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Last time we spoke about the surrender of Japan. Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender on August 15, prompting mixed public reactions: grief, shock, and sympathy for the Emperor, tempered by fear of hardship and occupation. The government's response included resignations and suicide as new leadership was brought in under Prime Minister Higashikuni, with Mamoru Shigemitsu as Foreign Minister and Kawabe Torashiro heading a delegation to Manila. General MacArthur directed the occupation plan, “Blacklist,” prioritizing rapid, phased entry into key Japanese areas and Korea, while demobilizing enemy forces. The surrender ceremony occurred aboard the Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, with Wainwright, Percival, Nimitz, and UN representatives in attendance. Civilians and soldiers across Asia began surrendering, and postwar rehabilitation, Indochina and Vietnam's independence movements, and Southeast Asian transitions rapidly unfolded as Allied forces established control. This episode is the Aftermath of the Pacific War Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  The Pacific War has ended. Peace has been restored by the Allies and most of the places conquered by the Japanese Empire have been liberated. In this post-war period, new challenges would be faced for those who won the war; and from the ashes of an empire, a defeated nation was also seeking to rebuild. As the Japanese demobilized their armed forces, many young boys were set to return to their homeland, even if they had previously thought that they wouldn't survive the ordeal. And yet, there were some cases of isolated men that would continue to fight for decades even, unaware that the war had already ended.  As we last saw, after the Japanese surrender, General MacArthur's forces began the occupation of the Japanese home islands, while their overseas empire was being dismantled by the Allies. To handle civil administration, MacArthur established the Military Government Section, commanded by Brigadier-General William Crist, staffed by hundreds of US experts trained in civil governance who were reassigned from Okinawa and the Philippines. As the occupation began, Americans dispatched tactical units and Military Government Teams to each prefecture to ensure that policies were faithfully carried out. By mid-September, General Eichelberger's 8th Army had taken over the Tokyo Bay region and began deploying to occupy Hokkaido and the northern half of Honshu. Then General Krueger's 6th Army arrived in late September, taking southern Honshu and Shikoku, with its base in Kyoto. In December, 6th Army was relieved of its occupation duties; in January 1946, it was deactivated, leaving the 8th Army as the main garrison force. By late 1945, about 430,000 American soldiers were garrisoned across Japan. President Truman approved inviting Allied involvement on American terms, with occupation armies integrated into a US command structure. Yet with the Chinese civil war and Russia's reluctance to place its forces under MacArthur's control, only Australia, Britain, India, and New Zealand sent brigades, more than 40,000 troops in southwestern Japan. Japanese troops were gradually disarmed by order of their own commanders, so the stigma of surrender would be less keenly felt by the individual soldier. In the homeland, about 1.5 million men were discharged and returned home by the end of August. Demobilization overseas, however, proceeded, not quickly, but as a long, difficult process of repatriation. In compliance with General Order No. 1, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters disbanded on September 13 and was superseded by the Japanese War Department to manage demobilization. By November 1, the homeland had demobilized 2,228,761 personnel, roughly 97% of the Homeland Army. Yet some 6,413,215 men remained to be repatriated from overseas. On December 1, the Japanese War Ministry dissolved, and the First Demobilization Ministry took its place. The Second Demobilization Ministry was established to handle IJN demobilization, with 1,299,868 sailors, 81% of the Navy, demobilized by December 17. Japanese warships and merchant ships had their weapons rendered inoperative, and suicide craft were destroyed. Forty percent of naval vessels were allocated to evacuations in the Philippines, and 60% to evacuations of other Pacific islands. This effort eventually repatriated about 823,984 men to Japan by February 15, 1946. As repatriation accelerated, by October 15 only 1,909,401 men remained to be repatriated, most of them in the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the Higashikuni Cabinet and Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru managed to persuade MacArthur not to impose direct military rule or martial law over all of Japan. Instead, the occupation would be indirect, guided by the Japanese government under the Emperor's direction. An early decision to feed occupation forces from American supplies, and to allow the Japanese to use their own limited food stores, helped ease a core fear: that Imperial forces would impose forced deliveries on the people they conquered. On September 17, MacArthur transferred his headquarters from Yokohama to Tokyo, setting up primary offices on the sixth floor of the Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Building, an imposing edifice overlooking the moat and the Imperial palace grounds in Hibiya, a symbolic heart of the nation.  While the average soldier did not fit the rapacious image of wartime Japanese propagandists, occupation personnel often behaved like neo-colonial overlords. The conquerors claimed privileges unimaginable to most Japanese. Entire trains and train compartments, fitted with dining cars, were set aside for the exclusive use of occupation forces. These silenced, half-empty trains sped past crowded platforms, provoking ire as Japanese passengers were forced to enter and exit packed cars through punched-out windows, or perch on carriage roofs, couplings, and running boards, often with tragic consequences. The luxury express coaches became irresistible targets for anonymous stone-throwers. During the war, retrenchment measures had closed restaurants, cabarets, beer halls, geisha houses, and theatres in Tokyo and other large cities. Now, a vast leisure industry sprang up to cater to the needs of the foreign occupants. Reopened restaurants and theatres, along with train stations, buses, and streetcars, were sometimes kept off limits to Allied personnel, partly for security, partly to avoid burdening Japanese resources, but a costly service infrastructure was built to the occupiers' specifications. Facilities reserved for occupation troops bore large signs reading “Japanese Keep Out” or “For Allied Personnel Only.” In downtown Tokyo, important public buildings requisitioned for occupation use had separate entrances for Americans and Japanese. The effect? A subtle but clear colour bar between the predominantly white conquerors and the conquered “Asiatic” Japanese. Although MacArthur was ready to work through the Japanese government, he lacked the organizational infrastructure to administer a nation of 74 million. Consequently, on October 2, MacArthur dissolved the Military Government Section and inaugurated General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, a separate headquarters focused on civil affairs and operating in tandem with the Army high command. SCAP immediately assumed responsibility for administering the Japanese home islands. It commandeered every large building not burned down to house thousands of civilians and requisitioned vast tracts of prime real estate to quarter several hundred thousand troops in the Tokyo–Yokohama area alone. Amidst the rise of American privilege, entire buildings were refurbished as officers' clubs, replete with slot machines and gambling parlours installed at occupation expense. The Stars and Stripes were hoisted over Tokyo, while the display of the Rising Sun was banned; and the downtown area, known as “Little America,” was transformed into a US enclave. The enclave mentality of this cocooned existence was reinforced by the arrival within the first six months of roughly 700 American families. At the peak of the occupation, about 14,800 families employed some 25,000 Japanese servants to ease the “rigours” of overseas duty. Even enlisted men in the sparse quonset-hut towns around the city lived like kings compared with ordinary Japanese. Japanese workers cleaned barracks, did kitchen chores, and handled other base duties. The lowest private earned a 25% hardship bonus until these special allotments were discontinued in 1949. Most military families quickly adjusted to a pampered lifestyle that went beyond maids and “boys,” including cooks, laundresses, babysitters, gardeners, and masseuses. Perks included spacious quarters with swimming pools, central heating, hot running water, and modern plumbing. Two observers compared GHQ to the British Raj at its height. George F. Kennan, head of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, warned during his 1948 mission to Japan that Americans had monopolized “everything that smacks of comfort or elegance or luxury,” criticizing what he called the “American brand of philistinism” and the “monumental imperviousness” of MacArthur's staff to the Japanese suffering. This conqueror's mentality also showed in the bullying attitudes many top occupation officials displayed toward the Japanese with whom they dealt. Major Faubion Bowers, MacArthur's military secretary, later said, “I and nearly all the occupation people I knew were extremely conceited and extremely arrogant and used our power every inch of the way.” Initially, there were spasms of defiance against the occupation forces, such as anonymous stone-throwing, while armed robbery and minor assaults against occupation personnel were rife in the weeks and months after capitulation. Yet active resistance was neither widespread nor organized. The Americans successfully completed their initial deployment without violence, an astonishing feat given a heavily armed and vastly superior enemy operating on home terrain. The average citizen regarded the occupation as akin to force majeure, the unfortunate but inevitable aftermath of a natural calamity. Japan lay prostrate. Industrial output had fallen to about 10% of pre-war levels, and as late as 1946, more than 13 million remained unemployed. Nearly 40% of Japan's urban areas had been turned to rubble, and some 9 million people were homeless. The war-displaced, many of them orphans, slept in doorways and hallways, in bombed-out ruins, dugouts and packing crates, under bridges or on pavements, and crowded the hallways of train and subway stations. As winter 1945 descended, with food, fuel, and clothing scarce, people froze to death. Bonfires lit the streets to ward off the chill. "The only warm hands I have shaken thus far in Japan belonged to Americans," Mark Gayn noted in December 1945. "The Japanese do not have much of a chance to thaw out, and their hands are cold and red." Unable to afford shoes, many wore straw sandals; those with geta felt themselves privileged. The sight of a man wearing a woman's high-buttoned shoes in winter epitomized the daily struggle to stay dry and warm. Shantytowns built of scrap wood, rusted metal, and scavenged odds and ends sprang up everywhere, resembling vast junk yards. The poorest searched smouldering refuse heaps for castoffs that might be bartered for a scrap to eat or wear. Black markets (yami'ichi) run by Japanese, Koreans, and For-mosans mushroomed to replace collapsed distribution channels and cash in on inflated prices. Tokyo became "a world of scarcity in which every nail, every rag, and even a tangerine peel [had a] market value." Psychologically numbed, disoriented, and disillusioned with their leaders, demobilized veterans and civilians alike struggled to get their bearings, shed militaristic ideologies, and begin to embrace new values. In the vacuum of defeat, the Japanese people appeared ready to reject the past and grasp at the straw held out by the former enemy. Relations between occupier and occupied were not smooth, however. American troops comported themselves like conquerors, especially in the early weeks and months of occupation. Much of the violence was directed against women, with the first attacks beginning within hours after the landing of advance units. When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of looting, sexual violence, and drunken brawling ensued. Newspaper accounts reported 931 serious offences by GIs in the Yokohama area during the first week of occupation, including 487 armed robberies, 411 thefts of currency or goods, 9 rapes, 5 break-ins, 3 cases of assault and battery, and 16 other acts of lawlessness. In the first 10 days of occupation, there were 1,336 reported rapes by US soldiers in Kanagawa Prefecture alone. Americans were not the only perpetrators. A former prostitute recalled that when Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946, they “dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night.” Such behaviour was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by occupation forces was quickly suppressed. On September 10, 1945, SCAP issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of reports and statistics "inimical to the objectives of the occupation." In the sole instance of self-help General Eichelberger records in his memoirs, when locals formed a vigilante group and retaliated against off-duty GIs, 8th Army ordered armored vehicles into the streets and arrested the ringleaders, who received lengthy prison terms. Misbehavior ranged from black-market activity, petty theft, reckless driving, and disorderly conduct to vandalism, arson, murder, and rape. Soldiers and sailors often broke the law with impunity, and incidents of robbery, rape, and even murder were widely reported. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent; victims, shunned as outcasts, sometimes turned to prostitution in desperation, while others took their own lives to avoid bringing shame to their families. Military courts arrested relatively few soldiers for these offenses and convicted even fewer; Japanese attempts at self-defense were punished severely, and restitution for victims was rare. Fearing the worst, Japanese authorities had already prepared countermeasures against the supposed rapacity of foreign soldiers. Imperial troops in East Asia and the Pacific had behaved brutally toward women, so the government established “sexual comfort-stations” manned by geisha, bar hostesses, and prostitutes to “satisfy the lust of the Occupation forces,” as the Higashikuni Cabinet put it. A budget of 100 million yen was set aside for these Recreation and Amusement Associations, financed initially with public funds but run as private enterprises under police supervision. Through these, the government hoped to protect the daughters of the well-born and middle class by turning to lower-class women to satisfy the soldiers' sexual appetites. By the end of 1945, brothel operators had rounded up an estimated 20,000 young women and herded them into RAA establishments nationwide. Eventually, as many as 70,000 are said to have ended up in the state-run sex industry. Thankfully, as military discipline took hold and fresh troops replaced the Allied veterans responsible for the early crime wave, violence subsided and the occupier's patronising behavior and the ugly misdeeds of a lawless few were gradually overlooked. However, fraternisation was frowned upon by both sides, and segregation was practiced in principle, with the Japanese excluded from areas reserved for Allied personnel until September 1949, when MacArthur lifted virtually all restrictions on friendly association, stating that he was “establishing the same relations between occupation personnel and the Japanese population as exists between troops stationed in the United States and the American people.” In principle, the Occupation's administrative structure was highly complex. The Far Eastern Commission, based in Washington, included representatives from all 13 countries that had fought against Japan and was established in 1946 to formulate basic principles. The Allied Council for Japan was created in the same year to assist in developing and implementing surrender terms and in administering the country. It consisted of representatives from the USA, the USSR, Nationalist China, and the British Commonwealth. Although both bodies were active at first, they were largely ineffectual due to unwieldy decision-making, disagreements between the national delegations (especially the USA and USSR), and the obstructionism of General Douglas MacArthur. In practice, SCAP, the executive authority of the occupation, effectively ruled Japan from 1945 to 1952. And since it took orders only from the US government, the Occupation became primarily an American affair. The US occupation program, effectively carried out by SCAP, was revolutionary and rested on a two-pronged approach. To ensure Japan would never again become a menace to the United States or to world peace, SCAP pursued disarmament and demilitarization, with continuing control over Japan's capacity to make war. This involved destroying military supplies and installations, demobilizing more than five million Japanese soldiers, and thoroughly discrediting the military establishment. Accordingly, SCAP ordered the purge of tens of thousands of designated persons from public service positions, including accused war criminals, military officers, leaders of ultranationalist societies, leaders in the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, business leaders tied to overseas expansion, governors of former Japanese colonies, and national leaders who had steered Japan into war. In addition, MacArthur's International Military Tribunal for the Far East established a military court in Tokyo. It had jurisdiction over those charged with Class A crimes, top leaders who had planned and directed the war. Also considered were Class B charges, covering conventional war crimes, and Class C charges, covering crimes against humanity. Yet the military court in Tokyo wouldn't be the only one. More than 5,700 lower-ranking personnel were charged with conventional war crimes in separate trials convened by Australia, China, France, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Of the 5,700 Japanese individuals indicted for Class B war crimes, 984 were sentenced to death; 475 received life sentences; 2,944 were given more limited prison terms; 1,018 were acquitted; and 279 were never brought to trial or not sentenced. Among these, many, like General Ando Rikichi and Lieutenant-General Nomi Toshio, chose to commit suicide before facing prosecution. Notable cases include Lieutenant-General Tani Hisao, who was sentenced to death by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal for his role in the Nanjing Massacre; Lieutenant-General Sakai Takashi, who was executed in Nanjing for the murder of British and Chinese civilians during the occupation of Hong Kong. General Okamura Yasuji was convicted of war crimes by the Tribunal, yet he was immediately protected by the personal order of Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek, who kept him as a military adviser for the Kuomintang. In the Manila trials, General Yamashita Tomoyuki was sentenced to death as he was in overall command during the Sook Ching massacre, the Rape of Manila, and other atrocities. Lieutenant-General Homma Masaharu was likewise executed in Manila for atrocities committed by troops under his command during the Bataan Death March. General Imamura Hitoshi was sentenced to ten years in prison, but he considered the punishment too light and even had a replica of the prison built in his garden, remaining there until his death in 1968. Lieutenant-General Kanda Masatane received a 14-year sentence for war crimes on Bougainville, though he served only four years. Lieutenant-General Adachi Hatazo was sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes in New Guinea and subsequently committed suicide on September 10, 1947. Lieutenant-General Teshima Fusataro received three years of forced labour for using a hospital ship to transport troops. Lieutenant-General Baba Masao was sentenced to death for ordering the Sandakan Death Marches, during which over 2,200 Australian and British prisoners of war perished. Lieutenant-General Tanabe Moritake was sentenced to death by a Dutch military tribunal for unspecified war crimes. Rear-Admiral Sakaibara Shigematsu was executed in Guam for ordering the Wake Island massacre, in which 98 American civilians were murdered. Lieutenant-General Inoue Sadae was condemned to death in Guam for permitting subordinates to execute three downed American airmen captured in Palau, though his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1951 and he was released in 1953. Lieutenant-General Tachibana Yoshio was sentenced to death in Guam for his role in the Chichijima Incident, in which eight American airmen were cannibalized. By mid-1945, due to the Allied naval blockade, the 25,000 Japanese troops on Chichijima had run low on supplies. However, although the daily rice ration had been reduced from 400 grams per person per day to 240 grams, the troops were not at risk of starvation. In February and March 1945, in what would later be called the Chichijima incident, Tachibana Yoshio's senior staff turned to cannibalism. Nine American airmen had escaped from their planes after being shot down during bombing raids on Chichijima, eight of whom were captured. The ninth, the only one to evade capture, was future US President George H. W. Bush, then a 20-year-old pilot. Over several months, the prisoners were executed, and reportedly by the order of Major Matoba Sueyo, their bodies were butchered by the division's medical orderlies, with the livers and other organs consumed by the senior staff, including Matoba's superior Tachibana. In the Yokohama War Crimes Trials, Lieutenant-Generals Inada Masazumi and Yokoyama Isamu were convicted for their complicity in vivisection and other human medical experiments performed at Kyushu Imperial University on downed Allied airmen. The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, which began in May 1946 and lasted two and a half years, resulted in the execution by hanging of Generals Doihara Kenji and Itagaki Seishiro, and former Prime Ministers Hirota Koki and Tojo Hideki, for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace, specifically for the escalation of the Pacific War and for permitting the inhumane treatment of prisoners of war. Also sentenced to death were Lieutenant-General Muto Akira for his role in the Nanjing and Manila massacres; General Kimura Heitaro for planning the war strategy in China and Southeast Asia and for laxity in preventing atrocities against prisoners of war in Burma; and General Matsui Iwane for his involvement in the Rape of Nanjing. The seven defendants who were sentenced to death were executed at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23, 1948. Sixteen others were sentenced to life imprisonment, including the last Field Marshal Hata Shunroku, Generals Araki Sadao, Minami Hiro, and Umezu Shojiro, Admiral Shimada Shigetaro, former Prime Ministers Hiranuma Kiichiro and Koiso Kuniaki, Marquis Kido Koichi, and Colonel Hashimoto Kingoro, a major instigator of the second Sino-Japanese War. Additionally, former Foreign Ministers Togo Shigenori and Shigemitsu Mamoru received seven- and twenty-year sentences, respectively. The Soviet Union and Chinese Communist forces also held trials of Japanese war criminals, including the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials, which tried and found guilty some members of Japan's bacteriological and chemical warfare unit known as Unit 731. However, those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial, as MacArthur granted immunity to Lieutenant-General Ishii Shiro and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ-w warfare data derived from human experimentation. If you would like to learn more about what I like to call Japan's Operation Paper clip, whereupon the US grabbed many scientists from Unit 731, check out my exclusive podcast. The SCAP-turn to democratization began with the drafting of a new constitution in 1947, addressing Japan's enduring feudal social structure. In the charter, sovereignty was vested in the people, and the emperor was designated a “symbol of the state and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people in whom resides sovereign power.” Because the emperor now possessed fewer powers than European constitutional monarchs, some have gone so far as to say that Japan became “a republic in fact if not in name.” Yet the retention of the emperor was, in fact, a compromise that suited both those who wanted to preserve the essence of the nation for stability and those who demanded that the emperor system, though not necessarily the emperor, should be expunged. In line with the democratic spirit of the new constitution, the peerage was abolished and the two-chamber Diet, to which the cabinet was now responsible, became the highest organ of state. The judiciary was made independent and local autonomy was granted in vital areas of jurisdiction such as education and the police. Moreover, the constitution stipulated that “the people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights,” that they “shall be respected as individuals,” and that “their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness shall … be the supreme consideration in legislation.” Its 29 articles guaranteed basic human rights: equality, freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin, freedom of thought and freedom of religion. Finally, in its most controversial section, Article 9, the “peace clause,” Japan “renounce[d] war as a sovereign right of the nation” and vowed not to maintain any military forces and “other war potential.” To instill a thoroughly democratic ethos, reforms touched every facet of society. The dissolution of the zaibatsu decentralised economic power; the 1945 Labour Union Law and the 1946 Labour Relations Act guaranteed workers the right to collective action; the 1947 Labour Standards Law established basic working standards for men and women; and the revised Civil Code of 1948 abolished the patriarchal household and enshrined sexual equality. Reflecting core American principles, SCAP introduced a 6-3-3 schooling system, six years of compulsory elementary education, three years of junior high, and an optional three years of senior high, along with the aim of secular, locally controlled education. More crucially, ideological reform followed: censorship of feudal material in media, revision of textbooks, and prohibition of ideas glorifying war, dying for the emperor, or venerating war heroes. With women enfranchised and young people shaped to counter militarism and ultranationalism, rural Japan was transformed to undermine lingering class divisions. The land reform program provided for the purchase of all land held by absentee landlords, allowed resident landlords and owner-farmers to retain a set amount of land, and required that the remaining land be sold to the government so it could be offered to existing tenants. In 1948, amid the intensifying tensions of the Cold War that would soon culminate in the Korean War, the occupation's focus shifted from demilitarization and democratization toward economic rehabilitation and, ultimately, the remilitarization of Japan, an shift now known as the “Reverse Course.” The country was thus rebuilt as the Pacific region's primary bulwark against the spread of Communism. An Economic Stabilisation Programme was introduced, including a five-year plan to coordinate production and target capital through the Reconstruction Finance Bank. In 1949, the anti-inflationary Dodge Plan was adopted, advocating balanced budgets, fixing the exchange rate at 360 yen to the dollar, and ending broad government intervention. Additionally, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was formed and supported the formation of conglomerates centered around banks, which encouraged the reemergence of a somewhat weakened set of zaibatsu, including Mitsui and Mitsubishi. By the end of the Occupation era, Japan was on the verge of surpassing its 1934–1936 levels of economic growth. Equally important was Japan's rearmament in alignment with American foreign policy: a National Police Reserve of about 75,000 was created with the outbreak of the Korean War; by 1952 it had expanded to 110,000 and was renamed the Self-Defense Force after the inclusion of an air force. However, the Reverse Course also facilitated the reestablishment of conservative politics and the rollback of gains made by women and the reforms of local autonomy and education. As the Occupation progressed, the Americans permitted greater Japanese initiative, and power gradually shifted from the reformers to the moderates. By 1949, the purge of the right came under review, and many who had been condemned began returning to influence, if not to the Diet, then to behind-the-scenes power. At the same time, Japanese authorities, with MacArthur's support, began purging left-wing activists. In June 1950, for example, the central office of the Japan Communist Party and the editorial board of The Red Flag were purged. The gains made by women also seemed to be reversed. Women were elected to 8% of available seats in the first lower-house election in 1946, but to only 2% in 1952, a trend not reversed until the so-called Madonna Boom of the 1980s. Although the number of women voting continued to rise, female politicisation remained more superficial than might be imagined. Women's employment also appeared little affected by labour legislation: though women formed nearly 40% of the labor force in 1952, they earned only 45% as much as men. Indeed, women's attitudes toward labor were influenced less by the new ethos of fulfilling individual potential than by traditional views of family and workplace responsibilities. In the areas of local autonomy and education, substantial modifications were made to the reforms. Because local authorities lacked sufficient power to tax, they were unable to realise their extensive powers, and, as a result, key responsibilities were transferred back to national jurisdiction. In 1951, for example, 90% of villages and towns placed their police forces under the control of the newly formed National Police Agency. Central control over education was also gradually reasserted; in 1951, the Yoshida government attempted to reintroduce ethics classes, proposed tighter central oversight of textbooks, and recommended abolishing local school board elections. By the end of the decade, all these changes had been implemented. The Soviet occupation of the Kurile Islands and the Habomai Islets was completed with Russian troops fully deployed by September 5. Immediately after the onset of the occupation, amid a climate of insecurity and fear marked by reports of sporadic rape and physical assault and widespread looting by occupying troops, an estimated 4,000 islanders fled to Hokkaido rather than face an uncertain repatriation. As Soviet forces moved in, they seized or destroyed telephone and telegraph installations and halted ship movements into and out of the islands, leaving residents without adequate food and other winter provisions. Yet, unlike Manchuria, where Japanese civilians faced widespread sexual violence and pillage, systematic violence against the civilian population on the Kuriles appears to have been exceptional. A series of military government proclamations assured islanders of safety so long as they did not resist Soviet rule and carried on normally; however, these orders also prohibited activities not explicitly authorized by the Red Army, which imposed many hardships on civilians. Residents endured harsh conditions under Soviet rule until late 1948, when Japanese repatriation out of the Kurils was completed. The Kuriles posed a special diplomatic problem, as the occupation of the southernmost islands—the Northern Territories—ignited a long-standing dispute between Tokyo and Moscow that continues to impede the normalisation of relations today. Although the Kuriles were promised to the Soviet Union in the Yalta agreement, Japan and the United States argued that this did not apply to the Northern Territories, since they were not part of the Kurile Islands. A substantial dispute regarding the status of the Kurile Islands arose between the United States and the Soviet Union during the preparation of the Treaty of San Francisco, which was intended as a permanent peace treaty between Japan and the Allied Powers of World War II. The treaty was ultimately signed by 49 nations in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, and came into force on April 28, 1952. It ended Japan's role as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes, ended the Allied post-war occupation of Japan, and returned full sovereignty to Japan. Effectively, the document officially renounced Japan's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea, Formosa and the Pescadores, the Kurile Islands, the Spratly Islands, Antarctica, and South Sakhalin. Japan's South Seas Mandate, namely the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Caroline Islands, had already been formally revoked by the United Nations on July 18, 1947, making the United States responsible for administration of those islands under a UN trusteeship agreement that established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In turn, the Bonin, Volcano, and Ryukyu Islands were progressively restored to Japan between 1953 and 1972, along with the Senkaku Islands, which were disputed by both Communist and Nationalist China. In addition, alongside the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan and the United States signed a Security Treaty that established a long-lasting military alliance between them. Although Japan renounced its rights to the Kuriles, the U.S. State Department later clarified that “the Habomai Islands and Shikotan ... are properly part of Hokkaido and that Japan is entitled to sovereignty over them,” hence why the Soviets refused to sign the treaty. Britain and the United States agreed that territorial rights would not be granted to nations that did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco, and as a result the Kurile Islands were not formally recognized as Soviet territory. A separate peace treaty, the Treaty of Taipei (formally the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty), was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952 between Japan and the Kuomintang, and on June 9 of that year the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India followed. Finally, Japan and the Soviet Union ended their formal state of war with the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, though this did not settle the Kurile Islands dispute. Even after these formal steps, Japan as a nation was not in a formal state of war, and many Japanese continued to believe the war was ongoing; those who held out after the surrender came to be known as Japanese holdouts.  Captain Oba Sakae and his medical company participated in the Saipan campaign beginning on July 7, 1944, and took part in what would become the largest banzai charge of the Pacific War. After 15 hours of intense hand-to-hand combat, almost 4,300 Japanese soldiers were dead, and Oba and his men were presumed among them. In reality, however, he survived the battle and gradually assumed command of over a hundred additional soldiers. Only five men from his original unit survived the battle, two of whom died in the following months. Oba then led over 200 Japanese civilians deeper into the jungles to evade capture, organizing them into mountain caves and hidden jungle villages. When the soldiers were not assisting the civilians with survival tasks, Oba and his men continued their battle against the garrison of US Marines. He used the 1,552‑ft Mount Tapochau as their primary base, which offered an unobstructed 360-degree view of the island. From their base camp on the western slope of the mountain, Oba and his men occasionally conducted guerrilla-style raids on American positions. Due to the speed and stealth of these operations, and the Marines' frustrated attempts to find him, the Saipan Marines eventually referred to Oba as “The Fox.” Oba and his men held out on the island for 512 days, or about 16 months. On November 27, 1945, former Major-General Amo Umahachi was able to draw out some of the Japanese in hiding by singing the anthem of the Japanese infantry branch. Amo was then able to present documents from the defunct IGHQ to Oba ordering him and his 46 remaining men to surrender themselves to the Americans. On December 1, the Japanese soldiers gathered on Tapochau and sang a song of departure to the spirits of the war dead; Oba led his people out of the jungle and they presented themselves to the Marines of the 18th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Company. With great formality and commensurate dignity, Oba surrendered his sword to Lieutenant Colonel Howard G. Kirgis, and his men surrendered their arms and colors. On January 2, 1946, 20 Japanese soldiers hiding in a tunnel at Corregidor Island surrendered after learning the war had ended from a newspaper found while collecting water. In that same month, 120 Japanese were routed after a battle in the mountains 150 miles south of Manila. In April, during a seven-week campaign to clear Lubang Island, 41 more Japanese emerged from the jungle, unaware that the war had ended; however, a group of four Japanese continued to resist. In early 1947, Lieutenant Yamaguchi Ei and his band of 33 soldiers renewed fighting with the small Marine garrison on Peleliu, prompting reinforcements under Rear-Admiral Charles Pownall to be brought to the island to hunt down the guerrilla group. Along with them came former Rear-Admiral Sumikawa Michio, who ultimately convinced Yamaguchi to surrender in April after almost three years of guerrilla warfare. Also in April, seven Japanese emerged from Palawan Island and fifteen armed stragglers emerged from Luzon. In January 1948, 200 troops surrendered on Mindanao; and on May 12, the Associated Press reported that two unnamed Japanese soldiers had surrendered to civilian policemen in Guam the day before. On January 6, 1949, two former IJN soldiers, machine gunners Matsudo Rikio and Yamakage Kufuku, were discovered on Iwo Jima and surrendered peacefully. In March 1950, Private Akatsu Yūichi surrendered in the village of Looc, leaving only three Japanese still resisting on Lubang. By 1951 a group of Japanese on Anatahan Island refused to believe that the war was over and resisted every attempt by the Navy to remove them. This group was first discovered in February 1945, when several Chamorros from Saipan were sent to the island to recover the bodies of a Saipan-based B-29. The Chamorros reported that there were about thirty Japanese survivors from three ships sunk in June 1944, one of which was an Okinawan woman. Personal aggravations developed from the close confines of a small group on a small island and from tuba drinking; among the holdouts, 6 of 11 deaths were the result of violence, and one man displayed 13 knife wounds. The presence of only one woman, Higa Kazuko, caused considerable difficulty as she would transfer her affections among at least four men after each of them mysteriously disappeared, purportedly “swallowed by the waves while fishing.” According to the more sensational versions of the Anatahan tale, 11 of the 30 navy sailors stranded on the island died due to violent struggles over her affections. In July 1950, Higa went to the beach when an American vessel appeared offshore and finally asked to be removed from the island. She was taken to Saipan aboard the Miss Susie and, upon arrival, told authorities that the men on the island did not believe the war was over. As the Japanese government showed interest in the situation on Anatahan, the families of the holdouts were contacted in Japan and urged by the Navy to write letters stating that the war was over and that the holdouts should surrender. The letters were dropped by air on June 26 and ultimately convinced the holdouts to give themselves up. Thus, six years after the end of World War II, “Operation Removal” commenced from Saipan under the command of Lt. Commander James B. Johnson, USNR, aboard the Navy Tug USS Cocopa. Johnson and an interpreter went ashore by rubber boat and formally accepted the surrender on the morning of June 30, 1951. The Anatahan femme fatale story later inspired the 1953 Japanese film Anatahan and the 1998 novel Cage on the Sea. In 1953, Murata Susumu, the last holdout on Tinian, was finally captured. The next year, on May 7, Corporal Sumada Shoichi was killed in a clash with Filipino soldiers, leaving only two Japanese still resisting on Lubang. In November 1955, Seaman Kinoshita Noboru was captured in the Luzon jungle but soon after committed suicide rather than “return to Japan in defeat.” That same year, four Japanese airmen surrendered at Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea; and in 1956, nine soldiers were located and sent home from Morotai, while four men surrendered on Mindoro. In May 1960, Sergeant Ito Masashi became one of the last Japanese to surrender at Guam after the capture of his comrade Private Minagawa Bunzo, but the final surrender at Guam would come later with Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi. Sergeant Yokoi Shoichi survived in the jungles of Guam by living for years in an elaborately dug hole, subsisting on snails and lizards, a fate that, while undignified, showcased his ingenuity and resilience and earned him a warm welcome on his return to Japan. His capture was not heroic in the traditional sense: he was found half-starving by a group of villagers while foraging for shrimp in a stream, and the broader context included his awareness as early as 1952 that the war had ended. He explained that the wartime bushido code, emphasizing self-sacrifice or suicide rather than self-preservation, had left him fearing that repatriation would label him a deserter and likely lead to execution. Emerging from the jungle, Yokoi also became a vocal critic of Japan's wartime leadership, including Emperor Hirohito, which fits a view of him as a product of, and a prisoner within, his own education, military training, and the censorship and propaganda of the era. When asked by a young nephew how he survived so long on an island just a short distance from a major American airbase, he replied simply, “I was really good at hide and seek.”  That same year, Private Kozuka Kinshichi was killed in a shootout with Philippine police in October, leaving Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo still resisting on Lubang. Lieutenant Onoda Hiroo had been on Lubang since 1944, a few months before the Americans retook the Philippines. The last instructions he had received from his immediate superior ordered him to retreat to the interior of the island and harass the Allied occupying forces until the IJA eventually returned. Despite efforts by the Philippine Army, letters and newspapers left for him, radio broadcasts, and even a plea from Onoda's brother, he did not believe the war was over. On February 20, 1974, Onoda encountered a young Japanese university dropout named Suzuki Norio, who was traveling the world and had told friends that he planned to “look for Lieutenant Onoda, a panda, and the abominable snowman, in that order.” The two became friends, but Onoda stated that he was waiting for orders from one of his commanders. On March 9, 1974, Onoda went to an agreed-upon place and found a note left by Suzuki. Suzuki had brought along Onoda's former commander, Major Taniguchi, who delivered the oral orders for Onoda to surrender. Intelligence Officer 2nd Lt. Onoda Hiroo thus emerged from Lubang's jungle with his .25 caliber rifle, 500 rounds of ammunition, and several hand grenades. He surrendered 29 years after Japan's formal surrender, and 15 years after being declared legally dead in Japan. When he accepted that the war was over, he wept openly. He received a hero's welcome upon his return to Japan in 1974. The Japanese government offered him a large sum of money in back pay, which he refused. When money was pressed on him by well-wishers, he donated it to Yasukuni Shrine. Onoda was reportedly unhappy with the attention and what he saw as the withering of traditional Japanese values. He wrote No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, a best-selling autobiography published in 1974. Yet the last Japanese to surrender would be Private Nakamura Teruo, an Amis aborigine from Formosa and a member of the Takasago Volunteers. Private Nakamura Teruo spent the tail end of World War II with a dwindling band on Morotai, repeatedly dispersing and reassembling in the jungle as they hunted for food. The group suffered continuous losses to starvation and disease, and survivors described Nakamura as highly self-sufficient. He left to live alone somewhere in the Morotai highlands between 1946 and 1947, rejoined the main group in 1950, and then disappeared again a few years later. Nakamura hinted in print that he fled into the jungle because he feared the other holdouts might murder him. He survives for decades beyond the war, eventually being found by 11 Indonesian soldiers. The emergence of an indigenous Taiwanese soldier among the search party embarrassed Japan as it sought to move past its imperial past. Many Japanese felt Nakamura deserved compensation for decades of loyalty, only to learn that his back pay for three decades of service amounted to 68,000 yen.   Nakamura's experience of peace was complex. When a journalist asked how he felt about “wasting” three decades of his life on Morotai, he replied that the years had not been wasted; he had been serving his country. Yet the country he returned to was Taiwan, and upon disembarking in Taipei in early January 1975, he learned that his wife had a son he had never met and that she had remarried a decade after his official death. Nakamura eventually lived with a daughter, and his story concluded with a bittersweet note when his wife reconsidered and reconciled with him. Several Japanese soldiers joined local Communist and insurgent groups after the war to avoid surrender. Notably, in 1956 and 1958, two soldiers returned to Japan after service in China's People's Liberation Army. Two others who defected with a larger group to the Malayan Communist Party around 1945 laid down their arms in 1989 and repatriated the next year, becoming among the last to return home. That is all for today, but fear not I will provide a few more goodies over the next few weeks. I will be releasing some of my exclusive podcast episodes from my youtube membership and patreon that are about pacific war subjects. Like I promised the first one will be on why Emperor Hirohito surrendered. Until then if you need your fix you know where to find me: eastern front week by week, fall and rise of china, echoes of war or on my Youtube membership of patreon at www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel.

Today's location-specific episode features the Canadian Province of Quebec.  We explore the overview of the housing guiding document called Civil Code of Quebec.  Each of my location-specific podcasts is set up the same way answering the same four questions:  1) What are the basics of the Civil Code of Quebec, 2) What are the nuances of this location – what is different that stands out?, 3) Some guidance about abandoned items left behind by a tenant in a rental inCanadian Province of Quebec, and 4) Where to get help in your local area in Canadian Province of Quebec.  Then I'll go through what I call my “Bingo Card” of standard items I see most often in tenancy laws in different locations.  This episode is NOT all inclusive – you must research further in your specific area including your County, Regional District, Parish, City or any other Governing Body that involves your rental location, but today's episode will get you started!This episode includes resources for Canadian Province of Quebec including:Rights and Obligations of the Lessor and Lessee | Gouvernement du QuébecTribunal administratif du logementQuebec Summaries of Decisions corpiq.com/en/news/1397-what-to-do-with-belongings-left-behind-in-a-rental-unit-after-a-move-.html

Welcome to our comprehensive seminar: "Essential Terms For Your Lease Agreement." Whether you're a new landlord or a seasoned property manager, this session is packed with practical advice and legal insights to help you navigate the complexities of rental agreements and tenant relationships. In this video, you'll learn: Why understanding local and state laws is crucial in today's litigious world How to exercise good judgment with tenants to avoid conflicts The importance of regular inspections and proper maintenance Why having the right insurance matters How your rental agreement serves as your last line of defense We'll also cover: Dealing with existing tenants and rent control rules Incentives for tenants to sign new agreements Best practices for new tenants and lease terms (month-to-month vs. fixed term) Essential Lease Terms Discussed: Listing all occupants Your right to enter for inspections (expanding on Civil Code 1954) Temporary relocation and renter's insurance Handling abandoned personal property Subletting and Airbnb considerations Parking rules Alterations, placards, and common area property Arbitration clauses Written repair requests and the importance of tenant notification Don't miss this valuable resource for protecting your property, your rights, and your peace of mind.  Like, subscribe, and hit the bell for more landlord tips and legal updates!

Today's location-specific episode features US Territory of Puerto Rico.  We explore the overview of the housing guiding document called Puerto Rico Landlord-Tenant Relationships Governed Under Commonwealth's Civil Code.  Each of my location-specific podcasts is set up the same way answering the same four questions:  1) What are the basics of the Puerto Rico Landlord-Tenant Relationships Governed Under Commonwealth's Civil Code, 2) What are the nuances of this location – what is different that stands out?, 3) Some guidance about abandoned items left behind by a tenant in a rental inUS Territory of Puerto Rico, and 4) Where to get help in your local area in US Territory of Puerto Rico.  This episode is NOT all inclusive – you must research further in your specific area including your County, Regional District, Parish, City or any other Governing Body that involves your rental location, but today's episode will get you started!This episode includes resources for US Territory of Puerto Rico including:Rental Laws and Tenant Rights in Puerto Rico – State Regs TodayWhat You Need to Know about Renting in Puerto Rico - Relocate to Puerto Rico with Act 60, 20, 22Eviction - Poder Judicial de Puerto RicoInternal Revenue Service:  Introduction to Puerto Rico Acts 20 and 22Puerto Rico | HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)Department of Housing 

China's top court has underscored the importance of protecting people's right to reputation in cyberspace, urging judges to take a firm stance against online misconduct among fan groups and to encourage rational support for celebrities.中国最高人民法院强调了保护公民网络名誉权的重要性，敦促法官对粉丝群体中的网络不当行为采取坚决立场，并鼓励理性追星。In a case disclosed on Monday, the Supreme People's Court highlighted chaotic online behavior such as verbal abuse, inciting conflict and spreading rumors within highly organized fan circles known as fanquan. The court said these erratic actions, which have triggered frequent public complaints, should be strictly addressed under the Civil Code.在周一披露的一起案件中，最高人民法院强调了在组织严密的粉丝圈（即“粉圈”）中存在的诸如辱骂、煽动冲突和散布谣言等网络乱象。法院表示，这些引发公众投诉的不规范行为应根据《民法典》予以严格处理。Fan circles are composed of devoted supporters who share information about their idols and voluntarily contribute time, money and skills to boost the popularity of performers, typically pop stars or actors.粉丝圈由忠实的粉丝组成，他们分享偶像的信息，并自愿贡献时间、金钱和技能来提升艺人（通常是流行歌星或演员）的知名度。In the disclosed case, a netizen surnamed Wei and three others were fans of different celebrities. After the others posted negative content about Wei's idol online, Wei reported them to the internet regulator.在披露的案件中，一位姓魏的网友和其他三人是不同明星的粉丝。在其他人在网上发布了关于魏某的偶像的负面内容后，魏某向互联网监管机构举报了他们。Angered by Wei's actions, the three published additional posts on social media, including ones labeled "suspect Wei", and shared Wei's private photos and links to Wei's Weibo account. Wei filed a lawsuit in a local court.三人对魏某的行为感到愤怒，在社交媒体上发布了更多帖子，其中包括一些带有“嫌疑人魏某”标签的帖子，并分享了魏某的私人照片及其微博账户链接。魏某向当地法院提起诉讼。The court ruled that the posts constituted personal insults and infringed on Wei's right to reputation. It ordered the defendants to publicly apologize on their Weibo accounts and keep the apology pinned for one week. The court also awarded Wei compensation for emotional distress.法院裁定，这些帖子构成人身侮辱，侵犯了魏某的名誉权。法院判令被告在其微博账户上公开道歉，并将道歉声明保留一周。法院还判令其支付精神损害赔偿金。The top court praised the ruling, saying it clarified that online insults and defamation constitute civil infringements and established clear boundaries for behavior in online fan communities.最高法院对这项裁决表示赞赏，称其明确了网络侮辱和诽谤构成民事侵权，并为网络粉丝群体的行为设定了明确的界限。Citing the Civil Code, the court reiterated that no individual or organization may harm another person's reputation through insult or defamation, and victims have the right to seek compensation.法院援引《民法典》重申，任何个人或组织不得以侮辱、诽谤等方式损害他人名誉，受害者有权寻求赔偿。"The ruling by the grassroots court will help guide internet users to comment responsibly and contribute to a cleaner online environment," the court said.法院表示：“基层法院的这项裁决将有助于引导网民理性评论，共建清朗网络环境。”The Supreme People's Court also released five additional cases on Monday, showcasing efforts to protect public interests and enforce the Civil Code. The cases included rulings on safeguarding the rights of the elderly and addressing workplace sexual harassment.最高人民法院周一还发布了五起案件，展现了法院在维护公共利益和执行《民法典》方面所做的努力。这些案件包括关于保障老年人权益和解决职场性骚扰问题的判决。"The release of these cases highlights courts' ongoing efforts to respond to public concerns, improve people's lives and implement the Civil Code rigorously," the top court said.最高法院表示：“这些案件的发布凸显了法院持续回应公众关切、改善民生和严格实施《民法典》的努力。”The Civil Code, which took effect in January 2021, is China's first piece of legislation formally titled a "code" and plays a foundational role in regulating civil affairs.《民法典》于2021年1月生效，是中国第一部正式以“法典”命名的法律，在规范民事事务方面发挥着基础性作用。defamation/ˌdefəˈmeɪʃn/n.诽谤；中伤infringement/ɪnˈfrɪndʒmənt/n.侵犯；违背distress/dɪˈstres/n.痛苦；悲伤grassroots court基层法院

Discover how California's tenant protection laws have created a system where eviction can feel like winning the lottery for tenants—and a nightmare for landlords. This eye-opening seminar exposes: *How the implied warranty of habitability (Green v. Superior Court, 1974) has morphed from tenant protection to landlord exploitation *The most abused laws in California, including Civil Code 1941.1 (habitability requirements) *Tenant strategies to withhold rent over trivial issues (e.g., a cracked switch plate) or fabricated complaints *How procedural loopholes (notice requirements, service rules, municipal registrations) can derail evictions *The financial risks landlords face: jury trials, attorney fees, sealed court records, and massive payouts Learn why "being evicted is like winning the lottery" in California—where tenants exploit the system for rent forgiveness, lawsuits, and six-figure settlements. Key Topics Covered: *Doctrine of Habitability: Shield or Sword? *How Tenants Game the System (No Notice, Denied Access, Fabricated Claims) *Legal Landmines: Right to Jury Trial, Court Delays, Attorney Fees *The Hidden Costs of Eviction for Property Owners Tags: California eviction laws, tenant rights abuse, landlord struggles, implied warranty of habitability, Green v Superior Court, Civil Code 1941.1, rent withholding, housing court, tenant lawsuits, property owner rights #CaliforniaEviction #LandlordNightmare #TenantAbuse #HabitabilityLaws #PropertyRights

Welcome to our comprehensive seminar on "Understanding California Landlord's Obligations"! This session provides invaluable insights for landlords navigating the complexities of California tenant laws. Whether you're a seasoned landlord or just starting out, this seminar will empower you with the knowledge you need to ensure compliance and foster positive landlord-tenant relationships.  In this seminar, we cover: California Tenant Laws: An in-depth look at the Civil Code and your responsibilities as a landlord. Security Deposits: Learn the regulations, best practices, and itemization requirements.  Habitability Standards: Understand your legal obligations to maintain a safe and dignified living environment. Lease Agreements: Key clauses every landlord should include to protect themselves and their tenants. California Rent Control Laws: Stay informed about local rules and allowable rent increases.  Eviction Processes: A detailed overview of lawful eviction procedures and tenant rights. Fair Housing Regulations: Ensure compliance and promote fairness in your rental practices.   Landlord's Right to Enter: Know the legal conditions for accessing rented properties. Termination of Tenancy: Comprehend the notice requirements for ending a tenancy  Join us to enhance your knowledge and skills as a landlord, ensure compliance with California laws, and create a successful rental experience!  Don't forget to like, subscribe, and hit the notification bell for more insightful content!  #CaliforniaLandlord #TenantLaws #SecurityDeposits #HabitabilityStandards #RentalAgreements #FairHousing #EvictionProcess #RealEstate #LandlordTips #PropertyManagement #CaliforniaRentControl #LandlordObligations #RentingInCalifornia #RealEstateEducation #LandlordRights #TenantRights

The respondents are various professionals who obtained judgments against the appellant in 2004, to which a ten-year prescriptive period applies under art. 2924 of the Civil Code of Québec. Certain actions interrupted prescription between 2005 and 2007, after which prescription started running again.A bailiff served a notice of execution on the appellant in 2016, which authorized the bailiff to seize the appellant's movable property. However, the bailiff concluded that the appellant's movable property was exempt from seizure pursuant to section 89 of the Indian Act. The bailiff later had discussions with the appellant's Grand Chief and was informed that there was no property outside of its land base. The bailiff did not prepare and file minutes of seizure. Subsequently, the appellant informed the respondents that it held a property outside of its land base but that it was exempt from seizure. The respondents registered a legal hypothec against that property.The appellant sought a declaration that the prescriptive period applicable to the judgment had expired before the respondents registered the hypothec. The trial judge concluded that prescription had been interrupted in November 2016 when the respondents served a notice of execution on the appellant. The actions of the respondents amounted to a judicial application that interrupted prescription per article 2892 C.C.Q. Although the seizure was unfruitful, it had not been dismissed or annulled by a court, in which case prescription would not have been interrupted, per article 2894 C.C.Q. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal and affirmed the trial judge's decision. Argued Date 2025-03-19 Keywords Prescription — Extinctive prescription — Interruption of prescription — Whether service of notice of execution interrupted prescription — Whether service of notice of execution amounts to unsuccessful seizure if there are no assets available to seize — Whether section 89 of the Indian Act applies so as to render appellant's movable property unseizable — Civil Code of Québec, arts. 2892, 2894 — Indian Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-5, s. 89. Notes (Quebec) (Civil) (By Leave) Language English Audio Disclaimers This podcast is created as a public service to promote public access and awareness of the workings of Canada's highest court. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Court. The original version of this hearing may be found on the Supreme Court of Canada's website. The above case summary was prepared by the Office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court of Canada (Law Branch).

In the 1990s, Promotion M.G. Larochelle inc. (Promotion M.G.) was involved in real estate development in Ville de Sainte-Julie (City), the applicant/cross respondent. In December 2000, the total area of Promotion M.G.'s real estate projects was 760,926.3 m2. The municipal by law on parks and playgrounds required 76,092.63 m2, that is, 10% of that area, to be transferred free of charge to the City. However, Promotion M.G. had already transferred 3,898.27 m2 in excess to the City. In February 2001, the City and Promotion M.G. signed an agreement (Agreement) regarding land transfers for the purposes of parks or playgrounds. The Agreement included an undertaking by Promotion M.G. to transfer land with an area of 45,615 m2 to the City, 50% of that area (22,807.5 m2) being applicable, along with the 3,898.27 m2 already transferred in excess, to the creation of a total [TRANSLATION] “area bank” of 26,705.78 m2. The creation of that bank allowed the City to avoid having to compensate Promotion M.G. in money for the excess area transferred. In fact, the parties expressly agreed that the bank was to be applied in compensation for park fees to be paid to the City in the context of future real estate development by Promotion M.G. or companies related to it in the City. While at the time Promotion M.G. did not have any land to develop in the City, a company related to it, the respondent/cross applicant, Les Investissements Laroda inc. (Laroda), owned lots located in an agricultural zone that it intended to develop for real estate purposes. On two occasions, that is, in 2004 and 2008, the City filed an application with the Commission de protection du territoire agricole du Québec (CPTAQ) to have part of the sector (called “Du Moulin”) where Lorada's lots were located excluded from the agricultural zone, and each time, the application was rejected. The Administrative Tribunal of Québec dismissed the appeal from CPTAQ's last decision in 2011. In December 2015, Laroda, which, since 2010, had had all the rights, titles and interest that belonged to Promotion M.G., sent a letter, through its representative, Éric Larochelle, to the City's mayor requesting that she make it a monetary offer that corresponded to the present value of the area included in the bank provided for in the Agreement. After talks broke down, Laroda filed an originating application against the City asking the court to fix a term for the Agreement and to order the City to pay damages. The Superior Court dismissed the originating application and the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal. Argued Date 2025-02-17 Keywords Contract — Transaction — Novation — Modalities of obligation — Compensatory prestation — Prescription of right of action — Insofar as Agreement P 5 dated February 19, 2001, constitutes transaction, whether Court of Appeal erred in not finding it to have novatory if not declaratory nature that modified pre existing obligations of parties — Whether Court of Appeal could order restitution of prestations where no situation set out in art. 1699 of Civil Code of Québec was alleged or proven and where parties had signed notarial acts by which Les Investissements Laroda transferred surplus parks free of charge — Whether Court of Appeal, in interpreting Agreement P-5, erred in characterizing City's obligation to reimburse as being obligation with term; if not, whether it could simultaneously apply arts. 1510 and 1512 of Civil Code of Québec with direct effect on prescriptive period — Whether Court of Appeal erred in failing to apply performance by equivalence regime in context of this case after having previously recognized that City's obligation had become exigible — Civil Code of Québec, arts. 1497, 1508, 1510, 1512, 1660, 1699, 1700, 2631, 2925. Notes (Quebec) (Civil) (By Leave) Language English Audio Disclaimers This podcast is created as a public service to promote public access and awareness of the workings of Canada's highest court. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by the Court. The original version of this hearing may be found on the Supreme Court of Canada's website. The above case summary was prepared by the Office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court of Canada (Law Branch).

This week on Hafta, Newslaundry's Abhinandan Sekhri, Manisha Pande, Raman Kirpal and Anand Vardhan are joined by Supreme Court advocate Mihira Sood and journalist Govindraj Ethiraj.The panel discusses the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code in Uttarakhand. Mihira says, “There are many peculiarities of the law, but the strangest is that registration of live-in relationships is more cumbersome than a marriage…The penalty for not registering a marriage is nothing, but the penalty for not registering a live-in relationship can be imprisonment.” Commenting on the backlash to inter-faith relationships in the state in the recent past, Manisha adds, “What we know from newspaper reports is that registrations will be scrutinised by the Bajrang Dal…What the Uttarakhand government wants to do here is just police people who are living together.”On the new budget announced for 2025-26, Govindraj says there's “nothing really landmark” in the budget but the “benefits offered to the middle class are a good thing”. “It is correcting a problem of the recent past – the pressure of inflation on households and incomes not growing as they did before,” he says.The panel also discusses the continuing depreciation of the rupee against the dollar, and the ‘unease' of doing business in India. This and a lot more. Tune in!We have a page for subscribers to send letters to our shows. If you want to write to Hafta, click here. Check out the Newslaundry store and flaunt your love for independent media. Download the Newslaundry app. Contribute to our latest NL Sena here.Timecodes00:00:00 - Introductions and announcements 00:02:12 - Headlines 00:13:37 - Uniform Civil Code00:44:08 - ‘Unease' of doing business00:49:57 - Budget 01:11:05 - Depreciation of the Rupee01:23:27- Letters01:45:00 - Recommendations Produced and recorded by Priyali Dhingra and Ashish Anand, edited by Hassan Bilal. This episode is outside of the paywall, just for the week and just for you. Before it goes back behind the paywall, why not subscribe? Get brand-new episodes of all our podcasts every week, while also doing your bit to support independent media. Click here to subscribe. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Uttarakhand becomes the first Indian state to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) since Independence. On January 27, 2025, Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami officially rolled out the UCC, a move that promises uniformity in civil laws but comes with key exemptions—tribal communities and the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) remain outside its purview. What does this mean for minority communities? How do the new provisions impact live-in relationships? And what are the broader implications of this historic decision? This video breaks it all down. Guest: Alok Prasanna Kumar, co-founder of the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy Host: Aaratrika Bhaumik Edited by Jude Francis Weston

In light of the Uttarakhand government implementing the Uniform Civil Code yesterday, we are revisiting an episode that originally aired last year (8 February, 2024), when the state first passed it in the Assembly. In this episode, we discussed in detail the changes it proposes, the concerns it raises, and why the BJP chose Uttarakhand as the first state for its implementation.Guests: The Indian Express' Apurva Vishwanath, Avaneesh Mishra, and Liz MathewHosted and produced by Shashank BhargavaEdited and mixed by Suresh Pawar

同性婚訴訟の福岡高裁判決を受け「違憲」などと書かれた横断幕やボードを掲げる原告ら、１３日午前、福岡市中央区同性同士の結婚を認めない民法や戸籍法の規定は「婚姻の自由」や「法の下の平等」を保障した憲法に反するとして、福岡、熊本両県の同性カップル３組が国に１人１００万円の損害賠償を求めた訴訟の控訴審判決が１３日、福岡高裁であった。 Fukuoka High Court ruled Friday that Japan's Civil Code and other provisions that do not recognize same-sex marriage are unconstitutional as they violate the right to pursue happiness, among other reasons.

Fukuoka High Court ruled Friday that Japan's Civil Code and other provisions that do not recognize same-sex marriage are unconstitutional as they violate the right to pursue happiness, among other reasons.

Good afternoon, I'm _____ with today's episode of EZ News. Tai-Ex opening The Tai-Ex opened down 96-points this morning from yesterday's close, at 22,202 on turnover of 4.9-billion N-T. The market closed lower on Thursday, following losses for big tech stocks on Wall Street overnight. Cabinet Proposes Ban on Corporal Punishment by Parents The Cabinet has approved draft legal amendments aimed at rescinding the right of parents to use physical force to punish their children. The draft amendments were proposed by the Ministry of Justice. They seek to change Article 1085 of the Civil Code, which currently states that parents "may, within the limit of necessity, inflict punishment upon their children." The revised version of the article will instead state that parents should "give consideration to (充分考慮) their children's age and level of development, respect their personalities, and not engage in mentally or physically violent behavior against them." Court Bans Kaohsiung City Councilor from Leaving Country The Kaohsiung District Court has banned city councilor Huang Shao-ting from leaving the country for eight months as he remain under investigation in a corruption case. The ruling came after the Kaohsiung District Prosecutors' Office charged Huang with violating the Criminal Code and Anti-Corruption Act. Prosecutors also charged 13 other individuals, including Huang's wife with embezzlement (貪污) related offenses. The prosecutors' office says Huang is believed to have embezzled some 14-million N-T during his three-terms as a Kaohsiung City councilor. Mexico President Clarifies Immigration Stance Mexico's President Claudia Shienbaum is clarifying (澄清) her country's stance on immigration - after Donald Trump claimed she "had agreed to stop migration through Mexico - into the United States." Toni Waterman has more. Russia Sentences Human Rights Lawyer A Russian human rights group says a court in Russia convicted a prominent (著名的) lawyer and sentenced him to seven years in prison for speaking out against the war in Ukraine on social media. The verdict in the case of Dmitry Talantov, who once chaired a regional association of lawyers in Russia's central Udmurtia republic, is the latest in the Kremlin crackdown on dissent after sending troops into Ukraine in February 2022. Talantov is one of dozens of Russians arrested under a law adopted just over a week after the invasion that essentially bans any public expression about the war that deviates from the official narrative. According to the rights group OVD-Info, some 1,100 people have been implicated in criminal cases over their anti-war stance since February 2022. A total of 340 of them are currently behind bars or have been involuntarily committed to medical institutions. Canada Antitrust Watchdog Suing Google Canada's antitrust watchdog is suing Google over alleged anticompetitive conduct in the tech giant's online advertising business and wants the company to sell off two of its services and pay a penalty. The Competition Bureau says that such action is necessary because an investigation it conducted into Google found that the company “unlawfully” tied together its ad tech tools to maintain its market dominance (主導地位). The matter is headed for the Competition Tribunal, a quasi-judicial body that hears cases brought forward by the competition commissioner about non-compliance (不合規) with the Competition Act. The bureau is asking the tribunal to order Google to sell its publisher ad server, and its ad exchange. That was the I.C.R.T. EZ News, I'm _____. －－－－以下訊息由 SoundOn 動態廣告贊助商提供－－－－ 高雄美術特區2-4房全新落成，《惟美術》輕軌C22站散步即到家，近鄰青海商圈，卡位明星學區，徜徉萬坪綠海。 住近美術館，擁抱優雅日常，盡現驕傲風範！美術東四路X青海路 07-553-3838 --

Couldn't make this year's ClioCon? Don't know why you would if you could? Jeff is on location in Austin, Texas, and reports in on the latest legal tech trends, like:The death of the billable hour? A review of attorney tasks suggests 70% could be done with AI. This could mean more shops switch to flat fees. It could mean they increase their hourly rates. But if you're not even in the AI game, you may soon find yourself among the dinosaurs.Worried that AI will steal from your billing? Wisetime does the opposite—it tracks what you do so that you bill more time, not less. It's a chatbot on steroids.Clio Duo is another “gateway drug” to AI, giving attorneys and staff an AI assistant to fetch details from the Clio matters.We also discuss the new Doxing Victims Recourse Act, Civil Code section 1708.89, which creates a cause of action for online doxing—publishing a person's personal identifying information (including a photo) with the intent of causing harm to that person. Another dicey intersection between harassment and Free Speech.Appellate Specialist Jeff Lewis' biography, LinkedIn profile, and Twitter feed.Appellate Specialist Tim Kowal's biography, LinkedIn profile, Twitter feed, and YouTube page.Sign up for Not To Be Published, Tim Kowal's weekly legal update, or view his blog of recent cases.Other items discussed in the episode:Wisetime for Clio.Clio Duo.The Battle for Your Brain, the book by Duke Prof. Nita Farahany who spoke at Clio Con about neuro technology.Videos from this episode will be posted at Tim Kowal's YouTube channel.

   Slam the Gavel welcomes back Mark Andrews to the podcast. Mark was last on Season 2, Episode 80, Season 3, Episodes 13 and 23, Season 4, Episodes 116 and 138 and Season 5, Episodes 29 and 61.  The last time Mark was on we discussed his what had happened in his federal case.      Today we talked about the viral video featuring Mark Andrews, a process server, on Audit the Audit on YouTube with 853K views. Mark was trying to serve paperwork to Attorney Robert Pittman in Sonoma County, California, regarding a lawsuit involving a restraining order. Attorney Pittman somehow forgot the Civil Code of Procedure regarding Process Servers. Mark Andrews wasn't trespassing, (however the use of drones is trespassing). Attorney Pittman wanted him under arrest for trespass and being on his property, even though Pittman had an unlocked gate/fence.           "It's reprehensible what these officials will put us through without any form of oversight," Mark states. TAXPAYERS need to know how their taxpayer's dollars are being spent .To Reach Mark Andrews:  nottobetakenaway@live.com and 707-280-7425******** Supportshow(https://www.buymeacoffee.com/maryannpetri)Maryann Petri: dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.comhttps://www.tiktok.com/@maryannpetriFacebook:  https://www.youtube.com/@slamthegavelpodcasthostmar5536Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/guitarpeace/Pinterest: Slam The Gavel Podcast/@guitarpeaceLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/maryann-petri-62a46b1ab/  YouTube:  https://www.youtube.com/@slamthegavelpodcasthostmar5536  Twitter https://x.com/PetriMaryann*DISCLAIMER* The use of this information is at the viewer/user's own risk. Not financial, medical nor legal advice as the content on this podcast does not constitute legal, financial, medical or any other professional advice. Viewer/user's should consult with the relevant professionals.Support the showSupportshow(https://www.buymeacoffee.com/maryannpetri)http://www.dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.com/

Feeling Down? Try the Feeling Great App for Free! The Feeling Great App is now available in both app stores (IOS and Android) and is for therapists and the general public, and you can take a ride for free! Check it  out at FeelingGreat.com! Life Coaching: A New Dimension in Counseling Today we discuss the recent upsurge in life coaching, and feature one of the leaders in this emerging field, Angela Poch, and one of her wonderful students, Lorna Bird. Lorna Bird Angela Poch (see featured photo) is a Registered Professional Counsellor (RPC) with the Canadian Professional Counselling Association, certified Master Life Coach, and TEAM-CBT Level 4 Advanced Therapist and Trainer. She has been teaching health and wellness for over 30 years and was Vice President of Education with the Adventist Association of Health & Wellness Coaching. She has written several articles and books on health and wellness including, “The Truth Will Set You Free.” She has a YouTube channel (@talkingteamcbt) interviewing clinicians about their journeys with TEAM-CBT. She also has a channel on psychology and health (@bodymindhealth4u). Lorna Bird holds a Diploma of Counseling from Australia and is a certified Life and Health Coach. She is also a Level 3 certified TEAM-CBT therapist  https://www.yestohealth.com.au/ Angela and Lorna will give us the true scoop on coaching. To get started, what IS coaching, and how does it differ from psychotherapy? I am aware that our podcast goes worldwide, so the answer may differ depending on the country or state where you live. According to AI, “In California, the term "psychotherapist" is defined in the Civil Code to include a number of mental health professionals, including psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical social workers. In general, anyone who provides psychotherapy or counseling in California, whether in person, by phone, or online, must be licensed.in California.” Coaching is quite different. Again, according to AI, “In California, there are no specific state-mandated requirements for individuals to use the term "coach" or practice life coaching, meaning anyone can technically call themselves a coach without obtaining a specific license.” Angela Poch resides in Canada, and she has been a leading and beloved member of the TEAM-CBT community. She emphasized several differences between a “coach” and a licensed mental health professional: Diagnosis: A coach does not diagnose clients into the familiar DSM categories of “mental disorders,” such as “Major Depressive Illness,” “Bipolar Disorder,” “Schizophrenia,” or any of the hundreds of “mental disorders” listed in the DSM. In the same vein, licensed mental health professionals will typically screen for suicidal thoughts and urges, and will treat suicidal individuals, but this is forbidden territory for coaches. Purpose / aims of coaching: The purpose or aims of coaching do not, as a rule, involve delving into your past to search for the “cause(s)” of your problems, such as adverse childhood experiences or traumas. Instead, the focus of coaching is primarily on making changes in the here-and-now in how you think, feel, and relate to others. This might involve learning to challenge distorted negative thoughts so you will think and feel more positively about your life, as well as how to relate to others more skillfully. Coaching is goal-oriented and forward-moving rather than dwelling on the past. Of course, good counsellors and licensed mental health professionals may also provide tools to move forward as well, so there can be overlap. Training / credentialing: Because coaching is so new, there are not yet any widely accepted standards or requirements for calling yourself a “coach.” There is a varying degree of training to be “certified,” which might just consist of watching a couple videos to 100's of hours of supervision with the ICF (International Coaching Federation), and everything in between. Here's a generalized diagram Angela created to help with further clarification. NOTE: many TEAM-CBT therapists also are client/goal focused as well as and will often use coaching-style tools. Angela described a 20-hour “Feeling Great Coach” certification program she has developed. Her program is based almost entirely on TEAM-CBT and includes a final exam you must pass to get certified. She also offers a TEAM-CBT Masterclass & Mentoring Program for both coaches as well as therapists that includes live training twice a month, online practice groups, case consultation in small groups, one-on-one mentoring sessions, and personal work as well. She said this integrates seamlessly with FGI's Fast Track program, any of David's intensives, or the Tuesday group for those who want more individualized support and training. Lorna enthusiastically described her experiences learning from many of Angela's training programs. I (David) have had the pleasure of knowing and working with Angela for many years now, starting with her attendance at a number of my intensives and two-day TEAM-CBT training programs in Canada. Lorna is really enjoying the Masterclass Mentoring Program and recommends you take Angela's free workshop called “Effective Compassion.” You can check it out at www.teamcbt.ca/effectivecompassion How do I, David, feel about coaching? I am, for the most part, enthusiastic, but with a few reservations. I would have to confess that I spent 5 years in medical school, four more years in psychiatric residency, plus two years in post-doctoral research training at top institutions, but did not learn much at all, if anything, that has really helped me treat human beings who are hurting. Of course, I did learn how to prescribe drugs for those with severe difficulties, like Bipolar I Disorder, or Paranoid Schizophrenia, but that definitely did not require years and years of intensive medically oriented training. All I ever really wanted to do was psychotherapy. In my last year or so of post-doctoral psychiatric training, I discovered cognitive therapy, although it was not a part of the required curriculum, and learned quite a lot that has been really helpful in working with patients. But for the most part, all of the extensive medical training I received had very little, at best, to do with how I now work with patients, and an awful lot of what I do was things I had to figure out for myself. I do have great respect for psychology training (either clinical psychology or PsyD training), because of the emphasis on research and critical thinking, but I do think there is lots of room for new approaches such as coaching to emerge and evolve, and it seems to be the case that more people than ever are still struggling with depression, anxiety, addictions, rage, and more. Like any field, I think coaching is vulnerable to misuse by narcissistic individuals who wish to deceive or exploit the general public, and individuals who are naïve or unaware of the background or training of their therapists are perhaps at great risk of abuse. But I would also say that this problem is in no way limited to coaching, since a great many licensed mental health professionals have been charged and convicted of all manner of unethical conduct and as well as malpractice over the years as well. That's why I'm enthusiastic about responsible leaders who, like Angela Poch, are blazing new trails and setting the bar high for those who wish to enter the field of life coaching. I'm also delighted to see that for years now, the Feeling Good Institute (FGI, feelinggoodinsititute.com) has included coaches in their superb training programs as well, and many high profile individuals you may be familiar with, like our beloved Professor Mark Noble, have taken and benefit from TEAM-CBT certification via the FGI. To learn more, contact Angela at feelinggreat@angelapoch.com or visit https://angelapoch.com/ to learn about Angela's many training and treatment programs. You can reach Lorna at:yestohealth777@gmail.com or https://www.yestohealth.com.au/ And here is the contact information for TEAM-CBT Australia: https://www.teamcbtaustralia.com.au/

Modi s Secular Civil Code | Yogi s Hindu Rastra | Yogi Calls for Pakistan Breakup | Anupam Mishra

लाल क़िले से मोदी की तीन चुनौतियां | Secular Civil Code, भ्रष्टाचार और हिंदू संरक्षण | Sanjay Dixit

Last week, Uttarakhand became the first state in India to pass a Uniform Civil Code Bill. In a conversation with Moneycontrol, Shri Venkatesh, Founding Partner at SKV Law Offices talks about how the bill is set to bring changes in matters of succession, marriage and divorce, among others, for the state's residents.

The Uttarakhand assembly passed the State's Uniform Civil Code last week. Titled ‘The Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand, 2024', the Bill was one of the BJP's poll promises during the 2022 Assembly election campaign. Although its applicability is supposed to be uniform, the law exempts tribal populations, and also the Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) from its purview. What's the legal history and background of this legislation? How does this law affect minority communities? And what's controversy around its provisions concerning live-in relationships?

Gang discusses the whole Ram mandir thing then a tiny bit of Maldives. Questions like is the Uttarakhand UCC an uncle civil code, who gets Bharat Ratna, and the never ending sanghi movie universe.

After a two-day discussion, Uttarakhand Assembly has passed the Uniform Civil Code, Uttarakhand Bill, 2024. It will subsume personal laws of all the religions. Marriage, divorce, inheritance of property, etc. will come under one common umbrella. So what will this proposed law change? After the personal laws, let us now see what is happening in India's insurance sector. Insurance penetration in the country is likely to reach 4.5 percent by 2034, up from the current 3.8%. But it is still very low when compared to the developed nations. And even greater adoption of technology has not been able to increase the penetration. Insurtech platforms have been around for a while now, but the idea has not taken off as expected.  Meanwhile, in a piece of good news for the sector, a Parliamentary panel has recommended reducing the GST on health insurance products for senior citizens below 18 percent to make it more affordable. Moving on, markets regulator Sebi has sought granular ownership details from foreign portfolio investors with concentrated holdings in a single corporate entity. Failing this, such FPIs will need to liquidate their positions in the next 6-7 months. In this report, find out how much of an impact the new norms could have on foreign inflows into Indian equities in the months ahead. After the markets, let us now turn our focus to a new technology which is giving a big hope to those fighting cancer. CAR-T cell therapy successfully pulled three people out of cancer. Find out more about the new treatment in this episode of the podcast.

Mihira Sood, Executive Director of the Centre for Child Rights & Juvenile Justice at the National Law University in Delhi, first decodes how much Uttarakhand's uniform civil code changes things. She also explains why the state's proposal on handling live-in relationships is very problematic. (15:50)

Yesterday, Uttarakhand became the first state to adopt the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) after the state government passed it in the Assembly. The civil code, which could become a template for other BJP-ruled states as well, has been one of the oldest political agendas of the BJP.The Uttarakhand UCC proposes common laws on marriage, divorce, inheritance of property, and even in-live relationships, while giving an exemption to the tribal community. In this episode, we discuss the changes that it proposes, the concerns it raises, why the BJP chose Uttarakhand to implement it first, and how the party is framing the issue.Guests: Indian Express' Apurva Vishwanath, Avaneesh Mishra, and Liz MathewHosted and produced by Shashank BhargavaEdited and mixed by Suresh Pawar

In Uttarakhand, it will soon be a crime to stay in a live-in relationship without notifying the state government. The Uniform Civil Code Bill, which mandates registration of heterosexual live-in relationships and bans polygamy, was passed by Uttarakhand's state assembly on Wednesday. Join us in today's episode as we give you the lowdown on the soon-to-be law.  We're also discussing why young Indians are flocking to astrology apps. CREDITS The Signal Daily is produced in association with IVM.The episode was researched, written and produced by Anup Semwal and ManaswiniEdited by Shorbori and Roshni NairMastered and mixed by Manas and Nirvaan     See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

   Slam the Gavel welcomes back Mark Andrews to the podcast. Mark was last on Season 2, Episode 80, Season 3, Episodes 13 and 23, Season 4, Episodes 116 and 138 and Season 5, Episode 29.  The last time Mark was on we discussed his what had happened in his federal case. He is represented by Attorney Eric Wafer.      Today we talked about the viral YouTube video on Mark, a process server, trying to serve paperwork to Attorney Robert Pittman, Sonoma County, California, in regards to a lawsuit involving a restraining order. Attorney Pittman somehow forgot the Civil Code of Procedure regarding Process Servers. Mark Andrews wasn't trespassing and Attorney Pittman wanted him under arrest for trespass and being on his property. However, the arrest was voided immediately as Mark knew more about the law than Attorney Pittman with the Cornell University degree. The Process Server knew the law. Pittman also makes more than the Congressman. "Pittman needs to be replaced as he committed criminal acts on video," Mark explained. TAXPAYERS need to know how their taxpayer's dollars are being spent. To Reach Mark Andrews:  nottobetakenaway@live.com or dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.com         Could you please sign and share the petition:  https://www.change.org/p/remove-judge-elizabeth-kelly-from-the-bench-permanentlyThis episode of Slam the Gavel is sponsored by CPSprotect Consulting Services. Child Protective Services cases are among the most frightening experiences any parent can endure- don't face them alone! With UrgentAssist by CPSprotect, you get the peace of mind to raise your children as you see fit and the personalized assistance of their team of expert child welfare consultants- former CPS investigators themselves- right when you need it. Get started absolutely free at cpsprotect.com/register. *DISCLAIMER* The use of this information is at the viewer/user's own risk. Not financial, medical nor legal advice as the content on this podcast does not constitute legal, financial, medical or any other professional advice. Viewer/user's should consult with the relevant professionals for specific advice related to their own situation.Supportshow(https://www.buymeacoffee.com/maryannpetri)http://www.dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.comSupport the showSupportshow(https://www.buymeacoffee.com/maryannpetri)http://www.dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.com/

   Slam the Gavel welcomes back Mark Andrews to the podcast. Mark was last on Season 2, Episode 80, Season 3, Episodes 13 and 23, Season 4, Episodes 116 and 138 and Season 5, Episode 29.  The last time Mark was on we discussed his what had happened in his federal case. He is represented by Attorney Eric Wafer.      Today we talked about the viral YouTube video on Mark, a process server, trying to serve paperwork to Attorney Robert Pittman in Sonoma County, California, in regards to a lawsuit involving a restraining order. Attorney Pittman somehow forgot the Civil Code of Procedure regarding Process Servers. Mark Andrews wasn't trespassing and Attorney Pittman wanted him under arrest for trespass and being on his property, however the arrest was voided immediately as Mark knew more about the law than Attorney Pittman with the Cornell University degree. The Process Server knew the law. Pittman also makes more than the Congressman. "Pittman needs to be replaced as he committed criminal acts on video," Mark explained. TAXPAYERS need to know how their taxpayer's dollars are being spent. To Reach Mark Andrews:  nottobetakenaway@live.com or dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.com         Could you please sign and share the petition:  https://www.change.org/p/remove-judge-elizabeth-kelly-from-the-bench-permanentlyThis episode of Slam the Gavel is sponsored by CPSprotect Consulting Services. Child Protective Services cases are among the most frightening experiences any parent can endure- don't face them alone! With UrgentAssist by CPSprotect, you get the peace of mind to raise your children as you see fit and the personalized assistance of their team of expert child welfare consultants- former CPS investigators themselves- right when you need it. Get started absolutely free at cpsprotect.com/register. *DISCLAIMER* The use of this information is at the viewer/user's own risk. Not financial, medical nor legal advice as the content on this podcast does not constitute legal, financial, medical or any other professional advice. Viewer/user's should consult with the relevant professionals for specific advice related to their own situation.Supportshow(https://www.buymeacoffee.com/maryannpetri)http://www.dismantlingfamilycourtcorruption.com --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/maryann-petri/support

Cody Connor is fighting for his trans daughter in the face of Virginia Governor Glen Youngkin's “model policies” for schools. Writer/director Emile Gaudreault's 2003 comedy remains a cross-cultural favorite (interviewed by John Frame in Brisbane). Plus, can exorcism save Illinois from marriage equality? And in NewsWrap: The Thai Cabinet approves an amendment to the Civil Code to open marriage to gay and lesbian couples, Nepal finally registers its first same-gender couple since the Supreme Court order in July, Russia's Supreme Court outlaws the non-existent “international public LGBT movement,” Florida's Republican lawmakers are bent on expanding “Don't Say Gay” to clamp down on queer advocacy, Iowa's book ban faces two separate lawsuits, and more international LGBTQ news reported this week by Ava Davis and John Dyer V (produced by Brian DeShazor).  All this on the December 4, 2023 edition of This Way Out! Join our family of listener-donors today at http://thiswayout.org/donate/

First, Indian Express' Anonna Dutt discusses why doctors are protesting a new guideline issued by the National Medical Commission and how it can affect you as a patient.Next, Indian Express' Apurva Vishwanath talks about the Portuguese Civil Code and how it differs from other personal laws in the country (09:15).Lastly, Indian Express' Deep Mukherjee sheds light on why the Congress government in Rajasthan has cancelled this year's student union polls (16:12).Hosted, written, and produced by Shashank BhargavaEdited and mixed by Suresh Pawar

பொது சிவில் சட்டம் ஒரு பார்வைமவ்லவி சதக்கத்துல்லாஹ் உமரீ | Sadaqathullah Umari07-07-2023, JummaSalafi Masjid, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Uniform Civil Code | Interview: A. Vijayaragavan / T.M. Harshan by THINK

In this podcast, Kushal speaks with Amana Begam Ansari and Arshia Malik about the importance of the Uniform Civil Code. How does the #UCC empower Muslim women? Also, does the AIMPLB represent the entire Muslim community? Follow them: Twitter: @Amana_Ansari Twitter: @arshiaunis #UCC #Islamism #AIMPLB #WomensRights ------------------------------------------------------------ Listen to the podcasts on: SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/kushal-mehra-99891819 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1rVcDV3upgVurMVW1wwoBp Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-c%C4%81rv%C4%81ka-podcast/id1445348369 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-carvaka-podcast ------------------------------------------------------------ Support The Cārvāka Podcast: Become a Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKPx... Become a Member on Fanmo: https://fanmo.in/the_carvaka_podcast Become a Member on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/carvaka UPI: kushalmehra@icici To buy The Carvaka Podcast Exclusive Merch please visit: http://kushalmehra.com/shop ------------------------------------------------------------ Follow Kushal: Twitter: https://twitter.com/kushal_mehra?ref_... Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KushalMehraO... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecarvakap... Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/kushal... Inquiries: https://kushalmehra.com/ Feedback: kushalmehra81@gmail.com

Uniform Civil Code (UCC) எனும் பூச்சாண்டி மவ்லவி ரஹ்மத்துல்லாஹ் ஃபிர்தவ்ஸி | Rahmatullah Firdousi 07-07-2023, Jumma Masjidus Salam, Chennai

Byju's has been in the news for a while now. Its co-founder and CEO Byju Raveendran is busy fighting battles on several fronts -- from trying to come out with its financial statement on time to winning the faith of investors and employees. The leadership claims it has understood its mistakes and is rectifying them. But is Byju's really ready to turn a new leaf?  Clearly it will be a while before Byju's comes out from this stormy weather. If it does at all. Meanwhile, the hills of our country too are reeling under rough weather. Rains have triggered landslides, and several parts are cut off -- leaving hundreds of tourists stranded. Over the years, monsoon tourism has gained popularity in the country. But concerns are also being raised about its impact on the fragile ecosystems of Indian hills. So is monsoon tourism bad for the country's hills?  Meanwhile, Indian equities are on cloud nine. The benchmark indices closed the first half of CY23 at record high levels. However, as we enter the second half of the year, the risks, too, are piling up. Here's a low down of factors which may dent the market sentiment. After the markets, let us turn our gaze to the corridors of politics. Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently made a pitch for the Uniform Civil Code, just a week after 22nd Law Commission invited the views of the public and religious organisations on it. But ever wondered what is Uniform Civil Code? Listen to this episode of the podcast for more. 

In this edition of #ThePrintUninterrupted, ThePrint's Senior Consulting Editor Jyoti Malhotra spoke to former chief election commissioner and noted Muslim intellectual S Y Quraishi about PM Modi invoking the need for a uniform civil code and why it needs a draft and a debate Watch #ThePrintUninterrupted

Tanishka Sodhi brings you the news from Karnataka, Kerala, Delhi and Ukraine. Produced by Ashish Anand, edited by Samarendra. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Listen to the latest SBS Hindi news from India. 28/06/2023

In this podcast, Kushal shares his views on the Uniform Civil Code and why we need to make sure that it is implemented as soon as possible in India. #UCC #Islamism #WomensRights ------------------------------------------------------------ Listen to the podcasts on: SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/kushal-mehra-99891819 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1rVcDV3upgVurMVW1wwoBp Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-c%C4%81rv%C4%81ka-podcast/id1445348369 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-carvaka-podcast ------------------------------------------------------------ Support The Cārvāka Podcast: Become a Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKPx... Become a Member on Fanmo: https://fanmo.in/the_carvaka_podcast Become a Member on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/carvaka UPI: kushalmehra@icici To buy The Carvaka Podcast Exclusive Merch please visit: http://kushalmehra.com/shop ------------------------------------------------------------ Follow Kushal: Twitter: https://twitter.com/kushal_mehra?ref_... Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KushalMehraO... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecarvakap... Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/kushal... Inquiries: https://kushalmehra.com/ Feedback: kushalmehra81@gmail.com

  BJP has included UCC in its Karnataka manifesto, and Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma says he is exploring a ban on polygamy. But does the ‘Hum 5, Humare 25' stereotype add up? In Ep 1229 of Cut The Clutter, @ShekharGupta parses official data to offer some answers.

Tort Law and How It's Tied to Our Culture by M. Stuart Madden, ESQ.Tort Law & How It's Tied to Our Culture is a socio-legal history of the norms, customs, and eventual private laws for wrongs, or Tort. Oliver Wendel Holmes described law as "a grand anthropological document." This can be said with even greater force of Tort Law, the most dynamic field within the Common Law. Whether in the form of an unwritten lesson of a myth or folktales, or rendered as written law, Tort Law reflects a culture's superego, a guide to what individuals might forego doing in the interest of a community's safety, dignity and prosperity. The work provides an entertaining and scholarly tour of Tort Law from its beginnings in the unwritten oral traditions of folktale and myth, through the ancient law codes of Mesopotamia and the cohering work of the Greeks and the codifications of the Romans and later Gothic groups, to early religious recitations of behavioral ethics. Separate treatment is afforded the vital role of the Common Law in an increasingly statutory age, exemplary or punitive damages, and the congruence between the application of tort-type remedies in the English-speaking Common Law nations and the significant number of Civil Code nations applying law more directly descended from Roman Law and the Napoleonic Code. M. Stuart Madden is Past Distinguished Professor of Law, Pace University School of Law. B.A., University of Pennsylvania (1971); M.A. (History), London School of Economics and Political Science (1972); J.D., Georgetown University Law Center (1976). Elected Member, American Law Institute (2000-2011)https://www.amazon.com/Tort-Law-How-Tied-Culture/dp/1684862949/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1O9N69VRBYJ0M&keywords=Tort+Law+and+How+It%27s+Tied+to+Our+Culture+urlink&qid=1668893437&sprefix=tort+law+and+how+it%27s+tied+to+our+culture+urlin,aps,515&sr=8-1https://mstuartmaddenbooks.com/http://www.urlinkpublishing.comhttp://www.bluefunkbroadcasting.comroot/twia/51123url1.mp3 

Besa Luci in conversation with Jelena Čolaković and Valmira Rashiti.In this episode we talk about the legal recognition of LGBTQ+ rights, with a focus on same-sex unions.Securing fundamental human rights across the Balkans is an ongoing challenge, and some groups are more discriminated against than others. In terms of the human rights of LGBTQ+ people, governments across the region often dismiss the fact that queer people are deserving of all the rights and respect as any other citizen.Recent legislative discussions in Kosovo about a new Civil Code demonstrated this tendency. Many Assembly members' refused to move forward on a set of policies and laws that would improve citizens' lives simply because they were in opposition to a single article in the Code which would have opened a path to same-sex civil unions in Kosovo.During the parliamentary discussions, representatives, many of whom were from the progressive left party, demonstrated that they don't see LGBTQ+ people as full citizens. Homophobic statements in the Assembly echoed out across the country and prompted hate speech on social media, marking a setback for the fight for human rights.Similar institutionalized homophobia is common in neighboring countries. But in 2020, Montenegro took a first step towards legalizing same-sex civil partnerships, though with a very narrow majority. While this was touted as a historical step by government representatives, the right to adopt or foster children remains inaccessible, meaning that there is still a long path to full equality.Two guests joined us in this episode to discuss what the progress, or lack thereof, for same-sex unions tells us about LGBTQ+ recognition as well as societies' understandings of the institution of the family. Jelena Čolaković is program director of Juventas, a Montenegro-based NGO working in social justice.Valmira Rashiti is Gender Mainstreaming Officer at Kosovo Women's Network, an NGO supporting, protecting and promoting the rights of women in Kosovo.This podcast is part of the Human Rightivism project, which is funded by the Embassy of Sweden in Prishtina, implemented by the Community Development Fund through its Human Rightivism Program. The author's views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Embassy of Sweden in Prishtina.

Hosts Andrew Nettels and Sydney Taylor explore Louisiana's unique legal structure and history under the Napoleonic Code. They are joined by Ryan Stoa Esq., professor of law at Southern University Law Center and author of Craft Weed: Family Farming and the Future of the Marijuana Industry (MIT Press, 2018) as well as numerous scholarly articles that address cannabis regulation and agricultural policy, natural resources management, and international development. Want to get ahead of the pack? Joining the D.C. Bar Law Student Community (LSC) can get you there. Your LSC membership will provide resume and skills boosting opportunities and one-on-one access to local practicing attorneys. To learn more, click here. Please note, the positions and opinions expressed by the speakers are strictly their own, and do not necessarily represent the views of their employers, nor those of the D.C. Bar, its Board of Governors or co-sponsoring Communities and organizations. Thank you to our Sponsor! The George Washington College of Professional Studies, Paralegal Studies Program: As Washington D.C.'s only academic-credit bearing paralegal studies program, the master's degree in Paralegal Studies is more than a powerful credential: it's a signal to the best employers that you withstood the academic rigor of one of the nation's best paralegal programs. George Washington University's Paralegal Studies program has met the approval of the American Bar Association for the excellence of its curriculum, faculty and administration, the only such program granted the designation in Washington, D.C. GW joins 260 programs nationally that have met the organization's requirements. Visit https://www.cps.gwu.edu/paralegal-studies-master-professional-studies to learn more.

Confidentiality and attorney-client privilege are cardinal principles for lawyers. In this regard, international litigation, which may be subject to different and sometimes conflicting confidentiality rules, presents many challenges to the legal teams involved in such a process. Ozan Akyurek and Cyril Philibert, partners in Jones Day's Global Disputes Practice in the Paris Office, analyze the conditions and modalities of application of confidentiality and legal privilege under French law, and illustrate their practical implementation in consideration of concrete examples, particularly regarding the procedure provided for in Article 145 of the Civil Code of Procedure

If we are to live in a truly unified and harmonious society, where each person is treated equally, accepting and enforcing a UCC is the need of the hour. ----more---- https://theprint.in/opinion/uniform-civil-code-can-be-the-real-unifying-force-in-india-critics-must-think-again/953898/ 

Reviewing some 9th Circuit and California appellate cases of note from early 2022, appellate specialists Jeff Lewis and Tim Kowal discuss these juicy issues: