the Rise of American Global Health Science Harriet Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present Melissa’s book, The Experiment Must Continue: Medical Research and Ethics in East Africa, 1940–2014 Melissa’s articles, Chappati Complaints and Biriani Cravings: The Aesthetics of Food in Colonial Zanzibari Institutions, Journal of Eastern African Studies, May 2011: 313-328 “Searching for a Well Fed Swahili: Diet Creation in Colonial Zanzibari Institutions, 1935,” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. Forthcoming.

In this episode we begin the very long story of the pseudo-scientific conflation of race and intelligence over the last several hundred years. Much more to come on this topic in future podcasts. Transcript: http://speakingofrace.ua.edu/uploads/1/1/0/5/110557873/race_and_intelligence_part_1.pdf Some episode resources: Jensen, Arthur. "How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?" Harvard educational review 39, no. 1 (1969): 1-123. Spearman, Charles. "" General Intelligence," objectively determined and measured." The American Journal of Psychology 15, no. 2 (1904): 201-292. Goddard, Henry Herbert. The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (New York: Macmillan Company, 1912). Terman, Lewis Madison. The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Brigham, Carl Campbell. A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923), 197. Brigham, Carl Campbell. "Intelligence Tests of Immigrant Groups," Psychological Review 37, no. 2 (1930): 165.

We got to interview Gene Demby, co-host of NPR’s podcast Code Switch! Gene talks about what it’s like to be a leader in national conversations about race and identity, why higher education is so unwelcoming to people of color, and how scientific racism continues to be so powerful. Oh, and also, why Archibald’s ribs are the most delicious food in America

In this episode, we restart our march through history, which we left off a few episodes ago back in the 18th century. With our guest, Dr. Hilary Green, we dive into 19th-century American slavery and the idea that black and brown bodies are “closer to nature” than light-skinned bodies. Dr. Green talks about racism, popular ideas of biology, and how our denial of black suffering still resonates today in racial health disparities. Some resources: Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in the Urban South, 1865-1890 by Hilary Green More information on Dr. Green’s walking tour of the University of Alabama Campus Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery by Jennifer Morgan Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction by Jim Downs The Price for their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved from Womb to Grave in the Building of a Nation by Diana Ramey Berry Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology by Deirdre Cooper Owens Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market by Walter Johnson Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson Almanack and Ephemeris by Benjamin Banneker Dr. Gwenetta Curry’s work on race and stress

In this episode, we continue our mini-series on global race. This time we travel with historian Teresa Cribelli to 19th-century Brazil, where she and Jo banter about slavery, colorism, and how Brazil came to be seen as a nation that embraces racial mixing despite the fact that it subscribed to a national strategy of “whitening” its population. No peacocks this time, but we do talk about Linnaeus! Here are some resources for this episode: 2016 NPR article on Brazil’s racial tribunals: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/09/29/495665329/for-affirmative-action-brazil-sets-up-controversial-boards-to-determine-race Dr. Cribelli’s book about industrialization and modernization in19th century Brazil: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/industrial-forests-and-mechanical-marvels/7EBBFF40C0D570383C9E26A4BAD27616 Dr. Cribelli’s professional web page: https://history.ua.edu/faculty/teresa-cribelli/ John Gast’s 1872 painting “American Progress”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Progress Modesto Brocos, painter of the 1895 “Redemption of Ham”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Brocos

A brief break to take stock of the past, project the future, and say hi to Jo in her new home.

You've heard of the Scottish philosopher David Hume. But do you know how much he wrote about the concept of race? Turns out, kind of a lot. And then there were the lauded Scottish surgeons William and John Hunter. They thought humans were derived from apes ... in the 1700s! They influenced a guy you've probably never heard of, Charles White, who wrote a popular book that pulled together all the other discussions about racial gradation by the other figures we talked about: Linneaus, Buffon, Blumenbach, and Petrus Camper. But they also influenced a guy you HAVE heard of, Thomas Jefferson, who used these scientific treatises to argue against emancipation for Africans in America. Plus we take about the 7'7" Irish Giant, Charles Byrne, and why he was so afraid of John Hunter! Some resources: On the Hunters possible murderousness: Don C Shelton. 2010. “The Emperor's new clothes,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 103(2):46-50. And the rebuttal: Helen King. 2012. “History without Historians? Medical History and the Internet,” Social History of Medicine 24(2):212-221. doi:10.1093/shm/hkr054. On John Hunter: Wendy Moore. 2005. The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery. London: Bantam. James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Of the Origin and Progress of Language (6 volumes, Edinburgh and London, J. Balfour and T. Cadell, 1773–1792). James Burnett, Lord Monboddo — Antient Metaphysics, or The Science of Universals (6 volumes, Edinburgh and London, J. Balfour and T. Cadell, 1779-1799). Blancke, Stefaan. 2014. “Lord Monboddo’s Ourang-Outang and the Origin and Progress of Language.” In The Evolution of Social Communication in Primates, Interdisciplinary Evolution Research 1, Eds. M. Pina and N. Gontier. Basel: Springer, pp. 31-44. Lehmann, William C. 2013[1971]. Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. Sherwin, Oscar. 1958. A Man with a Tail -- Lordo Monboddo. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 13(4): 435-468. Jefferson, Thomas. 1782. Notes on the State of Virginia. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffvir.asp

In the final installment of our two-part series on India, we examine how race and caste have been aligned, disputed, and separated for political ends since the early twentieth century. And we finally get rid of that peacock! Here are some resources for the show: Amar Chitra Katha comic books: https://www.amarchitrakatha.com/us/ ​Bamshad, Michael, et al. . 2001 Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations. Genome Research 11(6): 994–1004. Basu, Analabha, Neeta Sarkar-Roy, and Partha P. Majumder. 2016 Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(6): 1594-1599. Beteille, Andre. 1967 Race and Descent as Social Categories in India. Daedalus 96(2): 444-463. Chavda, A.L. 2017. Propagandizing the Aryan Invasion Debate: A Rebuttal to Tony Joseph. Dirks, Nicholas. 2001 Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. [we included this last time, but it’s so central to what we’re discussing that it deserves mention again] Guha, Sumit. 1998 Lower Strata, Older Races, and Aboriginal Peoples: Racial Anthropology and Mythical History Past and Present. The Journal of Asian Studies 57(2): 423-441. Joseph, Tony. 2017. How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate. The Hindu. Mosse, David. 2018 Caste and Development: Contemporary Perspectives on a Structure of Discrimination and Advantage. World Development 110: 422-436. Parameswaran, Radhika, and Kavitha Cardoza.. 2009 Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India. Journalism & Communication Monographs 11(3): 213-274. Reddy, Deepa S.. 2005 The Ethnicity of Caste. Anthropological Quarterly 78(3): 543-584. Reich, David, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, and Lalji Singh. 2009 Reconstructing Indian population history. Nature 461(7263): 489. Rosenberg, Noah A., Saurabh Mahajan, Catalina Gonzalez-Quevedo, Michael GB Blum, Laura Nino-Rosales, Vasiliki Ninis, Parimal Das et al. . 2006 Low levels of genetic divergence across geographically and linguistically diverse populations from India. PLoS Genetics 2(12): e215. Sengupta, Dhriti, Ananyo Choudhury, Analabha Basu, and Michele Ramsay. 2016 Population stratification and underrepresentation of Indian subcontinent genetic diversity in the 1000 genomes project dataset. Genome Biology and Evolution 8(1): 3460-3470. Shah, A., J. Lerche, R. Axelby, D. Benbabaali, B. Donegan, J. Raj, V. Thakur. 2018 Ground Down by Growth: Tribe, Caste, Class and Inequality in Twenty-First-Century India. London: Pluto Press. Sharma, Smriti. 2015 Caste-Based Crimes and Economic Status: Evidence from India. Journal of Comparative Economics 43(1): 204–226 Silva, Marina, Marisa Oliveira, Daniel Vieira, Andreia Brandão, Teresa Rito, Joana B. Pereira, Ross M. Fraser et al. . 2017 A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(1): 88. (https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9) Viswanath, Rupa. 2014 The Pariah Problem: Caste, religion, and the Social in Modern India. Columbia University Press.

Jo's in India!...So we're taking the podcast to India, too. In part one of this two-part series, we explore how the Indian caste system served as a central proving ground for emerging racial theories in Europe and Asia during British colonialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. ​Some Resources: Basu, Subho. 2010 The Dialectics of Resistance: Colonial Geography, Bengali Literati and the Racial Mapping of Indian Identity. Modern Asian Studies 44(1): 53-70. Bates, Crispin. 1995 Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: The Early Origins of Indian Anthropometry. In P Robb (ed.), The Concept of Race in South Asia. Oxford University press India, pp. 219-59. Dirks, Nicholas. 2001 Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. Kapila, Shruti. 2003 Race Matters: Orientalism and Religion, India and Beyond c. 1770-1880. Modern Asian Studies 41(3): 471-513. Metcalf, Thomas R.. 1997 Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Risley, Herbert Hope. 1891 The Study of Ethnology in India. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Risley, Herbert Hope. 1915 [1908] The People of India. London: W. Thacker & Co. Schwarz, Henry. 2010 Constructing the Criminal Tribe in Colonial India: Acting Like a Thief. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

Here’s what we do for fun off script. Jo and Erik debate about how we can describe—in discrete steps—the process leading to the emergence of racial science in the 18th century. All you need to know about the development of racial science and how pathetic we are in 5 minutes! GO!

​In this episode, we think we’ve finally found the main culprit: Immanuel Kant! We also discuss two scientists that get a lot of undeserved blame for scientific racism: Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Petrus Camper. Some Resources: To see where these Enlightenment views on race have ended up today, we give you two Steve King interviews. 1. At the Republican Convention: https://youtu.be/Ti5t1WXMs9k; and 2. defending those remarks: https://youtu.be/w3sV6NN5gqs Sally Hatch Gray, “Kant’s Race Theory, Forster’s Counter, and the Metaphysics of Color,” The Eighteenth Century, Vol. 53, No. 4 (WINTER 2012), pp. 393-412. Very, Ryan. “Kant’s Racism” (2012) For a view on Kant that says he tempered his racism in his later works, see Kleingeld, Pauline. “Kant’s second thoughts on race.” The Philosophical Quarterly 57, no. 229 (2007): 573-592. For a good look at problems with translations of Blumenbach, see Michael, John S. “Nuance Lost in Translation: Interpretations of JF Blumenbach’s Anthropology in the English Speaking World.” NTM 25, no. 3 (2017): 281-309. Meijer, Miriam Claude, and Petrus Camper. “Petrus Camper on the Origin and Color of Blacks.” History of Anthropology Newsletter 24, no. 2 (1997): 3-9. Müller-Wille, Staffan. “Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World.” The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2014. 191-209.

In this episode we discuss two of the heavy lifters from the enlightenment when it comes to spreading a scientific concept of race: Buffon and Linnaeus. Here are some resources for this topic: Try Jim’s blog post about Buffon and race: http://jbindon.people.ua.edu/race-and-human-variation/darwins-borrowed-allegory-and-the-apocryphal-six-races-of-buffon Ashley, Montagu. “Man's most dangerous myth: the fallacy of race.” New York, Harper (1942). Linnaeus’s 1735 first attempt at classification is available here: https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002972252 While it turns out that Victor of Aveyron did not turn up until 1800, long after Linnaeus was dead and buried, there were other wild children that almost certainly caught the botanists attention. In his 1858 10th edition of Systema Naturae, he cites a wild child from Lithuania in 1661, and others from 1344 and 1719, unclear where they came from. For an English version of much of Linnaeus’s work, including a discussion of changes in human classification throughout his 12 editions of Systema Naturae on human classification, see Bendyshe, Thomas. “The history of anthropology: On the anthropology of Linnaeus.” Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London 1 (1865): 421-458.

In this episode we discuss how ideas about human differences evolved in Europe during the 1600s. From Noah's Curse to the Lost Tribes of Israel, to pre-Adamism, to race--this was a dynamic time in the history of race. Resources: Popkin, Richard H. "Pre-adamism in 19th century American thought: “Speculative biology” and racism." Philosophia 8, no. 2-3 (1978): 205-239. Grotius, Hugo. On the Origin of the Native Races of America: A Dissertation. Edinburgh:[sn], 1884 ([London: Unwin Bros.]), 1884. de La Peyrere, I. Praedamitae sive Exercitatio... quibus inducuntur primi homines ante Adamum conditi [-Systema theologicum ex prae-adamitarum hypothesi]. Louis et Daniel Elsevier, 1655. Anonymous [François Bernier]. “Nouvelle Division de la Terre, par les différentes Espèces ou Races d’hommes qui l’habitent, envoy par un fameux Voyageur à M. l’Abbé de la *****, à peu prés en ces termes.” Journal des Sçavans, (April 24, 1684): 133-140.

A "seismic" op-ed in the New York Times! Well known podcast host throwing down on another well known podcast host! A discredited race scientist from the 1980s-90s seemingly justified by a Harvard geneticist in 2018! What's going on here? In our first ever "Flash" episode — and our first episode attempted (foolishly) without captain-of-the-ship Jim Bindon — Jo and Erik attempt to wade into a thicket and emerge with only a minimum of scratches. Can they do it? On a related note: can either of them actually sing: "Flash Gordon" by Queen? Show notes: Sam Harris, Charles Murray, and the Allure of Race Science (Ezra Klein, Vox) Waking Up podcast #73: Forbidden Knowledge (Sam Harris) How Genetics is Changing Our Understanding of 'Race' (David Reich, NYT) How Not To Talk About Race and Genetics (67 scientists, Buzzfeed)

In our last episode, we showed that pre-Columbian ideas about human differences weren't consistent with what we think of today as race. In this episode we try to answer the question of how race got culturally constructed after Columbus. We talk to Professor Rob Schwaller of the Department of History at the University of Kansas who tells us how notions of difference in 16th century colonial Mexico led to legal decisions by the Spanish crown that resulted in a process of racialization of difference. He describes a complex and messy process between indigenous peoples, Africans, and Spanish that played an important role in the development of scientific ideas about race. Here are some resources for this topic: Schwaller, Robert C. Géneros de Gente in Early Colonial Mexico: Defining Racial Difference. University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. Rob’s web page at Kansas: https://history.ku.edu/robert-c-schwaller. Here’s the James Sweet article that Rob mentioned: Sweet, James H. "The Iberian roots of American racist thought." The William and Mary Quarterly 54, no. 1 (1997): 143-166. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2953315.

In this episode we go back to the beginning to kick off the history of race and science and to show that race is NOT an ancient concept. First to ancient Egypt that played such a large role in the development of 19th century ideas on race, then on to ancient Greece and Biblical traditions to try to get a picture of what some of the ancients might have contributed to the race concept. Here are some resources for this topic: Mid-nineteenth century polygenist Samuel Morton on the ancient Egyptians: Morton, Samuel George. “Crania Aegyptiaca or Observations on Egyptian Ethnography, Derived from Anatomy, History, and the Monuments.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9, no. 1 (1846): 93-159. Early 20th century ideas about the antiquity of race: Haddon, Alfred Cort, and Alison Hingston Quiggin. History of anthropology. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1910. Early 21st century “racial realists” making the case for ancient and “natural” racial categories: Sarich, Vincent, and Frank Miele. Race: The reality of human differences. Westview Press, 2005. Analysis of ancient Egyptian skulls: Brace, C. Loring, David P. Tracer, Lucia Allen Yaroch, John Robb, Kari Brandt, and A. Russell Nelson. “Clines and clusters versus “race:” a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36, no. S17 (1993): 1-31. Analysis of Egyptian genes: Schuenemann, Verena J., Alexander Peltzer, Beatrix Welte, W. Paul van Pelt, Martyna Molak, Chuan-Chao Wang, Anja Furtwängler et al. “Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods.” Nature communications 8 (2017): 15694. Seti I’s tomb: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/seti1t.htm The “Book of Gates” with its “hours” panels (including the race one): http://www.realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Book_of_Gates.htm The original early-20th century book on Seti I’s tomb by the archaeologist E. A. W. Budge: http://www.hermetics.org/pdf/sacred/book_gates.pdf The Hippocratic “On Airs, Waters, and Places”: http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/airwatpl.html

This episode, in honor of Black History Month, we interviewed Malcolm Byrnes about E.E. Just, a pioneering African American Biologist, and Joseph Graves about his own experience as an African American Evolutionary Biologist. Some resources for these interviews: Kenneth R. Manning (1983) Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. Oxford University Press. Lilly’s obituary of Just in Science (1942): http://science.sciencemag.org/content/95/2453/10 Gould SJ. Flamingo’s smile: Reflections in natural history. New York: WW Norton and Company; 1985. Just in the middle: A solution to the mechanistvitalist controversy; pp. 377–391. Malcolm Byrnes on Just and Hotfreter: http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3371230 Graves Jr, Joseph L. The emperor's new clothes: Biological theories of race at the millennium. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Graves Jr, Joseph L. The Race Myth: Why We Pretend Race Exists in America. Plume, 2004.